{"pageNumber":"294","pageRowStart":"7325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16506,"records":[{"id":58161,"text":"sir20045199 - 2004 - A statistical model and national data set for partioning fish-tissue mercury concentration variation between spatiotemporal and sample characteristic effects","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T16:51:40","indexId":"sir20045199","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5199","title":"A statistical model and national data set for partioning fish-tissue mercury concentration variation between spatiotemporal and sample characteristic effects","docAbstract":"Many Federal, Tribal, State, and local agencies monitor mercury in fish-tissue samples to identify sites with elevated fish-tissue mercury (fish-mercury) concentrations, track changes in fish-mercury concentrations over time, and produce fish-consumption advisories. Interpretation of such monitoring data commonly is impeded by difficulties in separating the effects of sample characteristics (species, tissues sampled, and sizes of fish) from the effects of spatial and temporal trends on fish-mercury concentrations. Without such a separation, variation in fish-mercury concentrations due to differences in the characteristics of samples collected over time or across space can be misattributed to temporal or spatial trends; and/or actual trends in fish-mercury concentration can be misattributed to differences in sample characteristics. This report describes a statistical model and national data set (31,813 samples) for calibrating the aforementioned statistical model that can separate spatiotemporal and sample characteristic effects in fish-mercury concentration data. This model could be useful for evaluating spatial and temporal trends in fishmercury concentrations and developing fish-consumption advisories. The observed fish-mercury concentration data and model predictions can be accessed, displayed geospatially, and downloaded via the World Wide Web (http://emmma.usgs.gov). This report and the associated web site may assist in the interpretation of large amounts of data from widespread fishmercury monitoring efforts.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045199","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","usgsCitation":"Wente, S.P., 2004, A statistical model and national data set for partioning fish-tissue mercury concentration variation between spatiotemporal and sample characteristic effects: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5199, iv, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045199.","productDescription":"iv, 15 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":5775,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045199/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":344929,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5199/pdf/2004-5199.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.66 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":184092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a62dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wente, Stephen P.","contributorId":75226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wente","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58116,"text":"sir20045237 - 2004 - Conceptual model and numerical simulation of the ground-water-flow system in the unconsolidated deposits of the Colville River Watershed, Stevens County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:01","indexId":"sir20045237","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5237","title":"Conceptual model and numerical simulation of the ground-water-flow system in the unconsolidated deposits of the Colville River Watershed, Stevens County, Washington","docAbstract":"Increased use of ground- and surface-water supplies in watersheds of Washington State in recent years has created concern that insufficient instream flows remain for fish and other uses. Issuance of new ground-water rights in the Colville River Watershed was halted by the Washington Department of Ecology due to possible hydraulic continuity of the ground and surface waters. A ground-water-flow model was developed to aid in the understanding of the ground-water system and the regional effects of ground-water development alternatives on the water resources of the Colville River Watershed. \r\n\r\nThe Colville River Watershed is underlain by unconsolidated deposits of glacial and non-glacial origin. The surficial geologic units and the deposits at depth were differentiated into aquifers and confining units on the basis of areal extent and general water-bearing characteristics. Five principal hydrogeologic units are recognized in the study area and form the basis of the ground-water-flow model.\r\n\r\nA steady-state ground-water-flow model of the Colville River Watershed was developed to simulate September 2001 conditions. The simulation period represented a period of below-average precipitation. The model was calibrated using nonlinear regression to minimize the weighted differences or residuals between simulated and measured hydraulic head and stream discharge. \r\n\r\nSimulated inflow to the model area was 53,000 acre-feet per year (acre-ft/yr) from precipitation and secondary recharge, and 36,000 acre-ft/yr from stream and lake leakage. Simulated outflow from the model was primarily through discharge to streams and lakes (71,000 acre-ft/yr), ground-water outflow (9,000 acre-ft/yr), and ground-water withdrawals (9,000 acre-ft/yr). Because the period of simulation, September 2001, was extremely dry, all components of the ground-water budget are presumably less than average flow conditions.\r\n\r\nThe calibrated model was used to simulate the possible effects of increased ground-water pumping. Although the steady-state model cannot be used to predict how long it would take for effects to occur, it does simulate the ultimate response to such changes relative to September 2001 (relatively dry) conditions. Steady-state simulations indicated that increased pumping would result in decreased discharge to streams and lakes and decreased ground-water outflow. The location of the simulated increased ground-water pumping determined the primary source of the water withdrawn. Simulated pumping wells in the northern end of the main Colville River valley diverted a large percentage of the pumpage from ground-water outflow. Simulated pumping wells in the southern end of the main Colville River valley diverted a large percentage of the pumpage from flow to rivers and streams. \r\n\r\nThe calibrated steady-state model also was used to simulate predevelopment conditions, during which no ground-water pumping, secondary recharge, or irrigation application occurred. Cumulative streamflow in the Colville River Watershed increased by 1.1 cubic feet per second, or about 36 percent of net ground-water pumping in 2001.\r\n\r\nThe model is intended to simulate the regional ground-water-flow system of the Colville River Watershed and can be used as a tool for water-resource managers to assess the ultimate regional effects of changes in stresses. The regional scale of the model, coupled with relatively sparse data, must be considered when applying the model in areas of poorly understood hydrology, or examining hydrologic conditions at a larger scale than what is appropriate.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045237","usgsCitation":"Ely, D.M., and Kahle, S.C., 2004, Conceptual model and numerical simulation of the ground-water-flow system in the unconsolidated deposits of the Colville River Watershed, Stevens County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5237, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045237.","productDescription":"84 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5725,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5237/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":180731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698327","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ely, D. Matthew","contributorId":100052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ely","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"Matthew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kahle, Sue C. 0000-0003-1262-4446 sckahle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1262-4446","contributorId":3096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kahle","given":"Sue","email":"sckahle@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58115,"text":"sir20045168 - 2004 - Simulation of runoff and wetland storage in the Hamden and Lonetree watershed sites within the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-16T12:42:35","indexId":"sir20045168","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5168","title":"Simulation of runoff and wetland storage in the Hamden and Lonetree watershed sites within the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota","docAbstract":"Re-establishment of wetlands has been promoted by various groups to control future floods in the Red River of the North Basin in North Dakota and Minnesota. Therefore, a study was conducted to simulate runoff and wetland storage in the Hamden and Lonetree watershed sites in the Red River of the North Basin. Data from geographic information system analyses, collected weather data, additional historic weather data, and geomorphology were used in a wetlands hydrologic model to simulate precipitation accumulation, snowmelt, evapotranspiration, soil infiltration, seepage to ground water, surface runoff, and streamflow. Simulated daily mean water volumes for the soil and wetlands in the Hamden and Lonetree watershed sites showed that the soils of the two sites stored as much water as the wetlands throughout most of the simulation period. Total simulated runoff for the Hamden watershed site for the period of record was reduced about 38 percent by increasing the Bisson Lake spillage threshold from 0.009 to 0.60. The additional simulated storage at the larger spillage threshold led to reductions in simulated runoff. Simulated daily mean streamflows for the Hamden watershed site at a Bisson Lake spillage threshold of 0.60 were less than those simulated for the same day at a Bisson Lake spillage threshold of 0.009. However, the peak streamflows simulated for June 2000 and April 2001 at a spillage threshold of 0.60 were about the same as those simulated at a spillage threshold of 0.009. Simulated runoff during flood conditions in April and June 2000 and March and April 2001 was reduced 1 to 6 percent for an increased spillage threshold. Total runoff for the period of record was reduced about 31 percent for the increased spillage threshold. Simulation results indicate total streamflow from a flood event may be reduced by wetland storage, but peak streamflows during a flood event may not be affected substantially.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045168","usgsCitation":"Vining, K.C., 2004, Simulation of runoff and wetland storage in the Hamden and Lonetree watershed sites within the Red River of the North Basin, North Dakota and Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5168, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045168.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180730,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5724,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4948e4b07f02db58f18e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vining, Kevin C. 0000-0001-5738-3872 kcvining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5738-3872","contributorId":308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vining","given":"Kevin","email":"kcvining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58089,"text":"sir20045114 - 2004 - Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the Assabet River Basin, Eastern Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-03T11:31:11","indexId":"sir20045114","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5114","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the Assabet River Basin, Eastern Massachusetts","docAbstract":"Water-supply withdrawals and wastewater disposal in the Assabet River Basin in eastern Massachusetts alter the flow and water quality in the basin. Wastewater discharges and stream-flow depletion from ground-water withdrawals adversely affect water quality in the Assabet River, especially during low-flow months (late summer) and in headwater areas. Streamflow depletion also contributes to loss of aquatic habitat in tributaries to the river. In 1997\u00132001, water-supply withdrawals averaged 9.9 million gallons per day (Mgal/d). Wastewater discharges to the Assabet River averaged 11 Mgal/d and included about 5.4 Mgal/d that originated from sources outside of the basin. The effects of current (2004) and future withdrawals and discharges on water resources in the basin were investigated in this study.\r\n\r\nSteady-state and transient ground-water-flow models were developed, by using MODFLOW-2000, to simulate flow in the surficial glacial deposits and underlying crystalline bedrock in the basin. The transient model simulated the average annual cycle at dynamic equilibrium in monthly intervals. The models were calibrated to 1997\u00132001 conditions of water withdrawals, wastewater discharges, water levels, and nonstorm streamflow (base flow plus wastewater discharges). Total flow through the simulated hydrologic system averaged 195 Mgal/d annually. Recharge from precipitation and ground-water discharge to streams were the dominant inflow and outflow, respectively. Evapotranspiration of ground water from wetlands and non-wetland areas also were important losses from the hydrologic system. Water-supply withdrawals and infiltration to sewers averaged 5 and 1.3 percent, respectively, of total annual out-flows and were larger components (12 percent in September) of the hydrologic system during low-flow months. Water budgets for individual tributary and main stem subbasins identified areas, such as the Fort Meadow Brook and the Assabet Main Stem Upper subbasins, where flows resulting from anthropo-genic activities were relatively large percentages, compared to other subbasins, (more than 20 percent in September) of total out-flows. Wastewater flows in the Assabet River accounted for 55, 32, and 20 percent of total nonstorm streamflow (base flow plus wastewater discharge) out of the Assabet Main Stem Upper, Middle, and Lower subbasins, respectively, in an average September.\r\n\r\nThe ground-water-flow models were used to evaluate water-management alternatives by simulating hypothetical scenarios of altered withdrawals and discharges. A scenario that included no water management quantified nonstorm stream-flows that would result without withdrawals, discharges, septic-system return flow, or consumptive use. Tributary flows in this scenario increased in most subbasins by 2 to 44 percent relative to 1997\u00132001 conditions. The increases resulted mostly from variable combinations of decreased withdrawals and decreased infiltration to sewers. Average annual nonstorm streamflow in the Assabet River decreased slightly in this scenario, by 2 to 3 percent annually, because gains in ground-water discharge were offset by the elimination of wastewater discharges.\r\n\r\nA second scenario quantified the effects of increasing withdrawals and discharges to currently permitted levels. In this simulation, average annual tributary flows decreased in most subbasins, by less than 1 to 10 percent relative to 1997\u00132001 conditions. In the Assabet River, flows increased slightly, 1 to 5 percent annually, and the percentage of wastewater in the river increased to 69, 42, and 27 percent of total nonstorm streamflow out of the Assabet Main Stem Upper, Middle, and Lower subbasins, respectively, in an average September.\r\n\r\nA third set of scenarios quantified the effects of ground-water discharge of wastewater at four hypothetical sites, while maintaining 1997\u00132000 wastewater discharges to the Assabet River. Wastewater, discharged at a constant rate that varied among sites from 0.3 to 1","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045114","usgsCitation":"DeSimone, L., 2004, Simulation of ground-water flow and evaluation of water-management alternatives in the Assabet River Basin, Eastern Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5114, 142 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045114.","productDescription":"142 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":6014,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5114/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":120709,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir_2004_5114.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e499fe4b07f02db5bd335","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeSimone, Leslie A. 0000-0003-0774-9607 ldesimon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-9607","contributorId":176711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeSimone","given":"Leslie A.","email":"ldesimon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":258301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58047,"text":"sir20045166 - 2004 - Water resources of the Tulalip Indian Reservation and adjacent area, Snohomish County, Washington, 2001-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:15","indexId":"sir20045166","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5166","title":"Water resources of the Tulalip Indian Reservation and adjacent area, Snohomish County, Washington, 2001-03","docAbstract":"This study was undertaken to improve the understanding of water resources of the Tulalip Plateau area, with a primary emphasis on the Tulalip Indian Reservation, in order to address concerns of the Tulalip Tribes about the effects of current and future development, both on and off the Reservation, on their water resources. The drinking-water supply for the Reservation comes almost entirely from ground water, so increasing population will continue to put more pressure on this resource. The study evaluated the current state of ground- and surface-water resources and comparing results with those of studies in the 1970s and 1980s. The study included updating descriptions of the hydrologic framework and ground-water system, determining if discharge and base flow in streams and lake stage have changed significantly since the 1970s, and preparing new estimates of the water budget.\r\n\r\nThe hydrogeologic framework was described using data collected from 255 wells, including their location and lithology. Data collected for the Reservation water budget included continuous and periodic streamflow measurements, micrometeorological data including daily precipitation, temperature, and solar radiation, water-use data, and atmospheric chloride deposition collected under both wet- and dry-deposition conditions to estimate ground-water recharge.\r\n\r\nThe Tulalip Plateau is composed of unconsolidated sediments of Quaternary age that are mostly of glacial origin. There are three aquifers and two confining units as well as two smaller units that are only localized in extent. The Vashon recessional outwash (Qvr) is the smallest of the three aquifers and lies in the Marysville Trough on the eastern part of the study area. The primary aquifer in terms of use is the Vashon advance outwash (Qva). The Vashon till (Qvt) and the transitional beds (Qtb) act as confining units. The Vashon till overlies Qva and the transitional beds underlie Qva and separate it from the undifferentiated sediments (Qu), which are also a principal aquifer of the plateau. The undifferentiated-sediments aquifer is present throughout the entire study area, but is not well defined because few wells penetrate it. Ground water flows radially outward from the center of the Plateau in the Vashon advance outwash aquifer. \r\n\r\nWater levels fluctuate seasonally in all hydrogeologic units in response to changes in precipitation over the course of the year. However, water levels do not appear to have changed significantly over the long term. There was no statistically significant change between water levels measured in 72 wells in the early 1990s and 2001. Additionally, when a rank sum test was used to compare monthly water levels measured in 18 wells for this study with monthly water levels from the 1970s and 1980s, water levels increased in some wells, decreased in some, and did not change significantly in others.\r\n\r\nGround water in the study area is recharged from precipitation that percolates down from the land surface. Average annual recharge, estimated using the chloride-mass-balance method, was 10.4 inches per year.\r\n\r\nCurrent streamflow conditions on the Reservation were defined by four continuous-record streamflow-gaging stations operated from April 2001 through March 2003 and monthly measurements of discharge at 12 periodic-measurement sites. Two continuous-record gaging stations (12157250 and 12158040) near the mouths of Mission and Tulalip Creeks, respectively, also were operated during water years 1975-77. \r\n\r\nCorrelations of streamflow for Mission and Tulalip Creeks with the long-term record of streamflow at Mercer Creek (station 12120000) indicate no significant change in streamflow between the mid-1970s and 2001?03 in Mission and Tulalip Creeks. However, comparisons between the percentage of change in precipitation at the Everett precipitation station and percentages of change in streamflow at the Mercer, Mission, and Tulalip Creek gaging stations from the mid-1970s through 2001","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045166","usgsCitation":"Frans, L.M., and Kresch, D.L., 2004, Water resources of the Tulalip Indian Reservation and adjacent area, Snohomish County, Washington, 2001-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5166, 98 p., and 1 plate, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045166.","productDescription":"98 p., and 1 plate","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5977,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5166/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f0289","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frans, Lonna M. 0000-0002-3217-1862 lmfrans@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3217-1862","contributorId":1493,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frans","given":"Lonna","email":"lmfrans@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kresch, David L.","contributorId":46084,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kresch","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58043,"text":"wri034195 - 2004 - Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:18:33","indexId":"wri034195","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4195","title":"Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"This report describes a numerical model that simulates regional ground-water flow in the upper Deschutes Basin of central Oregon. Ground water and surface water are intimately connected in the upper Deschutes Basin and most of the flow of the Deschutes River is supplied by ground water. Because of this connection, ground-water pumping and reduction of artificial recharge by lining leaking irrigation canals can reduce the amount of ground water discharging to streams and, consequently, streamflow. The model described in this report is intended to help water-management agencies and the public evaluate how the regional ground-water system and streamflow will respond to ground-water pumping, canal lining, drought, and other stresses. \r\nGround-water flow is simulated in the model by the finite-difference method using MODFLOW and MODFLOWP. The finite-difference grid consists of 8 layers, 127 rows, and 87 columns. All major streams and most principal tributaries in the upper Deschutes Basin are included. Ground-water recharge from precipitation was estimated using a daily water-balance approach. Artificial recharge from leaking irrigation canals and on-farm losses was estimated from diversion and delivery records, seepage studies, and crop data. Ground-water pumpage for irrigation and public water supplies, and evapotranspiration are also included in the model. \r\nThe model was calibrated to mean annual (1993-95) steady-state conditions using parameter-estimation techniques employing nonlinear regression. Fourteen hydraulic-conductivity parameters and two vertical conductance parameters were determined using nonlinear regression. Final parameter values are all within expected ranges. The general shape and slope of the simulated water-table surface and overall hydraulic-head distribution match the geometry determined from field measurements. The fitted standard deviation for hydraulic head is about 76 feet. The general magnitude and distribution of ground-water discharge to streams is also well simulated throughout the model. Ground-water discharge to streams in the area of the confluence of the Deschutes, Crooked, and Metolius Rivers is closely matched. \r\nThe model was also calibrated to transient conditions from 1978 to 1997 using traditional trial-and-error methods. Climatic cycles during this period provided an excellent regional hydrologic signal for calibration. Climate-driven water-level fluctuations are simulated with reasonable accuracy over most of the model area. The timing and magnitude of simulated water-level fluctuations caused by annual pulses of recharge from precipitation match those observed reasonably well, given the limitations of the time discretization in the model. Water-level fluctuations caused by annual canal leakage are simulated very well over most of the area where such fluctuations occur. The transient model also simulates the volumetric distribution and temporal variations in ground-water discharge reasonably well. The match between simulated and measured volume of and variations in ground-water discharge is, however, somewhat dependent on geographic scale. The rates of and variations in ground-water discharge are matched best at regional scales. \r\nExample simulations were made to demonstrate the utility of the model for evaluating the effects of ground-water pumping or canal lining. Pumping simulations show that pumped water comes largely from aquifer storage when pumping begins, but as the water table stabilizes, the pumping increasingly diminishes the discharge to streams and, hence, streamflow. The time it takes for pumping to affect streamflow varies spatially depending, in general, on the location of pumping relative to the discharge areas. Canal-lining simulations show similar effects.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034195","usgsCitation":"Gannett, M.W., and Lite, K.E., 2004, Simulation of regional ground-water flow in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4195, 95 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034195.","productDescription":"95 p.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5973,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034195/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f23d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gannett, Marshall W. 0000-0003-2498-2427 mgannett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-2427","contributorId":2942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"Marshall","email":"mgannett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lite, Kenneth E. Jr.","contributorId":37373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lite","given":"Kenneth","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58037,"text":"sir20045158 - 2004 - Ground-water hydrology and water quality of the southern high plains aquifer, Melrose Air Force Range, Cannon Air Force Base, Curry and Roosevelt Counties, New Mexico, 2002-03","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:29","indexId":"sir20045158","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5158","title":"Ground-water hydrology and water quality of the southern high plains aquifer, Melrose Air Force Range, Cannon Air Force Base, Curry and Roosevelt Counties, New Mexico, 2002-03","docAbstract":"In cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Geological Survey characterized the ground-water hydrology and water quality at Melrose Air Force Range in east-central New Mexico. The purpose of the study was to provide baseline data to Cannon Air Force Base resource managers to make informed decisions concerning actions that may affect the ground-water system. Five periods of water-level measurements and four periods of water-quality sample collection were completed at Melrose Air Force Range during 2002 and 2003. The water-level measurements and water-quality samples were collected from a 29-well monitoring network that included wells in the Impact Area and leased lands of Melrose Air Force Range managed by Cannon Air Force Base personnel. The purpose of this report is to provide a broad overview of ground-water flow and ground-water quality in the Southern High Plains aquifer in the Ogallala Formation at Melrose Air Force Range.\r\n\r\nResults of the ground-water characterization of the Southern High Plains aquifer indicated a local flow system in the unconfined aquifer flowing northeastward from a topographic high, the Mesa (located in the southwestern part of the Range), toward a regional flow system in the unconfined aquifer that flows southeastward through the Portales Valley. Ground water was less than 55 years old across the Range; ground water was younger (less than 25 years) near the Mesa and ephemeral channels and older (25 years to 55 years) in the Portales Valley. Results of water-quality analysis indicated three areas of different water types: near the Mesa and ephemeral channels, in the Impact Area of the Range, and in the Portales Valley. Within the Southern High Plains aquifer, a sodium/chloride-dominated ground water was found in the center of the Impact Area of the Range with water-quality characteristics similar to ground water from the underlying Chinle Formation. This sodium/chloride-dominated ground water of the unconfined aquifer in the Impact Area indicates a likely connection with the deeper water-producing zone. No pesticides, explosives, volatile organic compounds, semivolatile organic compounds, organic halogens, or perchlorate were found in water samples from the Southern High Plains aquifer at the Range.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045158","usgsCitation":"Langman, J.B., Gebhardt, F., and Falk, S.E., 2004, Ground-water hydrology and water quality of the southern high plains aquifer, Melrose Air Force Range, Cannon Air Force Base, Curry and Roosevelt Counties, New Mexico, 2002-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5158, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045158.","productDescription":"42 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5967,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5158/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":183332,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667375","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langman, Jeff B.","contributorId":22036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langman","given":"Jeff","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gebhardt, Fredrick E.","contributorId":65538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gebhardt","given":"Fredrick E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Falk, Sarah E. sefalk@usgs.gov","contributorId":1056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Falk","given":"Sarah","email":"sefalk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57990,"text":"sir20045205 - 2004 - Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California -- hydrogeologic framework and transient ground-water flow model","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":57990,"text":"sir20045205 - 2004 - Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California -- hydrogeologic framework and transient ground-water flow model","indexId":"sir20045205","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California -- hydrogeologic framework and transient ground-water flow model"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":98619,"text":"pp1711 - 2010 - Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California: Hydrogeologic framework and transient groundwater flow model","indexId":"pp1711","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California: Hydrogeologic framework and transient groundwater flow model"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":98619,"text":"pp1711 - 2010 - Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California: Hydrogeologic framework and transient groundwater flow model","indexId":"pp1711","publicationYear":"2010","noYear":false,"title":"Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California: Hydrogeologic framework and transient groundwater flow model"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-24T16:06:04","indexId":"sir20045205","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5205","title":"Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California -- hydrogeologic framework and transient ground-water flow model","docAbstract":"A numerical three-dimensional (3D) transient ground-water flow model of the Death Valley region was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey for the U.S. Department of Energy programs at the Nevada Test Site and at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Decades of study of aspects of the ground-water flow system and previous less extensive ground-water flow models were incorporated and reevaluated together with new data to provide greater detail for the complex, digital model. \r\n\r\nA 3D digital hydrogeologic framework model (HFM) was developed from digital elevation models, geologic maps, borehole information, geologic and hydrogeologic cross sections, and other 3D models to represent the geometry of the hydrogeologic units (HGUs). Structural features, such as faults and fractures, that affect ground-water flow also were added. The HFM represents Precambrian and Paleozoic crystalline and sedimentary rocks, Mesozoic sedimentary rocks, Mesozoic to Cenozoic intrusive rocks, Cenozoic volcanic tuffs and lavas, and late Cenozoic sedimentary deposits of the Death Valley Regional Ground-Water Flow System (DVRFS) region in 27 HGUs. \r\n\r\nInformation from a series of investigations was compiled to conceptualize and quantify hydrologic components of the ground-water flow system within the DVRFS model domain and to provide hydraulic-property and head-observation data used in the calibration of the transient-flow model. These studies reevaluated natural ground-water discharge occurring through evapotranspiration and spring flow; the history of ground-water pumping from 1913 through 1998; ground-water recharge simulated as net infiltration; model boundary inflows and outflows based on regional hydraulic gradients and water budgets of surrounding areas; hydraulic conductivity and its relation to depth; and water levels appropriate for regional simulation of prepumped and pumped conditions within the DVRFS model domain. Simulation results appropriate for the regional extent and scale of the model were provided by acquiring additional data, by reevaluating existing data using current technology and concepts, and by refining earlier interpretations to reflect the current understanding of the regional ground-water flow system. \r\n\r\nGround-water flow in the Death Valley region is composed of several interconnected, complex ground-water flow systems. Ground-water flow occurs in three subregions in relatively shallow and localized flow paths that are superimposed on deeper, regional flow paths. Regional ground-water flow is predominantly through a thick Paleozoic carbonate rock sequence affected by complex geologic structures from regional faulting and fracturing that can enhance or impede flow. Spring flow and evapotranspiration (ET) are the dominant natural ground-water discharge processes. Ground water also is withdrawn for agricultural, commercial, and domestic uses.\r\n\r\nGround-water flow in the DVRFS was simulated using MODFLOW-2000, a 3D finite-difference modular ground-water flow modeling code that incorporates a nonlinear least-squares regression technique to estimate aquifer parameters. The DVRFS model has 16 layers of defined thickness, a finite-difference grid consisting of 194 rows and 160 columns, and uniform cells 1,500 m on each side. \r\n\r\nPrepumping conditions (before 1913) were used as the initial conditions for the transient-state calibration. The model uses annual stress periods with discrete recharge and discharge components. Recharge occurs mostly from infiltration of precipitation and runoff on high mountain ranges and from a small amount of underflow from adjacent basins. Discharge occurs primarily through ET and spring discharge (both simulated as drains) and water withdrawal by pumping and, to a lesser amount, by underflow to adjacent basins, also simulated by drains. All parameter values estimated by the regression are reasonable and within the range of expected values. The simulated hydraulic heads of the final calibrated transient model gener","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/sir20045205","usgsCitation":"2004, Death Valley regional ground-water flow system, Nevada and California -- hydrogeologic framework and transient ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5205, 408 p.; 2 plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045205.","productDescription":"408 p.; 2 plates","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185416,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5947,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045205/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6728ae","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Belcher, Wayne R.","contributorId":79446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725777,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57950,"text":"sir20045196 - 2004 - Sediment remobilization of Mercury in South San Francisco Bay, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T19:42:19","indexId":"sir20045196","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5196","title":"Sediment remobilization of Mercury in South San Francisco Bay, California","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045196","usgsCitation":"Topping, B.R., Kuwabara, J.S., Marvin-DisPasquale, M.C., Agee, J.L., Kieu, L.H., Flanders, J.R., Parcheso, F., Hager, S.W., Lopez, C., and Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2004, Sediment remobilization of Mercury in South San Francisco Bay, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5196, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045196.","productDescription":"59 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":182049,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5909,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5196/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"South San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.6953125,\n 37.35269280367274\n ],\n [\n -121.827392578125,\n 37.35269280367274\n ],\n [\n -121.827392578125,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -122.6953125,\n 37.85750715625203\n ],\n [\n -122.6953125,\n 37.35269280367274\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fbf91","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Topping, Brent R. 0000-0002-7887-4221 btopping@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7887-4221","contributorId":1484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topping","given":"Brent","email":"btopping@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - 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Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":257980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hager, Stephen W.","contributorId":48935,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hager","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lopez, Cary B.","contributorId":72869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"Cary B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":57945,"text":"sir20045165 - 2004 - Geochemistry of Mercury and other trace elements in fluvial tailings upstream of Daguerre Point Dam, Yuba River, California, August 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-21T12:47:46","indexId":"sir20045165","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5165","title":"Geochemistry of Mercury and other trace elements in fluvial tailings upstream of Daguerre Point Dam, Yuba River, California, August 2001","docAbstract":"

This study was designed to characterize the particle-size distribution and the concentrations of total mercury (HgT), methylmercury (MeHg), and other constituents in sediments trapped behind Daguerre Point Dam, a 28-foot-high structure on the lower Yuba River in California. The results of the study will assist other agencies in evaluating potential environmental impacts from mobilization of sediments if Daguerre Point Dam is modified or removed to improve the passage of anadromous fish. Methylmercury is of particular concern owing to its toxicity and propensity to bioaccumulate. A limited amount of recent work on hydraulic and dredge tailings in other watersheds has indicated that mercury and MeHg concentrations may be elevated in the fine-grained fractions of placer mining debris, particularly clay and silt. Mercury associated with tailings from placer gold mines is a source of continued contamination in Sierra Nevada watersheds and downstream water bodies, including the Sacramento?San Joaquin Delta and the San Francisco Bay of northern California. Churn drilling was used to recover sediments and heavy minerals at 5-foot intervals from six locations upstream of Daguerre Point Dam. Maximum depth of penetration ranged from 17.5 to 35 feet below land surface, resulting in 31 discreet drilled intervals. Drilling in permeable, unconsolidated sediments below the streambed of the Yuba River released a significant volume of water along with the sediment, which complicated the sampling and characterization effort. Overflow of a silty fraction sampled at the drill site contained suspended sediment consisting predominantly of silt and clay, with HgT concentration ranging from 33 to 1,100 ng/g (nanogram per gram) dry weight. A sandy fraction, collected after sieving sediment through a 2-millimeter vibratory screen, contained from 14 to 82 percent sand and 1 to 29 percent silt plus clay, and had HgT concentrations ranging from 6.8 to 81 ng/g dry weight. A clay-silt fraction, sampled from material remaining in suspension after the sandy fraction settled for 15-20 minutes, contained mercury concentrations from 23 to 370 ng/g dry weight. Concentrations of MeHg were less than the detection limit (<0.001 ng/g dry weight) in 30 of 31 samples of the sandy fraction. In the suspended clay-silt fraction, MeHg was detected in 16 of 31 samples, in which it ranged in concentration from 0.04 (estimated) to 0.61 ng/g wet weight. Potential rates of mercury methylation and demethylation were evaluated in seven samples using radiotracer methods. Mercury methylation (MeHg production) potentials were generally low, ranging from less than 0.15 to about 1.6 ng/g/d (nanogram per gram of dry sediment per day). Mercury demethylation (MeHg degradation) potentials were moderately high, ranging from 1.0 to 2.2 ng/g/d. The ratio of methylation potential (MP) to demethylation potential (DP) ranged from less than 0.14 to about 1.4 (median = 0.24, mean = 0.44, number of samples = 7), suggesting that the potential for net production of MeHg in deep sediments is generally low. The MeHg production rates and MP/DP ratios were higher in the shallower interval in two of the three holes where two depth intervals were assessed, whereas the MeHg concentrations were higher in the shallower interval for all three holes. A similar spatial distribution was found for concentrations of solid-phase sulfide (measured as total reduced sulfur and likely representing iron-sulfide and iron-disulfide compounds), which were much higher in shallower samples (about 700 to about 2,100 nanomoles per gram, dry sediment) than in deeper samples (32 to 55 nanomoles per gram, dry sediment) in these three holes. If reduced sulfur compounds are oxidized to sulfate as a consequence of sediment disturbance, the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria might be stimulated, causing a short-term increase in methylation of inorganic Hg(II) (divalent mercury). 

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045165","usgsCitation":"Hunerlach, M.P., Alpers, C.N., Marvin-DiPasquale, M., Taylor, H.E., and DeWild, J.F., 2004, Geochemistry of Mercury and other trace elements in fluvial tailings upstream of Daguerre Point Dam, Yuba River, California, August 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5165, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045165.","productDescription":"77 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":181839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5904,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045165/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 43.100982876188546\n ],\n [\n -124.93652343749999,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -123.6181640625,\n 37.96152331396614\n ],\n [\n -121.1572265625,\n 34.45221847282654\n ],\n [\n -117.99316406249999,\n 32.69486597787505\n ],\n [\n -114.7412109375,\n 32.91648534731439\n ],\n [\n -114.3896484375,\n 34.66935854524543\n ],\n [\n -116.76269531249999,\n 37.020098201368114\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 39.57182223734374\n ],\n [\n -120.5419921875,\n 43.16512263158296\n ],\n [\n -124.4091796875,\n 43.100982876188546\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab5fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunerlach, Michael P.","contributorId":66668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunerlach","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alpers, Charles N. 0000-0001-6945-7365 cnalpers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-7365","contributorId":411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alpers","given":"Charles","email":"cnalpers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Marvin-DiPasquale, Mark","contributorId":57423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marvin-DiPasquale","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Taylor, Howard E. hetaylor@usgs.gov","contributorId":1551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Howard","email":"hetaylor@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":57936,"text":"sir20045063 - 2004 - Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation 4. Historical surface-water quality for the Red River Valley, New Mexico, 1965 to 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-03T19:29:32.908395","indexId":"sir20045063","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5063","title":"Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation 4. Historical surface-water quality for the Red River Valley, New Mexico, 1965 to 2001","docAbstract":"Historical water-quality samples collected from the Red River over the past 35 years were compiled, reviewed for quality, and evaluated to determine influences on water quality over time. Hydrologic conditions in the Red River were found to have a major effect on water quality. The lowest sulfate concentrations were associated with the highest flow events, especially peak, rising limb, and falling limb conditions. The highest sulfate concentrations were associated with the early part of the rising limb of summer thunderstorm events and early snowmelt runoff, transient events that can be difficult to capture as part of planned sampling programs but were observed in some of the data. The first increase in flows in the spring, or during summer thunderstorm events, causes a flushing of sulfide oxidation products from scars and mine-disturbed areas to the Red River before being diluted by rising river waters.\r\n\r\nA trend of increasing sulfate concentrations and loads over long time periods also was noted at the Questa Ranger Station gage on the Red River, possibly related to mining activities, because the same trend is not apparent for concentrations upstream. This trend was only apparent when the dynamic events of snowmelt and summer rainstorms were eliminated and only low-flow concentrations were considered. An increase in sulfate concentrations and loads over time was not seen at locations upstream from the Molycorp, Inc., molybdenum mine and downstream from scar areas. Sulfate concentrations and loads and zinc concentrations downstream from the mine were uniformly higher, and alkalinity values were consistently lower, than those upstream from the mine, suggesting that additional sources of sulfate, zinc, and acidity enter the river in the vicinity of the mine. During storm events, alkalinity values decreased both upstream and downstream of the mine, indicating that natural sources, most likely scar areas, can cause short-term changes in the buffering capacity of the Red River.\r\n\r\nThe major-element water chemistry of the Red River is controlled by dissolution of calcite and gypsum and the oxidation of pyrite, and the river is generally not well buffered with respect to pH. During higher-flow periods, Red River water was diluted by calcium-carbonate waters, most likely from unmineralized Red River tributaries and areas upstream from scars. The effect of pyrite oxidation on Red River water chemistry was more pronounced after the early 1980's. Elevated zinc concentrations were most apparent during summer thunderstorm and rising limb times, which also were associated with a decrease in alkalinity and an increase in sulfate concentrations and conductivity. The water-quality results demonstrate that it is critical to consider hydrologic conditions when interpreting water chemistry in naturally mineralized or mined drainages.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045063","usgsCitation":"Maest, A.S., Nordstrom, D.K., and LoVetere, S.H., 2004, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation 4. Historical surface-water quality for the Red River Valley, New Mexico, 1965 to 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5063, v, 150 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045063.","productDescription":"v, 150 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180835,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407810,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70310.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":5878,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045063/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Red River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.575,\n 36.667\n ],\n [\n -105.375,\n 36.667\n ],\n [\n -105.375,\n 36.7167\n ],\n [\n -105.575,\n 36.7167\n ],\n [\n -105.575,\n 36.667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db635099","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maest, Ann S.","contributorId":26003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maest","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nordstrom, D. Kirk 0000-0003-3283-5136 dkn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3283-5136","contributorId":749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nordstrom","given":"D.","email":"dkn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Kirk","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":257937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"LoVetere, Sara H.","contributorId":89594,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LoVetere","given":"Sara","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57793,"text":"ofr20041265 - 2004 - Hydrologic data summary for the St. Lucie River Estuary, Martin and St. Lucie Counties, Florida, 1998-2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:20","indexId":"ofr20041265","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1265","title":"Hydrologic data summary for the St. Lucie River Estuary, Martin and St. Lucie Counties, Florida, 1998-2001","docAbstract":"A hydrologic analysis was made at three canal sites and four tidal sites along the St. Lucie River Estuary in southeastern Florida from 1998 to 2001. The data included for analysis are stage, 15-minute flow, salinity, water temperature, turbidity, and suspended-solids concentration. During the period of record, the estuary experienced a drought, major storm events, and high-water discharge from Lake Okeechobee.\r\n\r\n\r\nFlow mainly occurred through the South Fork of the St. Lucie River; however, when flow increased through control structures along the C-23 and C-24 Canals, the North Fork was a larger than usual contributor of total freshwater inflow to the estuary. At one tidal site (Steele Point), the majority of flow was southward toward the St. Lucie Inlet; at a second tidal site (Indian River Bridge), the majority of flow was northward into the Indian River Lagoon.\r\n\r\n\r\nLarge-volume stormwater discharge events greatly affected the St. Lucie River Estuary. Increased discharge typically was accompanied by salinity decreases that resulted in water becoming and remaining fresh throughout the estuary until the discharge events ended. Salinity in the estuary usually returned to prestorm levels within a few days after the events. Turbidity decreased and salinity began to increase almost immediately when the gates at the control structures closed. Salinity ranged from less than 1 to greater than 35 parts per thousand during the period of record (1998-2001), and typically varied by several parts per thousand during a tidal cycle.\r\n\r\n\r\nSuspended-solids concentrations were observed at one canal site (S-80) and two tidal sites (Speedy Point and Steele Point) during a discharge event in April and May 2000. Results suggest that most deposition of suspended-solids concentration occurs between S-80 and Speedy Point. The turbidity data collected also support this interpretation. The ratio of inorganic to organic suspended-solids concentration observed at S-80, Speedy Point, and Steele Point during the discharge event indicates that most flocculation of suspended-solids concentration occurs between Speedy Point and Steele Point.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041265","usgsCitation":"Byrne, M., and Patino, E., 2004, Hydrologic data summary for the St. Lucie River Estuary, Martin and St. Lucie Counties, Florida, 1998-2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1265, 19 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041265.","productDescription":"19 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":184926,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5754,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1265/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db60757a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Byrne, Michael J.","contributorId":8550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrne","given":"Michael J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Patino, Eduardo 0000-0003-1016-3658 epatino@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1016-3658","contributorId":1743,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"Eduardo","email":"epatino@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":58052,"text":"sir20045131 - 2004 - Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Landscape Regions of Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-06-02T20:34:23.750543","indexId":"sir20045131","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5131","title":"Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Landscape Regions of Nevada","docAbstract":"In 1999, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency initiated a rule to protect ground water in areas other than source-water protection areas. These other sensitive ground water areas (OSGWAs) are aquifers that are not currently but could eventually be used as a source of drinking water. The OSGWA program specifically addresses existing wells that are used for underground injection of motor vehicle waste. If the injection well is in a ground-water protection area or an OSGWA, well owners must either close the well or apply for a permit. The Nevada Division of Environmental Protection will evaluate site-specific information and determine if the aquifer associated with a permit application is susceptible to contamination. A basic part of evaluating OSGWAs is characterizing the hydrogeology of aquifer systems including the lithology, hydrologic properties, soil permeability, and faulting, which partly control the susceptibility of ground water to contamination. Detailed studies that evaluate ground-water susceptibility are not practical in a largely unpopulated State like Nevada. However, existing and new information could be extrapolated to other areas of the State if there is an objective framework to transfer the information. The concept of hydrologic landscape regions, which identify areas with similar hydrologic characteristics, provides this framework. This report describes the hydrogeology and hydrologic landscape regions of Nevada.\r\n\r\nConsolidated rocks that form mountain ranges and unconsolidated sediments that fill the basins between the ranges are grouped into hydrogeologic units having similar lithology and assumed to have similar hydrologic properties. Consolidated rocks and unconsolidated sediments are the two major hydrogeologic units and comprise 51 and 49 percent of the State, respectively. Consolidated rocks are subdivided into 8 hydrogeologic units. In approximate order of decreasing horizontal hydraulic conductivity, consolidated-rock hydrogeologic units consist of: (1) carbonate rocks, Quaternary to Tertiary age; (2) basaltic, (3) rhyolitic, and (4) andesitic volcanic flows; (5) volcanic breccias, tuffs, and volcanic rocks older than Tertiary age; (6) intrusive and metamorphic rocks; (7) consolidated and semi-consolidated tuffaceous rocks and sediments; and (8) clastic rocks consisting of sandstone and siltstone. Unconsolidated sediments are subdivided into four hydrogeologic units on the basis of flow regime, topographic slope, and mapped stream channels. The four units are (1) alluvial slopes, (2) valley floors, (3) fluvial deposits, and (4) playas.\r\n\r\nSoil permeability was grouped into five descriptive categories ranging from very high to very low, which generally correspond to mapped geomorphic features such as playas and alluvial slopes. In general, soil permeability is low to moderate in northern, northeastern, and eastern Nevada and high to very high in western, southwestern, and southern Nevada. Within a particular basin, soil permeability decreases downslope from the bedrock contact. The type of parent rock, climate, and streamflow velocities are factors that likely cause these spatial patterns.\r\n\r\nFaults in unconsolidated sediments usually are barriers to ground-water flow. In consolidated rocks, permeability and ground-water flow is reduced in directions normal to the fault zone and increased in directions parallel to the fault zone. With time, mineral precipitation may seal fractures in consolidated rocks, reducing the permeability. However, continued movement along the fault may form new fractures, resulting in a fault alternating from a zone of preferred flow to a flow barrier during geologic time. The effect of faults on ground-water flow at a particular location is difficult to determine without a site- specific investigation.\r\n\r\nHydrologic landscape regions were delineated by overlaying a grid of 100-foot (30-meter) cells over the State, estimating the value of five variables for each cell, an","language":"English","publisher":"United States","doi":"10.3133/sir20045131","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., Lopes, T.J., Medina, R.L., and Smith, J.L., 2004, Hydrogeology and Hydrologic Landscape Regions of Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5131, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045131.","productDescription":"41 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":185415,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5983,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5131/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627844","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lopes, Thomas J. tjlopes@usgs.gov","contributorId":2302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopes","given":"Thomas","email":"tjlopes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Medina, Rose L. 0000-0002-3463-7224 rlmedina@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3463-7224","contributorId":4378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medina","given":"Rose","email":"rlmedina@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58172,"text":"sir20045232 - 2004 - Hydrogeologic characterization of the Modesto Area, San Joaquin Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-04T19:43:15.965574","indexId":"sir20045232","displayToPublicDate":"2004-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5232","title":"Hydrogeologic characterization of the Modesto Area, San Joaquin Valley, California","docAbstract":"

Hydrogeologic characterization was done to develop an understanding of the hydrogeologic setting near Modesto by maximizing the use of existing data and building on previous work in the region. A substantial amount of new lithologic and hydrologic data are available that allow a more complete and updated characterization of the aquifer system. In this report, geologic units are described, a database of well characteristics and lithology is developed and used to update the regional stratigraphy, a water budget is estimated for water year 2000, a three-dimensional spatial correlation map of aquifer texture is created, and recommendations for future data collection are summarized.


The general physiography of the study area is reflected in the soils. The oldest soils, which have low permeability, exist in terrace deposits, in the interfan areas between the Stanislaus, Tuolumne, and Merced Rivers, at the distal end of the fans, and along the San Joaquin River floodplain. The youngest soils have high permeability and generally have been forming on the recently deposited alluvium along the major stream channels. Geologic materials exposed or penetrated by wells in the Modesto area range from pre-Cretaceous rocks to recent alluvium; however, water-bearing materials are mostly Late Tertiary and Quaternary in age.


A database containing information from more than 3,500 drillers'logs was constructed to organize information on well characteristics and subsurface lithology in the study area. The database was used in conjunction with a limited number of geophysical logs and county soil maps to define the stratigraphic framework of the study area. Sequences of red paleosols were identified in the database and used as stratigraphic boundaries. Associated with these paleosols are very coarse grained incised valley-fill deposits. Some geophysical well logs and other sparse well information suggest the presence of one of these incised valley-fill deposits along and adjacent to the Tuolumne River east of Modesto, a feature that may have important implications for ground-water flow and transport in the region.


Although extensive work has been done by earlier investigators to define the structure of the Modesto area aquifer system, this report has resulted in some modification to the lateral extent of the Corcoran Clay and the regional dip of the Mehrten Formation. Well logs in the database indicating the presence of the Corcoran Clay were used to revise the eastern extent of the Corcoran Clay, which lies approximately parallel to the axis of valley. The Mehrten Formation is distinguished in the well-log database by its characteristic black sands consisting of predominantly andesitic fragments. Black sands in wells listed in the database indicate that the formation may lie as shallow as 120 meters (400 feet) below land surface under Modesto, approximately 90 meters (300 feet) shallower than previously thought.


The alluvial aquifer system in the Modesto area comprises an unconfined to semiconfined aquifer above and east of the Corcoran Clay confining unit and a confined aquifer beneath the Corcoran Clay. The unconfined aquifer is composed of alluvial sediments of the Modesto, Riverbank, and upper Turlock Lake formations. The unconfined aquifer east of the Corcoran Clay becomes semiconfined with depth due to the numerous discontinuous clay lenses and extensive paleosols throughout the aquifer thickness. The confined aquifer is composed primarily of alluvial sediments of the Turlock Lake and upper Mehrten Formations, extending from beneath the Corcoran Clay to the base of fresh water.


Ground water in the unconfined to semiconfined aquifer flows to the west and southwest. The primary source of present-day recharge is percolating excess irrigation water. The primary ground-water discharge is extensive ground-water pumping in the unconfined to semiconfined aquifer, imposing a significant component of vertical flow in the system.


A water budget was calculated for water year 2000 using a land-use approach. During water year 2000, the total water supply in the Modesto area was more than 2.5 billion m3 (cubic meter) (2 million acre-ft [acre-foot]). Surface-water deliveries accounted for 60 percent of the total water supply, whereas ground-water pumpage accounted for 40 percent. Ninety-four percent of the water supply was used to meet irrigation demand and approximately 6 percent was used to meet urban demand. The total recharge in the model area was estimated at 1.4 billion m3 (1,100,000 acre-ft). The largest component of recharge is from excess irrigation water (58 percent); precipitation in excess of crop requirements accounted for 41 percent of the recharge.


Geostatistical methods were used to develop a spatial correlation model of the percentage of coarse-grained texture in the Modesto area. The mean percentage coarse-grained texture calculated for each depth increment indicates a regional trend of decreasing coarse-grained texture with increasing depth, which is consistent with increasingly consolidated sediments with depth in the study area. The three-dimensional kriged estimates of percentage coarse-grained texture show significant heterogeneity in the texture of the sedimentary deposits. Assuming the hydraulic conductivity is correlated to the texture, the kriged result implies significant heterogeneity in the hydrogeologic framework.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045232","usgsCitation":"Burow, K.R., Shelton, J.L., Hevesi, J.A., and Weissmann, G.S., 2004, Hydrogeologic characterization of the Modesto Area, San Joaquin Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5232, vii, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045232.","productDescription":"vii, 54 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5785,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5232/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":411366,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70802.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Modesto","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.18044536257298,\n 37.756784027450905\n ],\n [\n -121.18044536257298,\n 37.31051852282282\n ],\n [\n -120.49404604217641,\n 37.31051852282282\n ],\n [\n -120.49404604217641,\n 37.756784027450905\n ],\n [\n -121.18044536257298,\n 37.756784027450905\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628aff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burow, Karen R. 0000-0001-6006-6667 krburow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-6667","contributorId":1504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"Karen","email":"krburow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shelton, Jennifer L. 0000-0001-8508-0270 jshelton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-0270","contributorId":1155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelton","given":"Jennifer","email":"jshelton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hevesi, Joseph 0000-0003-2898-1800 jhevesi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2898-1800","contributorId":1507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hevesi","given":"Joseph","email":"jhevesi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weissmann, Gary S.","contributorId":78603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weissmann","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70206242,"text":"70206242 - 2004 - Usoi Landslide Dam and Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-25T13:22:08","indexId":"70206242","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-26T13:21:44","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5880,"text":"Enviromental and Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"10787275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Usoi Landslide Dam and Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan","docAbstract":"

In 1911, a 2-km3 (0.5-mi3) earthquake-triggered rock slide blocked the Murgab River, southeastern Tajikistan, forming a still-existing, 600-m-high (1,970-ft-high) natural dam—the highest dam, natural or man-made, in the world. Lake Sarez, impounded by this blockage, is 60 km (37 mi) long, with a maximum depth of 550 m (1,800 ft) and a volume of approximately 17 km3 (∼4 mi3). This lake, which has never overtopped the dam, exits the downstream face as a series of large springs that regroup as the Murgab River. Freeboard between lake surface and the lowest point on the dam crest currently is approximately 50 m (∼165 ft), and the lake is rising at an average rate of 18.5 cm/yr (7.3 in./yr). If the blockage were to fail, a worst-case scenario could endanger tens or possibly hundreds of thousands of people in the Murgab, Bartang, Panj, and Amu Darya valleys downstream. Dam failure potentially could result from: 1) seismic shaking, 2) catastrophic overtopping caused by a landslide entering the lake from the valley wall at high velocity, 3) surface erosion caused by natural overtopping by the rising lake, 4) internal erosion (piping), 5) instability caused by lake pressure against the dam, or 6) slope instability of the dam faces. Occurrence of an overtopping wave resulting from a potential landslide high on the right bank of Lake Sarez seems to be the most realistic of these slight possibilities for failure. Because of the high cost of installing physical remediation to the dam in this rugged mountain area (no roads lead to the site), the main protective measures now being undertaken are hydrological monitoring at the dam and installation of a flood early warning system downstream.

","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2113/10.2.151","usgsCitation":"Schuster, R.L., and Alford, D., 2004, Usoi Landslide Dam and Lake Sarez, Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan: Enviromental and Engineering Geoscience, v. 10, no. 2, p. 151-168, https://doi.org/10.2113/10.2.151.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"168","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368618,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Tajikistan","otherGeospatial":"Lake Sarez","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[71.0142,40.24437],[70.64802,39.93575],[69.55961,40.10321],[69.46489,39.52668],[70.54916,39.6042],[71.78469,39.27946],[73.67538,39.43124],[73.92885,38.50582],[74.25751,38.60651],[74.86482,38.37885],[74.82999,37.99001],[74.98,37.41999],[73.9487,37.42157],[73.26006,37.49526],[72.63689,37.04756],[72.19304,36.94829],[71.84464,36.73817],[71.44869,37.06564],[71.54192,37.90577],[71.2394,37.95327],[71.34813,38.25891],[70.80682,38.48628],[70.3763,38.1384],[70.27057,37.73516],[70.11658,37.58822],[69.51879,37.609],[69.19627,37.15114],[68.85945,37.34434],[68.13556,37.02312],[67.83,37.14499],[68.39203,38.15703],[68.17603,38.90155],[67.44222,39.14014],[67.70143,39.58048],[68.53642,39.53345],[69.01163,40.08616],[69.32949,40.72782],[70.66662,40.96021],[70.45816,40.49649],[70.60141,40.21853],[71.0142,40.24437]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Tajikistan\"}}]}","volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schuster, Robert L.","contributorId":19162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuster","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alford, D.","contributorId":219510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alford","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184531,"text":"70184531 - 2004 - Long term atmospheric deposition as the source of nitrate and other salts in the Atacama Desert, Chile: New evidence from mass-independent oxygen isotopic compositions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-02T13:09:02","indexId":"70184531","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long term atmospheric deposition as the source of nitrate and other salts in the Atacama Desert, Chile: New evidence from mass-independent oxygen isotopic compositions","docAbstract":"

Isotopic analysis of nitrate and sulfate minerals from the nitrate ore fields of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile has shown anomalous 17O enrichments in both minerals. Δ17O values of 14–21 ‰ in nitrate and 0.4 to 4 ‰ in sulfate are the most positive found in terrestrial minerals to date. Modeling of atmospheric processes indicates that the Δ17O signatures are the result of photochemical reactions in the troposphere and stratosphere. We conclude that the bulk of the nitrate, sulfate and other soluble salts in some parts of the Atacama Desert must be the result of atmospheric deposition of particles produced by gas to particle conversion, with minor but varying amounts from sea spray and local terrestrial sources. Flux calculations indicate that the major salt deposits could have accumulated from atmospheric deposition in a period of 200,000 to 2.0 M years during hyper-arid conditions similar to those currently found in the Atacama Desert. Correlations between Δ17O and δ18O in nitrate salts from the Atacama Desert and Mojave Desert, California, indicate varying fractions of microbial and photochemical end-member sources. The photochemical nitrate isotope signature is well preserved in the driest surficial environments that are almost lifeless, whereas the microbial nitrate isotope signature becomes dominant rapidly with increasing moisture, biologic activity, and nitrogen cycling. These isotopic signatures have important implications for paleoclimate, astrobiology, and N cycling studies.


","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2004.04.009","usgsCitation":"Michalski, G., Böhlke, J., and Thiemens, M., 2004, Long term atmospheric deposition as the source of nitrate and other salts in the Atacama Desert, Chile: New evidence from mass-independent oxygen isotopic compositions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, no. 20, p. 4023-4038, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.04.009.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"4023","endPage":"4038","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c93fe4b0f37a93ee9b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michalski, Greg","contributorId":187898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Michalski","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28086,"text":"University of California San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J. K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":173577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J. K.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":681883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thiemens, Mark","contributorId":187899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiemens","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28086,"text":"University of California San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185109,"text":"70185109 - 2004 - Factors that affect molecular weight distribution of Suwannee river fulvic acid as determined by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-16T19:18:09.303652","indexId":"70185109","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-11T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":760,"text":"Analytica Chimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors that affect molecular weight distribution of Suwannee river fulvic acid as determined by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry","docAbstract":"

Effects of methylation, molar response, multiple charging, solvents, and positive and negative ionization on molecular weight distributions of aquatic fulvic acid were investigated by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. After preliminary analysis by positive and negative modes, samples and mixtures of standards were derivatized by methylation to minimize ionization sites and reanalyzed.

Positive ionization was less effective and produced more complex spectra than negative ionization. Ionization in methanol/water produced greater response than in acetonitrile/water. Molar response varied widely for the selected free acid standards when analyzed individually and in a mixture, but after methylation this range decreased. After methylation, the number average molecular weight of the Suwannee River fulvic acid remained the same while the weight average molecular weight decreased. These differences are probably indicative of disaggregation of large aggregated ions during methylation. Since the weight average molecular weight decreased, it is likely that aggregate formation in the fulvic acid was present prior to derivatization, rather than multiple charging in the mass spectra.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elseiver","doi":"10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.065","usgsCitation":"Rostad, C.E., and Leenheer, J.A., 2004, Factors that affect molecular weight distribution of Suwannee river fulvic acid as determined by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry: Analytica Chimica Acta, v. 523, no. 2, p. 269-278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.06.065.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"269","endPage":"278","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337574,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Suwannee River, Okefenokee Swamp","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.54714965820312,\n 30.6609502201387\n ],\n [\n -82.38922119140625,\n 30.6609502201387\n ],\n [\n -82.38922119140625,\n 30.835625045645916\n ],\n [\n -82.54714965820312,\n 30.835625045645916\n ],\n [\n -82.54714965820312,\n 30.6609502201387\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"523","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c90129e4b0849ce97abd04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rostad, Colleen E. cerostad@usgs.gov","contributorId":833,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"Colleen","email":"cerostad@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":684373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leenheer, Jerry A.","contributorId":72420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70164335,"text":"70164335 - 2004 - When synthetic chemicals degrade in the environment: What are the absolute fate, effects, and potential risks to humans and the ecosystem?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T07:32:40","indexId":"70164335","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"When synthetic chemicals degrade in the environment: What are the absolute fate, effects, and potential risks to humans and the ecosystem?","docAbstract":"

Various processes degrade synthetic chemicals—pesticides, pharmaceuticals, biocides, and industrials—in the environment (1, 2). Consequently, the environment may be exposed to a mixture of the parent compounds and any resulting degradation products (degradates). Recent advances in analytical methodology and greater access to analytical standards have advanced degradates research (3, 4). Specifically, research on pesticides has found degradates in surface water (5–10), groundwater (11–13), precipitation (14–16), air (17, 18), and sediment (19, 20). Pharmaceuticals and detergent degradates also exist in the environment (21–23). Figure 1 shows that degradates were detected as often as or more frequently than the parent compound.

\n

Although some regulatory schemes require information about the impacts of degradates on human and environmental health, that information does not exist for many compounds (25, 26). Pesticides are the exception. In this article, we bring together the available data to address the environmental behavior of degradates and their effects on organisms and discuss how to identify substances of potential concern. In addition, we cite gaps in the current knowledge and make recommendations for future research requirements. While the article focuses on pesticides, we believe these observations can be extended to biologically active compounds and some industrial substances.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es040624v","usgsCitation":"Boxall, A., Sinclair, C., Fenner, K., Kolpin, D.W., and Maund, S., 2004, When synthetic chemicals degrade in the environment: What are the absolute fate, effects, and potential risks to humans and the ecosystem?: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 19, p. 368A-375A, https://doi.org/10.1021/es040624v.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"368A","endPage":"375A","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316388,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b09005e4b010e2af2a5eaf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boxall, Alistair","contributorId":152697,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boxall","given":"Alistair","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sinclair, C.","contributorId":98476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sinclair","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fenner, Kathrin","contributorId":152698,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fenner","given":"Kathrin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Maund, S.","contributorId":13349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maund","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":55234,"text":"ofr20041069 - 2004 - A 30-year record of surface mass balance (1966-95) and motion and surface altitude (1975-95) at Wolverine Glacier, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-12T14:19:42.180694","indexId":"ofr20041069","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1069","title":"A 30-year record of surface mass balance (1966-95) and motion and surface altitude (1975-95) at Wolverine Glacier, Alaska","docAbstract":"Scientific measurements at Wolverine Glacier, on the Kenai Peninsula in south-central Alaska, began in April 1966. At three long-term sites in the research basin, the measurements included snow depth, snow density, heights of the glacier surface and stratigraphic summer surfaces on stakes, and identification of the surface materials. Calculations of the mass balance of the surface strata-snow, new firn, superimposed ice, and old firn and ice mass at each site were based on these measurements. Calculations of fixed-date annual mass balances for each hydrologic year (October 1 to September 30), as well as net balances and the dates of minimum net balance measured between time-transgressive summer surfaces on the glacier, were made on the basis of the strata balances augmented by air temperature and precipitation recorded in the basin. From 1966 through 1995, the average annual balance at site A (590 meters altitude) was -4.06 meters water equivalent; at site B (1,070 meters altitude), was -0.90 meters water equivalent; and at site C (1,290 meters altitude), was +1.45 meters water equivalent. \r\n\r\nGeodetic determination of displacements of the mass balance stake, and glacier surface altitudes was added to the data set in 1975 to detect the glacier motion responses to variable climate and mass balance conditions. The average surface speed from 1975 to 1996 was 50.0 meters per year at site A, 83.7 meters per year at site B, and 37.2 meters per year at site C. The average surface altitudes were 594 meters at site A, 1,069 meters at site B, and 1,293 meters at site C; the glacier surface altitudes rose and fell over a range of 19.4 meters at site A, 14.1 meters at site B, and 13.2 meters at site C.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041069","usgsCitation":"Mayo, L.R., Trabant, D.C., and March, R.S., 2004, A 30-year record of surface mass balance (1966-95) and motion and surface altitude (1975-95) at Wolverine Glacier, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1069, Report: 114 p.; 8 Figures; 14 Tables; 6 Graphs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041069.","productDescription":"Report: 114 p.; 8 Figures; 14 Tables; 6 Graphs","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174683,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5412,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1069/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Wolverine Glacier","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.9552286965866,\n 60.47322485081483\n ],\n [\n -148.9552286965866,\n 60.378911924259455\n ],\n [\n -148.77897459647195,\n 60.378911924259455\n ],\n [\n -148.77897459647195,\n 60.47322485081483\n ],\n [\n -148.9552286965866,\n 60.47322485081483\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd493ee4b0b290850ef054","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mayo, Lawrence R.","contributorId":98344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayo","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trabant, Dennis C.","contributorId":13965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trabant","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"March, Rod S. rsmarch@usgs.gov","contributorId":416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"March","given":"Rod","email":"rsmarch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":252979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58029,"text":"sir20045138 - 2004 - Presence and distribution of organic wastewater compounds in wastewater, surface, ground, and drinking waters, Minnesota, 2000-02","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:31:01","indexId":"sir20045138","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5138","title":"Presence and distribution of organic wastewater compounds in wastewater, surface, ground, and drinking waters, Minnesota, 2000-02","docAbstract":"

Selected organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) such as household, industrial, and agricultural-use compounds, pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, and sterols and hormones were measured at 65 sites in Minnesota as part of a cooperative study among the Minnesota Department of Health, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Samples were collected in Minnesota during October 2000 through November 2002 and analyzed for the presence and distribution of 91 OWCs at sites including wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent; landfill and feedlot lagoon leachate; surface water; ground water (underlying sewered and unsewered mixed urban land use, a waste dump, and feedlots); and the intake and finished drinking water from drinking water facilities.

\n

There were 74 OWCs detected that represent a wide variety of use. Samples generally comprised a mixture of compounds (average of 6 OWCs) and 90 percent of the samples had at least one OWC detected. Concentrations for detected OWCs generally were less than 3 micrograms per liter. The ten most frequently detected OWCs were metolachlor (agricultural-use herbicide); cholesterol (sterol primarily associated with animal waste); caffeine (stimulant), N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) (topical insect repellant); bromoform (disinfection by product); tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (flame-retardant and plastic component); beta-sitosterol (plant sterol that is a known endocrine disruptor); acetyl-hexamethyl-tetrahydro- naphthalene (AHTN) (synthetic musk widely used in personal care products, and a known endocrine disruptor); bisphenol-A (plastic component and a known endocrine disruptor); and cotinine (metabolite of nicotine).

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Wastewater treatment plant influent and effluent, landfill leachate, and ground water underlying a waste dump had the greatest number of OWCs detected. OWC detections in ground-water were low except underlying the one waste dump studied and feedlots. There generally were more OWCs detected in surface water than ground water, and there were twice as many OWCs detected in the surface water sites downstream from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP effluent than at sites not directly downstream from effluent. Comparisons among site classifications apply only to sites sampled during the study.

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Results of this study indicate ubiquitous distribution of measured OWCs in the environment that originate from numerous sources and pathways. During this reconnaissance of OWCs in Minnesota it was not possible to determine the specific sources of OWCs to surface, ground, or drinking waters. The data indicate WWTP effluent is a major pathway of OWCs to surface waters and that landfill leachate at selected facilities is a potential source of OWCs to WWTPs. Aquatic organism or human exposure to some OWCs is likely based on OWC distribution. Few aquatic or human health standards or criteria exist for the OWCs analyzed, and the risks to humans or aquatic wildlife are not known. Some OWCs detected in this study are endocrine disrupters and have been found to disrupt or influence endocrine function in fish. Thirteen endocrine disrupters, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydoxyanisole (BHA), 4- cumylphenol, 4-normal-octylphenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, acetyl-hexamethyl-tetrahydro-naphthalene (AHTN), benzo[α]pyrene, beta-sitosterol, bisphenol-A, diazinon, nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), octyphenol diethoxylate (OP2EO), octylphenol monoethoxylate (OP1EO), and total para-nonylphenol (NP) were detected. Results of reconnaissance studies may help regulators who set water-quality standards begin to prioritize which OWCs to focus upon for given categories of water use.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045138","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Health and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency","usgsCitation":"Lee, K., Barber, L.B., Furlong, E.T., Cahill, J.D., Kolpin, D.W., Meyer, M.T., and Zaugg, S.D., 2004, Presence and distribution of organic wastewater compounds in wastewater, surface, ground, and drinking waters, Minnesota, 2000-02: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5138, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045138.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","numberOfPages":"53","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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\"}}]}","tableOfContents":"

Abstract
Introduction
Study design and methods
Quality assurance
Data evaluation
Hydrologic setting and basic water-quality parameters
Presence and distribution of organic wastewater compounds among all sites
Presence and distribution of organice wastewater compounds for specific site classifications
     Wastewater
          Wastewater treatment plants
          Landfill leachate
          Feedlot lagoons
     Surface water
     Ground water
     Drinking water
Comparison among site classifications
Implications for water-quality and human and aquatic health
Summary and conclusions
References
Appendix 1. Potential uses of organic wastewater compounds analyzed in water samples, Minnesota 2000-02

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Appendix 2. Quality-control data summary for laboratory reagent spike and blank samples for all analytes, Minnesota 2000-02

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Appendix 3. Quality assurance summary for laboratory surrogate compounds in samples analyzed with field samples, Minnesota, 2000-02

\n

Appendix 4. Quality assurance summary of field replicates and blanks, Minnesota, 2000-02

","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db66912b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Kathy 0000-0002-7683-1367 klee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-1367","contributorId":2538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Kathy","email":"klee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cahill, Jeffery D.","contributorId":71630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cahill","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":58050,"text":"ofr20041347 - 2004 - Rainfall, runoff, and water-quality data for the urban storm-water program in the Albuquerque, New Mexico, metropolitan area, water year 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-05T18:34:13.933998","indexId":"ofr20041347","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1347","title":"Rainfall, runoff, and water-quality data for the urban storm-water program in the Albuquerque, New Mexico, metropolitan area, water year 2002","docAbstract":"

Urbanization has dramatically increased precipitation runoff to the system of drainage channels and natural stream channels in the Albuquerque, New Mexico, metropolitan area. Rainfall and runoff data are important for planning and designing future storm-water conveyance channels in newly developing areas. Storm-water quality also is monitored in accordance with the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System mandated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Albuquerque Metropolitan Arroyo Flood Control Authority, the City of Albuquerque, and the U.S. Geological Survey began a cooperative program to collect hydrologic data to help assess the quality and quantity of surface-water resources in the Albuquerque area. This report presents water-quality, streamflow, and rainfall data collected from October 1, 2001, to September 30, 2002 (water year 2002). Also provided is a station analysis for each of the 20 streamflow-gaging sites and 41 rainfall-gaging sites, which includes a description of monitoring equipment, problems associated with data collection during the year, and other information used to compute streamflow discharges or rainfall records. A hydrographic comparison shows the effects that the largest drainage channel in the metropolitan area, the North Floodway Channel, has on total flow in the Rio Grande.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041347","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Albuquerque Metropolitan Arroyo Flood Control Authority and the City of Albuquerque","usgsCitation":"Kelly, T., Romero, O., and Turner, E., 2004, Rainfall, runoff, and water-quality data for the urban storm-water program in the Albuquerque, New Mexico, metropolitan area, water year 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1347, iv, 119 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041347.","productDescription":"iv, 119 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183996,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1347/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":489805,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1347/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","city":"Albuquerque","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.0159062021065,\n 35.40557093842378\n ],\n [\n -107.0159062021065,\n 34.77880064470824\n ],\n [\n -106.13498380427245,\n 34.77880064470824\n ],\n [\n -106.13498380427245,\n 35.40557093842378\n ],\n [\n -107.0159062021065,\n 35.40557093842378\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6496f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, Todd","contributorId":89168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"Todd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Romero, Orlando","contributorId":92335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Romero","given":"Orlando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Turner, Eric","contributorId":101145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Eric","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":54049,"text":"ofr20041073 - 2004 - Surface- and Ground-Water Monitoring and Mapping of Selected Features at the Blue Ridge Parkway Mt. Pisgah Campground, Haywood County, North Carolina, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T16:34:35","indexId":"ofr20041073","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1073","title":"Surface- and Ground-Water Monitoring and Mapping of Selected Features at the Blue Ridge Parkway Mt. Pisgah Campground, Haywood County, North Carolina, 2002","docAbstract":"During 2002, a baseline study of hydrologic conditions was conducted, and selected features were mapped within the Mt. Pisgah campground on the Blue Ridge Parkway in Haywood County, North Carolina. Field surveys were performed by using global positioning system equipment one time (January 2002) during the study to locate hydrologic and other types of features in the study area. Water-level and streamflow data and seasonal water-quality samples were collected from a stream that receives all surface-water drainage from the campground area. During 2002, water levels (stage) in the stream ranged from 1.09 to 1.89 feet above gage datum (4,838.06 to 4,838.86 feet above mean sea level). Flow in the stream ranged from 0.05 to 9.7 cubic feet per second. Annual daily mean flow for calendar year 2002 was approximately 0.35 cubic foot per second (about 226,000 gallons per day). Samples collected from the stream had low concentrations of all constituents measured. Four compounds associated with human activity (camphor, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (the insect repellent DEET), tributylphosphate, and methylsalicylate) were detected in the stream samples; however, concentrations were less than detection levels. Stream samples collected in April and September and analyzed for fecal coliform bacteria had densities of 76 and 110 colonies per 100 milliliters of water, respectively. No violations of water-quality standards were noted for any constituent measured in the stream samples.\r\n\r\nSeven shallow ground-water wells were installed near a natural area in the center of the campground. Ground-water levels measured periodically in these wells and in two existing shallow piezometers generally were highest in the spring and lowest in the fall. Water temperature, pH, and specific conductance were measured in samples collected from the shallow wells in April and September 2002. Measured pH values were consistently lowest in samples from two wells on the west side of the natural area and highest in samples from the well located near the center of the natural area. Specific-conductance values measured in samples from wells on the east side of the natural area were lower than those measured in samples from the other wells. Specific-conductance values measured in samples from two wells on the west side and from one well near the center of the natural area generally were two to three times higher than the specific-conductance values measured in samples from wells on the east side of the natural area.\r\n\r\nSamples for fecal coliform bacteria were collected from six wells on September 11, 2002. The fecal coliform densities in samples from most of the wells were less than or equal to 8 colonies per 100 milliliters. Samples from two of the three wells on the west side of the natural area had coliform densities of 16 and 480 colonies per 100 milliliters.\r\n\r\nOther ground-water samples collected on September 11 and September 24 were analyzed with a spectrophotometer in the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) North Carolina District Office for nitrate concentrations only. From the samples collected on September 11, estimated nitrate concentrations of 1 milligram per liter or less were detected in three wells, two on the west side and one on the east side of the natural area. Nitrate was not detected with a spectrophotometer in any of the ground-water samples collected on September 24. Indicator test strips also were used in the field to screen for nitrate and nitrite in ground-water samples collected on September 24. Nitrate was detected by test strips in one well on the west side of the natural area, with estimated concentrations of 1 milligram per liter or less indicated. Nitrite was not detected by the test strips in samples collected from any of the wells.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041073","usgsCitation":"Smith, D.G., 2004, Surface- and Ground-Water Monitoring and Mapping of Selected Features at the Blue Ridge Parkway Mt. Pisgah Campground, Haywood County, North Carolina, 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1073, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041073.","productDescription":"39 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":174755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5491,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/of2004-1073/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","county":"Haywood County","otherGeospatial":"Mt. Pisgah Campground,","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.7103271484375,\n 35.67068501330236\n ],\n [\n -83.71307373046874,\n 35.67068501330236\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.25027465820312,\n 34.98837848142154\n ],\n [\n -83.25027465820312,\n 35.64390523787731\n ],\n [\n -82.47848510742188,\n 35.64390523787731\n ],\n [\n -82.47848510742188,\n 34.98837848142154\n ],\n [\n -83.25027465820312,\n 34.98837848142154\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db6911c7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Douglas G. dgsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Douglas","email":"dgsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":476,"text":"North Carolina Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":58042,"text":"fs20043095 - 2004 - Tree islands of the Florida everglades? Long-term stability and response to hydrologic change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T12:04:57","indexId":"fs20043095","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3095","title":"Tree islands of the Florida everglades? Long-term stability and response to hydrologic change","docAbstract":"

Tree islands are important centers of biodiversity in the Florida Everglades; they have two to three times the plant and animal diversity of the surrounding wetlands. This high diversity is due primarily to their higher elevation relative to the adjacent wetlands (fig. 1). In the natural Everglades system, water levels fluctuated seasonally with rainfall, and tree islands were the only sites that escaped flooding during the wet season. These seasonally dry sites provided refugia and nesting sites for animals and allowed tree and shrub communities to flourish.

","language":"English","publisher":" U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20043095","usgsCitation":"Willard, D.A., 2004, Tree islands of the Florida everglades? Long-term stability and response to hydrologic change (Online Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3095, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043095.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3095.bmp"},{"id":352692,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3095/fs2004-3095.pdf","text":"Report","size":"950 kB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":5972,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3095/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 24.90885835502671\n ],\n [\n -80.11505126953125,\n 24.90885835502671\n ],\n [\n -80.11505126953125,\n 26.143110637100634\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 26.143110637100634\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 24.90885835502671\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Online Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697dea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Willard, Debra A. 0000-0003-4878-0942 dwillard@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-0942","contributorId":2076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willard","given":"Debra","email":"dwillard@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":24693,"text":"Climate Research and Development","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":411,"text":"National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":57791,"text":"twri08A3 - 2004 - Use of submersible pressure transducers in water-resources investigations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-02-26T14:37:00.606965","indexId":"twri08A3","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"08-A3","title":"Use of submersible pressure transducers in water-resources investigations","docAbstract":"Submersible pressure transducers, developed in the early 1960s, have made the collection of water-level and pressure data much more convenient than former methods. Submersible pressure transducers, when combined with electronic data recorders have made it possible to collect continuous or nearly continuous water-level or pressure data from wells, piezometers, soil-moisture tensiometers, and surface water gages. These more frequent measurements have led to an improved understanding of the hydraulic processes in streams, soils, and aquifers. \r\n\r\nThis manual describes the operational theory behind submersible pressure transducers and provides information about their use in hydrologic investigations conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/twri08A3","usgsCitation":"Freeman, L.A., Carpenter, M.C., Rosenberry, D.O., Rousseau, J.P., Unger, R., and McLean, J.S., 2004, Use of submersible pressure transducers in water-resources investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 08-A3, xi, 52 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri08A3.","productDescription":"xi, 52 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5752,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/twri8a3/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":184826,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6042ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freeman, Lawrence A. lfreeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Lawrence","email":"lfreeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":257795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, Michael C. mcarpent@usgs.gov","contributorId":3977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Michael","email":"mcarpent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":257796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rousseau, Joseph P.","contributorId":22030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rousseau","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Unger, Randy","contributorId":29511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unger","given":"Randy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McLean, John S.","contributorId":102897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":58038,"text":"fs20043098 - 2004 - Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey on sources, transport, and fate of agricultural chemicals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-04T11:51:32","indexId":"fs20043098","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3098","title":"Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey on sources, transport, and fate of agricultural chemicals","docAbstract":"

The U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is assessing the sources, transport, and fate of chemicals applied to crops in agricultural basins across the Nation (referred to as \"study units,\" see map). Chemicals selected for study include nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and about 50 commonly used pesticides and their transformation products, including triazine and acetanilide herbicides such as atrazine and metolachlor, and organophosphorus insecticides such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon.

\n

The basins in the studies represent a range of agricultural settings—with varying crop types and agricultural practices related to tillage, irrigation, artificial drainage, and chemical use—as well as a range of landscapes with different geology, soils, topography, climate, and hydrology. Consistent methodology and analysis allow comparisons among the different basins. This study design leads to an improved understanding of the many factors that can affect the movement of water and chemicals in different agricultural settings (see \"Complex factors,\" next page).

\n

Information from these studies will help with decision-making related to chemical use, conservation, and other farming practices that are used to reduce runoff of agricultural chemicals and sediment from fields. This information also will benefit the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture, local and regional water managers, and agricultural chemical manufacturers who are involved in managing chemical use and pesticide registration.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043098","usgsCitation":"Capel, P.D., Hamilton, P.A., and Erwin, M.L., 2004, Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey on sources, transport, and fate of agricultural chemicals: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3098, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043098.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120710,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3098.bmp"},{"id":5968,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs20043098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a31c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Capel, Paul D. 0000-0003-1620-5185 capel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1620-5185","contributorId":1002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capel","given":"Paul","email":"capel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hamilton, Pixie A. pahamilt@usgs.gov","contributorId":1068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"Pixie","email":"pahamilt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":258196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Erwin, Martha L.","contributorId":10030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"Martha","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}