The Picher mining district of northeastern Ottawa County, Oklahoma, was a major site of mining for lead and zinc ores in the first half of the 20th century. The primary source of lead and zinc were sulfide minerals disseminated in the cherty limestones and dolomites of the Boone Formation of Mississippian age, which comprises the Boone aquifer. Ground water in the aquifer and seeping to surface water in the district has been contaminated by sulfate, iron, lead, zinc, and several other metals. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality, investigated hydrology and ground-water quality in the mine workings in the mining district, as part of the process to aid water managers and planners in designing remediation measures that may restore the environmental quality of the district to pre-mining conditions. Most ground-water levels underlying the mining district had similar altitudes, indicating a large degree of hydraulic connection in the mine workings and overlying aquifer materials. Recharge-age dates derived from concentrations of chlorofluorocarbons and other dissolved gases indicated that water in the Boone aquifer may flow slowly from the northeast and southeast portions of the mining district. However, recharge-age dates may have been affected by the types of sites sampled, with more recent recharge-age dates being associated with mine-shafts, which are more prone to atmospheric interactions and surface runoff than the sampled airshafts. Water levels in streams upstream from the confluence of Tar and Lytle Creeks were several feet higher than those in adjacent portions of the Boone aquifer, perhaps due to low-permeability streambed sediments and indicating the streams may be losing water to the aquifer in this area. From just upstream to downstream from the confluence of Tar and Lytle Creeks, surface-water elevations in these streams were less than those in the surrounding Boone aquifer, indicating that seepage from the aquifer to downstream portions of Tar Creek was much more likely. Water properties and major-ion concentrations indicate that water in the mining area was very hard, with large concentrations of dissolved solids that increased from areas of presumed recharge toward areas with older ground water. Most of the ground-water samples, particularly those from the airshafts, had dissolved-oxygen concentrations less than 1.0 milligram per liter. Small concentrations of dissolved oxygen may have been introduced during the sampling process. The small dissolved-oxygen concentrations were associated with samples containing large iron concentrations that indicates possible anoxic conditions in much of the aquifer. Ground water in the mining district was dominated by calcium, magnesium, and sulfate. Sodium concentrations tended to increase relative to calcium and magnesium concentrations. Ground-water samples collected in 2002-03 had large concentrations of many trace elements. Larger concentrations of metals and sulfate occurred in ground water with smaller pHs and dissolved-oxygen concentrations. Iron was the metal with the largest concentrations in the ground-water samples, occurring at concentrations up to 115,000 micrograms per liter. Cadmium, lead, manganese, zinc, and the other analyzed metals occurred in smaller concentrations in ground water than iron. However, larger cadmium concentrations appeared to be associated with sites that have small iron concentrations and more oxygenated waters. This is noteworthy because the small sulfate and iron concentrations in these waters could lead to conclusions that the waters are less contaminated than waters with large sulfate and iron concentrations. Ground-water quality in the mining district was compared with subsets of samples collected in 1983-85 and in 2002.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045043","usgsCitation":"DeHay, K.L., Andrews, W.J., and Sughru, M.P., 2004, Hydrology and ground-water quality in the mine workings within the Picher Mining District, Northeastern Oklahoma, 2002-03: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5043, vi, 62 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045043.","productDescription":"vi, 62 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5409,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5043/pdf/sir045043_new.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Picher Mining District","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.96788024902344,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -94.69562530517578,\n 36.86204269508728\n ],\n [\n -94.69562530517578,\n 36.99679466285577\n ],\n [\n -94.96788024902344,\n 36.99679466285577\n ],\n [\n -94.96788024902344,\n 36.86204269508728\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db6051b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeHay, Kelli L.","contributorId":70832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeHay","given":"Kelli","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andrews, William J. 0000-0003-4780-8835 wandrews@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4780-8835","contributorId":328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"William","email":"wandrews@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":252970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sughru, Michael P.","contributorId":78396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sughru","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70211190,"text":"70211190 - 2004 - Preliminary report on the 22 December 2003, M 6.5 San Simeon, California earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-16T18:49:14.224524","indexId":"70211190","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-16T13:20:17","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3372,"text":"Seismological Research Letters","onlineIssn":"1938-2057","printIssn":"0895-0695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preliminary report on the 22 December 2003, M 6.5 San Simeon, California earthquake","docAbstract":"The Mw 6.5 San Simeon earthquake struck the central California coast on 22 December 2003 at 19:15:56 UTC (11:15:56 am local time.) The epicenter was located 11 km northeast of the town of San Simeon, and 39 km west-northwest of Paso Robles (Figure 1), as reported by the California Integrated Seismic Network (CISN, the California region of the Advanced National Seismic System [ANSS]). The mainshock nucleated at 35.702°N, 121.108°W and a depth of 7.1 km, and the rupture propagated unilaterally to the southeast. The strong directivity of the rupture resulted in a concentration of damage and aftershock activity to the southeast of the hypocenter. The worst earthquake damage occurred in Paso Robles, where two people died in the collapse of an unreinforced masonry building. The accurate and rapid earthquake information provided in near real-time by CISN/ANSS to the Governor's Office of Emergency Services made it possible to focus emergency response in the source area, although the earthquake was felt from San Francisco to Los Angeles.
The San Simeon earthquake occurred on a reverse fault striking northwest and most likely dipping to the northeast. Although motion along the Pacific-North America plate boundary in California is dominantly strike-slip, there is a small compressional component through central California. Repeated thrust earthquakes such as the San Simeon event accommodate this compression and build the Coast Ranges. Other recent thrust earthquakes in central California include the 1983 Coalinga (M 6.4) and the 1985 Kettleman Hills (M 6.0) earthquakes. Prior earthquakes in the vicinity of the San Simeon event include a M 5-6 earthquake in 1853, a M 5.7 earthquake in 1906, and the ML 6.2 Bryson earthquake of 1952 (Figure 1) (McLaren and Savage, 2001.)
The San Simeon earthquake occurred on a previously unknown blind thrust fault. No surface rupture associated with the earthquake has been identified. A number of roads, including State Highway 46, buckled due to the earthquake, but this deformation appears mainly to be failure of road fill due to ground shaking and not the result of tectonic surface rupture. Extrapolation of the fault plane to the surface would roughly align with the surface trace of the Oceanic Fault, but this is thought to be a vertical strike-slip fault.
Two models for the kinematics of the region have previously been proposed. The first is a fault-propagation fold model developed by Namson and Davis (1990) for the Santa Lucia mountains ∼30 km to the southeast of the San Simeon sequence. The mainshock geometry is similar to, although more steeply dipping than, the main blind thrust of this model, implying that this model may be applicable to the San Simeon region as well. The second is the model of McLaren and Savage (2001), in which the region is dominated by strike-slip faulting with shortening on high-angle reverse faults. This model also may be applicable, although the dip of the San Simeon mainshock is shallower than predicted.
The San Simeon earthquake was followed by a vigorous aftershock sequence, with 165 events above M 3 reported by CISN within the first week of the mainshock. Although the event triggered many aftershocks, it did not significantly impact the seismicity rates of other nearby faults such as the San Andreas Fault and the San Simeon-Hosgri fault zone. The only triggered seismicity seems to be a few small events within the mainshock coda at the Geysers geothermal area, north of San Francisco. The San Simeon earthquake did, however, trigger shallow creep on the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield and hydrologic changes in hot springs in Paso Robles.
At the Earth's surface, a complex suite of chemical, biological, and physical processes combines to create the engine that transforms bedrock into soil (Figure 1). Earth's weathering engine provides nutrients to nourish ecosystems and human society mediates the transport of toxic components within the biosphere, creates water flow paths that carve and weaken bedrock, and contributes to the evolution of landscapes at all temporal and spatial scales. At the longest time scales, the weathering engine sequesters CO2, thereby influencing long-term climate change.
Despite the importance of soil, our knowledge of the rate of soil formation is limited because the weathering zone forms a complex, ever-changing interface, and because scientific approaches and funding paradigms have not promoted integrated research agendas to investigate such complex interactions. No national initiative has promoted a systems approach to investigation of weathering science across the broad array of geology, soil science, ecology and hydrology. Such a program is certainly needed, and this article describes a platform on which to build the initiative to answer the following question: How does the Earth weathering engine break down rock to nourish ecosystems, carve terrestrial landscapes, and control carbon dioxide in the global atmosphere?
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2004EO280001","usgsCitation":"Anderson, S.P., Blum, J.D., Brantley, S., Chadwick, O.A., Chorover, J., Derry, L.A., Drever, J.I., Hering, J.G., Kirchner, J.W., Kump, L.R., Richter, D.D., and White, A.F., 2004, Proposed initiative would study Earth's weathering engine: Eos Science News, v. 85, no. 28, p. 265-269, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004EO280001.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"269","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/94818","text":"External Repository"},{"id":412220,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Earth","volume":"85","issue":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Suzanne P. 0000-0002-6796-6649","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6796-6649","contributorId":172732,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Suzanne","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blum, Joel D.","contributorId":83657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Joel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brantley, Susan L.","contributorId":38461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brantley","given":"Susan L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chadwick, Oliver A.","contributorId":88244,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chadwick","given":"Oliver","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6710,"text":"University of California, Santa Barbara, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":862179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chorover, Jon 0000-0001-9497-0195","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9497-0195","contributorId":139472,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chorover","given":"Jon","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Derry, Louis A.","contributorId":201154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Derry","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Drever, James I.","contributorId":68661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drever","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hering, Janet G.","contributorId":301137,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hering","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862183,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kirchner, J. W.","contributorId":213854,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirchner","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12483,"text":"ETH Zurich","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":862184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Kump, Lee R.","contributorId":195147,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kump","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Richter, Daniel D.","contributorId":99458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":862186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"White, Arthur F. afwhite@usgs.gov","contributorId":3718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Arthur","email":"afwhite@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":862187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":55232,"text":"sir20045032 - 2004 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44934,"text":"wri20024292 - 2002 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register","indexId":"wri20024292","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"displayTitle":"Estimates of Median Flows for Streams on the Kansas Surface Water Register","title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the Kansas surface water register"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":55232,"text":"sir20045032 - 2004 - Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","indexId":"sir20045032","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-11T10:06:03","indexId":"sir20045032","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5032","title":"Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register","docAbstract":"The Kansas State Legislature, by enacting Kansas Statute KSA 82a?2001 et. seq., mandated the criteria for determining which Kansas stream segments would be subject to classification by the State. One criterion for the selection as a classified stream segment is based on the statistic of median flow being equal to or greater than 1 cubic foot per second. As specified by KSA 82a?2001 et. seq., median flows were determined from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging-station data by using the most-recent 10 years of gaged data (KSA) for each streamflow-gaging station. Median flows also were determined by using gaged data from the entire period of record (all-available hydrology, AAH).\r\n\r\nLeast-squares multiple regression techniques were used, along with Tobit analyses, to develop equations for estimating median flows for uncontrolled stream segments. The drainage area of the gaging stations on uncontrolled stream segments used in the regression analyses ranged from 2.06 to 12,004 square miles. A logarithmic transformation of the data was needed to develop the best linear relation for computing median flows. In the regression analyses, the significant climatic and basin characteristics, in order of importance, were drainage area, mean annual precipitation, mean basin permeability, and mean basin slope. Tobit analyses of KSA data yielded a model standard error of prediction of 0.285 logarithmic units, and the best equations using Tobit analyses of AAH data had a model standard error of prediction of 0.250 logarithmic units.\r\n\r\nThese regression equations and an interpolation procedure were used to compute median flows for the uncontrolled stream segments on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register. Measured median flows from gaging stations were incorporated into the regression-estimated median flows along the stream segments where available. The segments that were uncontrolled were interpolated using gaged data weighted according to the drainage area and the bias between the regression-estimated and gaged flow information. On controlled segments of Kansas streams, the median flow information was interpolated between gaging stations using only gaged data weighted by drainage area. \r\n\r\nOf the 2,232 total stream segments on the Kansas Surface Water Register, 34.5 percent of the segments had an estimated median streamflow of less than 1 cubic foot per second when the KSA analysis was used. When the AAH analysis was used, 36.2 percent of the segments had an estimated median streamflow of less than 1 cubic foot per second.\r\n\r\n\r\nThis report supercedes U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02?4292.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045032","usgsCitation":"Perry, C.A., Wolock, D.M., and Artman, J.C., 2004, Estimates of median flows for streams on the 1999 Kansas Surface Water Register (supercedes Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4292): U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5032, 219 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045032.","productDescription":"219 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":174594,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5410,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir20045032/","text":"Index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":360137,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5032/pdf/sir2004.5032.pdf","text":"Report","size":"14.6 mb","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"supercedes Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4292","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcba2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perry, Charles A. cperry@usgs.gov","contributorId":2093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"Charles","email":"cperry@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":252974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":252973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Artman, Joshua C.","contributorId":28942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artman","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":56769,"text":"wri034317 - 2004 - Surface-Water, Water-Quality, and Ground-Water Assessment of the Municipio of Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 1999-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:48","indexId":"wri034317","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4317","title":"Surface-Water, Water-Quality, and Ground-Water Assessment of the Municipio of Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 1999-2002","docAbstract":"The surface-water assessment portion of this study focused on analysis of low-flow characteristics in local streams and rivers, because the supply of safe drinking water was a critical issue during recent dry periods. Low-flow characteristics were evaluated at one continuous-record gaging station based on graphical curve-fitting techniques and log-Pearson Type III frequency curves. Estimates of low-flow characteristics for 20 partial-record stations were generated using graphical-correlation techniques. Flow-duration characteristics for the continuous- and partial-record stations were estimated using the relation curves developed for the low-flow study. Stream low-flow statistics document the general hydrology under current land use, water-use, and climatic conditions. \r\n\r\nA survey of streams and rivers utilized 37 sampling stations to evaluate the sanitary quality of about 165 miles of stream channels. River and stream samples for fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus analyses were collected on two occasions at base-flow conditions. Bacteriological analyses indicate that a significant portion of the stream reaches within the municipio of Mayaguez may have fecal coliform bacteria concentrations above the water-quality goal (standard) established by the Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board (Junta de Calidad Ambiental de Puerto Rico) for inland surface waters. Sources of fecal contamination may include: illegal discharge of sewage to storm-water drains, malfunctioning sanitary sewer ejectors, clogged and leaking sewage pipes, septic tank leakage, unfenced livestock, and runoff from livestock pens. Long-term fecal coliform data from five sampling stations located within or in the vicinity of the municipio of Mayaguez have been in compliance with the water-quality goal for fecal coliform concentration established in July 1990. \r\n\r\nGeologic, topographic, soil, hydrogeologic, and streamflow data were compiled into a database and used to divide the municipio of Mayaguez into five hydrogeologic terranes. This integrated database then was used to evaluate the ground-water potential of each hydrogeologic terrane. Lineament-trace analysis was used to help assess the ground-water development potential in the hydrogeologic terranes containing igneous rocks. Analyses suggest that areas with slopes greater than 15 degrees have relatively low ground-water development potential. The presence of fractures, independent of the topographic slope, may locally enhance the water-bearing properties in the hydrogeologic terranes containing igneous rocks. The results of this study indicate that induced streamflow generally is needed to sustain low to moderate ground-water withdrawal rates in the five hydrogeologic terranes. The ground-water flow systems in the hydrogeologic terranes are only able to sustain small withdrawal rates that rarely exceed 50 gallons per minute. Areas with a high density of fractures, as could be the case at the intersection of lineament traces in the upper parts of the Rio Ca?as and Rio Yaguez watersheds, are worthy of exploratory drilling for ground-water development.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034317","usgsCitation":"Rodríguez-Martínez, J., Santiago-Rivera, L., Guzman-Rios, S., Gómez-Gómez, F., and Oliveras-Feliciano, M.L., 2004, Surface-Water, Water-Quality, and Ground-Water Assessment of the Municipio of Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, 1999-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4317, 68 p., 2 pls., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034317.","productDescription":"68 p., 2 pls.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5651,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034317/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173981,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b16e4b07f02db6a5351","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodríguez-Martínez, Jesús","contributorId":48149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodríguez-Martínez","given":"Jesús","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Santiago-Rivera, Luis","contributorId":83888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santiago-Rivera","given":"Luis","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Guzman-Rios, Senen sgguzman@usgs.gov","contributorId":2853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guzman-Rios","given":"Senen","email":"sgguzman@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":255738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gómez-Gómez, Fernando","contributorId":31366,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gómez-Gómez","given":"Fernando","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oliveras-Feliciano, Mario L.","contributorId":96756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliveras-Feliciano","given":"Mario","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":255742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":54155,"text":"wri034322 - 2004 - Simulated effects of ground-water augmentation on the hydrology of Round and Halfmoon Lakes in northwestern Hillsborough County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-07T20:25:33.341435","indexId":"wri034322","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4322","title":"Simulated effects of ground-water augmentation on the hydrology of Round and Halfmoon Lakes in northwestern Hillsborough County, Florida","docAbstract":"Pumpage from the Upper Floridan aquifer in northwest Hillsborough County near Tampa, Florida, has induced downward leakage from the overlying surficial aquifer and lowered the water table in many areas. Leakage is highest where the confining layer separating the aquifers is breached, which is common beneath many of the lakes in the study area. Leakage of water to the Upper Floridan aquifer has lowered the water level in many lakes and drained many wetlands. Ground water from the Upper Floridan aquifer has been added (augmented) to some lakes in an effort to maintain lake levels, but the resulting lake-water chemistry and lake leakage patterns are substantially different from those of natural lakes. Changes in lake-water chemistry can cause changes in lake flora, fauna, and lake sediment composition, and large volumes of lake leakage are suspected to enhance the formation of sinkholes near the shoreline of augmented lakes.
The leakage rate of lake water through the surficial aquifer to the Upper Floridan aquifer was estimated in this study using ground-water-flow models developed for an augmented lake (Round Lake) and non-augmented lake (Halfmoon Lake). Flow models developed with MODFLOW were calibrated through nonlinear regression with UCODE to measured water levels and monthly net ground-water-flow rates from the lakes estimated from lake-water budgets. Monthly estimates of ground-water recharge were computed using an unsaturated flow model (LEACHM) that simulated daily changes in storage of water in the soil profile, thus estimating recharge as drainage to the water table.
Aquifer properties in the Round Lake model were estimated through transient-state simulations using two sets of monthly recharge rates computed during July 1996 to February 1999, which spanned both average conditions (July 1996 through October 1997), and an El Niño event (November 1997 through September 1998) when the recharge rate doubled. Aquifer properties in the Halfmoon Lake model were estimated through steady-state simulations of average conditions in July 1996. Simulated hydrographs computed by the Round and Halfmoon Lake models closely matched measured water-level fluctuations, except during El Niño, when the Halfmoon Lake model was unable to accurately reproduce water levels. Possibly, potential recharge during El Niño was diverted through ground-water-flow outlets that were not represented in the Halfmoon Lake model, or a large part of the rainfall was diverted into runoff before it could become recharge.
Solute transport simulations with MT3D indicate that leakage of lake water extended 250 to 400 feet into the surficial aquifer around Round Lake, and from 75 to 150 feet around Halfmoon Lake before flowing to the underlying Upper Floridan aquifer. These results are in agreement with concentrations of stable isotopes of oxygen-18 (d18O) and deuterium (dD) in the surficial aquifer. Schedules of monthly augmentation rates to maintain constant stages in Round and Halfmoon Lakes were computed using an equation that accounted for changes in the Upper Floridan aquifer head and the deviation from the mean recharge rate. Resulting lake stages were nearly constant during the first half of the study, but increased above target lake stages during El Niño; modifying the computation of augmentation rates to account for the higher recharge rate during El Niño resulted in lake stages that were closer to the target lake stage.
Substantially more lake leakage flows to the Upper Floridan aquifer from Round Lake than from Halfmoon Lake, because the estimated vertical hydraulic conductivities of lake and confining layer sediments and breaches in the confining layer beneath Round Lake are much greater. Augmentation rates required to maintain the low guidance stages in Round Lake (53 feet) and Halfmoon Lake (42 feet) under average Upper Floridan aquifer heads are estimated as 33,850 cubic feet per day and 1,330 to 10,000 cubic feet per day, respectively. These rates equate to 26 inches per month of water applied to the entire surface of Round Lake and 0.34 to 2.5 inches per month of water applied to Halfmoon Lake.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034322","usgsCitation":"Yager, R.M., and Metz, P.A., 2004, Simulated effects of ground-water augmentation on the hydrology of Round and Halfmoon Lakes in northwestern Hillsborough County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4322, viii, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034322.","productDescription":"viii, 50 p.","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406343,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68327.htm"},{"id":5601,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034322/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Hillsborough County","otherGeospatial":"Round and Halfmoon Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.575,\n 28.1375\n ],\n [\n -82.4833,\n 28.1375\n ],\n [\n -82.4833,\n 28.0667\n ],\n [\n -82.575,\n 28.0667\n ],\n [\n -82.575,\n 28.1375\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649526","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yager, Richard M. 0000-0001-7725-1148 ryager@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7725-1148","contributorId":950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Richard","email":"ryager@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":249347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54261,"text":"sir20045020 - 2004 - Estimated water use and availability in the Pawcatuck Basin, southern Rhode Island and southeastern Connecticut, 1995-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-25T11:34:52","indexId":"sir20045020","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5020","title":"Estimated water use and availability in the Pawcatuck Basin, southern Rhode Island and southeastern Connecticut, 1995-99","docAbstract":"In 1988, the Pawcatuck Basin (302.4 square miles) in southern Rhode Island (245.3 square miles) and southeastern Connecticut (57.12 square miles) was defined as a sole-source aquifer for 14 towns in southern Rhode Island and 4 towns in southeastern Connecticut. To determine water use and availability, the six subbasins in the Pawcatuck Basin were delineated on the basis of the surface- and ground-water system drainage areas. From 1995 through 1999, five major water suppliers in the basin withdrew an average of 6.768 million gallons per day from the aquifers. The estimated water withdrawals from minor water suppliers during the study period were 0.099 million gallons per day. Self-supplied domestic, industrial, commercial, and agricultural withdrawals from the basin averaged 4.386 million gallons per day. Water use in the basin averaged 7.401 million gallons per day. The average return flow in the basin was 7.855 million gallons per day, which included effluent from permitted facilities and self-disposed water users.
The PART program, a computerized hydrographseparation application, was used for five selected index streamgaging stations to determine water availability on the basis of the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles of the total base flow, the base flow minus the 7-day, 10-year flow criteria, and the base flow minus the Aquatic Base Flow criteria at the index stations. The differences in the surface- and ground-water system drainage areas in the summer were applied to the water availability calculated at the index stations and subbasins. The base-flow contributions from sand and gravel deposits at the index stations were computed for June, July, August, and September, and applied to the percentage of surficial deposits at each index station.
The base-flow contributions were converted to a per unit area at the station for the till, and for the sand and gravel deposits, and applied to the subbasins. The statistics used to estimate the gross yield of base flow, as well as subtracting out the two low-flow criteria, resulted in various wateravailability values at each index station, which were present in the subbasin after applying the per unit area rates from the index station. The results from the Chipuxet and Arcadia streamgaging stations were lowest in September at the 75th and 25th percentiles, and August flows were lowest for the summer at the 50th percentile. For the other three index stations, September flows were the lowest for the summer.
Because water withdrawals and use are greater during the summer than other times of the year, water availability in June, July, August, and September was assessed and compared to water withdrawals in the basin and subbasins. The ratios were calculated by using the water-availability flow scenarios at the 75th, 50th, and 25th percentiles for the subbasins, which are based on total water available from base-flow contributions from till deposits and sand and gravel deposits in the subbasins. For the study period, the withdrawals in August were higher than the other summer months. The ratios were close to one in August for the estimated gross yield and 7-day, 10-year flow criterion, and were close to one in September for the estimated Aquatic Base Flow criterion water-availability scenarios in the Pawcatuck Basin. The closer the ratio is to one, the closer the withdrawals are to the estimated water available, and the net water available decreases.
To determine the effects of streamflow depletion from continuous water withdrawals, the program STRMDEPL was used to simulate public wells and well fields at a constant pumping rate based on the 1999 summer average for each withdrawal, over a period of 180 days. The streamflow depletion was 86, 95, 93, 96, and 98 percent at 30 days for Kingston wells 1 and 2, Westerly well fields 1 and 2, and well 3, respectively.
A long-term hydrologic budget was calculated for the Pawcatuck Basin to identify and assess the basin and subbasin inflow and outflows. The water withdrawals and return flows used in the budget were from 1995 through 1999. For the hydrologic budget, it was assumed that inflow equals outflow, which resulted in 723.1 million gallons per day in the basin. The estimated inflows from precipitation and water return flow were 99 and 1 percent in the basin, respectively. The estimated outflows from evapotranspiration, streamflow, and water withdrawals were 43, 56, and 1 percent, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20045020","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Rhode Island Water Resources Board","usgsCitation":"Wild, E.C., and Nimiroski, M.T., 2004, Estimated water use and availability in the Pawcatuck Basin, southern Rhode Island and southeastern Connecticut, 1995-99: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5020, vii, 72 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045020.","productDescription":"vii, 72 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175138,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/sir20045020.JPG"},{"id":5374,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/sir2004-5020/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Pawcatuck Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": 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41.40359574314669\n ],\n [\n -71.86775207519531,\n 41.401020532631264\n ],\n [\n -71.8505859375,\n 41.393809400281576\n ],\n [\n -71.85195922851562,\n 41.380930388318\n ],\n [\n -71.85539245605469,\n 41.372686481864655\n ],\n [\n -71.8505859375,\n 41.36083403578611\n ],\n [\n -71.84715270996092,\n 41.34176252711261\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fccae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wild, Emily C. 0000-0001-6157-7629 ecwild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6157-7629","contributorId":1810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wild","given":"Emily","email":"ecwild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":5081,"text":"Libraries","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":249689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimiroski, Mark T.","contributorId":65898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimiroski","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54137,"text":"ofr20041197 - 2004 - Review of Knowledge on the Occurrence, Chemical Composition, and Potential Use for Desalination of Saline Ground Water in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas with a Discussion of Potential Future Study Needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:50","indexId":"ofr20041197","displayToPublicDate":"2004-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1197","title":"Review of Knowledge on the Occurrence, Chemical Composition, and Potential Use for Desalination of Saline Ground Water in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas with a Discussion of Potential Future Study Needs","docAbstract":"Increasing demand on the limited supplies of freshwater in the desert Southwest, as well as other parts of the United States, has increased the level of interest in saline-water resources. Saline ground water has long been recognized as a potentially important contributor to water supply in the Southwest, as demonstrated by the number of hydrologic, geologic, and engineering studies on the distribution of saline water and the feasibility of desalination. \r\n\r\nPotential future study needs include investigating and documenting the three-dimensional distribution of salinity and chemical composition of saline-water resources and the hydraulic properties of aquifers containing these saline-water resources, assessing the chemical suitability of saline water for use with existing and anticipated desalination technologies, simulating the effect of withdrawal of saline ground water on water levels and water composition in saline and adjoining or overlying freshwater aquifers, and determining the suitability of target geologic formations for injection of desalination-generated waste.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041197","usgsCitation":"Huff, G.F., 2004, Review of Knowledge on the Occurrence, Chemical Composition, and Potential Use for Desalination of Saline Ground Water in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas with a Discussion of Potential Future Study Needs (Online Only): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1197, 13 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041197.","productDescription":"13 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5584,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr2004-1197/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174091,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Online Only","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673b95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huff, G. F.","contributorId":11229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huff","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70205875,"text":"70205875 - 2004 - Urbanization impacts on the structure and function of forested wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-08T18:55:59","indexId":"70205875","displayToPublicDate":"2004-06-30T18:53:30","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3669,"text":"Urban Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Urbanization impacts on the structure and function of forested wetlands","docAbstract":"The exponential increase in population has fueled a significant demographic shift: 60% of the Earth's population will live in urban areas by 2030. While this population growth is significant in its magnitude, the ecological footprint of natural resource consumption and use required to sustain urban populations is even greater. The land use and cover changes accompanying urbanization (increasing human habitation coupled with resource consumption and extensive landscape modification) impacts natural ecosystems at multiple spatial scales. Because they generally occupy lower landscape positions and are linked to other ecosystems through hydrologic connections, the cascading effects of habitat alteration on watershed hydrology and nutrient cycling are particularly detrimental to wetland ecosystems. I reviewed literature relevant to these effects of urbanization on the structure and function of forested wetlands. Hydrologic changes caused by habitat fragmentation generally reduce species richness and abundance of plants, macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and birds with greater numbers of invasives and exotics. Reduction in soil saturation and lowered water tables result in greater nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in urban wetlands with higher probability of NO−3 export from the watershed. Depressional forested wetlands in urban areas can function as important sinks for sediments, nutrients, and metals. As urban ecosystems become the predominant human condition, there is a critical need for data specific to urban forested wetlands in order to better understand the role of these ecosystems on the landscape.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:UECO.0000036269.56249.66","usgsCitation":"Faulkner, S., 2004, Urbanization impacts on the structure and function of forested wetlands: Urban Ecosystems, v. 7, no. 2, p. 89-106, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:UECO.0000036269.56249.66.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"106","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":368142,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Faulkner, Stephen 0000-0001-5295-1383 faulkners@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5295-1383","contributorId":146152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faulkner","given":"Stephen","email":"faulkners@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70161802,"text":"70161802 - 2004 - Evaluation of and insights from ALFISH: a spatially explicit landscape-level simulation of fish populations in the Everglades","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-06T12:43:44","indexId":"70161802","displayToPublicDate":"2004-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of and insights from ALFISH: a spatially explicit landscape-level simulation of fish populations in the Everglades","docAbstract":"We present an evaluation of a spatially explicit, age-structured model created to assess fish density dynamics in the Florida Everglades area. This model, ALFISH, has been used to compare alternative management scenarios for the Florida Everglades region. This area is characterized by periodic dry downs and refloodings. ALFISH uses spatially explicit water depth data to predict patterns of fish density. Here we present a method for calibration of ALFISH, based on information concerning fish movement, pond locations and other field data. With the current information, the greatest coefficient of determination achieved from regressions of ALFISH output to field data is 0.35 for fish density and 0.88 for water depth. The poor predictability of fish density mirrors the empirical findings that hydrology, which is the main driver of the model, only accounts for 20–40% of the variance of fish densities across the Everglades landscape. Sensitivity analyses indicate that fish in this system are very sensitive to frequency, size and location of permanent ponds as well as availability of prey.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027728.98923.e7","usgsCitation":"Gaff, H., Chick, J., Trexler, J., DeAngelis, D., Gross, L., and Salinas, R., 2004, Evaluation of and insights from ALFISH: a spatially explicit landscape-level simulation of fish populations in the Everglades: Hydrobiologia, v. 520, no. 1, p. 73-86, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027728.98923.e7.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"86","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":313945,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.18896484375,\n 25.090573819461\n ],\n [\n -81.18896484375,\n 26.89267909590814\n ],\n [\n -80.35400390625,\n 26.89267909590814\n ],\n [\n -80.35400390625,\n 25.090573819461\n ],\n [\n -81.18896484375,\n 25.090573819461\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"520","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"568e48f9e4b0e7a44bc41914","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaff, Holly","contributorId":92920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaff","given":"Holly","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chick, John","contributorId":152078,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chick","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trexler, Joel","contributorId":63914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"Joel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":587808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gross, Louis","contributorId":152079,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gross","given":"Louis","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Salinas, Rene","contributorId":99829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salinas","given":"Rene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":587810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185647,"text":"70185647 - 2004 - Chemical characterization and sorption capacity measurements of degraded newsprint from a landfill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-26T14:06:35","indexId":"70185647","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-25T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical characterization and sorption capacity measurements of degraded newsprint from a landfill","docAbstract":"Newsprint samples collected from 12−16 ft (top layer (TNP)), 20−24 ft (middle layer (MNP)), and 32−36 ft (bottom layer (BNP)) below the surface of the Norman Landfill (NLF) were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, cross-polarization, magic-angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR) spectroscopy, and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The extent of NLF newsprint degradation was evaluated by comparing the chemical composition of NLF newsprint to that of fresh newsprint (FNP) and newsprint degraded in the laboratory under methanogenic conditions (DNP). The O-alkyl/alkyl, cellulose/lignin, and lignin/resin acid ratios showed that BNP was the most degraded, and that all three NLF newsprint samples were more degraded than DNP. 13C NMR and TMAH thermochemolysis data demonstrated selective enrichment of lignin over cellulose, and TMAH thermochemolysis further exhibited selective enrichment of resin acids over lignin. In addition, the crystallinity of cellulose in NLF newsprint samples was significantly lower relative to that of FNP and DNP as shown by 13C NMR spectra. The yield of lignin monomers from TMAH thermochemolysis suggested that hydroxyl groups were removed from the propyl side chain of lignin during the anaerobic decomposition of newsprint in the NLF. Moreover, the vanillyl acid/aldehyde ratio, which successfully describes aerobic lignin degradation, was not a good indicator of the anaerobic degradation of lignin on the basis of the TMAH data. The toluene sorption capacity increased as the degree of newsprint degradation increased or as the O-alkyl/alkyl ratio of newsprint decreased. The results of this study further verified that the sorbent O-alkyl/alkyl ratio is useful for predicting sorption capacities of natural organic materials for hydrophobic organic contaminants.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es0305914","usgsCitation":"Chen, L., Nanny, M.A., Knappe, D.R., Wagner, T.B., and Ratasuk, N., 2004, Chemical characterization and sorption capacity measurements of degraded newsprint from a landfill: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 13, p. 3542-3550, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0305914.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"3542","endPage":"3550","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338347,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-05-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da251be4b0543bf7fda806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chen, Lixia","contributorId":189836,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chen","given":"Lixia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nanny, Mark A.","contributorId":189367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nanny","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knappe, Detlef R. U.","contributorId":189837,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knappe","given":"Detlef","email":"","middleInitial":"R. U.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wagner, Travis B.","contributorId":189838,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Travis","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ratasuk, Nopawan","contributorId":189368,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ratasuk","given":"Nopawan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184489,"text":"70184489 - 2004 - Dissimilatory arsenate reduction with sulfide as the electron donor--Experiments with Mono Lake water and isolation of strain MLMS-1, a chemoautotrophic arsenate-respirer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:39:12","indexId":"70184489","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dissimilatory arsenate reduction with sulfide as the electron donor--Experiments with Mono Lake water and isolation of strain MLMS-1, a chemoautotrophic arsenate-respirer","docAbstract":"Anoxic bottom water from Mono Lake, California, can biologically reduce added arsenate without any addition of electron donors. Of the possible in situ inorganic electron donors present, only sulfide was sufficiently abundant to drive this reaction. We tested the ability of sulfide to serve as an electron donor for arsenate reduction in experiments with lake water. Reduction of arsenate to arsenite occurred simultaneously with the removal of sulfide. No loss of sulfide occurred in controls without arsenate or in sterilized samples containing both arsenate and sulfide. The rate of arsenate reduction in lake water was dependent on the amount of available arsenate. We enriched for a bacterium that could achieve growth with sulfide and arsenate in a defined, mineral medium and purified it by serial dilution. The isolate, strain MLMS-1, is a gram-negative, motile curved rod that grows by oxidizing sulfide to sulfate while reducing arsenate to arsenite. Chemoautotrophy was confirmed by the incorporation of H14CO3− into dark-incubated cells, but preliminary gene probing tests with primers for ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase did not yield PCR-amplified products. Alignment of 16S rRNA sequences indicated that strain MLMS-1 was in the δ-Proteobacteria, located near sulfate reducers like Desulfobulbus sp. (88 to 90% similarity) but more closely related (97%) to unidentified sequences amplified previously from Mono Lake. However, strain MLMS-1 does not grow with sulfate as its electron acceptor.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society for Mircobiology","doi":"10.1128/AEM.70.5.2741-2747.2004","usgsCitation":"Hoeft, S.E., Kulp, T.R., Stolz, J.F., Hollibaugh, J., and Oremland, R.S., 2004, Dissimilatory arsenate reduction with sulfide as the electron donor--Experiments with Mono Lake water and isolation of strain MLMS-1, a chemoautotrophic arsenate-respirer: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 70, no. 5, p. 2741-2747, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.5.2741-2747.2004.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"2741","endPage":"2747","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478039,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/404439","text":"External Repository"},{"id":337292,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United State","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mono Lake","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -119.148,37.940 ], [ -119.148,38.075 ], [ -118.909,38.075 ], [ -118.909,37.940 ], [ -119.148,37.940 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"70","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c941e4b0f37a93ee9b29","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoeft, Shelley E.","contributorId":54077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoeft","given":"Shelley","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulp, Thomas R.","contributorId":15948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulp","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stolz, John F.","contributorId":179305,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stolz","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hollibaugh, James T.","contributorId":6878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollibaugh","given":"James T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":54022,"text":"ofr20041095 - 2004 - Results of Electrical Resistivity Data Collected near the Town of Guernsey, Platte County, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:57","indexId":"ofr20041095","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1095","title":"Results of Electrical Resistivity Data Collected near the Town of Guernsey, Platte County, Wyoming","docAbstract":"As part of a study to investigate subsurface geologic conditions as they relate to ground-water flow in an abandoned landfill near the town of Guernsey, Wyoming, geophysical direct current (DC) resistivity data were collected. Eight vertical resistivity soundings and eight horizontal resistivity profiles were made using single channel and multi-channel DC instruments. Data collected in the field were converted from apparent resistivity to inverted resistivity with depth using a numerical inversion of the data. Results of the inverted resistivity data are presented as horizontal profiles and as profiles derived from the combined horizontal profile and vertical sounding data. The data sets collected using the single-channel and multi-channel DC systems provided for the resistivity investigation to extend to greater depth. Similarity of the electrical properties of the bedrock formations made interpretation of the resistivity profiles more difficult. High resistivity anomalies seen in the profiles are interpreted as quartzite lenses and as limestone or metadolomite structures in the eastern part of the study area. Terrace gravels were mapped as resistive where dry and less resistive in the saturated zone. The DC resistivity methods used in this study illustrate that multi-electrode DC resistivity surveying and more traditional methodologies can be merged and used to efficiently map anomalies of hydrologic interest in geologically complex terrain.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041095","usgsCitation":"McDougal, R., Abraham, J., and Bisdorf, R.J., 2004, Results of Electrical Resistivity Data Collected near the Town of Guernsey, Platte County, Wyoming (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1095, 7 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041095.","productDescription":"7 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5462,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1095/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa655","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDougal, Robert R.","contributorId":53418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McDougal","given":"Robert R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abraham, Jared D.","contributorId":42630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"Jared D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53622,"text":"fs11003 - 2004 - Sources of water to the Rio Grande upstream from San Marcial, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-12T10:41:41","indexId":"fs11003","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"110-03","displayTitle":"Sources of Water to the Rio Grande Upstream from San Marcial, New Mexico","title":"Sources of water to the Rio Grande upstream from San Marcial, New Mexico","docAbstract":"The Rio Grande watershed is a complex hydrologic system that includes numerous tributaries, inflow from transmountain diversions, irrigation diversions, agricultural return lows, reservoirs, and ground-water inflows and outflows. Many people depend on and are affected by the Rio Grande, which is the largest river of the surface-water system draining the Rio Grande watershed. To provide information to further the understanding of the Rio Grande surface-water system, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Albuquerque, evaluated streamflow data computed by the U.S. Geological Survey at 60 streamflowgaging stations. This fact sheet examines the sources of water to the Rio Grande and the \"water balance\" of the Rio Grande surface-water system upstream from San Marcial, New Mexico, by comparing the mean annual discharge (streamflow) at different stations.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs11003","usgsCitation":"Moore, S.J., Anderholm, S.K., Williams-Sether, T., and Stomp, J.M., 2004, Sources of water to the Rio Grande upstream from San Marcial, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 110-03, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs11003.","productDescription":"6 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":472,"text":"New Mexico Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":359780,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2003/0110/fs11003.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.83 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"contact":"Director, New Mexico Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
6700 Edith Blvd NE
Albuquerque, NM 87113
Aquifers are subjected to mechanical stresses from natural, non-anthropogenic, processes such as pressure loading or mechanical forcing of the aquifer by ocean tides, earth tides, and pressure fluctuations in the atmosphere. The resulting head fluctuations are evident even in deep confined aquifers. The present study was conducted for the purpose of reviewing the research that has been done on the use of these phenomena for estimating the values of aquifer properties, and determining which of the analytical techniques might be useful for estimating hydraulic properties in the dissolved-carbonate hydrologic environment of southern Florida. Fifteen techniques are discussed in this report, of which four were applied.
An analytical solution for head oscillations in a well near enough to the ocean to be influenced by ocean tides was applied to data from monitor zones in a well near Naples, Florida. The solution assumes a completely non-leaky confining unit of infinite extent. Resulting values of transmissivity are in general agreement with the results of aquifer performance tests performed by the South Florida Water Management District. There seems to be an inconsistency between results of the amplitude ratio analysis and independent estimates of loading efficiency. A more general analytical solution that takes leakage through the confining layer into account yielded estimates that were lower than those obtained using the non-leaky method, and closer to the South Florida Water Management District estimates. A numerical model with a cross-sectional grid design was applied to explore additional aspects of the problem.
A relation between specific storage and the head oscillation observed in a well provided estimates of specific storage that were considered reasonable. Porosity estimates based on the specific storage estimates were consistent with values obtained from measurements on core samples. Methods are described for determining aquifer diffusivity by comparing the time-varying drawdown in an open well with periodic pressure-head oscillations in the aquifer, but the applicability of such methods might be limited in studies of the Floridan aquifer system.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri034267","usgsCitation":"Merritt, M.L., 2004, Estimating hydraulic properties of the Floridan Aquifer System by analysis of earth-tide, ocean-tide, and barometric effects, Collier and Hendry Counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4267, vi, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034267.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4692,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034267/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":351003,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034267/wri03_4267.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":177852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034267/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Collier County, Hendry County","otherGeospatial":"Floridan Aquifer System","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.8426513671875,\n 25.809781975840405\n ],\n [\n -80.87860107421875,\n 25.809781975840405\n ],\n [\n -80.87860107421875,\n 26.76768285044102\n ],\n [\n -81.8426513671875,\n 26.76768285044102\n ],\n [\n -81.8426513671875,\n 25.809781975840405\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc9e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, Michael L.","contributorId":29392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53642,"text":"wri034310 - 2004 - Drought conditions in Maine, 1999-2002: A historical perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T20:22:21.748091","indexId":"wri034310","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4310","title":"Drought conditions in Maine, 1999-2002: A historical perspective","docAbstract":"Hydrologic drought can be defined as reduced streamflow, declining ground-water levels, and (or) reductions in lake or reservoir levels. Monthly precipitation totals, annual 7-day low-flow surface-water recurrence intervals, and month-end ground-water levels from drought years 1999-2002 show that 1999-2002 was the driest period of hydrologic drought in more than 50 years of record in Maine. Record lows were set in all three data sets at select locations in central Maine in April 1999, and in September 2001 and 2002. Although streamflows recovered to normal levels during 2000, ground-water levels in central Maine indicate that the drought carried over through 2000 into 2001 and 2002 in some locations. \r\n\r\nIn 2001, annual 7-day low flows with greater than 100-year recurrence intervals were recorded in central Maine and low flows with up to 75-year recurrence intervals were recorded in coastal areas. In 2002, annual 7-day low flows with greater than 100-year recurrence intervals were recorded at 4 of 14 stations analyzed statewide, placing it as the driest single year of hydrologic drought on record. Month-end ground-water levels at one location in central Maine indicate that the recent hydrologic drought years were the most severe in more than 50 years in that region. The period from 1947 to 1950 may have been the only comparable period of drought to the 1999-2002 period, in Maine. The 1960s drought, although extreme in the far northern and far southern regions of the State, was most exceptional for its duration from 1963 to 1969.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034310","usgsCitation":"Lombard, P., 2004, Drought conditions in Maine, 1999-2002: A historical perspective: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4310, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034310.","productDescription":"47 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":175085,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4941,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri034310/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415466,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_68247.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5ee4b07f02db633d88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lombard, Pamela J. 0000-0002-0983-1906","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0983-1906","contributorId":23899,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lombard","given":"Pamela J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53617,"text":"fs20043010 - 2004 - Using temperature to study stream-ground water exchanges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T19:49:51","indexId":"fs20043010","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3010","title":"Using temperature to study stream-ground water exchanges","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs20043010","usgsCitation":"Stonestrom, D.A., and Constantz, J., 2004, Using temperature to study stream-ground water exchanges: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3010, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043010.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":120682,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_2004_3010.bmp"},{"id":4900,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3010/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684f4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Constantz, Jim","contributorId":66338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"Jim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53820,"text":"sir20045007 - 2004 - Hydrologic and water-quality characteristics for Calf Creek near Silver Hill, Arkansas, and selected Buffalo River sites, 2001-2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T20:32:39.047369","indexId":"sir20045007","displayToPublicDate":"2004-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-5007","title":"Hydrologic and water-quality characteristics for Calf Creek near Silver Hill, Arkansas, and selected Buffalo River sites, 2001-2002","docAbstract":"The Buffalo River and its tributary, Calf Creek, are in the White River Basin in the Ozark Plateaus physiographic province in north-central Arkansas. A better understanding of the hydrology and water quality of Calf Creek is of interest to many, including the National Park Service, which administers the Buffalo National River, to evaluate its effect on the hydrology and water quality of the Buffalo River. \r\n\r\nThe streamflow and water-quality characteristics of Calf Creek near Silver Hill, Arkansas, were compared to two sites on the Buffalo River upstream (near Boxley, Arkansas) and downstream (near St. Joe, Arkansas) from the confluence of Calf Creek for calendar years 2001 and 2002. Annual and seasonal loads were estimated for Calf Creek for nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, and suspended sediment and compared with loads at sites on the Buffalo River. \r\n\r\nFlow-weighted concentrations and yields were computed from estimated annual loads for comparison with other developed and undeveloped basins. Streamflow varied annually and seasonally at the three sites. The Buffalo River near St. Joe had the largest annual mean streamflow (805 to 1,360 cubic feet per second for 2001 and 2002) compared to the Buffalo River near Boxley (106 and 152 cubic feet per second for 2001 and 2002) and Calf Creek (39 and 80 cubic feet per second for 2001 and 2002). Concentrations of nutrients, suspended sediment, and fecal indicator bacteria generally were greater in samples from Calf Creek than in samples collected from both Buffalo River sites. Bacteria and suspended-sediment concentrations were greater in samples collected during high-flow events at all three sites. The Buffalo River near Boxley had the lowest concentrations for nutrients, suspended sediment, and fecal indicator bacteria. \r\n\r\nEstimated annual loads of the nutrients, suspended sediment, and organic carbon for 2001 and 2002 demonstrated substantial variability between the three sites and through time. Estimated loads for nutrients at the Buffalo River near St. Joe were 7 to 27 times the median loads estimated for Calf Creek and suspended sediment loads were as much as 120 times greater. Dissolved organic carbon loads were 16 to 20 times greater at the Buffalo River near St. Joe than for Calf Creek. The Buffalo River near Boxley had the smallest annual loads for all constituents except for suspended sediment, which were slightly greater than suspended sediment loads estimated for Calf Creek. Higher loads would be expected at the Buffalo River near St. Joe because of the larger basin area and larger volume of streamflow. Likewise, estimated loads for all three sites were greater during seasons that had greater streamflow than during seasons with more frequent periods of base-flow conditions. The highest daily loads occurred in the fall and winter of 2001 and the winter and spring of 2002.Flow-weighted concentrations generally were higher for Calf Creek than concentrations for the two sites on the Buffalo River and for typical flow-weighted concentrations found in undeveloped basins. However, the flow-weighted concentrations were lower than concentrations in a developed basin. \r\n\r\nAnnual yields calculated for Calf Creek were higher than the two sites on the Buffalo River and sites that are representative of undeveloped basins but lower than a site representative of a developed basin. The Buffalo River near Boxley had yields that were less than the yields typical of undeveloped basins.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/sir20045007","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., and Green, W.R., 2004, Hydrologic and water-quality characteristics for Calf Creek near Silver Hill, Arkansas, and selected Buffalo River sites, 2001-2002: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5007, 36 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20045007.","productDescription":"36 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":181938,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394056,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_70951.htm"},{"id":5232,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2004/5007/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Calf Creek, Silver Hill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.4167,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -92.6667,\n 36\n ],\n [\n -92.6667,\n 35.9\n ],\n [\n -93.4167,\n 35.9\n ],\n [\n -93.4167,\n 36\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db6118e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248435,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Green, W. Reed","contributorId":87886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reed","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70184610,"text":"70184610 - 2004 - Biogeochemical transformation of Fe minerals in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T13:01:15","indexId":"70184610","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biogeochemical transformation of Fe minerals in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer","docAbstract":"The Bemidji aquifer in Minnesota, USA is a well-studied site of subsurface petroleum contamination. The site contains an anoxic groundwater plume where soluble petroleum constituents serve as an energy source for a region of methanogenesis near the source and bacterial Fe(III) reduction further down gradient. Methanogenesis apparently begins when bioavailable Fe(III) is exhausted within the sediment. Past studies indicate that Geobacter species and Geothrix fermentens-like organisms are the primary dissimilatory Fe-reducing bacteria at this site. The Fe mineralogy of the pristine aquifer sediments and samples from the methanogenic (source) and Fe(III) reducing zones were characterized in this study to identify microbiologic changes to Fe valence and mineral distribution, and to identify whether new biogenic mineral phases had formed. Methods applied included X-ray diffraction; X-ray fluorescence (XRF); and chemical extraction; optical, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy; and Mössbauer spectroscopy.
All of the sediments were low in total Fe content (≈ 1%) and exhibited complex Fe-mineralogy. The bulk pristine sediment and its sand, silt, and clay-sized fractions were studied in detail. The pristine sediments contained Fe(II) and Fe(III) mineral phases. Ferrous iron represented approximately 50% of FeTOT. The relative Fe(II) concentration increased in the sand fraction, and its primary mineralogic residence was clinochlore with minor concentrations found as a ferroan calcite grain cement in carbonate lithic fragments. Fe(III) existed in silicates (epidote, clinochlore, muscovite) and Fe(III) oxides of detrital and authigenic origin. The detrital Fe(III) oxides included hematite and goethite in the form of mm-sized nodular concretions and smaller-sized dispersed crystallites, and euhedral magnetite grains. Authigenic Fe(III) oxides increased in concentration with decreasing particle size through the silt and clay fraction. Chemical extraction and Mössbauer analysis indicated that this was a ferrihydrite like-phase. Quantitative mineralogic and Fe(II/III) ratio comparisons between the pristine and contaminated sediments were not possible because of textural differences. However, comparisons between the texturally-similar source (where bioavailable Fe(III) had been exhausted) and Fe(III) reducing zone sediments (where bioavailable Fe(III) remained) indicated that dispersed detrital, crystalline Fe(III) oxides and a portion of the authigenic, poorly crystalline Fe(III) oxide fraction had been depleted from the source zone sediment by microbiologic activity. Little or no effect of microbiologic activity was observed on silicate Fe(III). The presence of residual “ferrihydrite” in the most bioreduced, anoxic plume sediment (source) implied that a portion of the authigenic Fe(III) oxides were biologically inaccessible in weathered, lithic fragment interiors. Little evidence was found for the modern biogenesis of authigenic ferrous-containing mineral phases, perhaps with the exception of thin siderite or ferroan calcite surface precipitates on carbonate lithic fragments within source zone sediments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2003.09.022","usgsCitation":"Zachara, J.M., Kukkadapu, R.K., Glassman, P.L., Dohnalkova, A., Fredrickson, J.K., and Anderson, T., 2004, Biogeochemical transformation of Fe minerals in a petroleum-contaminated aquifer: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, no. 8, p. 1971-1805, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.09.022.","productDescription":"15 p. ","startPage":"1971","endPage":"1805","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337353,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c941e4b0f37a93ee9b2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zachara, John M.","contributorId":7421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zachara","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kukkadapu, Ravi K.","contributorId":188091,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kukkadapu","given":"Ravi","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Glassman, Paul L.","contributorId":188092,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Glassman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dohnalkova, Alice","contributorId":188093,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dohnalkova","given":"Alice","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fredrickson, Jim K.","contributorId":188094,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fredrickson","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Anderson, Todd","contributorId":19017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Todd","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70184586,"text":"70184586 - 2004 - Estimates of fetch-induced errors in Bowen-ratio energy-budget measurements of evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake Area, North Dakota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T07:54:58","indexId":"70184586","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of fetch-induced errors in Bowen-ratio energy-budget measurements of evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake Area, North Dakota, USA","docAbstract":"Micrometeorological measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) often are affected to some degree by errors arising from limited fetch. A recently developed model was used to estimate fetch-induced errors in Bowen-ratio energy-budget measurements of ET made at a small wetland with fetch-to-height ratios ranging from 34 to 49. Estimated errors were small, averaging −1.90%±0.59%. The small errors are attributed primarily to the near-zero lower sensor height, and the negative bias reflects the greater Bowen ratios of the drier surrounding upland. Some of the variables and parameters affecting the error were not measured, but instead are estimated. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the uncertainty arising from these estimates is small. In general, fetch-induced error in measured wetland ET increases with decreasing fetch-to-height ratio, with increasing aridity and with increasing atmospheric stability over the wetland. Occurrence of standing water at a site is likely to increase the appropriate time step of data integration, for a given level of accuracy. Occurrence of extensive open water can increase accuracy or decrease the required fetch by allowing the lower sensor to be placed at the water surface. If fetch is highly variable and fetch-induced errors are significant, the variables affecting fetch (e.g., wind direction, water level) need to be measured. Fetch-induced error during the non-growing season may be greater or smaller than during the growing season, depending on how seasonal changes affect both the wetland and upland at a site.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0498:EOFEIB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stannard, D.L., Rosenberry, D.O., Winter, T.C., and Parkhurst, R.S., 2004, Estimates of fetch-induced errors in Bowen-ratio energy-budget measurements of evapotranspiration from a prairie wetland, Cottonwood Lake Area, North Dakota, USA: Wetlands, v. 24, no. 3, p. 498-513, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0498:EOFEIB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"498","endPage":"513","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337342,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"North Dakota","county":"Williams County","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood Lake 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David L.","contributorId":187991,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stannard","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":682129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parkhurst, Renee S. rparkhur@usgs.gov","contributorId":4719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parkhurst","given":"Renee","email":"rparkhur@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":682131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70164328,"text":"70164328 - 2004 - Do pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other organic waste water compounds persist when waste water is used for recharge?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:52:58","indexId":"70164328","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T12:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Do pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other organic waste water compounds persist when waste water is used for recharge?","docAbstract":"A proof-of-concept experiment was devised to determine if pharmaceuticals and other organic waste water compounds (OWCs), as well as pathogens, found in treated effluent could be transported through a 2.4 m soil column and, thus, potentially reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in arid or semiarid climates. Treated effluent was applied at the top of the 2.4 m long, 32.5 cm diameter soil column over 23 days, Samples of the column inflow were collected from the effluent storage tank at the beginning (Tbegin) and end (Tend) of the experiment, and a sample of the soil column drainage at the base of the column (Bend) was collected at the end of the experiment. Samples were analyzed for 131 OWCs including veterinary and human antibiotics, other prescription and nonprescription drugs, widely used household and industrial chemicals, and steroids and reproductive hormones, as well as the pathogens Salmonella and Legionella. Analytical results for the two effluent samples taken at the beginning (Tbegin) and end (Tend) of the experiment indicate that the number of OWCs detected in the column inflow decreased by 25% (eight compounds) and the total concentration of OWCs decreased by 46% while the effluent was in the storage tank during the 23-day experiment. After percolating through the soil column, an additional 18 compounds detected in Tend (67% of OWCs) were no longer detected in the effluent (Bend) and the total concentration of OWCs decreased by more than 70%. These compounds may have been subject to transformation (biotic and abiotic), adsorption, and (or) volatilization in the storage tank and during travel through the soil column. Eight compounds—carbamazapine; sulfamethoxazole; benzophenone; 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole; N,N-diethyltoluamide; tributylphosphate; tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate; and cholesterol—were detected in all three samples indicating they have the potential to reach ground water under recharge conditions similar to those in arid and semiarid climates. Results from real-time polymerase chain reactions demonstrated the presence of Legionella in all three samples. Salmonella was detected only in Tbegin, suggesting that the bacteria died off in the effluent storage tank over the period of the experiment. This proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates that, under recharge conditions similar to those in arid or semiarid climates, some pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and other OWCs can persist in treated effluent after soil-aquifer treatment.
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