{"pageNumber":"294","pageRowStart":"7325","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11004,"records":[{"id":70018455,"text":"70018455 - 1996 - The southern Whidbey Island fault: An active structure in the Puget Lowland, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T12:24:37.200255","indexId":"70018455","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The southern Whidbey Island fault: An active structure in the Puget Lowland, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>Information from seismic-reflection profiles, outcrops, boreholes, and potential field surveys is used to interpret the structure and history of the southern Whidbey Island fault in the Puget Lowland of western Washington. This northwest-trending fault comprises a broad (as wide as 6–11 km), steep, northeast-dipping zone that includes several splays with inferred strike-slip, reverse, and thrust displacement. Transpressional deformation along the southern Whidbey Island fault is indicated by along-strike variations in structural style and geometry, positive flower structure, local unconformities, out-of-plane displacements, and juxtaposition of correlative sedimentary units with different histories.</p><p>The southern Whidbey Island fault represents a segment of a boundary between two major crustal blocks. The Cascade block to the northeast is floored by diverse assemblages of pre-Tertiary rocks; the Coast Range block to the southwest is floored by lower Eocene marine basaltic rocks of the Crescent Formation. The fault probably originated during the early Eocene as a dextral strike-slip fault along the eastern side of a continental-margin rift. Bending of the fault and transpressional deformation began during the late middle Eocene and continues to the present. Oblique convergence and clockwise rotation along the continental margin are the inferred driving forces for ongoing deformation.</p><p>Evidence for Quaternary movement on the southern Whidbey Island fault includes (1) offset and disrupted upper Quaternary strata imaged on seismic-reflection profiles; (2) borehole data that suggests as much as 420 m of structural relief on the Tertiary-Quaternary boundary in the fault zone; (3) several meters of displacement along exposed faults in upper Quaternary sediments; (4) late Quaternary folds with limb dips of as much as ≈9°; (5) large-scale liquefaction features in upper Quaternary sediments within the fault zone; and (6) minor historical seismicity. The southern Whidbey Island fault should be considered capable of generating large earthquakes (M<sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>≥7) and represents a potential seismic hazard to residents of the Puget Lowland.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0334:TSWIFA>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S.Y., Potter, C., Armentrout, J., Miller, J.J., Finn, C.A., and Weaver, C., 1996, The southern Whidbey Island fault: An active structure in the Puget Lowland, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 3, p. 334-354, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0334:TSWIFA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"334","endPage":"354","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Southern Whidbey Island Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.06525828676914,\n              48.43268440330638\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.06525828676914,\n              47.816407388473664\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18715952639644,\n              47.816407388473664\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.18715952639644,\n              48.43268440330638\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.06525828676914,\n              48.43268440330638\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb053e4b08c986b324dae","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. Y.","contributorId":48572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, C. J. 0000-0002-2300-6670","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":89925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":379651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Armentrout, J.M.","contributorId":16176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armentrout","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, J. J.","contributorId":54588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finn, Carol A. 0000-0002-6178-0405 cfinn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":1326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"Carol","email":"cfinn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70018491,"text":"70018491 - 1996 - Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T14:41:03.096522","indexId":"70018491","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment","docAbstract":"Three seismic refraction-reflection profiles, part of the Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment, allow us to compare and contrast crust and upper mantle of the North American margin before and after it is modified by passage of the Mendocino triple junction. Upper crustal velocity models reveal an asymmetric Great Valley basin overlying Sierran or ophiolitic rocks at the latitude of Fort Bragg, California, and overlying Sierran or Klamath rocks near Redding, California. In addition, the upper crustal velocity structure indicates that Franciscan rocks underlie the Klamath terrane east of Eureka, California. The Franciscan complex is, on average, laterally homogeneous and is thickest in the triple junction region. North of the triple junction, the Gorda slab can be traced 150 km inboard from the Cascadia subduction zone. South of the triple junction, strong precritical reflections indicate partial melt and/or metamorphic fluids at the base of the crust or in the upper mantle. Breaks in these reflections are correlated with the Maacama and Bartlett Springs faults, suggesting that these faults extend at least to the mantle. We interpret our data to indicate tectonic thickening of the Franciscan complex in response to passage of the Mendocino triple junction and an associated thinning of these rocks south of the triple junction due to assimilation into melt triggered by upwelling asthenosphere. The region of thickened Franciscan complex overlies a zone of increased scattering, intrinsic attenuation, or both, resulting from mechanical mixing of lithologies and/or partial melt beneath the onshore projection of the Mendocino fracture zone. Our data reveal that we have crossed the southern edge of the Gorda slab and that this edge and/or the overlying North American crust may have fragmented because of the change in stress presented by the edge.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Beaudoin, B.C., Godfrey, N.J., Klemperer, S., Lendl, C., Trehu, A., Henstock, T., Levander, A., Holl, J., Meltzer, A., Luetgert, J.H., and Mooney, W.D., 1996, Transition from slab to slabless: Results from the 1993 Mendocino triple junction seismic experiment: Geology, v. 24, no. 3, p. 195-199, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0195:TFSTSR>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"195","endPage":"199","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California ","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-122.421439,37.869969],[-122.41847,37.852721],[-122.434403,37.852434],[-122.446316,37.861046],[-122.430958,37.872242],[-122.421439,37.869969]]],[[[-122.3785,37.826505],[-122.377879,37.830648],[-122.369941,37.832137],[-122.358779,37.814278],[-122.362661,37.807577],[-122.372422,37.811301],[-122.3785,37.826505]]],[[[-120.248484,33.999329],[-120.230001,34.010136],[-120.19578,34.004284],[-120.167306,34.008219],[-120.147647,34.024831],[-120.140362,34.025974],[-120.115058,34.019866],[-120.090182,34.019806],[-120.073609,34.024477],[-120.057637,34.03734],[-120.043259,34.035806],[-120.050382,34.013331],[-120.046575,34.000002],[-120.011123,33.979894],[-119.978876,33.983081],[-119.979913,33.969623],[-119.97026,33.944359],[-120.017715,33.936366],[-120.048611,33.915775],[-120.098601,33.907853],[-120.121817,33.895712],[-120.168974,33.91909],[-120.224461,33.989059],[-120.248484,33.999329]]],[[[-119.789798,34.05726],[-119.755521,34.056716],[-119.712576,34.043265],[-119.686507,34.019805],[-119.637742,34.013178],[-119.612226,34.021256],[-119.604287,34.031561],[-119.608798,34.035245],[-119.59324,34.049625],[-119.5667,34.053452],[-119.52064,34.034262],[-119.542449,34.021082],[-119.547072,34.005469],[-119.560464,33.99553],[-119.575636,33.996009],[-119.596877,33.988611],[-119.662825,33.985889],[-119.721206,33.959583],[-119.742966,33.963877],[-119.758141,33.959212],[-119.842748,33.97034],[-119.873358,33.980375],[-119.884896,34.008814],[-119.876329,34.032087],[-119.916216,34.058351],[-119.923337,34.069361],[-119.919155,34.07728],[-119.912857,34.077508],[-119.857304,34.071298],[-119.825865,34.059794],[-119.818742,34.052997],[-119.789798,34.05726]]],[[[-120.46258,34.042627],[-120.440248,34.036918],[-120.415287,34.05496],[-120.403613,34.050442],[-120.390906,34.051994],[-120.368813,34.06778],[-120.370176,34.074907],[-120.362251,34.073056],[-120.354982,34.059256],[-120.36029,34.05582],[-120.358608,34.050235],[-120.346946,34.046576],[-120.331161,34.049097],[-120.302122,34.023574],[-120.317052,34.018837],[-120.347706,34.020114],[-120.35793,34.015029],[-120.409368,34.032198],[-120.427408,34.025425],[-120.454134,34.028081],[-120.465329,34.038448],[-120.46258,34.042627]]],[[[-118.524531,32.895488],[-118.535823,32.90628],[-118.551134,32.945155],[-118.573522,32.969183],[-118.586928,33.008281],[-118.596037,33.015357],[-118.606559,33.01469],[-118.605534,33.030999],[-118.594033,33.035951],[-118.57516,33.033961],[-118.569013,33.029151],[-118.559171,33.006291],[-118.540069,32.980933],[-118.496811,32.933847],[-118.369984,32.839273],[-118.353504,32.821962],[-118.356541,32.817311],[-118.379968,32.824545],[-118.394565,32.823978],[-118.425634,32.800595],[-118.44492,32.820593],[-118.496298,32.851572],[-118.507193,32.876264],[-118.524531,32.895488]]],[[[-118.500212,33.449592],[-118.477646,33.448392],[-118.445812,33.428907],[-118.423576,33.427258],[-118.382037,33.409883],[-118.370323,33.409285],[-118.365094,33.388374],[-118.310213,33.335795],[-118.303174,33.320264],[-118.305084,33.310323],[-118.325244,33.299075],[-118.374768,33.320065],[-118.440047,33.318638],[-118.465368,33.326056],[-118.48877,33.356649],[-118.478465,33.38632],[-118.48875,33.419826],[-118.515914,33.422417],[-118.52323,33.430733],[-118.53738,33.434608],[-118.563442,33.434381],[-118.60403,33.47654],[-118.54453,33.474119],[-118.500212,33.449592]]],[[[-119.543842,33.280329],[-119.528141,33.284929],[-119.465717,33.259239],[-119.429559,33.228167],[-119.444269,33.21919],[-119.476029,33.21552],[-119.545872,33.233406],[-119.564971,33.24744],[-119.578942,33.278628],[-119.562042,33.271129],[-119.543842,33.280329]]],[[[-122.289533,42.007764],[-121.035195,41.993323],[-120.001058,41.995139],[-119.995926,40.499901],[-120.005743,39.228664],[-120.001014,38.999574],[-119.333423,38.538328],[-118.714312,38.102185],[-117.875927,37.497267],[-117.244917,37.030244],[-116.488233,36.459097],[-115.852908,35.96966],[-115.102881,35.379371],[-114.633013,35.002085],[-114.629015,34.986148],[-114.634953,34.958918],[-114.629753,34.938684],[-114.635176,34.875003],[-114.623939,34.859738],[-114.586842,34.835672],[-114.57101,34.794294],[-114.552682,34.766871],[-114.516619,34.736745],[-114.470477,34.711368],[-114.452628,34.668546],[-114.451753,34.654321],[-114.441465,34.64253],[-114.438739,34.621455],[-114.424202,34.610453],[-114.429747,34.591734],[-114.422382,34.580711],[-114.405228,34.569637],[-114.380838,34.529724],[-114.378124,34.507288],[-114.386699,34.457911],[-114.375789,34.447798],[-114.335372,34.450038],[-114.32613,34.437251],[-114.294836,34.421389],[-114.286802,34.40534],[-114.264317,34.401329],[-114.226107,34.365916],[-114.199482,34.361373],[-114.176909,34.349306],[-114.157206,34.317862],[-114.138282,34.30323],[-114.134768,34.268965],[-114.139055,34.259538],[-114.159697,34.258242],[-114.223384,34.205136],[-114.229715,34.186928],[-114.254141,34.173831],[-114.287294,34.170529],[-114.320777,34.138635],[-114.353031,34.133121],[-114.366521,34.118575],[-114.390565,34.110084],[-114.411681,34.110031],[-114.43338,34.088413],[-114.43934,34.057893],[-114.434949,34.037784],[-114.438266,34.022609],[-114.46283,34.008421],[-114.46117,33.994687],[-114.499883,33.961789],[-114.522002,33.955623],[-114.535478,33.934651],[-114.533679,33.926072],[-114.508558,33.906098],[-114.518555,33.889847],[-114.50434,33.876882],[-114.503017,33.867998],[-114.514673,33.858638],[-114.52453,33.858477],[-114.529597,33.848063],[-114.520465,33.827778],[-114.527161,33.816191],[-114.504863,33.760465],[-114.504483,33.750998],[-114.512348,33.734214],[-114.496565,33.719155],[-114.494197,33.707922],[-114.495719,33.698454],[-114.523959,33.685879],[-114.531523,33.675108],[-114.525201,33.661583],[-114.530244,33.65014],[-114.526947,33.637534],[-114.529662,33.622794],[-114.524813,33.611351],[-114.540617,33.591412],[-114.5403,33.580615],[-114.524391,33.553683],[-114.558898,33.531819],[-114.560552,33.518272],[-114.569533,33.509219],[-114.591554,33.499443],[-114.622918,33.456561],[-114.627125,33.433554],[-114.635183,33.422726],[-114.652828,33.412922],[-114.687953,33.417944],[-114.701732,33.408388],[-114.725535,33.404056],[-114.708408,33.384147],[-114.698035,33.352442],[-114.707962,33.323421],[-114.731223,33.302434],[-114.723259,33.288079],[-114.684363,33.276025],[-114.672401,33.26047],[-114.689421,33.24525],[-114.674479,33.225504],[-114.678749,33.203448],[-114.675831,33.18152],[-114.679359,33.159519],[-114.703682,33.113769],[-114.706488,33.08816],[-114.68902,33.084036],[-114.686991,33.070969],[-114.674296,33.057171],[-114.673659,33.041897],[-114.662317,33.032671],[-114.64598,33.048903],[-114.618788,33.027202],[-114.589778,33.026228],[-114.575161,33.036542],[-114.52013,33.029984],[-114.502871,33.011153],[-114.492938,32.971781],[-114.476156,32.975168],[-114.467664,32.966861],[-114.469113,32.952673],[-114.48074,32.937027],[-114.47664,32.923628],[-114.462929,32.907944],[-114.468971,32.845155],[-114.494116,32.823288],[-114.510217,32.816417],[-114.530755,32.793485],[-114.532432,32.776923],[-114.526856,32.757094],[-114.539093,32.756949],[-114.539224,32.749812],[-114.564447,32.749554],[-114.564508,32.742298],[-114.581736,32.742321],[-114.581784,32.734946],[-114.612697,32.734516],[-114.618373,32.728245],[-114.688779,32.737675],[-114.701918,32.745548],[-114.719633,32.718763],[-116.04662,32.623353],[-117.124862,32.534156],[-117.136664,32.618754],[-117.168866,32.671952],[-117.196767,32.688851],[-117.213068,32.687751],[-117.236239,32.671353],[-117.246069,32.669352],[-117.25757,32.72605],[-117.25257,32.752949],[-117.25497,32.786948],[-117.26107,32.803148],[-117.280971,32.822247],[-117.28217,32.839547],[-117.27387,32.851447],[-117.26497,32.848947],[-117.25617,32.859447],[-117.25167,32.874346],[-117.25447,32.900146],[-117.28077,33.012343],[-117.315278,33.093504],[-117.328359,33.121842],[-117.362572,33.168437],[-117.469794,33.296417],[-117.50565,33.334063],[-117.547693,33.365491],[-117.59588,33.386629],[-117.607905,33.406317],[-117.645582,33.440728],[-117.684584,33.461927],[-117.691984,33.456627],[-117.715349,33.460556],[-117.726486,33.483427],[-117.784888,33.541525],[-117.814188,33.552224],[-117.840289,33.573523],[-117.87679,33.592322],[-117.927091,33.605521],[-117.940591,33.620021],[-118.000593,33.654319],[-118.029694,33.676418],[-118.088896,33.729817],[-118.132698,33.753217],[-118.180831,33.763072],[-118.187701,33.749218],[-118.181367,33.717367],[-118.207476,33.716905],[-118.258687,33.703741],[-118.317205,33.712818],[-118.360505,33.736817],[-118.385006,33.741417],[-118.396606,33.735917],[-118.411211,33.741985],[-118.428407,33.774715],[-118.405007,33.800215],[-118.394376,33.804289],[-118.392107,33.840915],[-118.460611,33.969111],[-118.482729,33.995912],[-118.519514,34.027509],[-118.543115,34.038508],[-118.569235,34.04164],[-118.609652,34.036424],[-118.668358,34.038887],[-118.706215,34.029383],[-118.744952,34.032103],[-118.783433,34.021543],[-118.805114,34.001239],[-118.854653,34.034215],[-118.928048,34.045847],[-118.938081,34.043383],[-119.004644,34.066231],[-119.037494,34.083111],[-119.088536,34.09831],[-119.109784,34.094566],[-119.130169,34.100102],[-119.18864,34.139005],[-119.216441,34.146105],[-119.257043,34.213304],[-119.278644,34.266902],[-119.290945,34.274902],[-119.313034,34.275689],[-119.337475,34.290576],[-119.370356,34.319486],[-119.388249,34.317398],[-119.42777,34.353016],[-119.461036,34.374064],[-119.536957,34.395495],[-119.559459,34.413395],[-119.616862,34.420995],[-119.638864,34.415696],[-119.671866,34.416096],[-119.688167,34.412497],[-119.684666,34.408297],[-119.709067,34.395397],[-119.729369,34.395897],[-119.794771,34.417597],[-119.835771,34.415796],[-119.853771,34.407996],[-119.873971,34.408795],[-119.925227,34.433931],[-119.956433,34.435288],[-120.008077,34.460447],[-120.038828,34.463434],[-120.088591,34.460208],[-120.141165,34.473405],[-120.25777,34.467451],[-120.295051,34.470623],[-120.341369,34.458789],[-120.471376,34.447846],[-120.47661,34.475131],[-120.511421,34.522953],[-120.581293,34.556959],[-120.622575,34.554017],[-120.637805,34.56622],[-120.645739,34.581035],[-120.640244,34.604406],[-120.60197,34.692095],[-120.60045,34.70464],[-120.614852,34.730709],[-120.62632,34.738072],[-120.637415,34.755895],[-120.616296,34.816308],[-120.610266,34.85818],[-120.616325,34.866739],[-120.639283,34.880413],[-120.647328,34.901133],[-120.670835,34.904115],[-120.63999,35.002963],[-120.629931,35.061515],[-120.630957,35.101941],[-120.644311,35.139616],[-120.651134,35.147768],[-120.662475,35.153357],[-120.675074,35.153061],[-120.698906,35.171192],[-120.714185,35.175998],[-120.74887,35.177795],[-120.754823,35.174701],[-120.756086,35.160459],[-120.760492,35.15971],[-120.778998,35.168897],[-120.786076,35.177666],[-120.856047,35.206487],[-120.89679,35.247877],[-120.862684,35.346776],[-120.866099,35.393045],[-120.884757,35.430196],[-120.907937,35.449069],[-120.946546,35.446715],[-120.969436,35.460197],[-121.003359,35.46071],[-121.101595,35.548814],[-121.126027,35.593058],[-121.143561,35.606046],[-121.166712,35.635399],[-121.251034,35.656641],[-121.284973,35.674109],[-121.289794,35.689428],[-121.314632,35.71331],[-121.315786,35.75252],[-121.332449,35.783106],[-121.388053,35.823483],[-121.413146,35.855316],[-121.439584,35.86695],[-121.462264,35.885618],[-121.461227,35.896906],[-121.472435,35.91989],[-121.4862,35.970348],[-121.503112,36.000299],[-121.531876,36.014368],[-121.574602,36.025156],[-121.590395,36.050363],[-121.592853,36.065062],[-121.606845,36.072065],[-121.618672,36.087767],[-121.629634,36.114452],[-121.680145,36.165818],[-121.717176,36.195146],[-121.779851,36.227407],[-121.797059,36.234211],[-121.813734,36.234235],[-121.826425,36.24186],[-121.851967,36.277831],[-121.874797,36.289064],[-121.888491,36.30281],[-121.894714,36.317806],[-121.892917,36.340428],[-121.905446,36.358269],[-121.903195,36.393603],[-121.914378,36.404344],[-121.91474,36.42589],[-121.9416,36.485602],[-121.938763,36.506423],[-121.944666,36.521861],[-121.925937,36.525173],[-121.932508,36.559935],[-121.942533,36.566435],[-121.957335,36.564482],[-121.978592,36.580488],[-121.970427,36.582754],[-121.941666,36.618059],[-121.93643,36.636746],[-121.923866,36.634559],[-121.890164,36.609259],[-121.889064,36.601759],[-121.860604,36.611136],[-121.831995,36.644856],[-121.814462,36.682858],[-121.807062,36.714157],[-121.805643,36.750239],[-121.788278,36.803994],[-121.809363,36.848654],[-121.862266,36.931552],[-121.894667,36.961851],[-121.930069,36.97815],[-121.95167,36.97145],[-121.972771,36.954151],[-122.012373,36.96455],[-122.023373,36.96215],[-122.027174,36.95115],[-122.050122,36.948523],[-122.105976,36.955951],[-122.155078,36.98085],[-122.20618,37.013949],[-122.252181,37.059448],[-122.284882,37.101747],[-122.306139,37.116383],[-122.337071,37.117382],[-122.337833,37.135936],[-122.359791,37.155574],[-122.367085,37.172817],[-122.390599,37.182988],[-122.405073,37.195791],[-122.407181,37.219465],[-122.419113,37.24147],[-122.411686,37.265844],[-122.40085,37.359225],[-122.423286,37.392542],[-122.443687,37.435941],[-122.452087,37.48054],[-122.472388,37.50054],[-122.493789,37.492341],[-122.499289,37.495341],[-122.516689,37.52134],[-122.519533,37.537302],[-122.513688,37.552239],[-122.517187,37.590637],[-122.501386,37.599637],[-122.494085,37.644035],[-122.496784,37.686433],[-122.514483,37.780829],[-122.50531,37.788312],[-122.485783,37.790629],[-122.478083,37.810828],[-122.463793,37.804653],[-122.407452,37.811441],[-122.398139,37.80563],[-122.385323,37.790724],[-122.375854,37.734979],[-122.356784,37.729505],[-122.361749,37.71501],[-122.370411,37.717572],[-122.391374,37.708331],[-122.387626,37.67906],[-122.374291,37.662206],[-122.3756,37.652389],[-122.387381,37.648462],[-122.386072,37.637662],[-122.35531,37.615736],[-122.358583,37.611155],[-122.373309,37.613773],[-122.378545,37.605592],[-122.360219,37.592501],[-122.317676,37.590865],[-122.305895,37.575484],[-122.262698,37.572866],[-122.214264,37.538505],[-122.196593,37.537196],[-122.194957,37.522469],[-122.168449,37.504143],[-122.155686,37.501198],[-122.140142,37.507907],[-122.127706,37.500053],[-122.111344,37.50758],[-122.111998,37.528851],[-122.147014,37.588411],[-122.145378,37.600846],[-122.152905,37.640771],[-122.163049,37.667933],[-122.246826,37.72193],[-122.257953,37.739601],[-122.257134,37.745001],[-122.242638,37.753744],[-122.253753,37.761218],[-122.293996,37.770416],[-122.330963,37.786035],[-122.33555,37.799538],[-122.333711,37.809797],[-122.323567,37.823214],[-122.303931,37.830087],[-122.301313,37.847758],[-122.310477,37.873938],[-122.309986,37.892755],[-122.32373,37.905845],[-122.33453,37.908791],[-122.35711,37.908791],[-122.367582,37.903882],[-122.385908,37.908136],[-122.39049,37.922535],[-122.413725,37.937262],[-122.430087,37.963115],[-122.415361,37.963115],[-122.399832,37.956009],[-122.367582,37.978168],[-122.361905,37.989991],[-122.367909,38.01253],[-122.340093,38.003694],[-122.321112,38.012857],[-122.300823,38.010893],[-122.283478,38.022674],[-122.262861,38.0446],[-122.273006,38.07438],[-122.314567,38.115287],[-122.366273,38.141467],[-122.39638,38.149976],[-122.403514,38.150624],[-122.409798,38.136231],[-122.439577,38.116923],[-122.454958,38.118887],[-122.489974,38.112014],[-122.483757,38.071762],[-122.499465,38.032165],[-122.497828,38.019402],[-122.481466,38.007621],[-122.462812,38.003367],[-122.452995,37.996167],[-122.448413,37.984713],[-122.456595,37.978823],[-122.471975,37.981768],[-122.488665,37.966714],[-122.487684,37.948716],[-122.479175,37.941516],[-122.48572,37.937589],[-122.499465,37.939225],[-122.503064,37.928753],[-122.478193,37.918608],[-122.471975,37.910427],[-122.472303,37.902573],[-122.458558,37.894064],[-122.448413,37.89341],[-122.438268,37.880974],[-122.45005,37.871157],[-122.462158,37.868866],[-122.480811,37.873448],[-122.479151,37.825428],[-122.505383,37.822128],[-122.548986,37.836227],[-122.561487,37.851827],[-122.584289,37.859227],[-122.60129,37.875126],[-122.656519,37.904519],[-122.682171,37.90645],[-122.70264,37.89382],[-122.727297,37.904626],[-122.736898,37.925825],[-122.766138,37.938004],[-122.783244,37.951334],[-122.797405,37.976657],[-122.821383,37.996735],[-122.856573,38.016717],[-122.882114,38.025273],[-122.939711,38.031908],[-122.956811,38.02872],[-122.981776,38.009119],[-122.97439,37.992429],[-123.024066,37.994878],[-123.011533,38.003438],[-122.99242,38.041758],[-122.960889,38.112962],[-122.949074,38.15406],[-122.953629,38.17567],[-122.965408,38.187113],[-122.968112,38.202428],[-122.993959,38.237602],[-122.968569,38.242879],[-122.967203,38.250691],[-122.977082,38.267902],[-122.986319,38.273164],[-123.002911,38.295708],[-123.024333,38.310573],[-123.038742,38.313576],[-123.051061,38.310693],[-123.053504,38.299385],[-123.063671,38.302178],[-123.074684,38.322574],[-123.068437,38.33521],[-123.068265,38.359865],[-123.128825,38.450418],[-123.202277,38.494314],[-123.249797,38.511045],[-123.287156,38.540223],[-123.331899,38.565542],[-123.343338,38.590008],[-123.371876,38.607235],[-123.398166,38.647044],[-123.441774,38.699744],[-123.461291,38.717001],[-123.514784,38.741966],[-123.541837,38.776764],[-123.579856,38.802835],[-123.58638,38.802857],[-123.605317,38.822765],[-123.647387,38.845472],[-123.659846,38.872529],[-123.71054,38.91323],[-123.725367,38.917438],[-123.726315,38.936367],[-123.738886,38.95412],[-123.729053,38.956667],[-123.711149,38.977316],[-123.6969,39.004401],[-123.690095,39.031157],[-123.693969,39.057363],[-123.713392,39.108422],[-123.721505,39.125327],[-123.737913,39.143442],[-123.742221,39.164885],[-123.765891,39.193657],[-123.774998,39.212083],[-123.777368,39.237214],[-123.787893,39.264327],[-123.803848,39.278771],[-123.803081,39.291747],[-123.811387,39.312825],[-123.808772,39.324368],[-123.822085,39.343857],[-123.826306,39.36871],[-123.81469,39.446538],[-123.766475,39.552803],[-123.787417,39.604552],[-123.782322,39.621486],[-123.792659,39.684122],[-123.808208,39.710715],[-123.829545,39.723071],[-123.838089,39.752409],[-123.839797,39.795637],[-123.851714,39.832041],[-123.907664,39.863028],[-123.930047,39.909697],[-123.954952,39.922373],[-123.980031,39.962458],[-124.035904,40.013319],[-124.056408,40.024305],[-124.068908,40.021307],[-124.079983,40.029773],[-124.080709,40.06611],[-124.110549,40.103765],[-124.187874,40.130542],[-124.214895,40.160902],[-124.296497,40.208816],[-124.320912,40.226617],[-124.327691,40.23737],[-124.34307,40.243979],[-124.363414,40.260974],[-124.363634,40.276212],[-124.347853,40.314634],[-124.362796,40.350046],[-124.365357,40.374855],[-124.373599,40.392923],[-124.391496,40.407047],[-124.409591,40.438076],[-124.38494,40.48982],[-124.383224,40.499852],[-124.387023,40.504954],[-124.382816,40.519],[-124.329404,40.61643],[-124.158322,40.876069],[-124.137066,40.925732],[-124.118147,40.989263],[-124.112165,41.028173],[-124.125448,41.048504],[-124.138217,41.054342],[-124.153622,41.05355],[-124.154513,41.087159],[-124.160556,41.099011],[-124.159065,41.121957],[-124.165414,41.129822],[-124.158539,41.143021],[-124.149674,41.140845],[-124.1438,41.144686],[-124.106986,41.229678],[-124.072294,41.374844],[-124.063076,41.439579],[-124.066057,41.470258],[-124.081427,41.511228],[-124.081987,41.547761],[-124.092404,41.553615],[-124.101123,41.569192],[-124.097385,41.585251],[-124.100961,41.602499],[-124.114413,41.616768],[-124.120225,41.640354],[-124.135552,41.657307],[-124.147412,41.717955],[-124.164716,41.740126],[-124.17739,41.745756],[-124.194953,41.736778],[-124.23972,41.7708],[-124.248704,41.771459],[-124.255994,41.783014],[-124.245027,41.7923],[-124.230678,41.818681],[-124.208439,41.888192],[-124.203402,41.940964],[-124.204948,41.983441],[-124.211605,41.99846],[-123.656998,41.995137],[-123.624554,41.999837],[-123.347562,41.999108],[-123.145959,42.009247],[-123.045254,42.003049],[-122.893961,42.002605],[-122.289533,42.007764]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"California\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb710e4b08c986b327033","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Beaudoin, B. C.","contributorId":17629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beaudoin","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godfrey, N. J.","contributorId":12866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lendl, C.","contributorId":93641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lendl","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Henstock, T.J.","contributorId":99713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henstock","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Levander, A.","contributorId":91248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levander","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Holl, J.E.","contributorId":84519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holl","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meltzer, A.S.","contributorId":50921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzer","given":"A.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Luetgert, James H. luetgert@usgs.gov","contributorId":4203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"James","email":"luetgert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":379790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":70018492,"text":"70018492 - 1996 - Late Stage 5 Glacio-isostatic Sea in the St. Lawrence Valley, Canada and United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:25","indexId":"70018492","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Stage 5 Glacio-isostatic Sea in the St. Lawrence Valley, Canada and United States","docAbstract":"Although post-glacial marine sediments of late Wisconsinan and early Holocene age are common in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States, remnants of older Pleistocene marine sediments are scarce. A fossiliferous marine clay that predates the classical Wisconsinan was recently discovered in the St. Lawrence Valley. A dominantly estuarine environment is inferred from the geochemistry of the shells (??18O = -7.1) and from benthic foraminifer and ostracode assemblages. The clay indicates a marine invasion (Cartier Sea) shallower and probably shorter than that during the upper late Wisconsinan Champlain Sea episode (12,000-9,500 yr B.P.). The pollen content shows that regional vegetation during the marine episode began as open tundra, then became a Betula and Alnus crispa forest, reached a climatic optimum with Quercus, Corylus, and Abies, and concluded as a Pinus/Picea boreal forest. A corrected infrared stimulated luminescence age of 98,000 ?? 9000 yr is compatible with the epimerization ratio of shells. The Cartier Sea resulted from a post-glacial glacio-isostatic marine invasion in the St. Lawrence lowlands. It probably occurred during late stage 5 and is tentatively assigned to the transition of oxygen isotope substages 5b/5a. This marine episode dates to stage 5 of the preceding continental glacier which extended to middle latitudes in NE America. ?? 1996 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.1996.0015","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Occhietti, S., Balescu, S., Lamothe, M., Clet, M., Cronin, T., Ferland, P., and Pichet, P., 1996, Late Stage 5 Glacio-isostatic Sea in the St. Lawrence Valley, Canada and United States: Quaternary Research, v. 45, no. 2, p. 128-137, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0015.","startPage":"128","endPage":"137","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205838,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1996.0015"},{"id":227031,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a453ee4b0c8380cd67163","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Occhietti, S.","contributorId":29589,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Occhietti","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balescu, S.","contributorId":11347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Balescu","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamothe, M.","contributorId":13760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clet, M.","contributorId":104233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clet","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cronin, T.","contributorId":88061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cronin","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ferland, P.","contributorId":61184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferland","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Pichet, P.","contributorId":86912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pichet","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70018693,"text":"70018693 - 1996 - Holocene paleoenvironments of Northeast Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-10T21:54:34.614547","indexId":"70018693","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene paleoenvironments of Northeast Iowa","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper presents the biotic, sedimentary, geomorphic, and climatic history of the upper part of the Roberts Creek Basin, northeastern Iowa for the late—glacial and Holocene, and compares these records with a C—O isotopic sequence from Coldwater Cave, 60 km northwest of Roberts Creek. The biotic record (pollen, vascular plant and bryophyte macrofossils, and insects) is preserved in floodplain alluvium that underlies three constructional surfaces separated by low scarps. Each surface is underlain by a lithologically and temporally distinct alluvial fill. The highest surface is underlain by the Gunder Member of the Deforest Formation, dating from 11 000 to 4000 yr BP; beneath the intermediate level is the Roberts Creek Member, dating from 4000 to 400 yr BP; and the lowest level is underlain by the Camp Creek Member, deposited during the last 380 yr. Pollen and plant macrofossils in the alluvial fill show that a typical late—glacial spruce forest was replaced by Quercus and Ulmus in the early Holocene. This early—to—middle Holocene forest became dominated by mesic elements such as Acer saccharum, Tilia americana, Ostrya virginiana, and Carpinus caroliniana as late as 5500 yr BP; in contrast, the closest sites to the west and north were at their warmest and driest and were covered by prairie vegetation between 6500 and 5500 yr BP. After 5500 yr BP, the forest in the Roberts Creek area was replaced by prairie, as indicated by a rich assemblage of plant macrofossils, although only Ambrosia and Poaceae became abundant in the pollen record. The return of Quercus ≈ 3000 BP (while nonarboreal pollen percentages remained relatively high) indicates that oak savanna prevailed with little change until settlement time. The bryophyte assemblages strongly support the vascular plant record. Rich fen species characteristic of boreal habitats occur only in the late—glacial. They are replaced by a number of deciduous—forest elements when early—to—middle Holocene forests were present, but mosses of forest habitats completely disappear when prairie became dominant. A few deciduous—forest taxa return during the late—Holocene, when oak savanna prevailed. The C—O isotopic record from stalagmite&nbsp;</span><sub>s</sub><span>&nbsp;in Coldwater Cave indicates a relatively stable environment from ≈ 8000 to 5100 yr BP, when the δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C values indicate a change in vegetation dominated by C</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;(predominantly forest) to C</span><sub>4</sub><span>&nbsp;(predominantly prairie) plants. About 4900 yr BP, the rise in&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values indicates a temperature increase of ≈ 1.5</span><sup>°</sup><span>C. The fact that the vegetational change suggested by the δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C values preceded the temperature increase suggests that fire may have been an important factor in converting forest to prairie. Abundant charred seeds and other plant material at Roberts Creek 4830 yr BP support this hypothesis. The&nbsp;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values remain constant from ≈ 5100 to ≈ 3000 yr BP, but the δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C values gradually rise, indicating that soil formed under forest takes at least 2000 yr for its carbon to reach equilibrium after replacement by prairie vegetation. The return of oak to form savanna is reflected in the gradual decline of δ</span><sup>13</sup><span>C values in the last 3000 yr BP; O isotopic values drop sharply by ≈ 1</span><sup>°</sup><span>C ≈ 2800 yr BP and then were relatively stable. In contrast to the vegetational and isotopic records, the insect assemblages suggest little change in the local environments throughout most of the Holocene. All of the beetle taxa presently occur in eastern Iowa. The relative stability through the Holocene indicates that both open grassland and riparian woodland elements were present throughout. Settlement, land clearing, and land cultivation by EuroAmericans in the region caused rapid erosion of the upland landscape, the deposition of 1—2 m of sediment across the floodplain, a replacement of the native vegetation with ruderal species, a decimation of the native insect fauna, and a degradation of water quality in the stream. These changes in the landscape, vegetation, and insect faunas are as striking as those associated with glacial—interglacial transitions. The timing and direction of changes in the vegetation at Roberts Creek generally correlate well with the carbon and oxygen isotopic record in speleothems at nearby Coldwater Cave and indicate that climate was the main forcing function. However, the contrast between the vegetational change and the stability of the beetle population suggests that climatic changes were subtle. We hypothesize that the factors involved in the Holocene changes were seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation that may not have resulted in much mean annual change. Such changes may have affected the vegetation more than the insect fauna.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.2307/2963475","usgsCitation":"Baker, R.G., Bettis, E., Schwert, D., Horton, D.G., Chumbley, C.A., Gonzalez, L.A., and Reagan, M.K., 1996, Holocene paleoenvironments of Northeast Iowa: Ecological Monographs, v. 66, no. 2, p. 203-234, https://doi.org/10.2307/2963475.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"234","numberOfPages":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227577,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.22009777640574,\n              43.48198735136535\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.22009777640574,\n              42.039506279601454\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2578910690265,\n              42.039506279601454\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.2578910690265,\n              43.48198735136535\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.22009777640574,\n              43.48198735136535\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"66","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31ede4b0c8380cd5e36c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R. G.","contributorId":96326,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettis, E. Arthur III","contributorId":72822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettis","given":"E. Arthur","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schwert, D. R.","contributorId":91258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwert","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Horton, D. G.","contributorId":17375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chumbley, C. A.","contributorId":62753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chumbley","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gonzalez, Luis A.","contributorId":20922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Reagan, M. K.","contributorId":15355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reagan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70017682,"text":"70017682 - 1996 - Loess stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippi Valley","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-16T13:31:52.283109","indexId":"70017682","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Loess stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippi Valley","docAbstract":"Loesses of the Lower Mississippi Valley (LMV) are world-famous. Sir Charles Lyell (1847), Hilgard (1860), Stafford (1869), Call (1891) and Mabry (1898), thought the LMV loess was a single water deposit although \"double submergence\" was noted by Call (1891) and Salisbury (1891). Shimek (1902) and Emerson (1918) recognized LMV loess as a wind deposit which came from the valley. Although wind-deposited loess gained wide acceptance, Russell (1944a) published his controversial theory of \"loessification\" which entailed weathering of backswamp deposits, downslope movement and recharge by carbonates to form loess. Wascher et al. (1947) identified three LMV loesses, mapped distributions and strongly supported eolian deposition. Leighton and Willman (1950), identified four loesses and supported eolian deposition as did Krinitzsky and Turnbull (1967) and Snowden and Priddy (1968), but Krinitzsky and Turnbull questioned the deepest loess. Daniels and Young (1968) and Touchet and Daniels (1970) studied the distribution of loesses in south-central Louisiana. West et al. (1980) and Rutledge et al. (1985) studied the source areas and wind directions which deposited the loesses on and adjoining Crowley's Ridge. B.J. Miller and co-workers (Miller et al., 1985, 1986, Miller and Alford, 1985) proposed that the Loveland Silt was Early Wisconsin rather than Illinoian age and advanced the name Sicily Island loess. They proposed the underlying loess was Illinoian and advanced the name Crowley's Ridge. We termed the loesses, from the surface downward, Peoria Loess, Roxana Silt, Loveland/Sicily Island loess, Crowley's Ridge Loess and Marianna loess. Researchers agree that the surfical Peoria Loess is Late Wisconsin and the Roxana Silt is Late to Middle Wisconsin, but little agreement exists on the age of the older loesses. Pye and Johnson (1988) proposed Early Wisconsin for the Loveland/Sicily Island. McKay and Follmer (1985) suggested this loess correlated with a loess under Illinoian till. Clark et al. (1989) agreed on Crowley's Ridge, but suggested the Loveland/Sicily Island loess on Sicily Island was older. Mirecki and Miller (1994) and Millard and Maat (1994) suggested an Illinoian age for the Loveland/Sicily Island loess. Miller and co-workers suggested, as did Pye and Johnson (1988), an Illinoian age for the Crowley's Ridge loess. McKay and Follmer (1985) suggested it correlated with a loess under \"Kansan\" till. Stratigraphy indicates the Marianna is the older of the five loesses. Researchers identified loess on both the east and west side of the LMV as well as on higher terraces within the valley. Many researchers assumed unaltered loesses were commonly yellowish brown, and silts or silt loams (West et al., 1980; Miller et al., 1986). The nonclay fraction of unweathered LMV loesses was dominated by quartz followed by carbonates, mainly dolomites, followed by feldspars, and micas. Clays were dominated by montmorillonite followed by micaceous minerals, kaolinite and vermiculite (Miller et al., 1986). Soils in the Crowley's Ridge loess are most developed, followed by the soils in the Loveland/Sicily Island which are more developed than the modern soils in the Peoria Loess. Soils in the Roxana and Marianna loesses are least developed and the Farmdale Soil of the Roxana is the weaker of the two (Miller et al., 1986). There is certainly overlapping range in the degree of soil development in the various loesses.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00012-9","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Rutledge, E., Guccione, M.J., Markewich, H.W., Wysocki, D., and Ward, L., 1996, Loess stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippi Valley: Engineering Geology, v. 45, no. 1-4, p. 167-183, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00012-9.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"183","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228767,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.02102543648246,\n              37.9878733964605\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.02102543648246,\n              29.066182142377983\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.24172856148272,\n              29.066182142377983\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.24172856148272,\n              37.9878733964605\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.02102543648246,\n              37.9878733964605\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"45","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a493de4b0c8380cd6844f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rutledge, E.M.","contributorId":47819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutledge","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guccione, Margaret J.","contributorId":24935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guccione","given":"Margaret","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Markewich, H. W.","contributorId":31426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markewich","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wysocki, D.A.","contributorId":11678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wysocki","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ward, L.B.","contributorId":97942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"L.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70018514,"text":"70018514 - 1996 - Three-dimensional crustal structure of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T15:20:28.282865","indexId":"70018514","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Three-dimensional crustal structure of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modeling","docAbstract":"Traveltime data from the 1993 Southern Sierra Nevada Continental Dynamics seismic refraction experiment reveal low crustal velocities in the southern Sierra Nevada and Basin and Range province of California (6.0 to 6.6 km/s), as well as low upper mantle velocities (7.6 to 7.8 km/s). The crust thickens from southeast to northwest along the axis of the Sierra Nevada from 27 km in the Mojave Desert to 43 km near Fresno, California. A crustal welt is present beneath the Sierra Nevada, but the deepest Moho is found under the western slopes, not beneath the highest topography. A density model directly derived from the crustal velocity model but with constant mantle density satisfies the pronounced negative Bouguer anomaly associated with the Sierra Nevada, but shows large discrepancies of >50 mgal in the Great Valley and in the Basin and Range province. Matching the observed gravity with anomalies in the crust alone is not possible with geologically reasonable densities; we require a contribution from the upper mantle, either by lateral density variations or by a thinning of the lithosphere under the Sierra Nevada and the Basin and Range province. Such a model is consistent with the interpretation that the uplift of the present Sierra Nevada is caused and dynamically supported by asthenospheric upwelling or lithospheric thinning under the Basin and Range province and eastern Sierra Nevada.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0367:TDCSOT>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Fliedner, M., Ruppert, S., Malin, P., Park, S.K., Jiracek, G., Phinney, R.A., Saleeby, J., Wernicke, B., Clayton, R., Keller, R.H., Miller, K., Jones, C., Luetgert, J., Mooney, W.D., Oliver, H., Klemperer, S., and Thompson, G.A., 1996, Three-dimensional crustal structure of the southern Sierra Nevada from seismic fan profiles and gravity modeling: Geology, v. 24, no. 4, p. 367-370, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0367:TDCSOT>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"367","endPage":"370","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              38.95940879245423\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.12451171875,\n              39.53793974517628\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.17919921875001,\n              41.062786068733026\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2119140625,\n              41.19518982948959\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.08007812499999,\n              39.58875727696545\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.2783203125,\n              36.96744946416934\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.80615234374999,\n              34.92197103616377\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.72998046875,\n              35.94243575255426\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              38.95940879245423\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"24","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb324e4b08c986b325be3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fliedner, M.M.","contributorId":32693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fliedner","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruppert, S.","contributorId":9786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malin, P.E.","contributorId":108104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Park, S. K.","contributorId":29585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Park","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jiracek, G.","contributorId":53102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiracek","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Phinney, R. A.","contributorId":8609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phinney","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Saleeby, J.B.","contributorId":36148,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saleeby","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wernicke, B.","contributorId":84926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wernicke","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Clayton, R.","contributorId":73352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Keller, Rebecca Hylton","contributorId":12213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"Hylton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Miller, K.","contributorId":104434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Jones, C.","contributorId":42914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Luetgert, J.H.","contributorId":69993,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":379895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Oliver, H.","contributorId":108261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Klemperer, S.L.","contributorId":52734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Thompson, G. A.","contributorId":90332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17}]}}
,{"id":70019010,"text":"70019010 - 1996 - Block and shear-zone architecture of the Minnesota River Valley subprovince: Implications for late Archean accretionary tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-20T22:48:51.103836","indexId":"70019010","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Block and shear-zone architecture of the Minnesota River Valley subprovince: Implications for late Archean accretionary tectonics","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Minnesota River Valley subprovince of the Superior Province is an Archean gneiss terrane composed internally of four crustal blocks bounded by three zones of east-northeast-trending linear geophysical anomalies. Two of the block-bounding zones are verified regional-scale shears. The geological nature of the third boundary has not been established. Potential-field geophysical models portray the boundary zones as moderately north-dipping surfaces or thin slabs similar in strike and dip to the Morris fault segment of the Great Lakes tectonic zone at the north margin of the subprovince. The central two blocks of the subprovince (Morton and Montevideo) are predominantly high-grade quartzofeldspathic gneiss, some as old as 3.6 Ga, and late-tectonic granite. The northern and southern blocks (Benson and Jeffers, respectively) are judged to contain less gneiss than the central blocks and a larger diversity of syntectonic and late-tectonic plutons. A belt of moderately metamorphosed mafic and ultramafic rocks having some attributes of a dismembered ophiolite is partly within the boundary zone between the Morton and Montevideo blocks. This and the other block boundaries are interpreted as late Archean structures that were reactivated in the Early Proterozoic. The Minnesota River Valley subprovince is interpreted as a late accretionary addition to the Superior Province. Because it was continental crust, it was not subductible when it impinged on the convergent southern margin of the Superior Craton in late Archean time, and it may have accommodated to convergent-margin stresses by dividing into blocks and shear zones capable of independent movement.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e96-063","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Southwick, D.L., and Chandler, V., 1996, Block and shear-zone architecture of the Minnesota River Valley subprovince: Implications for late Archean accretionary tectonics: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, no. 6, p. 831-847, https://doi.org/10.1139/e96-063.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"831","endPage":"847","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226446,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Minnesota River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.47336690467654,\n              44.36060852552464\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.68344329123784,\n              44.3646474709829\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.19409742352096,\n              44.84971139973905\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.17065285942994,\n              45.40213054537952\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.63990286918619,\n              45.93976710130059\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.65774415021184,\n              45.95419579719382\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.68853769260923,\n              45.85212515112906\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.95581738866386,\n              45.65297851683809\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.79812197640285,\n              45.42817614134398\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.62734634620364,\n              45.38071717096511\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.5393067574096,\n              45.298111216645594\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.47336690467654,\n              44.36060852552464\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"33","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1e3e4b0c8380cd4aea5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Southwick, D. L.","contributorId":57130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southwick","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chandler, V.W.","contributorId":97643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"V.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018532,"text":"70018532 - 1996 - Cambrian potential indicated in Kentucky Rome trough","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-19T17:45:14","indexId":"70018532","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2941,"text":"Oil & Gas Journal","printIssn":"0030-1388","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cambrian potential indicated in Kentucky Rome trough","docAbstract":"<p>A recent gas discovery in the Rome trough has Appalachian basin operators re-evaluating the deep Cambrian potential of eastern Kentucky. The Rome trough has seen sporadic exploration since the late 1940s, with very limited commercial success. A new exploration phase began in mid-1994 with completion of the Carson Associates 1 Kazee well in Elliott County, Ky. (Fig. 1). This well blew out and initially flowed 11 MMcfd of gas from a zone in the upper Conasauga Group/Rome formation at 6,258-70 ft. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"PennWell Corporation","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Harris, D.C., and Drahovzal, J.A., 1996, Cambrian potential indicated in Kentucky Rome trough: Oil & Gas Journal, v. 94, no. 8, p. 52-57.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"57","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":351800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-94/issue-8/in-this-issue/exploration/exploration-cambrian-potential-indicated-in-kentucky-rome-trough.html"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","volume":"94","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f32be4b0c8380cd4b631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, David C.","contributorId":15079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drahovzal, James A.","contributorId":74772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drahovzal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":379958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018975,"text":"70018975 - 1996 - Type of faulting and orientation of stress and strain as a function of space and time in Kilauea's south flank, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-08T09:45:42","indexId":"70018975","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Type of faulting and orientation of stress and strain as a function of space and time in Kilauea's south flank, Hawaii","docAbstract":"<p><span>Earthquake focal mechanisms of events occurring between 1972 and 1992 in the south flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii, are used to infer the state of stress and strain as a function of time and space. We have determined 870 fault plane solutions from&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;wave first motion polarities for events with magnitudes&nbsp;</span><i>M<sub>L</sub></i><span>&nbsp;≥ 2.5 and depth ranging between 6 and 12 km. Faulting is characterized by a mixture of decollement, reverse, and normal faults. Most large earthquakes with magnitude&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;&lt; 7 slip on reverse faults striking NE at 40° and dipping SE between 60° and 70°. In Hawaii, the earthquakes with&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><span>&nbsp;&gt; 7 rupture the decollement plane, since it is the only surface large enough to generate magnitude 7 or larger earthquakes. The percentage of reverse faulting events is high compared to the decollement and normal faulting mechanisms for the period 1972–1983. The percentage of decollement type focal mechanisms becomes dominant after 1983. This pattern of faulting activity suggests that pressure was building up within Kilauea's rift zone prior to the 1983 Puu'Oo eruption. Overall, a single stress orientation with the maximum compressive stress oriented SE perpendicular to the rift and dipping at 45° is compatible with the coeval existence of decollement, reverse, and normal faults. However, in a crustal volume east of longitude 155°10′W, we find a change of the orientation of σ</span><sub>1</sub><span>&nbsp;from nearly horizontal to plunging 45° SE occurring in 1979. This stress rotation suggests magma movements within the aseismic part of Kilauea's east rift zone. The strain and stress orientations are coaxial in the south flank except within the volume where the stress rotation is observed. We observe a change in the relationship between stress and strain directions caused either by the shifting of seismic activity from reverse faults to decollements, while stress stays constant, or by a rotation of stress, while strain remains constant. Assuming that the model of a noncohesive Coulomb wedge is appropriate for Kilauea's south flank, we find that high pore pressures are prevalent along the decollement and within the wedge for a coefficient of friction equal to 0.85.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU","doi":"10.1029/96JB00651","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gillard, D., Wyss, M., and Okubo, P., 1996, Type of faulting and orientation of stress and strain as a function of space and time in Kilauea's south flank, Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 7, p. 16025-16042, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00651.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"16025","endPage":"16042","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kilauea volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.30393600463867,\n              19.39050559875186\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30393600463867,\n              19.44296062654318\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23029327392578,\n              19.44296062654318\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23029327392578,\n              19.39050559875186\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.30393600463867,\n              19.39050559875186\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"101","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9aee4b08c986b327d37","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gillard, D.","contributorId":101398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gillard","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wyss, M.","contributorId":68880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wyss","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Okubo, P. 0000-0002-0381-6051","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0381-6051","contributorId":49432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okubo","given":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":381246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017788,"text":"70017788 - 1996 - Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T13:25:21","indexId":"70017788","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A sea-floor mapping investigation designed to assess the sediment distribution, the movement of the nearshore sand supply, and the fate of sediment eroded from the shoreline was conducted using high-resolution sidescan-sonar, seismic reflection, and sediment sampling techniques on the northern insular shelf of Puerto Rico, off the town of Luquillo. Sea-floor structures and the distribution of sediment texture and composition suggest that regional oceanographic processes result in a net offshore direction for cross-shelf sediment transport on the middle and outer shelf during storms. If these same processes are active on the inner shelf, mapping results indicate that this sediment is not transported seaward of a series of east-west trending Pleistocene-age eolianite ridges that outcrop on the middle shelf. The eolianite ridges may act as natural dams, preventing the removal of sediment from the nearshore area. Sand deposits behind the \"dams\" are up to 20 m thick on the shoreward flank of the ridges.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Schwab, W.C., Rodriguez, R.W., Danforth, W., and Gowen, M.H., 1996, Sediment distribution on a storm-dominated insular shelf, Luquillo, Puerto Rico, U.S.A.: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 12, no. 1, p. 147-159.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"159","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":228948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":345914,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4298469"}],"country":"United States","state":"Puerto Rico","city":"Luquillo","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -66.14044189453124,\n              18.307595803753852\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.53482055664062,\n              18.307595803753852\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.53482055664062,\n              18.60460138845525\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.14044189453124,\n              18.60460138845525\n            ],\n            [\n              -66.14044189453124,\n              18.307595803753852\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8987e4b08c986b316e0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. W.","contributorId":61054,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Danforth, W.W.","contributorId":31543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gowen, M. H.","contributorId":76765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gowen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018554,"text":"70018554 - 1996 - Effects of winter atmospheric circulation on temporal and spatial variability in annual streamflow in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-01-22T16:11:32.939879","indexId":"70018554","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1927,"text":"Hydrological Sciences Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of winter atmospheric circulation on temporal and spatial variability in annual streamflow in the western United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Winter mean 700-hectoPascal (hPa) height anomalies, representing the average atmospheric circulation during the snow season, are compared with annual streamflow measured at 140 streamgauges in the western United States. Correlation and anomaly pattern analyses are used to identify relationships between winter mean atmospheric circulation and temporal and spatial variability in annual streamflow. Results indicate that variability in winter mean 700-Hpa height anomalies accounts for a statistically significant portion of the temporal variability in annual streamflow in the western United States. In general, above-average annual streamflow is associated with negative winter mean 700-Hpa height anomalies over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and/or the western United States. The anomalies produce an anomalous flow of moist air from the eastern North Pacific Ocean into the western United States that increases winter precipitation and snowpack accumulations, and subsequently streamflow. Winter mean 700-hPa height anomalies also account for statistically significant differences in spatial distributions of annual streamflow. As part of this study, winter mean atmospheric circulation patterns for the 40 years analysed were classified into five winter mean 700-hPa height anomaly patterns. These patterns are related to statistically significant and physically meaningful differences in spatial distributions of annual streamflow.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02626669609491556","issn":"02626667","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., 1996, Effects of winter atmospheric circulation on temporal and spatial variability in annual streamflow in the western United States: Hydrological Sciences Journal, v. 41, no. 6, p. 873-887, https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669609491556.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"873","endPage":"887","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479061,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02626669609491556","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":227347,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"41","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0848e4b0c8380cd51a63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70018939,"text":"70018939 - 1996 - Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-12T17:48:26.68527","indexId":"70018939","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves","docAbstract":"<p><span>A two-step nonlinear and linear inversion is carried out to map the lateral heterogeneity beneath North America using surface wave data. The lateral resolution for most areas of the model is of the order of several hundred kilometers. The most obvious feature in the tomographic images is the rapid transition between low velocities in the tectonically active region west of the Rocky Mountains and high velocities in the stable central and eastern shield of North America. The model also reveals smaller-scale heterogeneous velocity structures. A high-velocity anomaly is imaged beneath the state of Washington that could be explained as the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Cascades. A large low-velocity structure extends along the coast from the Mendocino to the Rivera triple junction and to the continental interior across the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. Its shape changes notably with depth. This anomaly largely coincides with the part of the margin where no lithosphere is consumed since the subduction has been replaced by a transform fault. Evidence for a discontinuous subduction of the Cocos plate along the Middle American Trench is found. In central Mexico a transition is visible from low velocities across the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) to high velocities beneath the Yucatan Peninsula. Two elongated low-velocity anomalies beneath the Yellowstone Plateau and the eastern Snake River Plain volcanic system and beneath central Mexico and the TMVB seem to be associated with magmatism and partial melting. Another low-velocity feature is seen at depths of approximately 200 km beneath Florida and the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The inversion technique used is based on a linear surface wave scattering theory, which gives tomographic images of the relative phase velocity perturbations in four period bands ranging from 40 to 150 s. In order to find a smooth reference model a nonlinear inversion based on ray theory is first performed. After correcting for the crustal thickness the phase velocity perturbations obtained from the subsequent linear waveform inversion for the different period bands are converted to a three-layer model of&nbsp;</span><i>S</i><span>&nbsp;velocity perturbations (layer 1, 25–100 km; layer 2, 100–200 km; layer 3, 200–300 km). We have applied this method on 275 high-quality Rayleigh waves recorded by a variety of instruments in North America (IRIS/USGS, IRIS/IDA, TERRAscope, RSTN). Sensitivity tests indicate that the lateral resolution is especially good in the densely sampled western continental United States, Mexico, and the Gulf of Mexico.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/96JB00809","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Alsina, D., Woodward, R., and Snieder, R., 1996, Shear wave velocity structure in North America from large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 101, no. 7, p. 15969-15986, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB00809.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"15969","endPage":"15986","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226716,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e58e4b08c986b3188a9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alsina, D.","contributorId":21705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alsina","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodward, R.L.","contributorId":46237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodward","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Snieder, R.K.","contributorId":10560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snieder","given":"R.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70017759,"text":"70017759 - 1996 - Using hydrogeochemical methods to evaluate complex quaternary subsurface stratigraphy Block Island, Rhode Island, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T10:59:22","indexId":"70017759","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using hydrogeochemical methods to evaluate complex quaternary subsurface stratigraphy Block Island, Rhode Island, USA","docAbstract":"<p>One of the major problems in hydrogeologic investigations of glaciated regions is the determination of complex stratigraphic relationships in the subsurface where insufficient information is available from drilling and geophysical records. In this paper, chemical characteristics of groundwater were used to identify stratigraphic changes in glacial deposits that were previously inferred on Block Island, Rhode Island, USA, an emergent remnant of the late Wisconsinan terminal moraine, located approximately 16 km south of the Rhode Island mainland. Two chemically distinct water types are recognized on the island: 1) high-iron, characterized by dissolved silica levels in excess of 20 mg/L, bicarbonate greater than 30 mg/L and dissolved iron ranging from 1-20 mg/L; and 2) low-iron, characterized by dissolved silica levels below 16 mg/L, bicarbonate less than 30 mg/L, and less than 0.3 mg/L dissolved iron. The spatial distribution of iron-bearing minerals and organic matter and the resulting redox conditions are believed to control the occurrence of highiron groundwater. The high-iron waters occur almost exclusively in the eastern half of the island and appear to coincide with the presence of allochthonous blocks of Cretaceous-age coastal-plain sediments that were incorporated into Pleistocene-age deposits derived from the Narragansett Bay-Buzzard's Bay lobe of the Late Wisconsinan Laurentide ice sheet. The low-iron waters occur in the western half of the island, where the occurrence of these Cretaceous-age blocks is rare and the sediments are attributed to a sublobe of the Hudson-Champlain lobe of the Late Wisconsinan ice sheet.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100400050093","usgsCitation":"Veeger, A., and Stone, B., 1996, Using hydrogeochemical methods to evaluate complex quaternary subsurface stratigraphy Block Island, Rhode Island, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 4, no. 4, p. 69-82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100400050093.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"69","endPage":"82","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/geo_facpubs/178","text":"External Repository"},{"id":228484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Block Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.61918640136719,\n              41.14531119462475\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.54090881347656,\n              41.14531119462475\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.54090881347656,\n              41.233800286547435\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.61918640136719,\n              41.233800286547435\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.61918640136719,\n              41.14531119462475\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-11-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc05ee4b08c986b32a0ad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veeger, A.I.","contributorId":100031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veeger","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, B. D. 0000-0001-6092-0798","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":50919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"B. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70017702,"text":"70017702 - 1996 - Late Pennsylvanian climate changes and palynomorph extinctions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-20T15:42:55","indexId":"70017702","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3275,"text":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Pennsylvanian climate changes and palynomorph extinctions","docAbstract":"A major floral change occurs in the Upper Pennsylvanian strata in the Midcontinent, Illinois basin, and in the northern Appalachian basin of eastern United States. Lycospora spp. (derived from arborescent lycopsids) became extinct along with some other palynomorph taxa. This investigation is concerned with the importance of this major floral change. Samples were studied from western Pennsylvania, eastern Ohio, and West Virginia (from a previous study) cover the stratigraphic interval from the Upper Freeport coal bed, uppermost part of the Allegheny Formation, to the Mahoning, Mason, Brush Creek, Wilgus, and Anderson coal beds in the lower part of the Conemaugh Formation. The floral change occurs either at or below the accepted Desmoinesian-Missourian boundary in the Midcontinent and Illinois basin, whereas in the northern Appalachians this change occurs in the lower part of the Conemaugh Formation, between the Mahoning and Brush Creek coal beds, or when the Mason is present, between the Mahoning and Mason coal beds. With the advent of late Middle Pennsylvanian time, the climate began to change from wet tropical to seasonal tropical. The Middle-Upper Pennsylvanian boundary is the culmination of this drying trend, which was marked by reduction of available water. The peat swamps are interpreted as having changed from the domed type of bog to the planar type under these circumstances. Thus, in general, the coals of the Conemaugh Formation are characteristically much thinner than those of the Allegheny Formation. This was caused by a number of factors including reduced or more seasonal rainfall, decline of arborescent lycopsids, and the increased dominance of herbaceous and fern plants. As a result, there are fewer minable coal beds in the Conemaugh Formation. The first coal bed above the extinction of Lycospora spp. is dominated by the palynomorph taxon Endosporites globiformis which is derived from a heterosporous, herbaceous lycopsid. However, Sigillaria, another arborescent lycopsid, did not become extinct at this time as evidenced by the presence of the palynomorph genus Crassispora which is derived from Sigillaria. The reason for the survival of Sigillaria is not known, but it may have been able to adapt, in a limited fashion, to some sort of specialized microenvironment. The ferns, based on palynomorph occurrence, become numerically more important throughout the balance of the Conemaugh Formation, and dominate the Pittsburgh No. 8 and Pomeroy coal beds in the overlying Monogahela Formation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0034-6667(95)00027-5","issn":"00346667","usgsCitation":"Kosanke, R., and Cecil, C.B., 1996, Late Pennsylvanian climate changes and palynomorph extinctions: Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, v. 90, no. 1-2, p. 113-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00027-5.","startPage":"113","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"28","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269785,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00027-5"}],"volume":"90","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4506e4b0c8380cd66f83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kosanke, R.M.","contributorId":97517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kosanke","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cecil, C. B. 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":62204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":377306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018115,"text":"70018115 - 1996 - Middle Proterozoic age for the Montpelier Anorthosite, Goochland terrane, eastern Piedmont, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:02:55.895239","indexId":"70018115","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Proterozoic age for the Montpelier Anorthosite, Goochland terrane, eastern Piedmont, Virginia","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15008680\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Uranium-lead dating of zircons from the Montpelier Anorthosite confirms previous interpretations, based on equivocal evidence, that the Goochland terrane in the eastern Piedmont of Virginia contains Grenvillian basement rocks of Middle Proterozoic age. A very few prismatic, elongate, euhedral zircons, which contain 12–29 ppm uranium, are interpreted to be igneous in origin. The vast majority of zircons are more equant, subangular to anhedral, contain 38–52 ppm uranium, and are interpreted to be metamorphic in origin. One fraction of elongate zircon, and four fragments of a very large zircon (occurring in a nelsonite segregation) yield an upper intercept age of 1045 ± 10 Ma, interpreted as the time of anorthosite crystallization. Irregularly shaped metamorphic zircons are dated at 1011 ± 2 Ma (weighted average of the<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb ages). The U-Pb isotopic systematics of metamorphic titanite were reset during the Alleghanian orogeny at 297 ± 5 Ma. These data provide a minimum age for gneisses of the Goochland terrane that are intruded by the anorthosite. Middle Proterozoic basement rocks of the Goochland terrane may be correlative with those in the Shenandoah massif of the Blue Ridge tectonic province, as suggested by similarities between the Montpelier Anorthosite and the Roseland anorthosite. Although the areal extent of Middle Proterozoic basement and basement-cover relations in the eastern Piedmont remain unresolved, results of this investigation indicate that the Goochland terrane is an internal massif of Laurentian crust rather than an exotic accreted terrane.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1481:MPAFTM>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Aleinikoff, J.N., Horton, J.W., and Walters, M., 1996, Middle Proterozoic age for the Montpelier Anorthosite, Goochland terrane, eastern Piedmont, Virginia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 11, p. 1481-1491, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<1481:MPAFTM>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1481","endPage":"1491","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227230,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"108","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a56dee4b0c8380cd6d8a8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aleinikoff, J. N. 0000-0003-3494-6841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":75132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horton, J. Wright Jr. 0000-0001-6756-6365 whorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-6365","contributorId":81184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"J.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"whorton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wright","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":378520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walters, M.","contributorId":105056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Walters","given":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":47618,"text":"Retired Calpine","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":378521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70018912,"text":"70018912 - 1996 - Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphic processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:33","indexId":"70018912","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphic processes","docAbstract":"Riparian vegetation and fluvial-geomorphic processes and landforms are intimately connected parts of the bottomland landscape. Relations among vegetation, processes, and landforms are described here for representative streams of four areas of the United States: high-gradient streams of the humid east, coastal-plain streams. Great Plains streams, and stream channels of the southwestern United States. Vegetation patterns suggest that species distributions in the humid east are largely controlled by frequency, duration, and intensity of floods. Along channelized streams, vegetation distribution is largely controlled by variation in fluvial geomorphic processes (cycles of degradation and aggradation) in response to increases in channel gradient associated with channelization. Similarly, riparian vegetation of Great Plains streams may be controlled by fluxes in sediment deposition and erosion along braided streams. Patterns of riparian vegetation in semi-arid regions may be most closely related to patterns of water availability, unlike most other streams in more humid environments. Channel-equilibrium conditions control stability of the coincident fluvial landform and attendant vegetation pattern throughout the continent. In most situations, riparian-vegetation patterns are indicative of specific landforms and, thus, of ambient hydrogeomorphic conditions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/0169-555X(95)00042-4","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Hupp, C., and Osterkamp, W.R., 1996, Riparian vegetation and fluvial geomorphic processes: Geomorphology, v. 14, no. 4 SPEC. ISS., p. 277-295, https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00042-4.","startPage":"277","endPage":"295","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205692,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-555X(95)00042-4"},{"id":226263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"4 SPEC. ISS.","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aad7ce4b0c8380cd86eee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hupp, C.R. 0000-0003-1853-9197","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-9197","contributorId":78775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hupp","given":"C.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70019342,"text":"70019342 - 1996 - Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-22T14:05:46.417816","indexId":"70019342","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions","docAbstract":"<div id=\"130403901\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>The Northridge earthquake caused 1.78<span>&nbsp;</span><i>g</i><span>&nbsp;</span>acceleration in the east-west direction at a site in Tarzana, California, located about 6 km south of the mainshock epicenter. The accelerograph was located atop a hill about 15-m high, 500-m long, and 130-m wide, striking about N78°E. During the aftershock sequence, a temporary array of 21 three-component geophones was deployed in six radial lines centered on the accelerograph, with an average sensor spacing of 35 m. Station C00 was located about 2 m from the accelerograph. We inverted aftershock spectra to obtain average relative site response at each station as a function of direction of ground motion. We identified a 3.2-Hz resonance that is a transverse oscillation of the hill (a directional topographic effect). The top/base amplification ratio at 3.2 Hz is about 4.5 for horizontal ground motions oriented approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the hill and about 2 for motions parallel to the hill. This resonance is seen most strongly within 50 m of C00. Other resonant frequencies were also observed. A strong lateral variation in attenuation, probably associated with a fault, caused substantially lower motion at frequencies above 6 Hz at the east end of the hill. There may be some additional scattered waves associated with the fault zone and seen at both the base and top of the hill, causing particle motions (not spectral ratios) at the top of the hill to be rotated about 20° away from the direction transverse to the hill. The resonant frequency, but not the amplitude, of our observed topographic resonance agrees well with theory, even for such a low hill. Comparisons of our observations with theoretical results indicate that the 3D shape of the hill and its internal structure are important factors affecting its response. The strong transverse resonance of the hill does not account for the large east-west mainshock motions. Assuming linear soil response, mainshock east-west motions at the Tarzana accelerograph were amplified by a factor of about 2 or less compared with sites at the base of the hill. Probable variations in surficial shear-wave velocity do not account for the observed differences among mainshock acceleration observed at Tarzana and at two different sites within 2 km of Tarzana.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA08601BS193","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Spudich, P., Hellweg, M., and Lee, W., 1996, Directional topographic site response at Tarzana observed in aftershocks of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: Implications for mainshock motions: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, no. 1B, p. S193-S208, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA08601BS193.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"S193","endPage":"S208","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226741,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Northridge","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -118.46145629882811,\n              34.06972475691634\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.89566040039062,\n              34.06972475691634\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.89566040039062,\n              34.264026473152875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.46145629882811,\n              34.264026473152875\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.46145629882811,\n              34.06972475691634\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"1B","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a01bae4b0c8380cd4fd2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spudich, P.","contributorId":85700,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spudich","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hellweg, M.","contributorId":11344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellweg","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, W.H.K.","contributorId":35303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"W.H.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70019333,"text":"70019333 - 1996 - Tributary debris fans and the late Holocene alluvial chronology of the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-22T00:27:01.235467","indexId":"70019333","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tributary debris fans and the late Holocene alluvial chronology of the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona","docAbstract":"<div id=\"15008612\" class=\"article-section-wrapper js-article-section js-content-section  \" data-section-parent-id=\"0\"><p>Bouldery debris fans and sandy alluvial terraces of the Colorado River developed contemporaneously during the late Holocene at the mouths of nine major tributaries in eastern Grand Canyon. The age of the debris fans and alluvial terraces contributes to understanding river hydraulics and to the history of human activity along the river, which has been concentrated on these surfaces for at least two to three millennia. Poorly sorted, coarse-grained debris-flow deposits of several ages are interbedded with, overlie, or are overlapped by three terrace-forming alluviums. The alluvial deposits are of three age groups: the striped alluvium, deposited from before 770<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">b.c.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>to about<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">a.d.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>300; the alluvium of Pueblo II age deposited from about<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">a.d.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>700 to December 1900; and the alluvium of the upper mesquite terrace, deposited from about<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">a.d.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>1400 to 1880. Two elements define the geomorphology of a typical debris fan: the large, inactive surface of the fan and a smaller, entrenched, active debris-flow channel and fan that is about one-sixth the area of the inactive fan. The inactive fan is segmented into at least three surfaces with distinctive weathering characteristics. These surfaces are conformable with underlying debris-flow deposits that date from before 770<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">b.c.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>to around<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">a.d.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>660,<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">a.d.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>660 to before<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">a.d.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>1200, and from<span>&nbsp;</span><span class=\"small-caps\">a.d.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>1200 to slightly before 1890, respectively, based on late-19th-century photographs, radiocarbon and archaeologic dating of the three stratigraphically related alluviums, and radiocarbon dating of fine-grained debris-flow deposits. These debris flows aggraded the fans in at least three stages beginning about 2.8 ka, if not earlier in the late Holocene. Several main-stem floods eroded the margin of the segmented fans, reducing fan symmetry. The entrenched, active debris-flow channels contain deposits &lt;100 yr old, which form debris fans at the mouth of the channel adjacent to the river. Early and middle Holocene debris-flow and alluvial deposits have not been recognized, as they were evidently not preserved adjacent to the river or are buried by younger deposits.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0003:TDFATL>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Hereford, R., Thompson, K.S., Burke, K.J., and Fairley, H., 1996, Tributary debris fans and the late Holocene alluvial chronology of the Colorado River, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, no. 1, p. 3-19, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0003:TDFATL>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226596,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Grand Canyon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.06025592091493,\n              36.88730222560602\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.06025592091493,\n              35.80332779241816\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.34638873341522,\n              35.80332779241816\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.34638873341522,\n              36.88730222560602\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.06025592091493,\n              36.88730222560602\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb842e4b08c986b327763","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hereford, R.","contributorId":84437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, K. S.","contributorId":106142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burke, K. J.","contributorId":52599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burke","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fairley, H.C.","contributorId":72400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairley","given":"H.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":382376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70018602,"text":"70018602 - 1996 - Southern Ocean monthly wave fields for austral winters 1985-1988 by Geosat radar altimeter","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-30T16:39:36.246291","indexId":"70018602","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2315,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Southern Ocean monthly wave fields for austral winters 1985-1988 by Geosat radar altimeter","docAbstract":"<p><span>Four years of monthly averaged wave height fields for the austral winters 1985–1988 derived from the Geosat altimeter data show a spatial variability of the scale of 500–1000 km that varies monthly and annually. This variability is superimposed on the zonal patterns surrounding the Antarctic continent and characteristic of the climatology derived from the&nbsp;</span><i>U.S. Navy</i><span>&nbsp;[1992] Marine Climatic Atlas of the World. The location and the intensity of these large-scale features, which are not found in the climatological fields, exhibit strong monthly and yearly variations. A global underestimation of the climatological mean wave heights by more than 1 m is also found over large regions of the Southern Ocean. The largest monthly averaged significant wave heights are above 5 m and are found during August of every year in the Indian Ocean, south of 40°S. The monthly wave fields show more variability in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans than in the Indian Ocean. The Seasat data from 1978 and the Geosat data from 1985 and 1988 show an eastward rotation of the largest wave heights. However, this rotation is absent in 1986 and 1987; the former was a year of unusually low sea states, and the latter was a year of unusually high sea states, which suggests a link to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation event of 1986.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JC02963","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Josberger, E., and Mognard, N.M., 1996, Southern Ocean monthly wave fields for austral winters 1985-1988 by Geosat radar altimeter: Journal of Geophysical Research C: Oceans, v. 101, no. C3, p. 6689-6696, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JC02963.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"6689","endPage":"6696","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227434,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"101","issue":"C3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-03-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b93eee4b08c986b31a773","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mognard, N. M.","contributorId":27612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mognard","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70018585,"text":"70018585 - 1996 - Origin of high mountains in the continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-05T15:24:28.546527","indexId":"70018585","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Origin of high mountains in the continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"Active and passive seismic experiments show that the southern Sierra, despite standing 1.8 to 2.8 kilometers above its surroundings, is underlain by crust of similar seismic thickness, about 30 to 40 kilometers. Thermobarometry of xenolith suites and magnetotelluric profiles indicate that the upper mantle is eclogitic to depths of 60 kilometers beneath the western and central parts of the range, but little subcrustal lithosphere is present beneath the eastern High Sierra and adjacent Basin and Range. These and other data imply the crust of both the High Sierra and Basin and Range thinned by a factor of 2 since 20 million years ago, at odds with purported late Cenozoic regional uplift of some 2 kilometers.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Science","doi":"10.1126/science.271.5246.190","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Wernicke, B., Clayton, R., Ducea, M., Jones, C., Park, S., Ruppert, S., Saleeby, J., Snow, J., Squires, L., Fliedner, M., Jiracek, G., Keller, R.H., Klemperer, S., Luetgert, J., Malin, P., Miller, K., Mooney, W.D., Oliver, H., and Phinney, R., 1996, Origin of high mountains in the continents: The Southern Sierra Nevada: Science, v. 271, no. 5246, p. 190-193, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.271.5246.190.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"190","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479168,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20121015-105100386","text":"External Repository"},{"id":227170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              38.95940879245423\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.12451171875,\n              39.53793974517628\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.17919921875001,\n              41.062786068733026\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.2119140625,\n              41.19518982948959\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.08007812499999,\n              39.58875727696545\n            ],\n            [\n              -120.2783203125,\n              36.96744946416934\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.80615234374999,\n              34.92197103616377\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.72998046875,\n              35.94243575255426\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.99267578124999,\n              38.95940879245423\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"271","issue":"5246","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a70d8e4b0c8380cd762b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wernicke, B.","contributorId":84926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wernicke","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clayton, R.","contributorId":73352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clayton","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380125,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ducea, Mihai N.","contributorId":86913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ducea","given":"Mihai N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jones, C.H.","contributorId":103775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Park, S.","contributorId":101031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Park","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ruppert, S.","contributorId":9786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Saleeby, J.","contributorId":7857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saleeby","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Snow, J.K.","contributorId":99316,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snow","given":"J.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Squires, L.","contributorId":6604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squires","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Fliedner, M.","contributorId":66005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fliedner","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jiracek, G.","contributorId":53102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jiracek","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Keller, Rebecca Hylton","contributorId":12213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keller","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"Hylton","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Klemperer, S.","contributorId":96432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klemperer","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Luetgert, J.","contributorId":92807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luetgert","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Malin, P.","contributorId":19719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Miller, K.","contributorId":104434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":380121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Oliver, H.","contributorId":108261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oliver","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Phinney, R.","contributorId":52735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phinney","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":70185206,"text":"70185206 - 1996 - Serological evidence of morbillivirus infection in polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) from Alaska and Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-16T11:23:45","indexId":"70185206","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3688,"text":"Veterinary Record","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Serological evidence of morbillivirus infection in polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) from Alaska and Russia","docAbstract":"<p><span>One-hundred-and-ninety-one samples of blood serum collected from 186 polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) between 1987 and 1992 were analysed for morbillivirus antibodies. The samples were collected in the Bering, Chukchi and East Siberian seas. Sixty-eight samples (35.6 per cent) had morbillivirus antibody titres &gt; 5; the percentage of positive samples ranged from 26.2 to 46.2 per cent from year to year. The proportions of adults, sub-adults and cubs which were seropositive were 43.9, 35.7 and 37.9 per cent respectively. Some seropositive dams had seronegative young and some that were seronegative had seropositive young. One litter of two cubs, in which the dam was seronegative, had one seropositive and one seronegative cub. Seropositive bears occurred in all the areas from which the samples were collected but there was a significantly greater incidence in the bears sampled in Russia. The high prevalence of seropositive bears over the period suggests that the bear morbillivirus is endemic in these regions of the Arctic, but its source is unknown.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"BMJ Journals","doi":"10.1136/vr.138.25.615","usgsCitation":"Follmann, E.H., Garner, G., Evermann, J.F., and McKeirnan, 1996, Serological evidence of morbillivirus infection in polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) from Alaska and Russia: Veterinary Record, v. 138, no. 25, p. 615-618, https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.138.25.615.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"615","endPage":"618","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":505962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.138.25.615","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337724,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea","volume":"138","issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1996-06-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba437e4b0849ce97dc7d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Follmann, Erich H.","contributorId":24828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Follmann","given":"Erich","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, G.W.","contributorId":80218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evermann, Jim F.","contributorId":87336,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Evermann","given":"Jim","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McKeirnan","contributorId":189402,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKeirnan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70182471,"text":"70182471 - 1996 - Sea birds as proxies of marine habitats and food webs in the western Aleutian Arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-27T13:23:35","indexId":"70182471","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1660,"text":"Fisheries Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea birds as proxies of marine habitats and food webs in the western Aleutian Arc","docAbstract":"<p><span>We propose that ocean conditions of the Near Islands in the western Aleutian Arc mimic those of the shallow continental shelf of the eastern Bering Sea to the extent that the marine community, including assemblages of forage fishes and their avian predators, has distinctly coastal characteristics. In contrast, marine avifauna and their prey at neighbouring Buldir Island are distinctly oceanic. For example, at the Near Islands, the ratio of thick-billed to common murres, </span><i>Vria lomvia</i><span> and </span><i>U. aalge</i><span>, is low and black-legged kittiwakes, </span><i>Rissa tridactyla</i><span>, but not red-legged kittiwakes, </span><i>R. brevirostris</i><span>, nest there. Diets of murres and kittiwakes are dominated by sand lance, </span><i>Ammodytes hexapterus</i><span>, an abundant coastal species. At Buldir Island, thick-billed murres greatly outnumber common murres, red-legged kittiwakes and black-legged kittiwakes are both abundant, and diets of the birds consist primarily of oceanic squid and lantern-fish (Myctophidae). This mesoscale difference in food webs is apparently a consequence of the local physiography. A broad escarpment on the Near physiographic block creates a comparatively expansive, shallow, shelflike habitat around the Near Islands, where a pelagic community typical of coastal regions flourishes. Buldir Island is the only emergent feature of the Buldir physiographic block, with little shallow water surrounding it and, apparently, little opportunity for other than oceanic species to exist. Patterns in the distribution of fishes, and thus of sea birds, throughout the Aleutian Islands might be largely explained by the presence or absence of shelf-like habitat and the relationship between physical environments and food webs. In the larger context of fisheries oceanography, this model for the Aleutian Islands improves our ability to interpret physical and biological heterogeneity in the ocean and its relationship to regional community dynamics and trends in the abundance and productivity of individual species at higher trophic levels.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00016.x","usgsCitation":"Springer, A.M., Piatt, J.F., and Van Vliet, G.B., 1996, Sea birds as proxies of marine habitats and food webs in the western Aleutian Arc: Fisheries Oceanography, v. 5, no. 1, p. 45-55, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2419.1996.tb00016.x.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"45","endPage":"55","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336077,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Aleutian Arc, Near Islands","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-10-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b002d9e4b01ccd54fb27fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Springer, Alan M. ams@ims.uaf.edu","contributorId":172461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Springer","given":"Alan","email":"ams@ims.uaf.edu","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":671225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Vliet, Gus B.","contributorId":35086,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Van Vliet","given":"Gus","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":671226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70174938,"text":"70174938 - 1996 - The contribution of wetlands to stream nitrogen load in the Loch Vale Watershed, Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T15:39:40","indexId":"70174938","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5148,"text":"Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The contribution of wetlands to stream nitrogen load in the Loch Vale Watershed, Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>We explored the difference between the concentrations of different N forms and other chemical properties between stream water and riparian zone wetland soil water in the Loch Vale Watershed which is located on the eastern slope of the Continental Divide in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. The nitrate N concentration in stream water were significantly higher than in soil water of the three wetlands, while no significant difference appeared in ammonium N. The pH values were higher and conductivity values were lower in stream water than in wetland soil water. However, significant difference also appeared between nitrate N concentrations, pH and conductivity values in the water sampled from different positions of streams. The stream tributary water had higher nitrate N concentrations, higher pH and higher conducitity values. We also conducted experiments to compare the difference between the productivity, total N concentrations in biomass and soil of upper layers. At the end, we concluded that the wetlands distributed along the streams in Loch Vale Watershed had little effect on the nitrogen load of the stream water there.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology","usgsCitation":"Jian-hui, H., Baron, J., and Binkley, D., 1996, The contribution of wetlands to stream nitrogen load in the Loch Vale Watershed, Colorado, USA: Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, v. 20, no. 4, p. 289-302.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"302","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325550,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325549,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.plant-ecology.com/EN/Y1996/V20/I4/289"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Loch Vale Watershed","volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5793444de4b0eb1ce79e8c1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jian-hui, Huang","contributorId":173080,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jian-hui","given":"Huang","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":643245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":79581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70134333,"text":"70134333 - 1996 - The stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record from a coral growing in Florida Bay: a 160 year record of climatic and anthropogenic influence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-08T12:48:26","indexId":"70134333","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2996,"text":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","printIssn":"0031-0182","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record from a coral growing in Florida Bay: a 160 year record of climatic and anthropogenic influence","docAbstract":"<p>A 160 year record of skeletal &delta;<sup>13</sup>C and &delta;<sup>18</sup>O was examined in a specimen of the coral&nbsp;<i>Solenastrea bournoni</i>growing in Florida Bay. Variations in the &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of the skeleton can be correlated to changes in salinity while changes in the &delta;<sup>13</sup>C reflect cycling of organic material within the Bay. Based on the correlation between salinity and skeletal &delta;<sup>18</sup>O, we have concluded that there has been no long term increase in salinity in this area of Florida Bay over the past 160 years. Using salinity correlations between the various basins obtained from instrumental data, we have been able to extend our interpretations to other parts of Florida Bay reaching similar conclusions. In contrast to current ideas which have focused on changes in Florida Bay water quality over the past 20-yr history of the Bay as causative in its decline, we have determined that changes in water quality in this basin were already set in motion between 1905 and 1912 by the construction of the Florida East Coast Railway from Miami to Key West. The construction of the railway resulted in the restriction of the exchange of water between the Florida reef tract and the Gulf of Mexico causing Florida Bay to become more eutrophic. Evidence of this process is observed in the sudden shift to relatively lower &delta;<sup>13</sup>C values coincident with railway construction. Natural events also appear to have influenced the water in the Bay. Between 1912 and 1948 frequent hurricanes had the effect of increasing exchange of water between the Bay and reef tract and removing large quantities of organic rich sediments. However, since 1948 the number of hurricanes affecting the area has decreased and the products of the oxidation of organic material have been increasingly retained within the basin promoting the initiation of eutrophic conditions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-X","usgsCitation":"Swart, P.K., Healy, G.F., Dodge, R.E., Kramer, P., Hudson, J., Halley, R., and Robblee, M.B., 1996, The stable oxygen and carbon isotopic record from a coral growing in Florida Bay: a 160 year record of climatic and anthropogenic influence: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 123, no. 1-4, p. 219-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-X.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"237","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(95)00078-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":296302,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Florida Bay","volume":"123","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5475a843e4b082506142051c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swart, Peter K.","contributorId":96832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swart","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Healy, Genevieve F.","contributorId":127608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Healy","given":"Genevieve","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dodge, Richard E.","contributorId":46628,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dodge","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kramer, Philip","contributorId":35911,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kramer","given":"Philip","affiliations":[{"id":5112,"text":"University of Miami","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":525904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudson, J. Harold","contributorId":54897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"J. Harold","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Halley, Robert B.","contributorId":45692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Halley","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Robblee, Michael B. mike_robblee@usgs.gov","contributorId":3865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robblee","given":"Michael","email":"mike_robblee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":525907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70134316,"text":"70134316 - 1996 - U.S. East Coast EEZ: Part II","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-13T16:55:17","indexId":"70134316","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"U.S. East Coast EEZ: Part II","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology of the United States seafloor: the view from GLORIA","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","usgsCitation":"Robb, J.M., Dillon, W.P., O'Leary, D., and Popenoe, P., 1996, U.S. East Coast EEZ: Part II, chap. <i>of</i> Geology of the United States seafloor: the view from GLORIA, p. 43-46.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":296297,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"East Coast","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5475a844e4b0825061420525","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Gardner, James V.","contributorId":61769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"James V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525876,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":525877,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Twichell, David C.","contributorId":37730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525878,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Robb, James M.","contributorId":73272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robb","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Leary, Dennis W.","contributorId":66793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Leary","given":"Dennis W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":525874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Popenoe, Peter","contributorId":62206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":525875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}