Chemical and stable-isotope data for water from wells completed in the Glaciofluvial aquifer in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan were used to prepare maps that show the areal variation of 8180; distribution of dissolved solids, dissolved chloride, dissolved iron, and dissolved sulfate; and distribution of hydrochemical facies. Delta oxygen-18 values indicate the presence of modem meteoric water (6180 approximately 40 parts per thousand) and glacial-age meteoric water, which is isotopically light 0180 less than -15 parts per thousand). Isotopically light ground water is present in the Saginaw Bay Area in the eastern part of the study area. Dissolved-solids concentrations are generally less than 1,000 milligrams per liter, and dissolved-chloride concentrations are generally less than 100 milligrams per liter. These concentrations are greatest in ground water from the Saginaw Bay Area where measured concentrations are as large as 12,000 milligrams per liter for dissolved solids and 6,700 milligrams per liter for dissolved chloride. Dissolved-iron concentrations range from 0.001 to 6.0 milligrams per liter. Dissolved-sulfate concentrations range from 1 to 1,800 milligrams per liter. Most ground water from the Glaciofluvial aquifer is classified as a calcium bicarbonate type. In the Saginaw Bay Area, ground water is a sodium chloride type.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944017","usgsCitation":"Wahrer, M., Long, D., and Lee, R.W., 1996, Selected geochemical characteristics of ground water from the Glaciofluvial aquifer in the central Lower Peninsula of Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4017, iv, 21 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944017.","productDescription":"iv, 21 p.","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":343688,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4017/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4017/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.484375,\n 42.07376224008719\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 42.07376224008719\n ],\n [\n -82.81494140625,\n 44.75453548416007\n ],\n [\n -86.484375,\n 44.75453548416007\n ],\n [\n -86.484375,\n 42.07376224008719\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa597","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wahrer, M.A.","contributorId":13279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wahrer","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Long, D.T.","contributorId":67930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, R. W.","contributorId":86757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":57169,"text":"ofr95539 - 1996 - Preliminary investigation of the distribution and resources of coal in the Kaiparowits Plateau, southern Utah ","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-28T16:22:00","indexId":"ofr95539","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-539","title":" Preliminary investigation of the distribution and resources of coal in the Kaiparowits Plateau, southern Utah ","docAbstract":"This report on the coal resources of the Kaiparowits Plateau, Utah is a contribution to the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) 'National Coal Resource Assessment' (NCRA), a five year effort to identify and characterize the coal beds and coal zones that could potentially provide the fuel for the Nation's coal-derived energy during the first quarter of the twenty-first century. For purposes of the NCRA study, the Nation is divided into regions. Teams of geoscientists, knowledgeable about each region, are developing the data bases and assessing the coal within each region. The five major coal-producing regions of the United States under investigation are: (1) the Appalachian Basin; (2) the Illinois Basin; (3) the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain; (4) the Powder River Basin and the Northern Great Plains; and (5) the Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau. Six areas containing coal deposits in the Rocky Mountain and Colorado Plateau Region have been designated as high priority because of their potential for development. This report on the coal resources of the Kaiparowits Plateau is the first of the six to be completed. The coal quantities reported in this study are entirely 'resources' and represent, as accurately as the data allow, all the coal in the ground in beds greater than one foot thick. These resources are qualified and subdivided by thickness of coal beds, depth to the coal, distance from known data points, and inclination (dip) of the beds. The USGS has not attempted to estimate coal 'reserves' for this region. Reserves are that subset of the resource that could be economically produced at the present time. The coal resources are differentiated into 'identified' and 'hypothetical' following the standard classification system of the USGS (Wood and others, 1983). Identified resources are those within three miles of a measured thickness value, and hypothetical resources are further than three miles from a data point. Coal beds in the Kaiparowits Plateau are laterally discontinuous relative to many other coal bearing regions of the United States. That is, they end more abruptly and are more likely to fragment or split into thinner beds. Because of these characteristics, the data from approximately 160 drill holes and 40 measured sections available for use in this study are not sufficient to determine what proportion of the resources is technologically and economically recoverable. The Kaiparowits Plateau contains an original resource of 62 billion short tons of coal in the ground. Original resource is defined to include all coal beds greater than one foot thick in the area studied. None of the resource is recoverable by surface mining. However, the total resource figure must be regarded with caution because it does not reflect geologic, technological, land-use, and environmental restrictions that may affect the availability and the recoverability of the coal. At least 32 billion tons of coal are unlikely to be mined in the foreseeable future because the coal beds are either too deep, too thin to mine, inclined at more than 12?, or in beds that are too thick to be completely recovered in underground mining. The estimated balance of 30 billion tons of coal resources does not reflect land use or environmental restrictions, does not account for coal that would be bypassed due to mining of adjacent coal beds, does not consider the amount of coal that must remain in the ground for roof support, and does not take into consideration the continuity of beds for mining. Although all of these factors will reduce the amount of coal that could be recovered, there is not sufficient data available to estimate recoverable coal resources. For purposes of comparison, studies of coal resources in the eastern United States have determined that less than 10 percent of the original coal resource, in the areas studied, could be mined economically at today's prices (Rohrbacher and others, 1994).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95539","usgsCitation":"Hettinger, R.D., Roberts, L.N., Biewick, L.R., and Kirschbaum, M., 1996, Preliminary investigation of the distribution and resources of coal in the Kaiparowits Plateau, southern Utah : U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-539, Report: iii, 72 p.; Plate: 45 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95539.","productDescription":"Report: iii, 72 p.; Plate: 45 x 36 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180691,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":10014,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/OF96-539/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"500000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -112,37 ], [ -112,38 ], [ -111,38 ], [ -111,37 ], [ -112,37 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6884c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hettinger, Robert D.","contributorId":102486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hettinger","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roberts, L. N. R.","contributorId":53419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"N. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biewick, L. R. H.","contributorId":41034,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biewick","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"R. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirschbaum, M.A.","contributorId":79471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":67935,"text":"ha730I - 1996 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":67935,"text":"ha730I - 1996 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","indexId":"ha730I","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"chapter":"I","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":68687,"text":"ha730 - 2000 - Ground Water Atlas of the United States","indexId":"ha730","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-30T16:00:40","indexId":"ha730I","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":318,"text":"Hydrologic Atlas","code":"HA","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"730","chapter":"I","title":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming","docAbstract":"The States of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming compose the 392,764-square-mile area of Segment 8, which is in the north-central part of the continental United States. The area varies topographically from the high rugged mountain ranges of the Rocky Mountains in western Montana and Wyoming to the gently undulating surface of the Central Lowland in eastern North Dakota and South Dakota (fig. 1). The Black Hills in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming interrupt the uniformity of the intervening Great Plains. Segment 8 spans the Continental Divide, which is the drainage divide that separates streams that generally flow westward from those that generally flow eastward. The area of Segment 8 is drained by the following major rivers or river systems: the Green River drains southward to join the Colorado River, which ultimately discharges to the Gulf of California; the Clark Fork and the Kootenai Rivers drain generally westward by way of the Columbia River to discharge to the Pacific Ocean; the Missouri River system and the North Platte River drain eastward and southeastward to the Mississippi River, which discharges to the Gulf of Mexico; and the Red River of the North and the Souris River drain northward through Lake Winnipeg to ultimately discharge to Hudson Bay in Canada.
These rivers and their tributaries are an important source of water for public-supply, domestic and commercial, agricultural, and industrial uses. Much of the surface water has long been appropriated for agricultural use, primarily irrigation, and for compliance with downstream water pacts. Reservoirs store some of the surface water for flood control, irrigation, power generation, and recreational purposes. Surface water is not always available when and where it is needed, and ground water is the only other source of supply. Ground water is obtained primarily from wells completed in unconsolidated-deposit aquifers that consist mostly of sand and gravel, and from wells completed in semi-consolidated- and consolidated-rock aquifers, chiefly sandstone and limestone. Some wells withdraw water from volcanic rocks, igneous and metamorphic rocks, or fractured fine-grained sedimentary rocks, such as shale; however, wells completed in these types of rocks generally yield only small volumes of water.
Most wells in the four-State area of Segment 8 are on privately owned land (fig. 2). Agriculture, primarily irrigation, is one of the largest uses of ground water. The irrigation generally is on lowlands close to streams (fig. 3). Lowlands within a few miles of major streams usually are irrigated with surface water that is diverted by gravity flow from the main stream or a reservoir and transported through a canal system. Surface water also is pumped to irrigate land that gravity systems cannot supply. In addition, ground water is pumped from large-capacity wells to supplement surface water during times of drought or during seasons of the year when surface water is in short supply. Ground water is the only source of water for irrigation in much of the segment. The thickness and permeability of aquifers in the area of Segment 8 vary considerably, as do yields of wells completed in the aquifers. Ground-water levels and artesian pressures (hydraulic head) have declined significantly in some places as a result of excessive withdrawals by wells. State governments have taken steps to control the declines by enacting programs that either limit the number of additional wells that can be completed in a particular aquifer or prevent further ground-water development altogether.
The demand for water is directly related to the distribution of people. In 1990, Montana had a population of 799,065; North Dakota, 638,800; South Dakota, 696,004; and Wyoming, 453,588. The more densely populated areas are on lowlands near major streams. Many of the mountain, desert, and upland areas lack major population centers, particularly in Montana and Wyoming, where use of much of the land is controlled by the Federal Government and withdrawal of ground water is restricted.
Average annual precipitation (1951-80) in Segment 8 ranges from less than 8 inches in parts of Montana and Wyoming to more than 40 inches in some of the mountainous areas (fig. 4). Most storms move eastward through Segment 8 and are particularly common during the winter months. Moisture that evaporates from the Pacific Ocean is absorbed by eastward- moving air. As the moisture-laden air masses move eastward, they rise and cool as they encounter mountain ranges and lose some of their moisture to condensation. Consequently, the western sides of mountain ranges receive the most precipitation, much of it as snow during the winter months. In contrast, the eastern sides of some of the higher mountain ranges are in rain shadows and receive little precipitation. East of the Continental Divide, precipitation that falls during many summer storms results from northward-moving, moisture-laden air masses from the Gulf of Mexico. These air masses move northward when the polar front recedes; accordingly, a major part of the annual precipitation falls on the plains during the growing season. Average annual precipitation minus the total of average annual runoff plus evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and transpiration by plants) is the amount of water potentially available for recharge to the aquifers.
Average annual runoff (1951-80) in the area of Segment 8 varies greatly, and the distribution of runoff (fig. 5) generally parallels that of precipitation. In arid and semiarid areas of the segment, most precipitation replenishes soil moisture, evaporates, or is transpired by vegetation, and only a small part of the precipitation is left to maintain streamflow or recharge aquifers. In wetter areas of the segment, much of the precipitation runs off the land surface directly to perennial streams. Because a smaller percentage of precipitation in wet areas usually is lost to evapotranspiration than in dry areas, more water is, therefore, available to recharge aquifers where more precipitation falls. Precipitation that falls as snow generally does not become runoff until spring thaws begin. Runoff is affected in some areas by reservoirs that have been constructed on major streams to mitigate flooding and to store water for irrigation, electrical power generation, and recreation. Water stored in reservoirs during times when runoff is great is subsequently released during drier periods to maintain downstream flow.
","largerWorkTitle":"Ground Water Atlas of the United States","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ha730I","isbn":"0607859741","usgsCitation":"Whitehead, R., 1996, Ground Water Atlas of the United States: Segment 8, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Atlas 730, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ha730I.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"I1","endPage":"I24","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":11486,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/ha730/ch_i/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":115245,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ha/730i/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"54.91 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States"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70189801,"text":"pp1422 - 2004 - Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont","indexId":"pp1422","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70189801,"text":"pp1422 - 2004 - Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont","indexId":"pp1422","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-28T22:58:47.462896","indexId":"pp1422C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1422","chapter":"C","title":"Hydrogeologic terranes and potential yield of water to wells in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province in the eastern and southeastern United States","docAbstract":"The Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province is underlain by deformed sedimentary rock of Paleozoic age including dolomite, limestone, shale, and sandstone. Regolith (soil, sediment, and weathered rock) covers the Paleozoic rock throughout most of the province. Local differences in lithology, structure, and weathering can result in four orders of magnitude variation in the water-yielding properties of the geologic units that underlie the area. Selected rock types, however, can account for a substantial part of this variation because of the unique way in which these dense, consolidated sedimentary rock types deform and weather to produce secondary openings.
On the basis of relations among rock type, water-yielding openings, and water-yielding properties (as indicated by specific capacity), the regolith and consolidated rock were classified and mapped as five hydrogeologic terranes alluvium, dolomite, limestone, argillaceous carbonate rock, and siliciclastic rock. The hydrogeologic terranes are named after the predominant outcrop lithology within them. The western toe of the Blue Ridge Mountains is classified as a subdivision of the dolomite hydrogeologic terrane that may produce yields of water in excess of 1,000 gallons per minute (gal/min) to public and industrial supply wells.
Specific-capacity data for homogeneous data sets, which consist of all wells that have the same characteristics in regard to casing diameter, primary use of the water, and topographic setting, revealed significant differences in water-yielding properties among the five hydrogeologic terranes. According to results of Tukey statistical tests at a probability (alpha level) of 0.05, 8 out of 10 pairs of hydrogeologic terranes (for example, alluvium/limestone) had significantly different median specific-capacity values. The median value for public and industrial supply wells in the western toe is three times greater than the value for comparable wells in the dolomite hydrogeologic terrane elsewhere.
Estimates of potential yields to public and industrial supply wells were calculated from specific-capacity data for most-productive wells, which have casing diameter of 7 in. or more, discharge water primarily for public or industrial supply, and are in a valley. Median constant drawdowns, calculated from reported drawdowns, were assumed to be between 10 and 90 ft for wells completed in each of the five hydrogeologic terranes, and well-entrance losses were assumed to be negligible. Estimated interquartile ranges in potential yields to 412 mostproductive wells in the five hydrogeologic terranes were 170 to 580 gal/min, alluvium; 210 to 1,400 gal/min, dolomite; 80 to 720 gal/min, limestone; 65 to 850 gal/min, argillaceous carbonate rock; and 70 to 280 gal/min, siliciclastic rock.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1422C","usgsCitation":"Hollyday, E., and Hileman, G.E., 1996, Hydrogeologic terranes and potential yield of water to wells in the Valley and Ridge Physiographic Province in the eastern and southeastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1422, Report: vi, 30 p.; 5 Plates: 47.0 x 35.5 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1422C.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 30 p.; 5 Plates: 47.0 x 35.5 inches or smaller","startPage":"C1","endPage":"C30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110638,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_76255.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"76255"},{"id":33018,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422c/plate-4.pdf","text":"Plate 4","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 4"},{"id":33016,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422c/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 2"},{"id":33015,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422c/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 1"},{"id":118345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422c/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":33019,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422c/plate-5.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 5"},{"id":33017,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422c/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Plate 3"},{"id":33020,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1422c/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.34423828125,\n 41.85319643776675\n ],\n [\n -76.00341796875,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -76.904296875,\n 41.623655390686395\n ],\n [\n -78.3544921875,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n -79.38720703125,\n 40.27952566881291\n ],\n [\n -80.09033203125,\n 39.85915479295669\n ],\n [\n -80.85937499999999,\n 38.89103282648846\n ],\n [\n -82.265625,\n 37.71859032558816\n ],\n [\n -83.78173828125,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -86.37451171875,\n 36.12012758978146\n ],\n [\n -87.14355468749999,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -87.7587890625,\n 35.263561862152095\n ],\n [\n -87.60498046875,\n 33.26624989076275\n ],\n [\n -87.14355468749999,\n 32.879587173066305\n ],\n [\n -86.19873046875,\n 33.00866349457558\n ],\n [\n -86.15478515625,\n 33.8521697014074\n ],\n [\n -86.30859375,\n 34.75966612466248\n ],\n [\n -85.7373046875,\n 35.42486791930558\n ],\n [\n -84.88037109375,\n 35.764343479667176\n ],\n [\n -83.12255859375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 37.68382032669382\n ],\n [\n -79.91455078125,\n 39.04478604850143\n ],\n [\n -78.8818359375,\n 40.027614437486655\n ],\n [\n -77.49755859375,\n 40.730608477796636\n ],\n [\n -76.48681640625,\n 41.11246878918088\n ],\n [\n -75.34423828125,\n 41.393294288784865\n ],\n [\n -74.8828125,\n 41.64007838467894\n ],\n [\n -75.34423828125,\n 41.85319643776675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adbe4b07f02db6860e0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hollyday, E. F.","contributorId":95062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollyday","given":"E. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hileman, G. E.","contributorId":11639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hileman","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":152007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49787,"text":"ofr96197 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 23 (WODSTH00180023) on Town Highway 18, crossing North Bridgewater Brook, Woodstock, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-06T14:15:30","indexId":"ofr96197","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-197","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 23 (WODSTH00180023) on Town Highway 18, crossing North Bridgewater Brook, Woodstock, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nWODSTH00180023 on town highway 18 crossing North Bridgewater Brook, Woodstock, \nVermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic engineering analysis of the site, including \na quantitative analysis of stream stability and scour (U.S. Department of Transportation, \n1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix E of this report. A Level I study provides \na qualitative geomorphic characterization of the study site. Information on the bridge, \navailable from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to conducting Level I and Level II \nanalyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland physiographic division of east-central Vermont. The \n4.26-mi2 drainage area is in a predominantly rural and forested basin. In the vicinity of the \nstudy site, the left and right banks are covered by moderate tree cover.\nIn the study area, North Bridgewater Brook has a sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.03 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 38 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 5 ft. The predominant channel bed materials are gravel and cobbles (D50 is 63.3 \nmm or 0.208 ft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I site visit on \nDecember 9, 1994 indicated that the reach was laterally unstable. Evidence of the instability \nincluded anabranching and extensive stone fill on channel bends.\nThe town highway 18 crossing of North Bridgewater Brook is a 25-ft-long, one-lane bridge \nconsisting of one 22-ft steel-beam span (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommun., August 3, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with no \nwingwalls. Type-2 stone fill (less than 36 inches) was noted at the ends of the right \nabutment and type-1 stone fill (less than 12 inches) was noted at the ends of the left \nabutment. A stone wall of type-2 and -3 stone fill (less than 36 inches and 48 inches, \nrespectively), carefully placed, protects the upstream right channel bank extending from the \nbridge to more than 50 feet upstream. Although significant protection has been placed, both \nabutments are experiencing undermining. The channel is skewed approximately 15 degrees \nto the opening while the opening-skew-to-roadway is 5 degrees. Additional details \ndescribing conditions at the site are included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D\nand E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr96197","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Weber, M.A., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 23 (WODSTH00180023) on Town Highway 18, crossing North Bridgewater Brook, Woodstock, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-197, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96197.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","numberOfPages":"36","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":178612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96197.png"},{"id":279404,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0197/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Woodstock","otherGeospatial":"North Bridgewater Brook","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.637941,43.533341 ], [ -72.637941,43.661214 ], [ -72.46644,43.661214 ], [ -72.46644,43.533341 ], [ -72.637941,43.533341 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a80d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weber, Matthew A.","contributorId":41483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weber","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49775,"text":"ofr96160 - 1996 - Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (NORWTH00030046) Town Highway 3 (VT132) crossing the Ompompanoosuc River, Norwich, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-12T11:32:20","indexId":"ofr96160","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"96-160","title":"Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (NORWTH00030046) Town Highway 3 (VT132) crossing the Ompompanoosuc River, Norwich, Vermont","docAbstract":"This report provides the results of a detailed Level II analysis of scour potential at structure \nNORWTH00030046 on town highway 3, which is also Vermont State Route 132 crossing \nthe Ompompanoosuc River, Norwich, Vermont (figures 1–8). A Level II study is a basic \nengineering analysis of the site, including a quantitative analysis of stream stability and \nscour (U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993). A Level I study is included in Appendix \nE of this report. A Level I study provides a qualitative geomorphic characterization of the \nstudy site. Information on the bridge, available from VTAOT files, was compiled prior to \nconducting Level I and Level II analyses and can be found in Appendix D.\nThe site is in the New England Upland physiographic province of east-central Vermont. \nThe 135-mi2\n drainage area is a predominantly rural basin. A flood-control reservoir located \napproximately 2 mi upstream has 1.66 billion cubic feet of usable storage. In the vicinity of \nthe study site, the left bank is forested and the right bank is covered by shrubs and brush, \nadjacent to woods. The Ompompanoosuc River is parallel to Town Highway 3.\nIn the study area, the Ompompanoosuc River has a sinuous channel with a slope of \napproximately 0.003 ft/ft, an average channel top width of 166 ft and an average channel \ndepth of 6 ft. The predominant channel bed material is sand (D50 is 0.744 mm or 0.00244\nft). The geomorphic assessment at the time of the Level I and Level II site visit on August \n19, 1994, indicated that the reach was stable.\nThe town highway 3 crossing of the Ompompanoosuc Riveris a 100-ft-long, two-lane\nbridge consisting of two steel-beam spans (Vermont Agency of Transportation, written \ncommun., July 29, 1994). The bridge is supported by vertical, concrete abutments with \nwingwalls. The channel is skewed approximately 25 degrees to the opening while the \nopening-skew-to-roadway is 12 degrees. Additional details describing conditions at the site \nare included in the Level II Summary and Appendices D \nand E.\nScour depths and rock rip-rap sizes were computed using the general guidelines described \nin Hydraulic Engineering Circular 18 (Richardson and others, 1993). Scour depths were \ncalculated assuming an infinite depth of erosive material and a homogeneous particle-size \ndistribution. The scour analysis results are presented in tables 1 and 2 and a graph of the \nscour depths is presented in figure 8.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Pembroke, NH","doi":"10.3133/ofr96160","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Vermont Agency of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Olson, S.A., and Song, D.L., 1996, Level II scour analysis for Bridge 46 (NORWTH00030046) Town Highway 3 (VT132) crossing the Ompompanoosuc River, Norwich, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-160, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr96160.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr96160.PNG"},{"id":279421,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1996/0160/report.pdf"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Norwich","otherGeospatial":"Ompompanoosuc River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.25,43.75 ], [ -72.25,43.875 ], [ -72.125,43.875 ], [ -72.125,43.75 ], [ -72.25,43.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a607a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olson, Scott A. 0000-0002-1064-2125 solson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1064-2125","contributorId":2059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Scott","email":"solson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Song, Donald L.","contributorId":107335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Song","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44713,"text":"wri934057 - 1995 - Bathymetry, freshwater flow, and specific conductance of Matlacha Pass, southwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T12:08:02.444396","indexId":"wri934057","displayToPublicDate":"2021-12-12T21:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4057","title":"Bathymetry, freshwater flow, and specific conductance of Matlacha Pass, southwestern Florida","docAbstract":"The Matlacha Pass estuary, a State of Florida aquatic preserve, is bounded by Pine Island to the west, Cape Coral to the east, Charlotte Harbor to the north, and the Caloosahatchee River to the south (fig. 1). The estuary is important for its aesthetic value; used for recreational boating, sport and commercial fishing, tourism, and residential development; and is a nursery for fish and invertebrates.
Historically, freshwater runoff from Cape Coral entered Matlacha Pass estuary as sheetflow. As development occurred on Cape Coral, canals were designed and constructed to collect the freshwater runoff and distribute it as sheetflow through two spreader canal systems into Matlacha Pass. Water managers have expressed concern that altering the freshwater runoff patterns into the pass could have a detrimental effect on salinity distribution which might adversely affect the aquatic system of the pass. Adequate data were not available to evaluate the freshwater flow, its movement, and mixing. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Cape Coral, Lee County, and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, conducted a study from July 1989 to September 1992 to identify three hydrodynamic aspects for managing the estuary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri934057","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Cape Coral, Lee County, and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Russell, G.M., and Kane, R.L., 1995, Bathymetry, freshwater flow, and specific conductance of Matlacha Pass, southwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4057, 2 Plate: 32.00 x 22.18 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934057.","productDescription":"2 Plate: 32.00 x 22.18 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169591,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4057/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82009,"rank":299,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4057/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.82 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","city":"Cape Coral","otherGeospatial":"Matlacha Pass","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 26.480407161007275\n ],\n [\n -81.94976806640625,\n 26.480407161007275\n ],\n [\n -81.94976806640625,\n 26.740704807127834\n ],\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 26.740704807127834\n ],\n [\n -82.254638671875,\n 26.480407161007275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
3321 College Avenue
Davie, FL 33314
Although acid rain is fading as a political issue in the United States and funds for research in this area have largely disappeared, the acidity of rain in the Eastern United States has not changed significantly over the last decade, and it continues to be a serious environmental problem. Acid deposition (commonly called acid rain) is a term applied to all forms of atmospheric deposition of acidic substances - rain, snow, fog, acidic dry particulates, aerosols, and acid-forming gases. Water in the atmosphere reacts with certain atmospheric gases to become acidic. For example, water reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to produce a solution with a pH of about 5.6. Gases that produce acids in the presence of water in the atmosphere include carbon dioxide (which converts to carbonic acid), oxides of sulfur and nitrogen (which convert to sulfuric and nitric acids}, and hydrogen chloride (which converts to hydrochloric acid). These acid-producing gases are released to the atmosphere through natural processes, such as volcanic emissions, lightning, forest fires, and decay of organic matter. Accordingly, precipitation is slightly acidic, with a pH of 5.0 to 5.7 even in undeveloped areas. In industrialized areas, most of the acid-producing gases are released to the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels. Major emitters of acid-producing gases include power plants, industrial operations, and motor vehicles. Acid-producing gases can be transported through the atmosphere for hundreds of miles before being converted to acids and deposited as acid rain. Because acids tend to build up in the atmosphere between storms, the most acidic rain falls at the beginning of a storm, and as the rain continues, the acids \"wash out\" of the atmosphere.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Energy and the environment - Application of geosciences to decision-making (Circular 1108)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Bricker, O.P., and Rice, K.C., 1995, Acid Rain, in Energy and the environment - Application of geosciences to decision-making (Circular 1108), p. 90-91.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"91","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333030,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":333029,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1995/1108/report.pdf#page=100","text":"Circular 1108 (article start page)"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58760117e4b04eac8e0746e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179668,"text":"70179668 - 1995 - Seasonal cycles of dissolved constituents in streamwater in two forested catchments in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-19T14:38:39","indexId":"70179668","displayToPublicDate":"2016-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal cycles of dissolved constituents in streamwater in two forested catchments in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Streamwater discharge and chemistry of two small catchments on Catoctin Mountain in north-central Maryland have been monitored since 1982. Repetitive seasonal cycles in stream-water chemistry have been observed each year, along with seasonal cycles in the volume of stream discharge and in groundwater levels. The hypothesis that the observed streamwater chemical cycles are related to seasonal changes in the hydrological flow paths that contribute to streamflow is examined using a combination of data on groundwater levels, shallow and deep groundwater chemistry, streamwater discharge, streamwater chemistry, soil-water chemistry, and estimates of water residence times. The concentrations of constituents derived from rock weathering, particularly bicarbonate and silica, increase in streamwater during the summer when the water table is below the regolith-bedrock interface and stream discharge consists primarily of deep groundwater from the fractured-bedrock aquifer. Conversely, the concentrations in streamwater of atmospherically derived components, particularly sulfate, increase in winter when the water table is above the regolith-bedrock interface and stream discharge consists primarily of shallow groundwater from the regolith. Tritium and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) measurements suggest that the groundwater in these systems is young, with a residence time of less than several years. The results of this study have implications for the design of large-scale water-quality monitoring programs.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0022-1694(95)92713-N","usgsCitation":"Rice, K.C., and Bricker, O.P., 1995, Seasonal cycles of dissolved constituents in streamwater in two forested catchments in the mid-Atlantic region of the eastern U.S.A.: Journal of Hydrology, v. 170, p. 137-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)92713-N.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333031,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Frederick","otherGeospatial":"Catoctin Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.52021789550781,\n 39.57049901310693\n ],\n [\n -77.52021789550781,\n 39.69001640474053\n ],\n [\n -77.3880386352539,\n 39.69001640474053\n ],\n [\n -77.3880386352539,\n 39.57049901310693\n ],\n [\n -77.52021789550781,\n 39.57049901310693\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"170","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58760117e4b04eac8e0746e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, Karen C. 0000-0002-9356-5443 kcrice@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9356-5443","contributorId":1998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Karen","email":"kcrice@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":658163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bricker, Owen P.","contributorId":25142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bricker","given":"Owen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":658164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70179112,"text":"70179112 - 1995 - Seepage study of the Sevier River Basin above Sevier Bridge Reservoir, Utah, 1988","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-30T10:10:07","indexId":"70179112","displayToPublicDate":"2016-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":294,"text":"Technical Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":4}},"seriesNumber":"112","title":"Seepage study of the Sevier River Basin above Sevier Bridge Reservoir, Utah, 1988","docAbstract":"A seepage study was done during 1988 on selected reaches of the Sevier River in Utah above Sevier Bridge Reservoir, the East Fork Sevier River in Black Canyon and Kingston Canyon, Long-East Bench and McEwen Canals in the upper Sevier River basin, and the San Pitch River in Sanpete Valley to determine gain or loss of flow from seepage. A net gain occurred in all of the reaches except Kingston Canyon on the East Fork Sevier River, which had a net loss. In the upper Sevier River basin, the Sevier River between Hatch and Circleville Canyon had a net gain of about 125 cubic feet per second; Long-East Bench Canal had a net gain of about 0.7 cubic foot per second; McEwen Canal had a net gain of about 0.9 cubic foot per second; the East Fork Sevier River in Black Canyon had a net gain of about 3.0 cubic feet per second; and the East Fork Sevier River in Kingston Canyon had a net loss of about 8.0 cubic feet per second. In central Sevier Valley, both the south and the north sections had large gains. The net gain for both sections, combined, was about 213 cubic feet per second for August 1988 and about 230 cubic feet per second for October 1988. The reach of the San Pitch River studied had a net gain of about 23.4 cubic feet per second.
","language":"English","publisher":"Utah Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Rights","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","collaboration":"Prepared by the United State Geological Survey in cooperation with the Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Water Rights","usgsCitation":"Sandberg, G., and Smith, C.J., 1995, Seepage study of the Sevier River Basin above Sevier Bridge Reservoir, Utah, 1988: Technical Publication 112, iv, 53 p.","productDescription":"iv, 53 p.","numberOfPages":"59","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":332228,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":332226,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.waterrights.utah.gov/cgi-bin/libview.exe?Modinfo=Viewpub&LIBNUM=20-6-651"},{"id":332227,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://waterrights.utah.gov/docSys/v920/y920/y920000h.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Sevier River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.126708984375,\n 39.436192999314095\n ],\n [\n -111.236572265625,\n 39.80009595634838\n ],\n [\n -111.697998046875,\n 39.791654835253425\n ],\n [\n -112.401123046875,\n 38.81403111409755\n ],\n [\n -112.67578124999999,\n 38.013476231041935\n ],\n [\n -112.939453125,\n 37.3002752813443\n ],\n [\n -112.181396484375,\n 37.10776507118514\n ],\n [\n -111.63208007812499,\n 37.996162679728116\n ],\n [\n -111.26953125,\n 38.18638677411551\n ],\n [\n -111.192626953125,\n 38.95940879245423\n ],\n [\n -111.126708984375,\n 39.436192999314095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58550b8be4b02bdf681568c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sandberg, George W.","contributorId":177525,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sandberg","given":"George W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Cynthia J.","contributorId":177524,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":656071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006606,"text":"70006606 - 1995 - Seasonal ingestion of toxic and nontoxic shot by Canada geese","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-07T16:04:23","indexId":"70006606","displayToPublicDate":"2012-01-01T14:10:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seasonal ingestion of toxic and nontoxic shot by Canada geese","docAbstract":"We used rates of ingested shot and elevated blood-lead levels (≥0.18 ppm) to estimate the proportion of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) exposed to lead on 3 study areas in Manitoba, Minnesota, and Missouri. Lead exposure was prevalent on all areas and was common after the hunting season closed, when up to 15% of geese could have been exposed to lead shot. However, the proportion of steel shot ingested by geese has increased during the past 2 decades. We suggest that lead exposure is still a source of indirect hunting mortality in Canada geese but project that the prevalence of lead exposure in the Eastern Prairie Population and other waterfowl populations will decrease as nontoxic shot regulations persist and hunters use steel or other nontoxic shot.
","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","usgsCitation":"DeStefano, S., Brand, C.J., and Samuel, M., 1995, Seasonal ingestion of toxic and nontoxic shot by Canada geese: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 23, no. 3, p. 502-506.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"506","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":258884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":258868,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3782961","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States, Canada","state":"Minnesota, Missouri, Manitoba","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 43.644025847699496\n ],\n [\n -92.197265625,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -88.9453125,\n 48.69096039092549\n ],\n [\n -94.39453125,\n 49.49667452747045\n ],\n [\n -95.00976562499999,\n 51.83577752045248\n ],\n [\n -95.2734375,\n 55.7765730186677\n ],\n [\n -93.603515625,\n 58.722598828043374\n ],\n [\n -94.482421875,\n 59.93300042374631\n ],\n [\n -102.39257812499999,\n 59.977005492196\n ],\n [\n -103.095703125,\n 56.31653672211301\n ],\n [\n -102.83203125,\n 51.069016659603896\n ],\n [\n -100.81054687499999,\n 48.574789910928864\n ],\n [\n -97.822265625,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -96.767578125,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -96.15234375,\n 43.45291889355465\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 38.89103282648846\n ],\n [\n -94.482421875,\n 35.96022296929667\n ],\n [\n -90,\n 35.817813158696616\n ],\n [\n -88.41796875,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -90.87890625,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 41.178653972331674\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b88b1e4b08c986b316aee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeStefano, S.","contributorId":84309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeStefano","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brand, C. J.","contributorId":8788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brand","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Samuel, M.D.","contributorId":13910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Samuel","given":"M.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5210722,"text":"5210722 - 1995 - Population trends of the loggerhead shrike from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:14","indexId":"5210722","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Population trends of the loggerhead shrike from the North American Breeding Bird Survey","docAbstract":"North American Breeding Bird Survey data indicated a general decline in Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) populations during 1966-1993. At the continental level, shrikes declined at an average rate of 2.9% per year. Average rates of regional declines varied from 2.5-3.4% annually. These declines were prevalent in most states, provinces, and physiographic strata. Only the Edwards Plateau, High Plains, and Great Plains Roughlands strata, and Colorado, Louisiana, Montana, and South Dakota apparently have stable breeding populations. Severe winter weather during 1976-1979 may have contributed to this decline in the eastern half of the continent, combining with other factors during the winter and breeding seasons that have been implicated in the rangewide decline of this species.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Shrikes (Laniidae) of the World: Biology and Conservation. Proceedings of the First International Shrike Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Held 11-15 January 1993, Archbold Biological Station, Lake Placid, FL.","usgsCitation":"Peterjohn, B., and Sauer, J., 1995, Population trends of the loggerhead shrike from the North American Breeding Bird Survey, chap. of Shrikes (Laniidae) of the World: Biology and Conservation. Proceedings of the First International Shrike Symposium, p. 117-121.","productDescription":"ix, 343","startPage":"117","endPage":"121","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680aee","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Yosef, Reuven","contributorId":111756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yosef","given":"Reuven","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506965,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lohrer, Fred E.","contributorId":111503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lohrer","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506964,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Peterjohn, B.G.","contributorId":25255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterjohn","given":"B.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sauer, J.R. 0000-0002-4557-3019","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4557-3019","contributorId":66197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sauer","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":329093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":5210506,"text":"5210506 - 1995 - Mississippi sandhill cranes","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5210506,"text":"5210506 - 1995 - Mississippi sandhill cranes","indexId":"5210506","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Mississippi sandhill cranes"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70148108,"text":"70148108 - 1995 - Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","indexId":"70148108","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T15:50:13","indexId":"5210506","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:17","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Mississippi sandhill cranes","docAbstract":"Resident sandhill cranes formed a continuous population in Georgia and Florida and widely separated populations along the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama (Figure). The Mississippi sandhill crane (Grus canadensis pulla) was one of the widely separated populations on the Coastal Plain that bred in pine savannas in southeastern Mississippi, just east of the Pascagoula River to areas just west of the Jackson County line, south to Simmons Bayou, and north to an east-west line 8-16 km (5-10 mi) north of VanCleave.
Agricultural and industrial development including World War II ship building, fire suppression, and forestry practices destroyed much of the sandhill crane's habitat in Jackson County, Mississippi. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) added the Mississippi sandhill crane to the endangered species list in 1973 and established the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge in 1974. The USFWS began captive breeding at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC) in 1965 to protect the subspecies during habitat restoration and to provide stock for reintroduction.
Morphological, physiological, and genetic differences exist among crane subspecies (Aldrich 1972). Mississippi birds mature earlier and begin egg production about 6 weeks later than Florida sandhill cranes. Genetic studies (Dessauer et al. 1992; Jarvi et al. 1994) show a level of heterozygosity (see glossary) in the wild Mississippi population about half that in other sandhill cranes. As in other small populations, cranes seem to have genetic weaknesses. In the captive population, for example, 17% of all birds die from detectable heart murmurs and when released to the wild, 36% with heart murmur and 83% without heart murmurs survive for 1 year after release.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Gee, G.F., and Hereford, S.G., 1995, Mississippi sandhill cranes, chap. of Our living resources: A report to the nation on the distribution, abundance, and health of U.S. plants, animals, and ecosystems, p. 75-77.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"77","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200744,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339888,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.webharvest.gov/peth04/20041019015728/https://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/index.htm","linkHelpText":"Archived website"}],"country":"United States","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699b93","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"LaRoe, Edward T.","contributorId":112276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaRoe","given":"Edward","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506568,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farris, Gaye S.","contributorId":84410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farris","given":"Gaye","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":506571,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Puckett, Catherine E. cpuckett@usgs.gov","contributorId":4629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puckett","given":"Catherine","email":"cpuckett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":506569,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doran, Peter D.","contributorId":17533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506570,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mac, Michael J.","contributorId":16772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mac","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":506567,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5}],"authors":[{"text":"Gee, George F.","contributorId":113443,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hereford, Scott G.","contributorId":100792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hereford","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":328561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018813,"text":"70018813 - 1995 - Evolution of a trench-slope basin within the Cascadia subduction margin: The Neogene Humboldt Basin, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-24T16:22:39.888264","indexId":"70018813","displayToPublicDate":"2006-06-14T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3369,"text":"Sedimentology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of a trench-slope basin within the Cascadia subduction margin: The Neogene Humboldt Basin, California","docAbstract":"The Neogene Humboldt (Eel River) Basin is located along the north-eastern margin of the Pacific Ocean within the Cascadia subduction zone. This sedimentary basin originated near the base of the accretionary prism in post-Eocene time. Subduction processes since that time have elevated strata in the south-eastern portion of the basin above sea level. High-resolution chronostratigraphic data from the onshore portion of the Humboldt Basin enable correlation of time-equivalent lithofacies across the palaeomargin, reconstruction of slope-basin evolution, and preliminary delineation of climatic and tectonic influence on lithological variation. Emergent basin fill is divided into five lithofacies which clearly document shoaling of the inner trench slope from deep-water environments in early Miocene time to paralic environments in Pleistocene time. The oldest strata consist of hemipelagic mudstones and minor debris-flow breccias deposited in a deep-water setting during elevated sea level. These strata are overlain by glauconite-rich, fine-grained turbidites which heralded an increasing influx of terrigenous detritus. Water depths shoaled earlier in the eastern basin area as the palaeoshoreline prograded seaward. Turbidite deposition ceased in the eastern basin area at about 2-2 Ma, whereas 22 km to the west, turbidite deposition continued until about 1-8 Ma. Lithofacies at the western study site change abruptly across a middle Pleistocene unconformity from outer shelf to paralic deposits. In the east, a more complete Pleistocene section records transition from outer to inner shelf, beach and fluvial environments.
The Humboldt Basin lithofacies sequence is overprinted by eustatic control of sediment source. Comparison of sediment character with palaeoceanographic conditions indicates dominance of hemipelagic facies during periods of elevated sea level in the middle Miocene and early Pliocene when depocentres were isolated from terrigenous sediment. Glauconite-rich facies were mobilized from an upper slope setting following these periods of elevated sea level and redeposited in a deep-marine environment. Pleistocene shoreline lithofacies display glacio-esutatic control of depositional environment by recording several cycles of nearshore to fluvial progressions.
General models of accretionary prism behaviour and trench-slope basin evolution are compatible with the overall coarsening-upward lithofacies sequence filling the Humboldt Basin. Early structural barriers precluded deposition of terrigenous material except from locally derived debris flows; subsequent shoaling and burial of deactivated thrust-folds enabled turbidity flows to reach the basin floor.
However, late-stage tectonism apparently controlled the onset of coarse-grained deposition in this sequence. Significant sand-rich turbidite deposition began in the middle Pliocene, synchronous with tectonic uplift of the southern basin margin. Conversely, cessation of turbidite deposition in the eastern basin area in latest Pliocene time was synchronous with growth of anticlinal structures which again blocked widespread dispersal of turbidity flows. This middle Pliocene to Holocene period of crustal shortening is synchronous with continued reduction in spreading rate along the southern Juan de Fuca ridge, and probably reflects partial coupling between the subducting lithosphere and the overlying accretionary prism.
The areal concentration distribution of commonmineral constituents and properties of ground water in Wisconsin's shallow aquifer system are described in this report. Maps depicting the water quality and the altitude of the water table are included. The shallow aquifer system in Wisconsin, composed of unconsolidated sand and gravel and shallow bedrock, is the source of most potable ground-water supplies in the State. Most ground water in the shallow aquifer system moves in local flow systems, but it interacts with regional flow systems in some areas.
\nIn terms of chemical quality, the water is suitable for potable supply and most other uses, but objectionable hardness in large areas and concen- trations of iron and manganese that exceed State drinking-water standards cause aesthetic problems that may require treatment of the water for some uses. Concentrations of major dissolved constitu- ents (calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate), hard- ness, alkalinity, and dissolved solids are highest where the bedrock component of the aquifer is dolo- mite and lowest where the shallow aquifer is almost entirely sand and gravel. Concentrations of other minor constituents (sodium, potassium, sulfate, chloride, and fluoride) are less closely related to common minerals that compose the aquifer system. Sulfate and fluoride concentrations exceed State drinking-water standards locally. Extreme variability in concentrations of iron and manganese are common locally. Iron and manganese concentra- tions exceed State drinking-water standards in water from one-third and one-quarter of the wells, respectively. Likely causes of nitrate-nitrogen con- centrations that exceed State drinking-water stan- dards include local contamination from plant fertilizers, animal wastes, waste water disposed of on land, and septic systems. Water quality in the shallow aquifer system has been affected by saline water from underlying aquifers, primarily along the eastern and western boundaries of the State where the thickness of Paleozoic rocks is greatest.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri904171","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","usgsCitation":"Kammerer, P., 1995, Ground-water flow and quality in Wisconsin's shallow aquifer system: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4171, Report: iv, 42 p.; 2 Plates: 32.00 x 38.00 inches, 23.00 x 27.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri904171.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 42 p.; 2 Plates: 32.00 x 38.00 inches, 23.00 x 27.25 inches","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110255,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aade4b07f02db66b29d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kammerer, P.A. Jr.","contributorId":39804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerer","given":"P.A.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70019622,"text":"70019622 - 1995 - Spatial and temporal patterns of late Quaternary eolian deposition, eastern Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-07-14T15:57:14.536769","indexId":"70019622","displayToPublicDate":"1999-01-16T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of late Quaternary eolian deposition, eastern Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"Eolian sediment covers about 60% of Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains; about 30% of the sediment is sand and 70% is loess. Initially, flood plains were the principal sources of eolian sediment, but during the Holocene, dunes formed from older eolian sand and alluvium on uplands. Since latest Pleistocene time, dominant dune-forming winds have been northwesterly in the northern part of the region and southwesterly in the southern part. At present, sand sheets and dunes, mainly parabolic types, are stable and covered with vegetation. In dunes, sand is commonly 20–30 m thick but elsewhere averages < 10 m. Three sand units are recognized on the basis of bedforms, topographic expression, and soil development. Preliminary age limits for the three units, based on 26 numerical ages, are 22.5–9 ka, 8−1 ka, and l.0−0. 15 ka. The middle unit is the product of multiple episodes of eolian activity that are not yet accurately dated. Loess is widespread but thin (generally < 2.4 m). Three units — middle Pleistocene, late Pleistocene. and Holocene — are recognized on the basis of differences in soil-profile development and stratigraphic position; late Pleistocene loess is by far the most common loess.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(95)00005-A","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Madole, R., 1995, Spatial and temporal patterns of late Quaternary eolian deposition, eastern Colorado, USA: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 14, no. 2, p. 155-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00005-A.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"177","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":228050,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"eastern Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.50724651237572,\n 41.055785208652\n ],\n [\n -105.50724651237572,\n 36.93651158993332\n ],\n [\n -101.9396051616465,\n 36.93651158993332\n ],\n [\n -101.9396051616465,\n 41.055785208652\n ],\n [\n -105.50724651237572,\n 41.055785208652\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9440e4b08c986b31a974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madole, R.F. 0000-0002-9081-570X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":34086,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"R.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28079,"text":"wri944193 - 1995 - Rainfall and freshwater discharge in the Indian River Basin within the St. Johns River Water Management District, East-Central Florida, 1989-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-07T22:16:09.288181","indexId":"wri944193","displayToPublicDate":"1998-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4193","title":"Rainfall and freshwater discharge in the Indian River Basin within the St. Johns River Water Management District, East-Central Florida, 1989-91","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944193","usgsCitation":"Knowles, L., 1995, Rainfall and freshwater discharge in the Indian River Basin within the St. Johns River Water Management District, East-Central Florida, 1989-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4193, iv, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944193.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":395577,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48066.htm"},{"id":56900,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4193/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157943,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4193/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Indian River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.9167,\n 27.55\n ],\n [\n -80.3333,\n 27.55\n ],\n [\n -80.3333,\n 28.7833\n ],\n [\n -80.9167,\n 28.7833\n ],\n [\n -80.9167,\n 27.55\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649853","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Leel Jr.","contributorId":14857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Leel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":23424,"text":"ofr9527 - 1995 - Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States: southern Atlantic margin-Stratigraphy and velocity from multichannel seismic profiles","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T21:52:14.581906","indexId":"ofr9527","displayToPublicDate":"1998-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-27","title":"Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States: southern Atlantic margin-Stratigraphy and velocity from multichannel seismic profiles","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9527","usgsCitation":"Hutchinson, D.R., Poag, C.W., and Popenoe, P., 1995, Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States: southern Atlantic margin-Stratigraphy and velocity from multichannel seismic profiles: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-27, Report; ii, 64 p.; 1 Plate: 24.00 × 26.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9527.","productDescription":"Report; ii, 64 p.; 1 Plate: 24.00 × 26.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":19463,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0027/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19464,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":409958,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19344.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":157479,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0027/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"southern Atlantic margin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.03430685724693,\n 26.257451934659983\n ],\n [\n -75.3022736539939,\n 26.257451934659983\n ],\n [\n -75.3022736539939,\n 34.8400088618323\n ],\n [\n -81.03430685724693,\n 34.8400088618323\n ],\n [\n -81.03430685724693,\n 26.257451934659983\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hutchinson, D. R.","contributorId":31770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Popenoe, Peter","contributorId":62206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Popenoe","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":190081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26109,"text":"wri954207 - 1995 - Water resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-26T11:29:54","indexId":"wri954207","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4207","title":"Water resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"Water-resources data were collected in the Bad River Indian Reservation of northern Wisconsin from 1983 through 1987. Some data are interpreted to describe ground-water flow, groundwater quality, streamflow, and surface-water quality. Data also are presented in tables and appendixes for baseline reference.
\nPrecambrian sandstone and basalt underlie varying thicknesses of sandy till, outwash sand and gravel, and clay deposited in glacial meltwater lakes. The thickness of glacial deposits generally ranges from 100 to 300 ft but reaches a known thickness of almost 1,000 ft on the east-central edge of the Reservation. Sand and gravel deposits are generally buried beneath 50 to 150 ft of glacial lake clays and silts throughout most of the Reservation. These buried sand and gravel deposits lie directly on Precambrian sandstone of unknown thickness in the northern half of the Reservation. The sand and gravel deposits and the sandstone form a single aquifer system confined by the overlying clay deposits. In and near the village of Odanah, numerous wells finished in either the sand and gravel or in the sandstone flow above land surface.
\nEstimates of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel based on 30 specific- capacity tests range from about 2 to 700 ft per day with a median value of about 80 ft per day. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity estimates for the sandstone range from about 1 to 360 ft per day with a median of about 2 ft per day. These estimates are based on 42 specific-capacity tests of wells open only to the upper 20 to 60 ft of sandstone. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sandstone appears to decrease with depth; highest estimates were determined for wells open only to the upper 20 ft of sandstone.
\nGround water in the confined aquifer system is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type with relatively low total dissolved solids concentrations. The median total dissolved solids concentration of water from 17 sand and gravel wells is about 150 milligrams per liter and the median for water from 21 sandstone wells is about 244 milligrams per liter. High concentrations of iron and manganese were found in water from 12 of 36 sampled wells. Total recoverable concentrations of iron exceeded 500 micrograms per liter in 5 wells and concentrations of manganese exceeded 50 micrograms per liter in 7 wells.
\nStreamflow has been continuously measured at a streamflow-gaging station in the Bad River near Odanah for much of the time since 1914. This station monitors drainage from a basin with an area of 597 square miles and the average daily discharge of the Bad River at this gaging station is 622 cubic feet per second. The peak instantaneous flow at the station was 27,700 cubic feet per second on April 24, 1960 and the minimum instantaneous flow was 34 cubic feet per second on November 8,1976.
\nAnalysis of water samples collected at 12 sites at 10 small streams during base-flow conditions indicate that the concentrations of common chemical constituents are similar to but lower than those found in ground water. The median concentration of total dissolved solids was about 110 milligrams per liter as compared to about 155 milligrams per liter in ground-water samples from wells finished in sand and gravel.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954207","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bad River Indian Tribe of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Batten, W.G., and Lidwin, R., 1995, Water resources of the Bad River Indian Reservation, northern Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4207, Report: iv, 45 p.; 2 Plates: 14.00 x 19.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954207.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 45 p.; 2 Plates: 14.00 x 19.90 inches","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4207/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":2058,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/WRIR-95-4207/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4207/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54906,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4207/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54905,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4207/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Ashland County, Iron County","otherGeospatial":"Bad River Indian Reservation, Lake Superior, Madeline Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 46.238752301105706\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 46.67205646734499\n ],\n [\n -90.3680419921875,\n 46.67205646734499\n ],\n [\n -90.3680419921875,\n 46.238752301105706\n ],\n [\n -90.7470703125,\n 46.238752301105706\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e47e6e4b07f02db4bc06c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Batten, W. G.","contributorId":89504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Batten","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lidwin, R.A.","contributorId":33349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidwin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":24905,"text":"ofr95457 - 1995 - Land use and nutrient concentrations and yields in selected streams in the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage basin, North Carolina and Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-04T12:46:29","indexId":"ofr95457","displayToPublicDate":"1997-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-457","title":"Land use and nutrient concentrations and yields in selected streams in the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage basin, North Carolina and Virginia","docAbstract":"Because nutrients can cause water-quaiity degradation, a major focus of NAWQA is to investigate effects of nutrients on surface- and ground-water quality. This report summarizes surface-water quality study design and land uses in the NAWQA Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin study unit, one of 60 study units nationwide, and shows how nutrient concentrations are related to land uses at selected basins in the study unit. The study area encompasses about 28,000 square miles (mi2) in central and eastern North Carolina and southern Virginia. The major river basins in the Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin are the Chowan, Roanoke, Tar, and Neuse. The barrier islands, estuaries, and the AlbemarIe, Pamlico, and associated sounds are not included in the study-unit area. The Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin covers four physiographic provinces:Valley and Ridge, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain. About 50 percent of the land in the study areais forested, 30 percent is cropland, 15 percent is wetland, and 5 percent is developed. The population--of the study unit is about 3 million people.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/ofr95457","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Woodside, M.D., and Simerl, B., 1995, Land use and nutrient concentrations and yields in selected streams in the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage basin, North Carolina and Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-457, 4 p. :col. ill., col. map ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95457.","productDescription":"4 p. :col. ill., col. map ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":157671,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0457/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":53884,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0457/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, 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D.","contributorId":98722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodside","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simerl, B.R.","contributorId":93092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simerl","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":192774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28357,"text":"wri944104 - 1995 - Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-01-13T17:15:40.938301","indexId":"wri944104","displayToPublicDate":"1997-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4104","title":"Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada","docAbstract":"Estimates of ground-water recharge rates developed from hydrologic modeling studies are presented for 3-Springs and East Stewart basins. two small basins (analog sites) located in central Nevada. The analog-site studies were conducted to aid in the estimation of recharge to the paleohydrologic regime associated with ground water in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain under wetter climatic conditions. The two analog sites are located to the north and at higher elevations than Yucca Mountain, and the prevailing (current) climatic conditions at these sites is thought to be representative of the possible range of paleoclimatic conditions in the general area of Yucca Mountain during the Quaternary. Two independent modeling approaches were conducted at each of the analog sites using observed hydrologic data on precipitation, temperature, solar radiation stream discharge, and chloride-ion water chemistry for a 6-year study period (October 1986 through September 1992). Both models quantify the hydrologic water-balance equation and yield estimates of ground-water recharge, given appropriate input data. The first model uses a traditional approach to quantify watershed hydrology through a precipitation-runoff modeling system that accounts for the spatial variability of hydrologic inputs, processes, and responses (outputs) using a dailycomputational time step. The second model is based on the conservative nature of the dissolved chloride ion in selected hydrologic environments, and its use as a natural tracer allows the computation of acoupled, water and chloride-ion, mass-balance system of equations to estimate available water (sum ofsurface runoff and groundwater recharge). Results of the modeling approaches support the conclusion that reasonable estimates of average-annual recharge to ground water range from about 1 to 3 centimeters per year for 3-Springs basin (the drier site), and from about 30 to 32 centimeters per year for East Stewart basin (the wetter site). The most reliable results are those derived from a reduced form of the chloride-ion model because they reflect integrated, basinwide processes in terms of only three measured variables: precipitation amount, precipitation chemistry, and streamflow chemistry.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944104","usgsCitation":"Lichty, R., and McKinley, P.W., 1995, Estimates of ground-water recharge rates for two small basins in central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4104, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944104.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123589,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4104/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57161,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4104/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":466115,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47994.htm","text":"3-Springs basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":466116,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47995.htm","text":"East Stewart Creek basin","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 37.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 38.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db64869b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lichty, R.W.","contributorId":46987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lichty","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKinley, P. W.","contributorId":16414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinley","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30015,"text":"wri954211A - 1995 - Environmental setting of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Michigan and Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"wri954211A","displayToPublicDate":"1996-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4211","chapter":"A","title":"Environmental setting of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Michigan and Wisconsin","docAbstract":"This report describes selected environmental- setting features for 11 fixed surface-water sites in the Western Lake Michigan Drainages study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Pro- gram. The study unit, which includes 10 major river systems draining to Lake Michigan, is bounded on the south by the Illinois State line and extends north to about 31 miles north of Escanaba, Mich. The fixed sites are on the following streams: Peshekee River, Popple River, Menominee River, Pensaukee River, Duck Creek, Tomorrow River, East River, Fox River, North Branch Milwaukee River, Lincoln Creek, and Milwaukee River. Drainage basins above these sites receive runoff from land uses and land covers, bedrock types, and surficial deposits representative of the main types of each of these characteristics in the study unit. Data types collected at the fixed sites include water chemistry; organic compounds and trace elements in streambed sediment and biological tissues; algal, benthic-invertebrate, and fish communities; and aquatic habitat. Field measurements include water temperature, pH, specific conductance, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen. Results of water- quality field measurements indicate little variation in temperature among the fixed sites. Specific conductance and alkalinity were generally higher at sites underlain by carbonate bedrock than at sites underlain by igneous/metamorphic bedrock. Differences in pH among the fixed sites were less than those for specific conductance and alkalinity, but pH seemed to increase slightly from north to south. Dissolved-oxygen concentration varied more at agricultural sites than at forested and urban sites, perhaps because of higher nutrient inputs at agricultural sites. The information included in this report has been assembled as reference material for ongoing studies at the fixed sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954211A","usgsCitation":"Sullivan, D.J., Peterson, E.M., and Richards, K., 1995, Environmental setting of fixed sites in the western Lake Michigan drainages, Michigan and Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4211, v, 30 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954211A.","productDescription":"v, 30 p. :col. ill., col. maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":126679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4211a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58821,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4211a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db67259a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sullivan, D. J.","contributorId":94693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, E. M.","contributorId":70805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richards, K.D.","contributorId":28635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}