{"pageNumber":"2946","pageRowStart":"73625","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184582,"records":[{"id":39902,"text":"ofr02332 - 2002 - Slope evolution at the Calvert Cliffs, Maryland — Measuring the change from eroding bluffs to stable slopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-29T20:48:49.472544","indexId":"ofr02332","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-332","title":"Slope evolution at the Calvert Cliffs, Maryland — Measuring the change from eroding bluffs to stable slopes","docAbstract":"Despite a long history of geomorphic studies, it is difficult to ascertain the time required for slopes to change from near vertical exposures to relatively stable slopes due to inadequate age control. Actively eroding coastal bluffs along the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay provide a key for understanding the centennial-scale development of stable slopes from eroding bluff faces. The Calvert Cliffs are composed of sandy silts, silty sands, and clayey silts of Miocene-age. Active wave erosion at the bluff toes encourages rapid sloughing from bluff faces and maintains slope angles of 70-80 degrees and relatively constant bluff-retreat rates. Naturally stabilized slopes are preserved as a fossil bluff line inland from a prograding cuspate foreland at Cove Point. The foreland is migrating southward at a rate of ca. 1.5 m/yr. As it moves south, it progressively protects bluffs from wave action as new beaches are deposited at their toes. Wave erosion is reinitiated at the northern end of the complex as the landform passes. An incremental record of slope change is preserved along the fossil bluff line. 14C dating of swales between beach ridges shows the complex to span 1700 years of progressive migration history. We hypothesized that slopes would change from steep, eroding faces to low-angle slopes covered with vegetation and sought to document the rate of change. Our team measured slope angles at intervals along the fossil bluff line and dated profiles by interpolating 14C ages of adjacent beach ridges. There was no progressive decrease in slope with age. All slopes along the fossil bluff line were 30-40 degrees with a mean of 35 degrees. Constancy in slope angle suggests that steep, actively eroding bluffs were quickly changed to stable slopes by landslides and slumping once they were protected. Given the accuracy of our age control, we conclude that the time required to attain a stable slope under natural processes is less than one century. This indicates that once toe erosion is ended (naturally or through engineering) slopes are reduced to 35-degrees over a period of decades and not centuries.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02332","usgsCitation":"Herzog, M., Larsen, C.E., and McRae, M., 2002, Slope evolution at the Calvert Cliffs, Maryland — Measuring the change from eroding bluffs to stable slopes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-332, 1 Plates: 68.18 × 34.17 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02332.","productDescription":"1 Plates: 68.18 × 34.17 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3607,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-332/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":409818,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52772.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Calvert Cliffs","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.53195085440566,\n              38.509545743938475\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.53195085440566,\n              38.37767482554915\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.3957317471505,\n              38.37767482554915\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.3957317471505,\n              38.509545743938475\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.53195085440566,\n              38.509545743938475\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f1e4b07f02db5ee99c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herzog, Martha","contributorId":65525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herzog","given":"Martha","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, Curtis E.","contributorId":37731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"Curtis","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McRae, Michele","contributorId":85249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McRae","given":"Michele","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39890,"text":"ofr0231 - 2002 - Archive of datasonic SIS-1000 chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise K-1-95-PS Lake Washington, State of Washington, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:16","indexId":"ofr0231","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-31","title":"Archive of datasonic SIS-1000 chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise K-1-95-PS Lake Washington, State of Washington, 1995","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr0231","usgsCitation":"Lyon, C.J., Brink, U., Nealon, J., Danforth, W., and Kayen, R., 2002, Archive of datasonic SIS-1000 chirp subbottom data collected during USGS cruise K-1-95-PS Lake Washington, State of Washington, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-31, 3 CD-ROMs : col. ill., col. maps ; 4 3/4 in., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0231.","productDescription":"3 CD-ROMs : col. ill., col. maps ; 4 3/4 in.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679c5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyon, Christopher J.","contributorId":20811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brink, Uri","contributorId":22413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brink","given":"Uri","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nealon, J.W.","contributorId":95111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nealon","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Danforth, William","contributorId":49026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Danforth","given":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kayen, Robert","contributorId":12030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kayen","given":"Robert","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":39900,"text":"ofr2002330 - 2002 - Water and sediment study of the Snake River watershed, Colorado, Oct. 9-12, 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T16:24:39","indexId":"ofr2002330","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-330","title":"Water and sediment study of the Snake River watershed, Colorado, Oct. 9-12, 2001","docAbstract":"The Snake River watershed, located upstream from Dillon Reservoir in the central mountains of\r\nColorado, has been affected by historical base-metal mining. Trout stocked in the Snake River for\r\nrecreational purposes do not survive through the winter. Sediment cores analyzed by previous\r\ninvestigators from the reservoir revealed elevated concentrations of base metals and mercury. We\r\ncollected 36 surface water samples (filtered and unfiltered) and 38 streambed-sediment samples from\r\nstreams in the Snake River watershed. Analyses of the sediment and water samples show that\r\nconcentrations of several metals exceed aquatic life standards in one or both media. Ribbon maps\r\nshowing dissolved concentrations of zinc, cadmium, copper, and manganese in water (0.45-micron\r\nfiltered and corrected for the ameliorating effect of hardness), and copper, cadmium, and zinc in sediment\r\nindicate reaches where toxic effects on trout would be expected and stream reaches where toxicity\r\nstandards for rainbow, brown, and brook trout are exceeded.\r\nInstantaneous loads for sulfate, strontium, iron, cadmium, copper, and zinc were calculated from\r\n0.45-micron-filtered water concentrations and discharge measurements were made at each site. Sulfate\r\nand strontium behave conservatively, whereas copper, cadmium, and zinc are reactive. The dissolved\r\ncopper load entering the reservoir is less than 20 percent of the value calculated from some upper reaches;\r\ncopper is transferred to suspended and or streambed sediment by sorption to iron oxyhydroxides. Higher\r\npercentages of zinc and cadmium reach the reservoir in dissolved form; however, load calculations\r\nindicate that some of these metals are also precipitated out of solution. The most effective remediation\r\nactivities should be concentrated on reducing the dissolved loads of zinc, cadmium, and copper in two\r\nreaches of lower Peru Creek between the confluence with the Snake River and Cinnamon Gulch.\r\nWe analyzed all streambed sediment for mercury and selected streambed-sediment and reservoir\r\ncore samples for lead isotope signatures. Results indicate that the mercury anomaly in the reservoir\r\nsediment was not from any known source in the Snake River, Blue River, or Tenmile Creek watersheds.\r\nIts source remains an enigma.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2002330","usgsCitation":"Fey, D., Church, S.E., Unruh, D., and Bove, D.J., 2002, Water and sediment study of the Snake River watershed, Colorado, Oct. 9-12, 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-330, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2002330.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3605,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0330/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb6df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fey, D.L.","contributorId":44537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fey","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Church, S. E.","contributorId":58260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Church","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unruh, D.M.","contributorId":8498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Unruh","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bove, D. J.","contributorId":70767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":39898,"text":"ofr02305 - 2002 - Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plan for the Alabama District of the U. S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:16","indexId":"ofr02305","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-305","title":"Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plan for the Alabama District of the U. S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, has a policy that requires each District office to prepare a Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plan. The plan for each District describes the policies and procedures that ensure high quality in the collection, processing, analysis, computer storage, and publication of surface-water data. The Alabama District Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plan documents the standards, policies, and procedures used by the District for activities related to the collection, processing, storage, analysis, and publication of surface-water data.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02305","usgsCitation":"Hedgecock, T.S., Pearman, J.L., and Stricklin, V.E., 2002, Surface Water Quality-Assurance Plan for the Alabama District of the U. S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-305, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02305.","productDescription":"44 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170414,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0305/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67739,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0305/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696871","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hedgecock, T. Scott","contributorId":20783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hedgecock","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pearman, J. Leroy","contributorId":75188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Leroy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stricklin, Victor E.","contributorId":69193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stricklin","given":"Victor","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39822,"text":"wri024194 - 2002 - Selected elements and organic chemicals in streambed sediment in the Salem area, Oregon, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T09:15:35","indexId":"wri024194","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4194","title":"Selected elements and organic chemicals in streambed sediment in the Salem area, Oregon, 1999","docAbstract":"<p>Analysis of streambed sediments in the Salem, Oregon, area showed anomalously large concentrations of some elements and organic chemicals, indicating contamination from anthropogenic and/or geologic sources. The streambed sediment sample from Clark Creek, an urban basin, had large concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hyrdocarbons (PAHs), organochlorines, cadmium, lead, and zinc. The sample from the East Fork of Pringle Creek, which is a mostly urban basin, had the highest concentrations of DDD, DDE, and DDT compounds. Aldrin was detected in streambed sediment at only one site, the East Fork of Pringle Creek. Ten of the 14 sites sampled had exceedances of the sediment quality guidelines of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), and 8 sites had exceedances of guidelines from the Puget Sound Dredged Disposal Analysis (PSDDA) Program.</p>\n<p>Trace element concentrations in the Salem area generally were similar to those found previously in the Willamette Basin and nationally. However, cadmium, lead, and zinc concentrations were larger in the sample from Clark Creek than for largest value for Willamette Basin data from earlier studies. Zinc concentrations in the sample from Clark Creek exceeded sediment quality guidelines from the CCME and PSDDA.</p>\n<p>p,p'-DDE, which is a persistent breakdown product of the banned organochlorine-insecticide, DDT, was detected at all sites. Total DDT (the sum of p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDT) concentrations exceeded the PSDDA screening level at eight sites and exceeded twice the PSDDA maximum level at the East Fork of Pringle Creek. Cis- and trans- chlordanes were detected at about 80% of the sites. The concentration of total chlordane for the sample at Clark Creek was larger than for any sample from previous Willamette Basin studies. The largest concentration of dieldrin also was from the sample at Clark Creek, which was the only site that exceeded the CCME guideline for dieldrin.</p>\n<p>The high levels of contaminants in some Salem area streams indicates the need for further study to assess the biological effects of these contaminants. Future monitoring in the Salem area could include bioassays using benthic invertebrates and the measurement of organochlorine compounds, including DDT, DDE, DDD, and dieldrin in fish tissue. Because resident fish may be consumed by humans and wildlife, fish tissue analyses would be helpful to determine the health risk associated with fish consumption.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024194","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Salem, Oregon","usgsCitation":"Tanner, D.Q., 2002, Selected elements and organic chemicals in streambed sediment in the Salem Area, Oregon, 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4194, 43 p..","productDescription":"43 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164931,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4194/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3561,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4194/wri02-4194.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"}],"contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_or@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, Oregon Water Science Center<br /> U.S. Geological Survey<br /> 2130 SW 5th Avenue<br /> Portland, Oregon 97201<br /><a href=\"http://or.water.usgs.gov/\">http://or.water.usgs.gov</a>&nbsp;</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul>\n<li>Introduction</li>\n<li>Study Design and Methods</li>\n<li>Results</li>\n<li>Summary</li>\n<li>References Cited</li>\n<li>Appendices</li>\n</ul>","publishedDate":"2002-09-13","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9774","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanner, Dwight Q.","contributorId":93452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"Q.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32681,"text":"fs07302 - 2002 - Coal Extraction - Environmental Prediction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:14","indexId":"fs07302","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"073-02","title":"Coal Extraction - Environmental Prediction","docAbstract":"Coal from the Appalachian region has supplied energy to the Nation for more than 200 years. Appalachian coal fueled America through a civil war and helped win two world wars. Appalachian coal has also provided fuel for keeping America warm in the winter and cool in the summer and has served as the basis for the steel, automobile, organic chemicals, chlorine, and aluminum industries. These benefits have not come without environmental costs, however. Coal extraction and utilization have had significant environmental impacts.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs07302","usgsCitation":"Cecil, C.B., and Tewalt, S.J., 2002, Coal Extraction - Environmental Prediction: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 073-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs07302.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3223,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs073-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":122985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0073/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60591,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0073/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de058","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cecil, C. Blaine 0000-0002-9032-1689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9032-1689","contributorId":22797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cecil","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Blaine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":208917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tewalt, Susan J. stewalt@usgs.gov","contributorId":64270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewalt","given":"Susan","email":"stewalt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":259,"text":"Energy Resources Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":208918,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":39770,"text":"twri06A7 - 2002 - User's guide to SEAWAT; a computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":31565,"text":"ofr01434 - 2002 - User's guide to SEAWAT; a computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow","indexId":"ofr01434","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"User's guide to SEAWAT; a computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":39770,"text":"twri06A7 - 2002 - User's guide to SEAWAT; a computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow","indexId":"twri06A7","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"User's guide to SEAWAT; a computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:19","indexId":"twri06A7","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":336,"text":"Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations","code":"TWRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"06-A7","title":"User's guide to SEAWAT; a computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow","docAbstract":"This report documents a computer program (SEAWAT) that simulates variable-density, transient, ground-water flow in three dimensions. The source code for SEAWAT was developed by combining MODFLOW and MT3DMS into a single program that solves the coupled flow and solute-transport equations. The SEAWAT code follows a modular structure, and thus, new capabilities can be added with only minor modifications to the main program. SEAWAT reads and writes standard MODFLOW and MT3DMS data sets, although some extra input may be required for some SEAWAT simulations. This means that many of the existing pre- and post-processors can be used to create input data sets and analyze simulation results. Users familiar with MODFLOW and MT3DMS should have little difficulty applying SEAWAT to problems of variable-density ground-water flow.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/twri06A7","usgsCitation":"Guo, W., and Langevin, C., 2002, User's guide to SEAWAT; a computer program for simulation of three-dimensional variable-density ground-water flow (Supersedes OFR 01-434): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations 06-A7, 77 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/twri06A7.","productDescription":"77 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3539,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/twri6a7/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Supersedes OFR 01-434","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d9e4b07f02db5dfcd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guo, Weixing","contributorId":28641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guo","given":"Weixing","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":39767,"text":"pp1660 - 2002 - Factors related to well yield in the fractured-bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:19","indexId":"pp1660","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1660","title":"Factors related to well yield in the fractured-bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The New Hampshire Bedrock Aquifer Assessment was designed to provide information that can be used by communities, industry, professional consultants, and other interests to evaluate the ground-water development potential of the fractured-bedrock aquifer in the State. The assessment was done at statewide, regional, and well field scales to identify relations that potentially could increase the success in locating high-yield water supplies in the fractured-bedrock aquifer. statewide, data were collected for well construction and yield information, bedrock lithology, surficial geology, lineaments, topography, and various derivatives of these basic data sets. Regionally, geologic, fracture, and lineament data were collected for the Pinardville and Windham quadrangles in New Hampshire. The regional scale of the study examined the degree to which predictive well-yield relations, developed as part of the statewide reconnaissance investigation, could be improved by use of quadrangle-scale geologic mapping. \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nBeginning in 1984, water-well contractors in the State were required to report detailed information on newly constructed wells to the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES). The reports contain basic data on well construction, including six characteristics used in this study?well yield, well depth, well use, method of construction, date drilled, and depth to bedrock (or length of casing). The NHDES has determined accurate georeferenced locations for more than 20,000 wells reported since 1984. The availability of this large data set provided an opportunity for a statistical analysis of bedrock-well yields. Well yields in the database ranged from zero to greater than 500 gallons per minute (gal/min). \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMultivariate regression was used as the primary statistical method of analysis because it is the most efficient tool for predicting a single variable with many potentially independent variables. The dependent variable that was explored in this study was the natural logarithm (ln) of the reported well yield. One complication with using well yield as a dependent variable is that yield also is a function of demand. An innovative statistical technique that involves the use of instrumental variables was implemented to compensate for the effect of demand on well yield.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nResults of the multivariate-regression model show that a variety of factors are either positively or negatively related to well yields. Using instrumental variables, well depth is positively related to total well yield. Other factors that were found to be positively related to well yield include (1) distance to the nearest waterbody; (2) size of the drainage area upgradient of a well; (3) well location in swales or valley bottoms in the Massabesic Gneiss Complex and Breakfast Hill Granite; (4) well proximity to lineaments, identified using high-altitude (1:80,000-scale) aerial photography, which are correlated with the primary fracture direction (regional analysis); (5) use of a cable tool rig for well drilling; and (6) wells drilled for commercial or public supply. Factors negatively related to well yields include sites underlain by foliated plutons, sites on steep slopes sites at high elevations, and sites on hilltops. Additionally, seven detailed geologic map units, identified during the detailed geologic mapping of the Pinardville and Windham quadrangles, were found to be positively or negatively related to well yields. Twenty-four geologic map units, depicted on the Bedrock Geologic Map of New Hampshire, also were found to be positively or negatively related to well yields. \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nMaps or geographic information system (GIS) data sets identifying areas of various yield probabilities clearly display model results. Probability criteria developed in this investigation can be used to select areas where other techniques, such as geophysical techniques, can be applied to more closely identify potential drilling sites for high-yielding","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1660","isbn":"0607984538","usgsCitation":"Moore, R.B., Schwartz, G.E., Clark, S.F., Walsh, G.J., and Degnan, J.R., 2002, Factors related to well yield in the fractured-bedrock aquifer of New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1660, 51 p., 2 plates in pocket: ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1660.","productDescription":"51 p., 2 plates in pocket: ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/pp_1660.jpg"},{"id":3536,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/pp1660/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":67634,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1660/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67635,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1660/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a00e4b07f02db5f7cfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Richard Bridge","contributorId":90712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"Bridge","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwartz, Gregory E.","contributorId":90808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, Stewart F. 0000-0001-8841-2728 sclark@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8841-2728","contributorId":3658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Stewart","email":"sclark@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Degnan, James R. 0000-0002-5665-9010 jrdegnan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5665-9010","contributorId":498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Degnan","given":"James","email":"jrdegnan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":405,"text":"NH/VT office of New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":39769,"text":"b2064JJ - 2002 - Epigenetic lead, zinc, silver, antimony, tin, and gold veins in Boulder Basin, Blaine and Custer Counties, Idaho: Potential for economic tin mineralization","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-16T18:37:15.539938","indexId":"b2064JJ","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2064","chapter":"JJ","title":"Epigenetic lead, zinc, silver, antimony, tin, and gold veins in Boulder Basin, Blaine and Custer Counties, Idaho: Potential for economic tin mineralization","docAbstract":"Boulder Basin is in a northwest-trending belt of allochthonous Paleozoic rocks in the Boulder Mountains of central Idaho. Regional Tertiary extension resulted in widespread normal faulting and coeval emplacement of shallow-level intrusions and extrusive rocks of the Challis Volcanic Group. Epigenetic lead-zinc-silver-antimony-tin-gold vein deposits formed during Tertiary extension and are hosted within Paleozoic strata. The major orebodies are in the lower plate of the Boulder Basin thrust fault, in massive quartzite of the Middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian Wood River Formation. Anomalous concentrations of tin are present in the base-metal mineral assemblage of the Boulder Basin ore deposits. The tin-bearing veins in Boulder Basin are strikingly similar to Bolivian tin deposits. The deposit model for Bolivian tin deposits identifies buried tin porphyry below the tin-bearing vein system.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2064JJ","usgsCitation":"Ratchford, M.E., 2002, Epigenetic lead, zinc, silver, antimony, tin, and gold veins in Boulder Basin, Blaine and Custer Counties, Idaho: Potential for economic tin mineralization (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2064, iii, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2064JJ.","productDescription":"iii, 15 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3538,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/b2064-jj/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":406872,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52036.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","county":"Blaine County, Custer County","otherGeospatial":"Boulder Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -114,\n              43.3833\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.95,\n              43.3833\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.95,\n              44.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              44.7\n            ],\n            [\n              -114,\n              43.3833\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae885","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ratchford, Michael E.","contributorId":18826,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratchford","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":69382,"text":"i2770 - 2002 - Controlled photomosaic map of Callisto JC 15M CMN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-12-20T10:18:33","indexId":"i2770","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2770","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Controlled photomosaic map of Callisto JC 15M CMN","docAbstract":"This sheet is one in a series of maps of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter at a nominal scale of 1:15,000,000. This series is based on data from the Galileo Orbiter Solid-State Imaging (SSI) camera and the cameras of the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. Mercator and Polar Stereographic projections used for this map of Callisto are based on a sphere having a radius of 2,409.3 km. The scale is 1:8,388,000 at ±56° latitude for both projections. Longitude increases to the west in accordance with the International Astronomical Union (1971) (Seidelmann and others, 2002). The geometric control network was computed at the RAND Corporation using RAND's most recent solution as of April 1999 (Davies and Katayama, 1981; Davies and others, 1998). This process involved selecting control points on the individual images, making pixel measurements of their locations, using reseau locations to correct for geometric distortions, and converting the measurements to millimeters in the focal plane. These data are combined with the camera focal lengths and navigation solutions as input to photogrammetric triangulation software that solves for the best-fit sphere, the coordinates of the control points, the three orientation angles of the camera at each exposure (right ascension, declination, and twist), and an angle (W0) which defines the orientation of Callisto in space. W0-in this solution 259.51°-is the angle along the equator to the east, between the 0° meridian and the equator's intersection with the celestial equator at the standard epoch J2000.0. This solution places the crater Saga at its defined longitude of 326° west (Seidelmann and others, 2002). This global map base uses the best image quality and moderate resolution coverage supplied by Galileo SSI and Voyager 1 and 2 (Batson, 1987; Becker and others, 1998; Becker and others, 1999; Becker and others, 2001). The digital map was produced using Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS) (Eliason, 1997; Gaddis and others, 1997; Torson and Becker, 1997). The individual images were radiometrically calibrated and photometrically normalized using a Lunar-Lambert function with empirically derived values (McEwen, 1991; Kirk and others, 2000). A linear correction based on the statistics of all overlapping areas was then applied to minimize image brightness variations. The image data were selected on the basis of overall image quality, reasonable original input resolution (from 20 km/pixel for gap fill to as much as 150 m/pixel), and availability of moderate emission/incidence angles for topography. Although consistency was achieved where possible, different filters were included for global image coverage as necessary: clear for Voyager 1 and 2; clear and green (559 nm) for Galileo SSI. Individual images were projected to a Sinusoidal Equal-Area projection at an image resolution of 1.0 kilometer/pixel. The final constructed Sinusoidal projection mosaic was then reprojected to the Mercator and Polar Stereographic projections included on this sheet. The final mosaic was enhanced using commercial software. Names on this sheet are approved by the International Astronomical Union. Names have been applied for features clearly visible at the scale of this map; for a complete list of nomenclature for Callisto, please see the Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Font color was chosen only for readability.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2770","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Controlled photomosaic map of Callisto JC 15M CMN: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2770, 1 Plate: 46.00 x 40.00 inches; Purchasing information, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2770.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 46.00 x 40.00 inches; Purchasing information","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":188092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6328,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2770/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":280458,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2770/pdf/i2770.pdf"},{"id":280459,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://store.usgs.gov/b2c_usgs/b2c/start/(xcm=r3standardpitrex_prd&carea=0000000027&citem=00000000270000000753)/.do"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adfe4b07f02db687d23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50794,"text":"ofr02285 - 2002 - Feasibility of Estimating Constituent Concentrations and Loads Based on Data Recorded by Acoustic Instrumentation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:32","indexId":"ofr02285","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-285","title":"Feasibility of Estimating Constituent Concentrations and Loads Based on Data Recorded by Acoustic Instrumentation","docAbstract":"The acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and acoustic Doppler velocity meter (ADVM) were used to estimate constituent concentrations and loads at a sampling site along the Hendry-Collier County boundary in southwestern Florida. The sampling site is strategically placed within a highly managed canal system that exhibits low and rapidly changing water conditions. With the ADCP and ADVM, flow can be gaged more accurately rather than by conventional field-data collection methods. \r\n\r\nAn ADVM velocity rating relates measured velocity determined by the ADCP (dependent variable) with the ADVM velocity (independent variable) by means of regression analysis techniques. The coefficient of determination (R2) for this rating is 0.99 at the sampling site. Concentrations and loads of total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total nitrogen (dependent variables) were related to instantaneous discharge, acoustic backscatter, stage, or water temperature (independent variables) recorded at the time of sampling. Only positive discharges were used for this analysis. Discharges less than 100 cubic feet per second generally are considered inaccurate (probably as a result of acoustic ray bending and vertical temperature gradients in the water column). \r\n\r\nOf the concentration models, only total phosphorus was statistically significant at the 95-percent confidence level (p-value less than 0.05). Total phosphorus had an adjusted R2 of 0.93, indicating most of the variation in the concentration can be explained by the discharge. All of the load models for total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total nitrogen were statistically significant. Most of the variation in load can be explained by the discharge as reflected in the adjusted R2 for total phosphorus (0.98), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (0.99), and total nitrogen (0.99).","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02285","usgsCitation":"Lietz, A., 2002, Feasibility of Estimating Constituent Concentrations and Loads Based on Data Recorded by Acoustic Instrumentation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-285, 10 p. (6 figures, 1 table, 9 p. of text), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02285.","productDescription":"10 p. (6 figures, 1 table, 9 p. of text)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4592,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/ofr02_285_lietz.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179322,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0285/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":86348,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0285/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f70d7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lietz, A.C.","contributorId":40957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lietz","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":69317,"text":"mf2399 - 2002 - Map Showing Seacliff Response to Climatic and Seismic Events, Seacliff State Beach, Santa Cruz County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:22","indexId":"mf2399","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2399","title":"Map Showing Seacliff Response to Climatic and Seismic Events, Seacliff State Beach, Santa Cruz County, California","docAbstract":"INTRODUCTION\r\n\r\nThe coastal cliffs along much of the central California coast are actively retreating. Large storms and periodic earthquakes are responsible for most of the documented seacliff slope failures. Long-term average erosion rates calculated for this section of coast (Moore and others, 1999) do not provide the spatial or temporal data resolution necessary to identify the processes responsible for retreat of the seacliffs, where episodic retreat threatens homes and community infrastructure. Research suggests that more erosion occurs along the California coast over a short time scale, during periods of severe storms or seismic activity, than occurs during decades of normal weather or seismic quiescence (Griggs and Scholar, 1998; Griggs, 1994; Plant and Griggs, 1990; Griggs and Johnson, 1979 and 1983; Kuhn and Shepard, 1979).\r\n\r\nThis is the second map in a series of maps documenting the processes of short-term seacliff retreat through the identification of slope failure styles, spatial variability of failures, and temporal variation in retreat amounts in an area that has been identified as an erosion hotspot (Moore and others, 1999; Griggs and Savoy, 1985). This map presents seacliff failure and retreat data from Seacliff State Beach, California, which is located seven kilometers east of Santa Cruz (fig. 1) along the northern Monterey Bay coast. The data presented in this map series provide high-resolution spatial and temporal information on the location, amount, and processes of seacliff retreat in Santa Cruz, California. These data show the response of the seacliffs to both large magnitude earthquakes and severe climatic events such as El Ni?os; this information may prove useful in predicting the future response of the cliffs to events of similar magnitude. The map data can also be incorporated into Global Information System (GIS) for use by researchers and community planners.\r\n\r\nFour sets of vertical aerial photographs (Oct. 18, 1989; Jan. 27, 1998; Feb. 9, 1998; and March 6, 1998) were orthorectified and digital terrain models (DTMs) were generated and edited for this study (see Hapke and Richmond, 2000, for description of techniques). The earliest set of photography is from 1989, taken immediately following the Loma Prieta earthquake. These photographs are used to document the response of the seacliffs to seismic shaking, as well as to establish a baseline cliff-edge position to measure the amount of retreat of the cliff edge over the following decade. The remaining three sets of photographs were collected using the U.S. Geological Survey Coastal Aerial Mapping System (CAMS) during the 1997-98 El Ni?o (see Hapke and Richmond, 1999; 2000). The CAMS photographs were taken before, during, and after severe storms and are used to examine seacliff response to these storms. In addition to the analyses of photogrammetrically processed data, field mapping identified joints, faults, and lithologic variations along this section of seacliff.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/mf2399","usgsCitation":"Hapke, C.J., Richmond, B.M., and D’Iorio, M.M., 2002, Map Showing Seacliff Response to Climatic and Seismic Events, Seacliff State Beach, Santa Cruz County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2399, Map: 54 x 37 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2399.","productDescription":"Map: 54 x 37 inches","costCenters":[{"id":645,"text":"Western Coastal and Marine Geology","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":110348,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52329.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52329"},{"id":9548,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/2399/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":187702,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -121.90083333333334,36.88388888888889 ], [ -121.90083333333334,37 ], [ -121.81777777777778,37 ], [ -121.81777777777778,36.88388888888889 ], [ -121.90083333333334,36.88388888888889 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649351","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hapke, Cheryl J. 0000-0002-2753-4075 chapke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-4075","contributorId":2981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hapke","given":"Cheryl","email":"chapke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":280063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richmond, Bruce M. 0000-0002-0056-5832 brichmond@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0056-5832","contributorId":2459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"Bruce","email":"brichmond@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":280062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D’Iorio, Mimi M.","contributorId":45003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Iorio","given":"Mimi","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39904,"text":"ofr02341 - 2002 - South Dakota aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: a web site for distribution of data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T16:38:08","indexId":"ofr02341","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-341","title":"South Dakota aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: a web site for distribution of data","docAbstract":"<p>no abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr02341","usgsCitation":"Kucks, R.P., and Hill, P.L., 2002, South Dakota aeromagnetic and gravity maps and data: a web site for distribution of data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-341, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02341.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":170552,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3609,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0341/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e74f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kucks, Robert P.","contributorId":11648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucks","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, Patricia L. pathill@usgs.gov","contributorId":1327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Patricia","email":"pathill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":69380,"text":"i2729 - 2002 - Distribution and Structure of Holocene Sediments in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:24","indexId":"i2729","displayToPublicDate":"2002-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2729","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Distribution and Structure of Holocene Sediments in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/i2729","isbn":"0607991712","usgsCitation":"Rendigs, R.R., and Knebel, H.J., 2002, Distribution and Structure of Holocene Sediments in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2729, 4 maps on 1 sheet ; 56 by 39 inches (in color); folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i2729.","productDescription":"4 maps on 1 sheet ; 56 by 39 inches (in color); folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":256635,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2729/plate-1.pdf","size":"11206","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256636,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2729/report.pdf","size":"277","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":256637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2729/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"50000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -70.71666666666667,41.68333333333333 ], [ -70.71666666666667,42.11666666666667 ], [ -70.03333333333333,42.11666666666667 ], [ -70.03333333333333,41.68333333333333 ], [ -70.71666666666667,41.68333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a160","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rendigs, Richard R.","contributorId":56652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rendigs","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":280284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knebel, Harley J.","contributorId":25930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"Harley","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":280283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70201971,"text":"70201971 - 2002 - Carbon budget for a subtropical seagrass dominated coastal lagoon: How important are seagrasses to total ecosystem net primary production?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-04T08:56:53","indexId":"70201971","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-31T08:53:58","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Carbon budget for a subtropical seagrass dominated coastal lagoon: How important are seagrasses to total ecosystem net primary production?","docAbstract":"<p><span>It has been assumed that because seagrasses dominate macrophyte biomass in many estuaries they also dominate primary production. We tested this assumption by developing three carbon budgets to examine the contribution of autotrophic components to the total ecosystem net primary production (TENPP) of Lower Laguna Madre, Texas. The first budget coupled average photosynthetic parameters with average daily irradiance to calculate daily production. The second budget used average photosynthetic parameters and hourly in situ irradiance to estimate productivity. The third budget integrated temperature-adjusted photosynthetic parameters (using Q</span><sub>10</sub><span>=2) and hourly in situ irradiance to estimate productivity. For each budget TENPP was calculated by integrating production from each autotroph based on the producers’ areal distribution within the entire Lower Laguna Madre. All budgets indicated that macroalgae account for 33–42% of TENPP and seagrasses consistently accounted for about 33–38%. The contribution by phytoplankton was consistently about 15–20%, and the contribution from the benthic microalgae varied between 8% and 36% of TENPP, although this may have been underestimated due to our exclusion of the within bed microphytobenthos component. The water column over the seagrass beds was net heterotrophic and consequently was a carbon sink consuming between 5% and 22% of TENPP, TENPP ranged between 5.41×10</span><sup>10</sup><span>&nbsp;and 2.53×10</span><sup>11</sup><span>&nbsp;g C yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, depending on which budget was used. The simplest, most idealized budget predicted the highest TENPP, while the more realistic budgets predicted lower values. Annual production rates estimated using the third budget for</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Halodule urightii</i><span>&nbsp;and</span><i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Thalassia testudinum</i><span>&nbsp;compare well with field data. Macroalgae and microalgae contribute 50–60% of TENPP, and seagrass may be more important as three-dimensional habitat (i.e., structure) than as a source of organic carbon to the water column in Lower Laguna Madre.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02804888","issn":"0160-8347","usgsCitation":"Kaldy, J., Onuf, C.P., Eldridge, P., and Cifuentes, L.A., 2002, Carbon budget for a subtropical seagrass dominated coastal lagoon: How important are seagrasses to total ecosystem net primary production?: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 4, p. 528-539, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02804888.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"528","endPage":"539","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":360948,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Lower Laguna Madre","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97.6739501953125,\n              26.02470207419855\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.9927978515625,\n              26.02470207419855\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.9927978515625,\n              27.21311366818236\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.6739501953125,\n              27.21311366818236\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.6739501953125,\n              26.02470207419855\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kaldy, James","contributorId":212701,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kaldy","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":34980,"text":"Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":756381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Onuf, Christopher P.","contributorId":55091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Onuf","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":756382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eldridge, Peter","contributorId":212702,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eldridge","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":12485,"text":"Pacific Coastal Ecology Branch, Western Ecology Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Newport, Oregon, 97365","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":756383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cifuentes, Luis A.","contributorId":189345,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cifuentes","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":34980,"text":"Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":756384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70207851,"text":"70207851 - 2002 - Deep crustal controls on mineral trends","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-15T16:08:12","indexId":"70207851","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-25T16:05:06","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2954,"text":"Ore Geology Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Deep crustal controls on mineral trends","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-1368(02)00086-0","usgsCitation":"Crafford, A., and Grauch, V.J., 2002, Deep crustal controls on mineral trends: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 21, no. 3-4, p. 125-126, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(02)00086-0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371278,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Crafford, A.E.J.","contributorId":60411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crafford","given":"A.E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, V. J. S. 0000-0002-0761-3489 tien@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-3489","contributorId":886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"V.","email":"tien@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J. S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008333,"text":"1008333 - 2002 - Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-10T14:13:16.742084","indexId":"1008333","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-17T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2193,"text":"Journal of Biogeography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges","docAbstract":"<h3>Aim</h3><p>Native American burning impacts on California shrubland dominated landscapes are evaluated relative to the natural lightning fire potential for affecting landscape patterns.</p><h3>Location</h3><p>Focus was on the coastal ranges of central and southern California.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Potential patterns of Indian burning were evaluated based upon historical documents, ethnographic accounts, archaeological records and consideration of contemporary land management tactics. Patterns of vegetation distribution in this region were evaluated relative to environmental factors and the resilience of the dominant shrub vegetation to different fire frequencies.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Lightning fire frequency in this region is one of the lowest in North America and the density of pre-Columbian populations was one of the highest. Shrublands dominate the landscape throughout most of the region. These woody communities have weak resilience to high fire frequency and are readily displaced by annual grasses and forbs under high fire frequency. Intact shrublands provided limited resources for native Americans and thus there was ample motivation for using fire to degrade this vegetation to an open mosaic of shrubland/grassland, not unlike the agropastoral modification of ecologically related shrublands by Holocene peoples in the Mediterranean Basin. Alien-dominated grasslands currently cover approximately one-quarter of the landscape and less than 1% of these grasslands have a significant native grass presence. Ecological studies in the Californian coastal ranges have failed to uncover any clear soil or climate factors explaining grassland and shrubland distribution patterns.</p><h3>Main conclusions</h3><p>Coastal ranges of California were regions of high Indian density and low frequency of lightning fires. The natural vegetation dominants on this landscape are shrubland vegetation that often form dense impenetrable stands with limited resources for Native Americans. Natural fire frequencies are not high enough to maintain these landscapes in habitable mixtures of shrublands and grasslands but such landscape mosaics are readily produced with additional human subsidy of ignitions. It is hypothesized that a substantial fraction of the landscape was type converted from shrubland to grassland and much of the landscape that underwent such type conversion has either been maintained by Euro-American land management practices or resisted recolonization of native shrublands. It appears that these patterns are disturbance dependent and result from anthropogenic alteration of landscapes initiated by Native Americans and sustained and expanded upon by Euro-American settlers.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00676.x","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 2002, Native American impacts on fire regimes of the California coastal ranges: Journal of Biogeography, v. 29, no. 3, p. 303-320, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2002.00676.x.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"320","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132563,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db606091","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70164452,"text":"70164452 - 2002 - Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:32:30","indexId":"70164452","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-14T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\"","docAbstract":"<p>We concur with the response of Eckel to our recent publication in this Journal (1). As the author notes, the topic of emerging contaminants is currently receiving extensive media coverage and scientific notice, but there are earlier reports that foreshadow this current interest. Eckel’s comment regarding the detection of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWC) at a Superfund landfill site (2) is well taken, as other reports confirm the presence of such compounds at waste-disposal and landfill sites (3). In fact, literature from more than 20 years ago documented the occurrence of OWCs in the environment (4-7). A significant difference between these reports and our study is that we have systematically documented the frequent presence and low concentrations of a broad suite of OWCs in a wide variety of streams across the United States.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es0201350","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., and Buxton, H.T., 2002, Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\": Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 18, p. 4004-4004, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0201350.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"4004","endPage":"4004","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316598,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b5d658e4b0cc7999817392","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E. Michael","contributorId":9636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":597445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597446,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70164453,"text":"70164453 - 2002 - Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\"","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:32:08","indexId":"70164453","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-14T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\"","docAbstract":"<p>We thank Ericson et al. (1) for their careful review and thoughtful comments on the synthetic hormone data presented in our recent publication summarizing the results from the USGS nationwide reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (2). Their efforts have helped raise the awareness of the difficulties in accurately measuring these compounds at the low concentrations that occur in the environment and reinforce the need for continued research in the area of analytical methods development for synthetic hormones</p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es020136s","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B., and Buxton, H.T., 2002, Response to comment on \"Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: A national reconnaissance\": Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 18, p. 4007-4008, https://doi.org/10.1021/es020136s.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"4007","endPage":"4008","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316599,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b5d658e4b0cc7999817394","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Furlong, Edward T. 0000-0002-7305-4603 efurlong@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"Edward","email":"efurlong@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5046,"text":"Branch of Analytical Serv (NWQL)","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Michael T. 0000-0001-6006-7985 mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurman, E. Michael","contributorId":9636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zaugg, Steven D. sdzaugg@usgs.gov","contributorId":768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zaugg","given":"Steven","email":"sdzaugg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":597451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597452,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Buxton, Herbert T. hbuxton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buxton","given":"Herbert","email":"hbuxton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597453,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
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Variable reduction procedures yielded seven variables: sinuosity, percent of substrate gravel or larger, percent substrate as detritus or muck, percent of bank with forested cover, amount of bank erosion, number of large logs per 100 m, and mean length of pools. Streams were separated by a gradient value of 3 m/km (low&nbsp;</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;= 70; high&nbsp;</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;= 35) and assigned to model and test data sets. For low-gradient streams in the model data set, the seven habitat variables explained 47% of the variation in index of biotic integrity (IBI) scores. To produce the habitat index, the coefficients in the regression were used to weight each of the seven variables. For low-gradient streams in the test data set, the habitat index explained 20% of the variation in IBI scores. A habitat index could not be developed for high-gradient sites, probably due to the low number of sites. Comparison of habitat to IBI scores provides resource managers with a method to evaluate the contribution of habitat quality to the IBI score.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0452:DOASHI>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Goldstein, R.M., Wang, L., Simon, T.P., and Stewart, P.M., 2002, Development of a stream habitat index for the Northern Lakes and Forest Ecoregions: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 2, p. 452-464, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0452:DOASHI>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"452","endPage":"464","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319939,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":1003906,"text":"1003906 - 2002 - Wading birds as bioindicators of mercury contamination in Florida, USA: Annual and geographic variation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T15:24:08.002718","indexId":"1003906","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T09:19:34","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wading birds as bioindicators of mercury contamination in Florida, USA: Annual and geographic variation","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mercury contamination in wetland biota is often dynamic, difficult to predict, and costly to track. In this paper, we present results from a six-year study of growing feathers of piscivorous birds as monitors of wetland Hg exposure in Florida, USA, wetlands. Between 1994 and 2000, we collected feathers of growing great egret (</span><i>Ardea alba</i><span>) nestlings from colonies in the freshwater Everglades of southern Florida, and during 1998, feathers were collected from chicks of both great egrets and white ibises (</span><i>Eudocimus albus</i><span>) at a variety of colonies throughout peninsular Florida. Coastal colonies showed significantly lower feather Hg concentrations than did inland sites. Within the Everglades, we found significant effects of both geographic location and year on age-adjusted mean total Hg concentrations in feathers. Over the course of our study, Everglades colonies maintained their Hg concentration rankings relative to one another, but all showed strongly declining Hg concentrations (mean of 73% averaged across colonies, between 1994 and 2000). Using a previously established predictive relationship between Hg consumption in food and feather Hg for great egrets, we estimated that Hg concentrations in the aggregate diet of egrets have been reduced by an average of 67%. We conclude that the Everglades has undergone a biologically significant decline in Hg availability in the wetland food web, possibly because of decreased local inputs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620210123","usgsCitation":"2002, Wading birds as bioindicators of mercury contamination in Florida, USA: Annual and geographic variation: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 21, no. 1, p. 163-167, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620210123.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"163","endPage":"167","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134298,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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Peter C","contributorId":150013,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Frederick","given":"Peter C","affiliations":[{"id":12557,"text":"University of Florida, FLREC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":890365,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":1},{"text":"Spalding, Marilyn G.","contributorId":33286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spalding","given":"Marilyn","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890366,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dusek, Robert J. 0000-0001-6177-7479 rdusek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-7479","contributorId":174374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusek","given":"Robert","email":"rdusek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":890367,"contributorType":{"id":3,"text":"Compilers"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70199703,"text":"70199703 - 2002 - Pulsey, patchy water quality in the delta: Implications for meaningful monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-26T12:12:05","indexId":"70199703","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T08:56:16","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pulsey, patchy water quality in the delta: Implications for meaningful monitoring","docAbstract":"<p>Valuable water quality and biological datasets have been gathered in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta for decades, most notably by the Interagency Ecological Program’s Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP). These extensive data have provided a means of analyzing and detecting long-term trends in water quality and ecosystem function (Jassby and others 2002; Kimmerer and Orsi 1996; Orsi and Mecum 1996) and may shape future restoration actions in the region. EMP water quality data—as well as data generated by the San Francisco Estuary Institute’s (SFEI) Regional Monitoring Program (RMP) and research groups like our own—have often focused on single, monthly or seasonal samples taken at several discrete points in space. Although such discrete data often push the practical limits of our equipment and human resources, higher resolution monitoring&nbsp; approaches can reveal limitations (in some cases severe) of these more coarse sampling schemes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L.V., Schraga, T., Lopez, C., Burau, J.R., and Jassby, A.D., 2002, Pulsey, patchy water quality in the delta: Implications for meaningful monitoring: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 15, no. 3, p. 21-27.","productDescription":"7 p. ","startPage":"21","endPage":"27","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357765,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":357764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://water.ca.gov/LegacyFiles/iep/newsletters/2002/IEPNewslettersummer2002.pdf"}],"volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f12de4b034bf6a80589a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, Lisa V.","contributorId":80992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schraga, Tara 0000-0002-2108-5846 tschraga@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2108-5846","contributorId":1118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schraga","given":"Tara","email":"tschraga@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lopez, Cary B.","contributorId":72869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lopez","given":"Cary B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burau, Jon R. 0000-0002-5196-5035 jrburau@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-5035","contributorId":1500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burau","given":"Jon","email":"jrburau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":746272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70243098,"text":"70243098 - 2002 - Kilometer-scale rapid transport of naphthalene sulfonate tracer in the unsaturated zone at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-28T14:13:32.48711","indexId":"70243098","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T08:53:41","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3674,"text":"Vadose Zone Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Kilometer-scale rapid transport of naphthalene sulfonate tracer in the unsaturated zone at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory","docAbstract":"<p><span>To investigate possible long-range flow paths through the interbedded basalts and sediments of a 200-m-thick unsaturated zone, we applied a chemical tracer to seasonally filled infiltration ponds on the Snake River Plain in Idaho. This site is near the Subsurface Disposal Area for radioactive and other hazardous waste at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Within 4 mo, we detected tracer in one of 13 sampled aquifer wells, and in eight of 11 sampled perched-water wells as far as 1.3 km away. These detections show that (i) low-permeability layers in the unsaturated zone divert some flow horizontally, but do not prevent rapid transport to the aquifer; (ii) horizontal convective transport rates within the unsaturated zone may exceed 14 m d</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, perhaps through essentially saturated basalt fractures, tension cracks, lava tubes, or rubble zones; and (iii) some perched water beneath the Subsurface Disposal Area derives from episodic surface water more than 1 km away. Such rapid and far-reaching flow may be common throughout the Snake River Plain, and possibly occurs in other locations that have a geologically complex unsaturated zone and comparable sources of infiltrating water.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2136/vzj2002.8900","usgsCitation":"Nimmo, J.R., Perkins, K., Rose, P.E., Rousseau, J.P., Orr, B.R., Twining, B.V., and Anderson, S.R., 2002, Kilometer-scale rapid transport of naphthalene sulfonate tracer in the unsaturated zone at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory: Vadose Zone Journal, v. 1, no. 1, p. 89-101, https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2002.8900.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"89","endPage":"101","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416496,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Subsurface Disposal Area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -113.133333,\n              43.541667\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.133333,\n              43.416667\n            ],\n            [\n              -113,\n              43.416667\n            ],\n            [\n              -113,\n              43.541667\n            ],\n            [\n              -113.133333,\n              43.541667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nimmo, John R. 0000-0001-8191-1727 jrnimmo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-1727","contributorId":757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimmo","given":"John","email":"jrnimmo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, Kim S. 0000-0001-8349-447X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8349-447X","contributorId":44097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"Kim S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, Peter E.","contributorId":103574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rousseau, Joseph P.","contributorId":22030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rousseau","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Orr, Brennon R.","contributorId":18747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Brennon","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Twining, Brian V. 0000-0003-1321-4721 btwining@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1321-4721","contributorId":2387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twining","given":"Brian","email":"btwining@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":871042,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, Steven R.","contributorId":6532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":871043,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":39806,"text":"wri024158 - 2002 - Evaluation of factors affecting ice forces at selected bridges in South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:37","indexId":"wri024158","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4158","title":"Evaluation of factors affecting ice forces at selected bridges in South Dakota","docAbstract":"During 1998-2002, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT), conducted a study to evaluate factors affecting ice forces at selected bridges in South Dakota. The focus of this ice-force evaluation was on maximum ice thickness and ice-crushing strength, which are the most important variables in the SDDOT bridge-design equations for ice forces in South Dakota.\r\n\r\nSix sites, the James River at Huron, the James River near Scotland, the White River near Oacoma/Presho, the Grand River at Little Eagle, the Oahe Reservoir near Mobridge, and the Lake Francis Case at the Platte-Winner Bridge, were selected for collection of ice-thickness and ice-crushing-strength data. Ice thickness was measured at the six sites from February 1999 until April 2001. This period is representative of the climate extremes of record in South Dakota because it included both one of the warmest and one of the coldest winters on record. The 2000 and 2001 winters were the 8th warmest and 11th coldest winters, respectively, on record at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, which was used to represent the climate at all bridges in South Dakota.\r\n\r\nIce thickness measured at the James River sites at Huron and Scotland during 1999-2001 ranged from 0.7 to 2.3 feet and 0 to 1.7 feet, respectively, and ice thickness measured at the White River near Oacoma/Presho site during 2000-01 ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 feet. At the Grand River at Little Eagle site, ice thickness was measured at 1.2 feet in 1999, ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 feet in 2000, and ranged from 0.2 to 1.4 feet in 2001. Ice thickness measured at the Oahe Reservoir near Mobridge site ranged from 1.7 to 1.8 feet in 1999, 0.9 to 1.2 feet in 2000, and 0 to 2.2 feet in 2001. At the Lake Francis Case at the Platte-Winner Bridge site, ice thickness ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 feet in 2001.\r\n\r\nHistorical ice-thickness data measured by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at eight selected streamflow-gaging stations in South Dakota were compiled for 1970-97. The gaging stations included the Grand River at Little Eagle, the White River near Oacoma, the James River near Scotland, the James River near Yankton, the Vermillion River near Wakonda, the Vermillion River near Vermillion, the Big Sioux River near Brookings, and the Big Sioux River near Dell Rapids.\r\n\r\nThree ice-thickness-estimation equations that potentially could be used for bridge design in South Dakota were selected and included the Accumulative Freezing Degree Day (AFDD), Incremental Accumulative Freezing Degree Day (IAFDD), and Simplified Energy Budget (SEB) equations. These three equations were evaluated by comparing study-collected and historical ice-thickness measurements to equation-estimated ice thicknesses. Input data required by the equations either were collected or compiled for the study or were obtained from the National Weather Service (NWS). An analysis of the data indicated that the AFDD equation best estimated ice thickness in South Dakota using available data sources with an average variation about the measured value of about 0.4 foot.\r\n\r\nMaximum potential ice thickness was estimated using the AFDD equation at 19 NWS stations located throughout South Dakota. The 1979 winter (the coldest winter on record at Sioux Falls) was the winter used to estimate the maximum potential ice thickness. The estimated maximum potential ice thicknesses generally are largest in northeastern South Dakota at about 3 feet and are smallest in southwestern and south-central South Dakota at about 2 feet.\r\n\r\nFrom 1999 to 2001, ice-crushing strength was measured at the same six sites where ice thickness was measured. Ice-crushing-strength measurements were done both in the middle of the winter and near spring breakup. The maximum ice-crushing strengths were measured in the mid- to late winter before the spring thaw. Measured ice-crushing strengths were much smaller near spring breakup.\r\n\r\nIce-crushing strength measured at the six sites ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024158","usgsCitation":"Niehus, C.A., 2002, Evaluation of factors affecting ice forces at selected bridges in South Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4158, v, 102 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024158.","productDescription":"v, 102 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3547,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024158/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fadea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niehus, Colin A.","contributorId":86815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niehus","given":"Colin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":39929,"text":"ofr02275 - 2002 - Geology, mineralization, and hydrothermal alteration and relationships to acidic and metal-bearing surface waters in the Palmetto Gulch area, southwestern Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T15:56:58","indexId":"ofr02275","displayToPublicDate":"2002-08-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-275","title":"Geology, mineralization, and hydrothermal alteration and relationships to acidic and metal-bearing surface waters in the Palmetto Gulch area, southwestern Colorado","docAbstract":"The Palmetto Gulch area is affected by low pH and metal-bearing drainage from abandoned mines, and perhaps, from natural weathering around vein zones. To investigate these anthropogenic and potential natural sources of acidity and metals, we mapped the geology, veins, and hydrothermally altered areas; conducted mine dump leachate studies; and collected reconnaissance water quality data. Several small abandoned mines are present in the Palmetto Gulch area that produced small amounts of relatively high-grade silver ore from fault-controlled polymetallic vein deposits. These veins are hosted in lavas, breccias, and related volcaniclastic sediments that ponded within the 28 Ma San Juan-Uncompahgre caldera complex. These rock units generally have conformable contacts and have shallow dips to the northwest. Lava flows of pyroxene andesite, which host the Roy-Pray mine, are massive near their base and typically grade upward into tightly jointed rock with 2-15 cm joint spacing. In general, most hydrothermally altered rock within the Palmetto Gulch area is restricted to envelopes surrounding the mineralized veins and faults. Composite zones of vein-related alteration vary from about 50 to 80 m wide along the high ridgelines and narrow to less than 10 to 15 m beneath an elevation of about 5,462 m. Where unaffected by surficial oxidation, these altered zones contain as much as 7 to 10 volume percent finely-disseminated pyrite. The majority of rocks in the area were affected by regional and vein-related propylitic alteration. These greenish-colored rocks have alteration products consisting of chlorite, illite, and calcite; and feldspars are typically weakly altered. Most of these rocks have detectable amounts of calcite, while as much as 11 percent by weight was detected in samples collected during this study. The Palmetto Gulch area is affected by low pH and metal-bearing drainage from abandoned mines, and perhaps, from natural weathering around vein zones. To investigate these anthropogenic and potential natural sources of acidity and metals, we mapped the geology, veins, and hydrothermally altered areas; conducted mine dump leachate studies; and collected reconnaissance water quality data. Several small abandoned mines are present in the Palmetto Gulch area that produced small amounts of relatively high-grade silver ore from fault-controlled polymetallic vein deposits. These veins are hosted in lavas, breccias, and related volcaniclastic sediments that ponded within the 28 Ma San Juan-Uncompahgre caldera complex. These rock units generally have conformable contacts and have shallow dips to the northwest. Lava flows of pyroxene andesite, which host the Roy-Pray mine, are massive near their base and typically grade upward into tightly jointed rock with 2-15 cm joint spacing. In general, most hydrothermally altered rock within the Palmetto Gulch area is restricted to envelopes surrounding the mineralized veins and faults. Composite zones of vein-related alteration vary from about 50 to 80 m wide along the high ridgelines and narrow to less than 10 to 15 m beneath an elevation of about 5,462 m. Where unaffected by surficial oxidation, these altered zones contain as much as 7 to 10 volume percent finely-disseminated pyrite. The majority of rocks in the area were affected by regional and vein-related propylitic alteration. These greenish-colored rocks have alteration products consisting of chlorite, illite, and calcite; and feldspars are typically weakly altered. Most of these rocks have detectable amounts of calcite, while as much as 11 percent by weight was detected in samples collected during this study.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02275","usgsCitation":"Bove, D.J., Kurtz, J.P., and Wright, W.G., 2002, Geology, mineralization, and hydrothermal alteration and relationships to acidic and metal-bearing surface waters in the Palmetto Gulch area, southwestern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-275, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02275.","productDescription":"35 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":110335,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52039.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"52039"},{"id":3629,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0275/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":173053,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c61f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bove, Dana J. dbove@usgs.gov","contributorId":4855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bove","given":"Dana","email":"dbove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":222618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kurtz, Jeffrey P.","contributorId":108174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kurtz","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wright, Winfield G.","contributorId":27044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Winfield","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
]}