{"pageNumber":"295","pageRowStart":"7350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16446,"records":[{"id":53437,"text":"wri034307 - 2004 - Hydrogeologic characteristics of four public drinking-water supply springs in northern Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:58","indexId":"wri034307","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4307","title":"Hydrogeologic characteristics of four public drinking-water supply springs in northern Arkansas","docAbstract":"In October 2000, a study was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with the Arkansas Department of Health to determine the hydrogeologic characteristics, including the extent of the recharge areas, for Hughes Spring, Stark Spring, Evening Shade Spring, and Roaring Spring, which are used for public-water supply in northern Arkansas. Information pertaining to each spring can be used to enable development of effective management plans to protect these water resources and public health. \r\n\r\nAn integrated approach to determine the ground-water characteristics and the extent of the local recharge areas of the four springs incorporated tools and methods of hydrology, structural geology, geomorphology, geophysics, and geochemistry. Analyses of discharge, temperature, and water quality were completed to describe ground-water flow characteristics, source-water characteristics, and connectivity of the ground-water system with surface runoff. Water-level contour maps were constructed to determine ground-water flow directions and ground-water tracer tests were conducted to determine the extent of the recharge areas and ground-water flow velocities. \r\n\r\nHughes Spring supplies water for the city of Marshall, Arkansas, and the surrounding area. The mean annual discharge for Hughes Spring was 2.9 and 5.2 cubic feet per second for water years 2001 and 2002, respectively. Recharge to the spring occurs mainly from the Boone Formation (Springfield Plateau aquifer). Ground-water tracer tests indicate the recharge area for Hughes Spring generally coincides with the surface drainage area (15.8 square miles) and that Hughes Spring is connected directly to the surface flow in Brush Creek. \r\n\r\nThe geochemistry of Hughes Spring demonstrated variations with flow conditions and the influence of surface-runoff in the recharge area. Calcite saturation indices, total dissolved solids concentrations, and hardness demonstrate noticeable differences with flow conditions reflecting the reduced residence time and interaction of water with the source rock within the ground-water system at higher discharges for Hughes Spring. Concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria also demonstrated a substantial increase during high-flow conditions, suggesting that a non-point source of bacteria possibly from livestock may enter the system. Conversely, nutrient concentrations did not vary with flow and were similar to concentrations reported for undeveloped sites in the Springfield Plateau and Ozark aquifers in northern Arkansas and southern Missouri. Deuterium and oxygen-18 data show that the Hughes Spring discharge is representative of direct precipitation and not influenced by water enriched in oxygen-18 through evaporation. Discharge data show that Hughes Spring is dominated by conduit type ground-water flow, but a considerable component of diffuse flow also exists in the ground-water system. Carbon-13 data indicate a substantial component of the recharge water interacts with the surface material (soil and regolith) in the recharge area before entering the ground-water system for Hughes Spring. Tritium data for Hughes Spring indicate that the discharge water is a mixture of recent recharge and sub-modern water (recharged prior to 1952). \r\n\r\nStark Spring supplies water for the city of Cushman, Arkansas, and the surrounding area. 2 Hydrogeologic Characteristics of Four Public Drinking-Water Supply Springs in Northern Arkansas The mean annual discharge for Stark Spring was 0.5 and 1.5 cubic feet per second for water years 2001 and 2002, respectively. The discharge and water-quality data show the ground-water system for Stark Spring is dominated by rapid recharge from surface runoff and mainly consists of a conduit- type flow system with little diffuse-type flow. Analyses of discharge data show that the estimated recharge area (0.79 square mile) is larger than the surface drainage area (0.34 square mile). Ground-water tracer tests and the outcrop of the ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri034307","usgsCitation":"Galloway, J.M., 2004, Hydrogeologic characteristics of four public drinking-water supply springs in northern Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4307, 68 p., 36 figs., and 14 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034307.","productDescription":"68 p., 36 figs., and 14 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182212,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5259,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri03-4307/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a50e4b07f02db628bb6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galloway, Joel M. 0000-0002-9836-9724 jgallowa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-9724","contributorId":1562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galloway","given":"Joel","email":"jgallowa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53389,"text":"wri034309 - 2004 - Changes in ground-water quality near two granular-iron permeable reactive barriers in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-09T15:06:28","indexId":"wri034309","displayToPublicDate":"2004-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4309","title":"Changes in ground-water quality near two granular-iron permeable reactive barriers in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997-2000","docAbstract":"

Two experimental permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) of granular zero-valent iron were emplaced in the path of a tetrachloroethene plume (the Chemical Spill-10 plume) at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in June 1998. The goal of the field experiment was to achieve emplacement of a granular-iron PRB deeper than attempted before. The PRBs were expected to create a reducing environment and degrade the tetrachloroethene by reductive dechlorination. The goal of the work presented in this report was to observe temporary and sustained changes to the ground-water chemistry downgradient from the PRBs.

A hydraulic-fracturing method involving injection of the granular iron with a guar-biopolymer and enzyme slurry was used to install the parallel 30- to 33-foot-wide wall-shaped barriers at a depth of 82 to 113 feet below land surface. An acetic acid and enzyme mixture was subsequently injected in wells near the barriers to degrade the guar biopolymer.

Prior to the emplacement, tetrachloroethene concentrations in the Chemical Spill-10 plume at the study area were as high as 250 micrograms per liter. Other water properties in the plume generally were similar to the properties of uncontaminated ground water in the area, which typically has dissolved oxygen concentrations of 250 to 375 micromoles per liter, pH of 5.5 to 6.0, and specific conductance of 60 to 90 microsiemens per centimeter.

Water-quality samples were collected periodically from monitoring wells near the PRBs to determine how the emplacement of the granular-iron walls altered the ground-water quality. In addition, an automated well-sampling device measured temperature, specific conductance, pH, and dissolved oxygen every 1–4 days for 16 months in a well downgradient from the two parallel PRBs.

Temporary increases (lasting about 5 to 6 months) in specific conductance were observed downgradient from the PRBs as a result of the sodium chloride, potassium carbonate, and other salts included in the slurry and the acetic acid and enzyme mixture that was subsequently injected to degrade the guar biopolymer. Temporary increases in the concentrations of major cations (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) were observed downgradient from the PRBs, as were temporary but substantial increases in the dissolved and total organic carbon concentrations. Methane was detected, sulfate concentrations decreased temporarily, and concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon increased in samples from wells downgradient from the PRBs.

A sustained (longer than 12 months) reducing environment, in which dissolved oxygen concentrations decreased to zero, the pH increased to about 6.8, and dissolved iron concentrations increased substantially, developed as a result of the oxidation (corrosion) of the granular iron; this zone persisted at least 65 feet downgradient from the PRBs. The pH and dissolved iron concentrations increased with distance from the granular-iron walls. Concentrations of arsenic, cobalt, manganese, and phosphorus increased, and nitrate concentrations were reduced to below the detection limit downgradient from the walls. A sustained decrease of tetrachloroethene concentrations was not observed; however, reductive dechlorination products were observed at wells downgradient from the PRBs during several rounds of sampling.

The emplacement of zero-valent iron in the aquifer to remove tetrachloroethene from the ground water caused changes in the water chemistry that persisted farther downgradient from the PRBs than has been observed at other sites because of the low chemical reactivity of the quartz-dominated aquifer sediments and the low ambient dissolved chemical concentrations in the ground water. The small transverse dispersion in the aquifer and the probable long-term persistence of the iron indicate that the chemically altered zone probably will extend a substantial distance downgradient from the PRBs for a substantial period of time (years); further investigation would be needed to determine this distance.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri034309","usgsCitation":"Savoie, J., Kent, D.B., Smith, R.L., LeBlanc, D.R., and Hubble, D.W., 2004, Changes in ground-water quality near two granular-iron permeable reactive barriers in a sand and gravel aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2003-4309, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri034309.","productDescription":"84 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5143,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri034309","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts ","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.850830078125,\n 41.5579215778042\n ],\n [\n -69.85107421874999,\n 41.5579215778042\n ],\n [\n -69.85107421874999,\n 42.15525946577863\n ],\n [\n -70.850830078125,\n 42.15525946577863\n ],\n [\n -70.850830078125,\n 41.5579215778042\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6d83","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G.","contributorId":52218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, Douglas B. 0000-0003-3758-8322 dbkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-8322","contributorId":1871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Douglas","email":"dbkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"LeBlanc, Denis R. 0000-0002-4646-2628 dleblanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4646-2628","contributorId":1696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LeBlanc","given":"Denis","email":"dleblanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hubble, David W.","contributorId":70645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubble","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184422,"text":"70184422 - 2004 - Mineral dissolution in the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, USA: I . Reaction stoichiometry and impact of accessory feldspar and glauconite on strontium isotopes, solute concentrations, and REY distribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T14:37:53","indexId":"70184422","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral dissolution in the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, USA: I . Reaction stoichiometry and impact of accessory feldspar and glauconite on strontium isotopes, solute concentrations, and REY distribution","docAbstract":"

To compare relative reaction rates of mineral dissolution in a mineralogically simple groundwater aquifer, we studied the controls on solute concentrations, Sr isotopes, and rare earth element and yttrium (REY) systematics in the Cape Cod aquifer. This aquifer comprises mostly carbonate-free Pleistocene sediments that are about 90% quartz with minor K-feldspar, plagioclase, glauconite, and Fe-oxides. Silica concentrations and pH in the groundwater increase systematically with increasing depth, while Sr isotopic ratios decrease. No clear relationship between 87Sr/86Sr and Sr concentration is observed. At all depths, the 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the groundwater is considerably lower than the Sr isotopic ratio of the bulk sediment or its K-feldspar component, but similar to that of a plagioclase-rich accessory separate obtained from the sediment. The Si-87Sr/86Sr-depth relationships are consistent with dissolution of accessory plagioclase. In addition, solutes such as Sr, Ca, and particularly K show concentration spikes superimposed on their respective general trends. The K-Sr-87Sr/86Sr systematics suggests that accessory glauconite is another major solute source to Cape Cod groundwater. Although the authigenic glauconite in the Cape Cod sediment is rich in Rb, it is low in in-grown radiogenic 87Sr because of its young Pleistocene age. The low 87Sr/86Sr ratios are consistent with equilibration of glauconite with seawater. The impact of glauconite is inferred to vary due to its variable abundance in the sediments. In the Cape Cod groundwater, the variation of REY concentrations with sampling depth resembles that of K and Rb, but differs from that of Ca and Sr. Shale-normalized REY patterns are light REY depleted, show negative Ce anomalies and super-chondritic Y/Ho ratios, but no Eu anomalies. REY input from feldspar, therefore, is insignificant compared to input from a K-Rb-bearing phase, inferred to be glauconite. These results emphasize that interpretation of groundwater chemistry, even in relatively simple aquifers, may be complicated by solute contributions from “exotic” accessory minerals such as glauconite. To detect such peculiarities, groundwater studies should combine the study of elemental concentration and isotopic composition of several solutes that show different geochemical behavior.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.015","usgsCitation":"Bau, M., Alexander, B., Chesley, J.T., Dulski, P., and Brantley, S.L., 2004, Mineral dissolution in the Cape Cod aquifer, Massachusetts, USA: I . Reaction stoichiometry and impact of accessory feldspar and glauconite on strontium isotopes, solute concentrations, and REY distribution: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, no. 5, p. 1199-1216, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.015.","productDescription":"18 p. ","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1216","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337121,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Ashumet Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.43815612792969,\n 41.602607315101025\n ],\n [\n -70.41412353515625,\n 41.63289383965063\n ],\n [\n -70.653076171875,\n 41.67086022030498\n ],\n [\n -70.65994262695312,\n 41.6262217593042\n ],\n [\n -70.68603515625,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -70.65582275390625,\n 41.51577568269484\n ],\n [\n -70.60157775878906,\n 41.545589036668105\n ],\n [\n -70.47866821289062,\n 41.55175560133366\n ],\n [\n -70.43815612792969,\n 41.602607315101025\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12641e4b014cc3a3d34e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bau, Michael","contributorId":103174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bau","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Alexander, Brian","contributorId":187706,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Alexander","given":"Brian","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chesley, John T.","contributorId":187707,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chesley","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":681419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dulski, Peter","contributorId":187708,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dulski","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brantley, Susan L. 0000-0003-4320-2342","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4320-2342","contributorId":184201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brantley","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70184512,"text":"70184512 - 2004 - Evaluation of volatilization as a natural attenuation pathway for MTBE","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T10:37:33","indexId":"70184512","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3825,"text":"Groundwater","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of volatilization as a natural attenuation pathway for MTBE","docAbstract":"

Volatilization and diffusion through the unsaturated zone can be an important pathway for natural attenuation remediation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) at gasoline spill sites. The significance of this pathway depends primarily on the distribution of immiscible product within the unsaturated zone and the relative magnitude of aqueous-phase advection (ground water recharge) to gaseous-phase diffusion. At a gasoline spill site in Laurel Bay, South Carolina, rates of MTBE volatilization from ground water downgradient from the source are estimated by analyzing the distribution of MTBE in the unsaturated zone above a solute plume. Volatilization rates of MTBE from ground water determined by transport modeling ranged from 0.0020 to 0.0042 g m-2/year, depending on the assumed rate of ground water recharge. Although diffusive conditions at the Laurel Bay site are favorable for volatilization, mass loss of MTBE is insignificant over the length (230 m) of the solute plume. Based on this analysis, significant volatilization of MTBE from ground water downgradient from source areas at other sites is not likely. In contrast, model results indicate that volatilization coupled with diffusion to the atmosphere could be a significant mass loss pathway for MTBE in source areas where residual product resides above the capillary zone. Although not documented, mass loss of MTBE at the Laurel Bay site due to volatilization and diffusion to the atmosphere are predicted to be two to three times greater than mass loading of MTBE to ground water due to dissolution and recharge. This result would imply that volatilization in the source zone may be the critical natural attenuation pathway for MTBE at gasoline spill sites, especially when considering capillary zone limitations on volatilization of MTBE from ground water and the relative recalcitrance of MTBE to biodegradation.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02672.x","usgsCitation":"Lahvis, M.A., Baehr, A.L., and Baker, R.J., 2004, Evaluation of volatilization as a natural attenuation pathway for MTBE: Groundwater, v. 42, no. 2, p. 258-267, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.tb02672.x.","productDescription":"10 p. ","startPage":"258","endPage":"267","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337305,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c942e4b0f37a93ee9b2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lahvis, Matthew A.","contributorId":104522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lahvis","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baehr, Arthur L.","contributorId":104523,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"Arthur","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, Ronald J. rbaker@usgs.gov","contributorId":1436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"Ronald","email":"rbaker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53821,"text":"fs20043028 - 2004 - SAM 2.1—A computer program for plotting and formatting surveying data for estimating peak discharges by the slope-area method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-31T07:40:34","indexId":"fs20043028","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-3028","title":"SAM 2.1—A computer program for plotting and formatting surveying data for estimating peak discharges by the slope-area method","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) measures discharge in streams using several methods. However, measurement of peak discharges is often impossible or impractical due to difficult access, inherent danger of making measurements during flood events, and timing often associated with flood events. Thus, many peak discharge values often are calculated after the fact by use of indirect methods. The most common indirect method for estimating peak dis- charges in streams is the slope-area method. This, like other indirect methods, requires measuring the flood profile through detailed surveys. Processing the survey data for efficient entry into computer streamflow models can be time demanding; SAM 2.1 is a program designed to expedite that process. The SAM 2.1 computer program is designed to be run in the field on a portable computer. The program processes digital surveying data obtained from an electronic surveying instrument during slope- area measurements. After all measurements have been completed, the program generates files to be input into the SAC (Slope-Area Computation program; Fulford, 1994) or HEC-RAS (Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System; Brunner, 2001) computer streamflow models so that an estimate of the peak discharge can be calculated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs20043028","usgsCitation":"Hortness, J., 2004, SAM 2.1—A computer program for plotting and formatting surveying data for estimating peak discharges by the slope-area method (Legacy Report): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2004-3028, 6 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20043028.","productDescription":"6 p.","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":262388,"rank":800,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/report.pdf"},{"id":262389,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":265418,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/data/fs20043028_SAM.zip"},{"id":265417,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/"},{"id":266781,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3028/sam.zip"}],"country":"United States","edition":"Legacy Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db69824c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hortness, J.E.","contributorId":80984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hortness","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":53951,"text":"ofr20041047 - 2004 - Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:41","indexId":"ofr20041047","displayToPublicDate":"2004-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1047","title":"Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2002","docAbstract":"The Volcano Hazards Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is part of the Geologic Hazards Assessments subactivity as funded by Congressional appropriation. Investigations are carried out in the Geology and Hydrology Disciplines of the USGS and with cooperators at the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute, University of Hawaii Hilo, University of Utah, and University of Washington Geophysics Program. This report lists publications from all these institutions.\r\n\r\nThis report contains only published papers and maps; numerous abstracts produced for presentations at scientific meetings have not been included. Publications are included based on date of publication with no attempt to assign them to Fiscal Year.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041047","usgsCitation":"Nathenson, M., 2004, Publications of the Volcano Hazards Program 2002: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1047, 11 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041047.","productDescription":"11 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":177928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4864,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1047/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698332","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nathenson, Manuel 0000-0002-5216-984X mnathnsn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5216-984X","contributorId":1358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nathenson","given":"Manuel","email":"mnathnsn@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":248771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70184591,"text":"70184591 - 2004 - Editors' message: Hydrogeology Journal in 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:02:35","indexId":"70184591","displayToPublicDate":"2004-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Editors' message: Hydrogeology Journal in 2003","docAbstract":"

Hydrogeology Journal appeared in six issues containing a total of 710 pages and 48 major articles, including 31 Papers and 14 Reports, as well as some Technical Notes and Book Reviews. The number of submitted manuscripts continues to increase. The final issue of 2003 also contained the annual volume index. Hydrogeology Journal (HJ) is an international forum for hydrogeology and related disciplines and authors in 2003 were from about 28 countries. Articles advanced hydrogeologic science and described hydrogeologic systems in many regions worldwide. These articles focused on a variety of general topics and on studies of hydrogeology in 24 countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, France, India, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Switzerland, Turkey, and U.S.A. The Guest Editor of the 2003 HJ theme issue on “Hydromechanics in Geology and Geotechnics”, Ove Stephansson, assembled a valuable collection of technical reviews and research papers from eminent authors on important aspects of the subject area.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag ","doi":"10.1007/s10040-003-0317-x","usgsCitation":"Voss, C., Olcott, P., and Schneider, R., 2004, Editors' message: Hydrogeology Journal in 2003: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 12, no. 1, p. 1-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0317-x.","productDescription":"2 p. ","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478047,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0317-x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337348,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c942e4b0f37a93ee9b33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Voss, Clifford","contributorId":63150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olcott, Perry","contributorId":188041,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olcott","given":"Perry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, Robert","contributorId":102460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"Robert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184567,"text":"70184567 - 2004 - Mineral stimulation of subsurface microorganisms: release of limiting nutrients from silicates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-10T11:55:13","indexId":"70184567","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-15T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mineral stimulation of subsurface microorganisms: release of limiting nutrients from silicates","docAbstract":"

Microorganisms play an important role in the weathering of silicate minerals in many subsurface environments, but an unanswered question is whether the mineral plays an important role in the microbial ecology. Silicate minerals often contain nutrients necessary for microbial growth, but whether the microbial community benefits from their release during weathering is unclear. In this study, we used field and laboratory approaches to investigate microbial interactions with minerals and glasses containing beneficial nutrients and metals. Field experiments from a petroleum-contaminated aquifer, where silicate weathering is substantially accelerated in the contaminated zone, revealed that phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe)-bearing silicate glasses were preferentially colonized and weathered, while glasses without these elements were typically barren of colonizing microorganisms, corroborating previous studies using feldspars. In laboratory studies, we investigated microbial weathering of silicates and the release of nutrients using a model ligand-promoted pathway. A metal-chelating organic ligand 3,4 dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4 DHBA) was used as a source of chelated ferric iron, and a carbon source, to investigate mineral weathering rate and microbial metabolism.

In the investigated aquifer, we hypothesize that microbes produce organic ligands to chelate metals, particularly Fe, for metabolic processes and also form stable complexes with Al and occasionally with Si. Further, the concentration of these ligands is apparently sufficient near an attached microorganism to destroy the silicate framework while releasing the nutrient of interest. In microcosms containing silicates and glasses with trace phosphate mineral inclusions, microbial biomass increased, indicating that the microbial community can use silicate-bound phosphate inclusions. The addition of a native microbial consortium to microcosms containing silicates or glasses with iron oxide inclusions correlated to accelerated weathering and release of Si into solution as well as the accelerated degradation of the model substrate 3,4 DHBA. We propose that silicate-bound P and Fe inclusions are bioavailable, and microorganisms may use organic ligands to dissolve the silicate matrix and access these otherwise limiting nutrients.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.09.001","usgsCitation":"Roger, J.R., and Bennett, P.C., 2004, Mineral stimulation of subsurface microorganisms: release of limiting nutrients from silicates: Chemical Geology, v. 203, no. 1-2, p. 91-108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.09.001.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"108","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337337,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"203","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c3c942e4b0f37a93ee9b35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roger, Jennifer Roberts","contributorId":187989,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roger","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"Roberts","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennett, Philip C.","contributorId":30567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":682050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70145216,"text":"70145216 - 2004 - Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-19T11:19:18","indexId":"70145216","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T14:30:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1472,"text":"Economic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance","docAbstract":"

Geochemical analyses of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the western Brooks Range reveal a complex evolutionary history for strata surrounding the large Zn-Pb-Ag deposits of the Red Dog district. Data for major elements, trace elements, and rare earth elements (REE) were obtained on 220 samples of unaltered and unmineralized siliciclastic rocks from the Upper Devonian-Lower Mississippian Endicott Group (Hunt Fork Shale, Noatak Sandstone, Kanayut Conglomerate, Kayak Shale), the overlying Carboniferous Lisburne Group (Kuna Formation, unnamed drowned shelf facies), and the Pennsylvanian-Permian Siksikpuk Formation. Major base metal sulfide deposits of the region are present only in the Kuna Formation, which in the Red Dog district comprises siliceous black shale and black chert, minor limestone (calcareous radiolarite), and sparse lithic turbidite and bedded siliceous rock. Gray and rare black shales of the Kayak Shale and common black shales of the Kuna Formation are anomalously low in iron (avg Fe/Ti = 6.25 and 6.34, respectively) relative to other Paleozoic shales in the region (9.58-10.6) and to average shales worldwide (10.1-10.5). In contrast, the bedded siliceous rocks contain appreciable hematite (avg Fe/Ti = 35.0) and high U/Ti and REE/Ti ratios that are interpreted to reflect low amounts of detrital material and a major Fe-rich eolian component.

\n

Geochemical data (e.g., MnO <0.01 wt %; avg Cr = 317 ppm), sizes of framboidal pyrite grains, and limited bioturbation suggest anoxic and denitrifying depositional conditions for most black shales of the Kuna Formation; low Mo/Ti ratios argue against euxinic (sulfate-reducing) conditions. Organic-rich black shales of the Kuna Formation with up to 8.4 wt percent Corganic and gray to black shales of the Kayak Shale with up to 4.1 wt percent Corganic typically have only sparse pyrite (<1 wt % S) and very low iron-limited S/C ratios (mostly <0.2). Immobile element plots (e.g., Th-Zr/10-Sc) suggest that source terranes for all of the formations were dominated by one or more felsic-rich continental arcs; a small proportion of recycled sediments is present locally. A minor mafic igneous component also occurs in several shales of the Kuna and Siksikpuk Formations. High average values for the chemical index of alteration [Al2O3/(Al2O3 + CaO + Na2O + K2O)] ∞ 100 for shales of the Endicott Group (76.4-81.5) imply moderate to intense chemical weathering in source areas of these sediments. A lower average for black shales of the Kuna Formation (73.7) does not require such weathering.

\n

Textural and geochemical data record the effects of diagenetic and/or hydrothermal fluid flow in some of the Paleozoic rocks. Mobility of P, F, U, and light REE is documented in black shales of the Kuna Formation by phosphate replacements of carbonate clasts and of matrix material surrounding the clasts. A relatively low average Ce/Ce* value of 0.73 for P-poor black shales of the Kuna Formation (<0.05 wt % P2O5) and a similar Ce/Ce* value of 0.78 for a siderite concretion in Kayak Shale suggest that these diagenetic fluids were oxidizing. Many shales of the Kuna Formation have high (K2O ∞ 100)/(K2O + Al2O3) ratios of 21.0 to 23.0, which contrast with low ratios of generally <18.0 for shales of the underlying Endicott Group. The high ratios in shales of the Kuna Formation reflect preferential reaction of smectite to illite during the Jurassic-Cretaceous Brookian orogeny, owing to high silica activities in pore fluids that were generated by the dissolution of abundant biogenic silica.

\n

The distribution and composition of Paleozoic strata in the western Brooks Range may have played a fundamental role in Zn-Pb mineralization of the Red Dog district. In our model, deposition and early lithification of biogenic chert and bedded siliceous rocks in the upper part of the Kuna Formation served as a regional hydrologic seal, acting as a cap rock to heat and hydrothermal fluids during Late Mississippian base-metal mineralization. Equally important was the iron-poor composition of black shales of the Kuna Formation (i.e., low Fe/Ti ratios), which limited synsedimentary pyrite formation in precursor sediments, resulting in significant H2S production in pore waters through the interaction of aqueous sulfate with abundant organic matter. This H2S may have been critical to the subsurface deposition of the huge quantities of Zn and Pb in the district. On the basis of this model, we propose that low Fe/Ti and S/C ratios in black shale sequences are potential basin-scale exploration guides for giant sediment-hosted, stratiform Zn-Pb-Ag deposits.

","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","publisherLocation":"Lancaster, PA","doi":"10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Dumoulin, J.A., Schmidt, J., Young, L.E., and Rombach, C., 2004, Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance: Economic Geology, v. 99, no. 7, p. 1385-1414, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"1385","endPage":"1414","numberOfPages":"30","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Western Brooks Range","volume":"99","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5523ae40e4b027f0aee3d146","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schmidt, J.M.","contributorId":97916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Young, L. E.","contributorId":105288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rombach, Cameron","contributorId":16455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"Cameron","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70198951,"text":"70198951 - 2004 - Use and environmental occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-27T13:24:44","indexId":"70198951","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T13:20:31","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"13","title":"Use and environmental occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in the United States","docAbstract":"

The purpose of this chapter is to familiarise the reader with the range of veterinary pharmaceuticals used in agriculture in the United States and to provide examples of the environmental occurrence of selected veterinary pharmaceuticals. A 1998 survey conducted by the Animal Health Institute (AHI) reported that there were 109 million cattle, 7.5 billion chickens, 92 million swine, and 292 million turkeys in the United States (AHI 2002). In comparison, a 2002 survey conducted by the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) reported 104 million cattle, 8.6 billion chickens, 60 million swine, and 275 million turkeys in the United States (NASS 2002). To increase the efficiency of food production and maintain economic viability, animal agribusinesses began contracting with cooperative farmers, which lead to a proliferation of large animal-feeding operations (AFOs) over the last decade. Because of the close proximity of the large numbers of animals at these facilities and the potential for the rapid spread of disease, use of pharmaceuticals is important to maintain their operations.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Sources, fate, effects, and risks","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","publisherLocation":"New York","doi":"10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0_13","usgsCitation":"Meyer, M.T., 2004, Use and environmental occurrence of veterinary pharmaceuticals in the United States, chap. 13 of Pharmaceuticals in the environment: Sources, fate, effects, and risks, p. 155-163, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09259-0_13.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"163","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356791,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b98ca81e4b0702d0e846929","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, M. T.","contributorId":92279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":743557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70164324,"text":"70164324 - 2004 - Pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants within a leachate plume downgradient of a municipal landfill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:31:00","indexId":"70164324","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants within a leachate plume downgradient of a municipal landfill","docAbstract":"

Ground water samples collected from the Norman Landfill research site in central Oklahoma were analyzed as part of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Toxic Substances Hydrology Program's national reconnaissance of pharmaceuticals and other organic waste water contaminants (OWCs) in ground water. Five sites, four of which are located downgradient of the landfill, were sampled in 2000 and analyzed for 76 OWCs using four research methods developed by the USGS. OWCs were detected in water samples from all of the sites sampled, with 22 of the 76 OWCs being detected at least once. Cholesterol (a plant and animal steroid), was detected at all five sites and was the only compound detected in a well upgradient of the landfill. N,Ndiethyltoluamide (DEET used in insect repellent) and tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (fire-retardant) were detected in water samples from all four sites located within the landfill-derived leachate plume. The sites closest to the landfill had more detections and greater concentrations of each of the detected compounds than sites located farther away. Detection of multiple OWCs occurred in the four sites located within the leachate plume, with a minimum of four and a maximum of 17 OWCs detected. Because the landfill was established in the 1920s and closed in 1985, many compounds detected in the leachate plume were likely disposed of decades ago. These results indicate the potential for long-term persistence and transport of some OWCs in ground water.

","language":"English","publisher":"Ground Water Publishing Company","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb00720.x","usgsCitation":"Barnes, K., Christenson, S.C., Kolpin, D.W., Focazio, M.J., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., Meyer, M.T., and Barber, L.B., 2004, Pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants within a leachate plume downgradient of a municipal landfill: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 24, no. 2, p. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb00720.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316380,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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mmeyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-7985","contributorId":866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"mmeyer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Barber, Larry B. 0000-0002-0561-0831 lbbarber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0561-0831","contributorId":921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"Larry","email":"lbbarber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":597023,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70164321,"text":"70164321 - 2004 - Occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in water resources of the United States: A review","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T10:09:33","indexId":"70164321","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T12:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in water resources of the United States: A review","docAbstract":"

The widespread environmental presence of some pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater compounds has been documented globally (e.g. Buser et al. 1998; Ternes 1998; Stumpf et al.1999; Heberer et al. 2001; Kümmerer 2001; Ternes et al. 2001; Scheytt et al. 2001; Golet et al. 2002; Kolpin et al. 2002; Boyd et al. 2003; Metcalf et al. 2003). Recently, there have been several literature reviews and summary studies of the occurrence, fate, transport, and treatment of targeted human pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and associated environmental waters across the globe (e.g. Daughton and Ternes 1999; Sedlak et al. 2000; Suter and Giger 2000; Daughton and Jones-Lepp 2001; Jones et al. 2001; Heberer 2002; and Drewes et al. 2002). The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in water resources is explained by their ubiquitous use, excretion of large percentages of the mass consumed, and incomplete removal during wastewater treatment (Stumpf et al.1999). The recent increase in detection of trace concentrations (typically less than a part per billion) of pharmaceuticals in water resources across the globe reflects improvements in laboratory analytical methods (Sedlak et al. 2000) and the associated increases in field surveys. The detection of pharmaceutical compounds in large rivers in Europe and in the North Sea (Buser et al. 1998; Ternes 1998; Stumpf et al. 1999) highlighted the fact that highly soluble, trace organic compounds, such as pharmaceuticals, may escape removal in wastewater treatment, and the mixing and concentration of wastewaters through conventional wastewater treatment processes could provide a means of delivering these chemicals to environmental waters in a manner that would contaminate water resources on a large scale at trace levels (Richardson and Bowron 1985). In the United States, some of the first detections of a limited number of pharmaceutically active compounds or their transformation products were found in waters associated with landfill leachates or sewage effluent (Tabak and Bunch 1970; Garrison et al. 1976; Hignite and Azarnoff 1977; Bouwer et al. 1982; Eckel et al. 1991) decades ago. At the time of these studies, other industrial contaminants were the focus of regulatory and scientific interest; therefore, further studies on the environmental occurrence and transport of pharmaceutical compounds were rare.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Pharmaceuticals in the environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"New York","usgsCitation":"Focazio, M., Kolpin, D., and Furlong, E., 2004, Occurrence of human pharmaceuticals in water resources of the United States: A review, chap. of Pharmaceuticals in the environment, p. 91-105.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"105","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":316376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":316375,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-662-09259-0_7"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56b08fe3e4b010e2af2a5df1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Focazio, M. J.","contributorId":62997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":597010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70240441,"text":"70240441 - 2004 - Inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-07T17:28:54.406921","indexId":"70240441","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T11:16:15","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1042,"text":"Bioremediation Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated groundwater","docAbstract":"

Results from a series of studies of methanogenic processes in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated aquifers indicate that acetoclastic methanogenesis is inhibited near non-aqueous sources. At a crude oil-contaminated site, numbers of acetoclastic methanogens found close to crude oil were one hundred times fewer than those of hydrogen- and formate-utilizing methanogens. In laboratory toxicity assays, crude oil collected from the site inhibited methane production from acetate but not from formate or hydrogen. Toxicity assays with aqueous creosote extract completely inhibited acetate utilization over the range of tested dilutions but only mildly affected formate and hydrogen utilization. The combined results from the laboratory and field studies suggest that in methanogenic contaminated aquifers, inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis may lead to a buildup of acetate relative to dissolved organic carbon.

","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10889860490465840","usgsCitation":"Warren, E., Bekins, B.A., Godsy, E.M., and Smith, V.K., 2004, Inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis in crude oil- and creosote-contaminated groundwater: Bioremediation Journal, v. 8, no. 1-2, p. 1-11, https://doi.org/10.1080/10889860490465840.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"11","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":412819,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida, Minnesota","city":"Bemidji, Pensacola","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -94.94825567887175,\n 47.510004595874534\n ],\n [\n -94.94825567887175,\n 47.41809133602223\n ],\n [\n -94.81641974137156,\n 47.41809133602223\n ],\n [\n -94.81641974137156,\n 47.510004595874534\n ],\n [\n -94.94825567887175,\n 47.510004595874534\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.39555721398766,\n 30.591676071104317\n ],\n [\n -87.39555721398766,\n 30.32078312407623\n ],\n [\n -87.08408284572732,\n 30.32078312407623\n ],\n [\n -87.08408284572732,\n 30.591676071104317\n ],\n [\n -87.39555721398766,\n 30.591676071104317\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"8","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warren, Ean ewarren@usgs.gov","contributorId":1351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Ean","email":"ewarren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":863806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bekins, Barbara A. 0000-0002-1411-6018 babekins@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-6018","contributorId":1348,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bekins","given":"Barbara","email":"babekins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":863807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Godsy, E. Michael","contributorId":45842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godsy","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":863808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, Virginia K.","contributorId":72021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Virginia","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":863809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70239131,"text":"70239131 - 2004 - Stable Isotope Analysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions by Conventional Dual-Inlet Mass Spectrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T17:06:48.875537","indexId":"70239131","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:55:27","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"1","title":"Stable Isotope Analysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions by Conventional Dual-Inlet Mass Spectrometry","docAbstract":"

This chapter reviews the recent developments and refinements of analytical methods for preparing waters and other aqueous samples of different origins for the measurement of the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes by conventional dual-inlet, dynamic gas-source isotope-ratio mass spectrometry. The emerging techniques of continuous-flow mass-spectrometry are discussed as they are employed in both dual-inlet and continuous-flow mass-spectrometry. The size, chemical composition, and isotopic abundance of aqueous samples vary widely depending on their type, origin, and history. Automated gas equilibration methods are very suitable and are becoming standard techniques in many isotope hydrology laboratories. The increased analytical precisions are due to the subsequent development of modern gas-source isotope-ratio mass spectrometers with dual-inlets and multi-collectors, have caused the proliferation of new analytical methods and applications for the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of water. For natural hydrologic samples and new developments of continuous-flow mass spectrometry, it is possible to determine both δD and δ18O values, as they can provide two-dimensional information. The most significant progress in analytical techniques for stable isotope analysis of water is witnessed. Hence, overall quality control of isotopic data is becoming an important issue.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50003-X","usgsCitation":"Horita, J., and Kendall, C., 2004, Stable Isotope Analysis of Water and Aqueous Solutions by Conventional Dual-Inlet Mass Spectrometry, chap. 1 of Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques, v. 1, p. 1-37, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50003-X.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"37","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411127,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"de Groot, P. A.","contributorId":300475,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Groot","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":860295,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Horita, Juske","contributorId":300474,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Horita","given":"Juske","affiliations":[{"id":32968,"text":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":860293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":860294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199879,"text":"70199879 - 2004 - Hydrology: Chapter D","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-02T10:42:34","indexId":"70199879","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:42:11","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Hydrology: Chapter D","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California--hydrogeologic framework and transient groundwater flow model","language":"English","publisher":"US Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Faunt, C.C., D’Agnese, F.A., and O’Brien, G.M., 2004, Hydrology: Chapter D, chap. of Death Valley regional groundwater flow system, Nevada and California--hydrogeologic framework and transient groundwater flow model, 27 p.","productDescription":"27 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":358012,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Death Valley","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f58","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Belcher, Wayne R.","contributorId":79446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747113,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sweetkind, Donald S. dsweetkind@usgs.gov","contributorId":130958,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweetkind","given":"Donald S.","email":"dsweetkind@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747114,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. ccfaunt@usgs.gov","contributorId":149018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":747110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’Agnese, Frank A.","contributorId":47810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O’Brien, Grady M.","contributorId":71197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"Grady","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":747112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70046914,"text":"70046914 - 2004 - Watersheds for U.S Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) sampling sites 1996-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-07-09T10:49:50","indexId":"70046914","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:42:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"Watersheds for U.S Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) sampling sites 1996-2000","docAbstract":"A digital representation of the watersheds of 43 sites on large river systems sampled by the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) of the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) in 2000 was created primarily from 1:250,000 hydrologic units(HUCs) in the United States. Watershed information from Canada and Mexico was incorporated to complete the areas draining to the sampling sites from outside the United States. The sampled rivers are in one of four major river systems: the Mississippi, the Colorado, the Rio Grande, or the Columbia.","doi":"10.3133/70046914","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Watersheds for U.S Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) sampling sites 1996-2000 (1.0), Dataset, https://doi.org/10.3133/70046914.","productDescription":"Dataset","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":274745,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":274742,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/nasqan2k.xml"}],"country":"Canada;Mexico;United States","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -126.968527,22.728494 ], [ -126.968527,54.743707 ], [ -74.347544,54.743707 ], [ -74.347544,22.728494 ], [ -126.968527,22.728494 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"51dd30f1e4b0f72b44719ce5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70244526,"text":"wsp2220_2004 - 2004 - Basic ground-water hydrology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-11-19T19:22:01.310275","indexId":"wsp2220_2004","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:38:23","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2220","title":"Basic ground-water hydrology","docAbstract":"

Ground water is one of the Nation's most valuable natural resources. It is the source of about 40 percent of the water used for all purposes exclusive of hydropower generation and electric powerplant cooling.

Surprisingly, for a resource that is so widely used and so important to the health and to the economy of the country, the occurrence of ground water is not only poorly understood but is also, in fact, the subject of many widespread misconceptions. Common misconceptions include the belief that ground water occurs in underground rivers resembling surface streams whose presence can be detected by certain individuals. These misconceptions and others have hampered the development and conservation of ground water and have adversely affected the protection of its quality.

In order for the Nation to receive maximum benefit from its ground-water resource, it is essential that everyone, from the rural homeowner to managers of industrial and municipal water supplies to heads of Federal and State water-regulatory agencies, become more knowledgeable about the occurrence, development, and protection of ground water. This report has been prepared to help meet the needs of these groups, as well as the needs of hydrologists, well drillers, and others engaged in the study and development of ground-water supplies. It consists of 45 sections on the basic elements of ground-water hydrology, arranged in order from the most basic aspects of the subject through a discussion of the methods used to determine the yield of aquifers to a discussion of common problems encountered in the operation of ground-water supplies.

Each section consists of a brief text and one or more drawings or maps that illustrate the main points covered in the text. Because the text is, in effect, an expanded discussion of the illustrations, most of the illustrations are not captioned. However, where more than one drawing is included in a section, each drawing is assigned a number, given in parentheses, and these numbers are inserted at places in the text where the reader should refer to the drawing.

In accordance with U.S. Geological Survey policy to encourage the use of metric units, these units are used in most sections. In the sections dealing with the analysis of aquifer (pumping) test data, equations are given in both consistent units and in the inconsistent inch-pound units still in relatively common use among ground-water hydrologists and well drillers. As an aid to those who are not familiar with metric units and with the conversion of ground-water hydraulic units from inch-pound units to metric units, conversion tables are given on the inside back cover.

Definitions of ground-water terms are given where the terms are first introduced. Because some of these terms will be new to many readers, abbreviated definitions are also given on the inside front cover for convenient reference by those who wish to review the definitions from time to time as they read the text. Finally, for those who need to review some of the simple mathematical operations that are used in ground-water hydrology, a section on numbers, equations, and conversions is included at the end of the text.

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","doi":"10.3133/wsp2220_2004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development","usgsCitation":"Heath, R., 2004, Basic ground-water hydrology (Revised 2004): U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2220, v, 84 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2220_2004.","productDescription":"v, 84 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418088,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2220_2004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":464298,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2220_2004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Revised 2004","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heath, Ralph C.","contributorId":53359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heath","given":"Ralph C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":911707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199407,"text":"70199407 - 2004 - Selenium, iron, and chromium stable isotope ratio measurements by the double isotope spike TIMS method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T10:24:04","indexId":"70199407","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:22:24","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"29","title":"Selenium, iron, and chromium stable isotope ratio measurements by the double isotope spike TIMS method","docAbstract":"

This chapter focuses on the double-spike calibrated thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) methods for measurement of mass dependent isotope fractionation in Se, Fe, and Cr. Current measurement precision is approximately ± 0.2 per mil on 80Se / 76Se, 56Fe / 54Fe, and 53Cr / 52Cr. Sample size requirements are 500ng, 1μg, and 250ng for Se, Fe, and Cr respectively. These measurements have been developed recently, and further improvements in precision and sample size are likely. The present purification procedures for these elements and the geochemical applications of the measurements are reviewed. TIMS instruments were usually limited to measurement of positive ions. One of the major recent developments in TIMS is the development of methods for measuring negative ions. An important future direction in mass spectrometry of Se, Fe, and Cr, is multi-collector inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). This recent technique has a number of advantages over TIMS techniques and may eventually dominate. Instrumental discrimination is very large with MC-ICP-MS and must be monitored and modeled correctly.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50031-4","usgsCitation":"Johnson, T.M., and Bullen, T.D., 2004, Selenium, iron, and chromium stable isotope ratio measurements by the double isotope spike TIMS method, chap. 29 of Handbook of stable isotope analytical techniques, v. 1, p. 623-651, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451114-0/50031-4.","productDescription":"44 p.","startPage":"623","endPage":"651","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357369,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Thomas M.","contributorId":174200,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16984,"text":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":745150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bullen, Thomas D. 0000-0003-2281-1691 tdbullen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2281-1691","contributorId":1969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"Thomas","email":"tdbullen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199406,"text":"70199406 - 2004 - Molecular markers and their use in environmental organic geochemistry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T10:16:01","indexId":"70199406","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T10:14:39","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Molecular markers and their use in environmental organic geochemistry","docAbstract":"

Molecular markers are organic substances that carry information about sources of organic matter or contamination. The source/marker relation can be used to indicate the presence of a given source material (qualitative), or, under appropriate conditions, to estimate the amount of a source material (quantitative source apportionment) in the environment. Assemblages of markers can also be used as process probes. In this instance, systematic differences and/or similarities in the physical-chemical properties of markers are coupled with compositional changes in marker composition to infer the operation of natural processes. This paper provides an overview of what molecular markers are, what types of markers are present in the environment, the requirements for the use of markers, and some common applications. To illustrate how molecular markers can answer specific environmental questions, three case studies are presented. The first case study examines the impact of municipal waste on a large urban harbor (Boston Harbor). Linear alkylbenzenes (unreacted residues of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate surfactants) and coprostanol (a fecal indicator) provide information on the sources and likely transport pathways of municipal wastes in a complex hydrologic system. The marker data are also used to estimate the proportion of sewage-derived poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in polluted harbor sediments. The second case study concerns a portion of the continental shelf off southern California (Palos Verdes) where discharge of municipal wastewaters has led to extensive contamination of sediments and biota. Long-chain alkylbenzenes (surfactant residues), PCBs and the pesticide, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), are used to develop sedimentation rate estimates for several time periods by molecular stratigraphy. These results, when combined with other information, allow conclusions to be drawn about the most likely transport pathway of sediments at the study site and to predict the fate of historically deposited contaminants. Finally, an investigation of a crude-oil spill in Bemidji, MN illustrates how monoaromatic hydrocarbons can be exploited as process probes, providing insights into the relative importance of different attenuation processes in a contaminated aquifer. The results show that natural attenuation of the monoaromatic hydrocarbons is occurring at this site and is dominated, not by physical and/or chemical processes, but by biodegradation.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The geochemical society special publications","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1873-9881(04)80013-0","usgsCitation":"Eganhouse, R., 2004, Molecular markers and their use in environmental organic geochemistry, chap. of The geochemical society special publications, v. 9, p. 143-158, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1873-9881(04)80013-0.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"143","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357368,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f5e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199404,"text":"70199404 - 2004 - Modeling microbial enhancement of Zn (II) and Pb (II) transport in columns packed with geologic media","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T10:03:31","indexId":"70199404","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T09:56:56","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modeling microbial enhancement of Zn (II) and Pb (II) transport in columns packed with geologic media","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water rock interaction","language":"English","publisher":"A.A. Balkema","publisherLocation":"Exton, Pennsylvania","usgsCitation":"Landkamer, L.L., Harvey, R., Metge, D.W., and J. N. Ryan, 2004, Modeling microbial enhancement of Zn (II) and Pb (II) transport in columns packed with geologic media, chap. of Water rock interaction, p. 1139-1140.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1139","endPage":"1140","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357367,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f62","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Alder, Jay R. 0000-0003-2378-2853 jalder@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2378-2853","contributorId":5118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alder","given":"Jay","email":"jalder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745146,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seal, R.R. 0000-0003-0901-2529","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":90331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal","given":"R.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745147,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Landkamer, Lee L.","contributorId":65679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landkamer","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745142,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harvey, R.W. 0000-0002-2791-8503","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2791-8503","contributorId":11757,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745143,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Metge, D. W.","contributorId":194244,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Metge","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"J. N. Ryan","contributorId":194240,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"J. N. Ryan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199353,"text":"70199353 - 2004 - Methylmercury contamination of aquatic ecosystems: A widespread problem with many challenges for the chemical sciences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T09:54:45","indexId":"70199353","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T09:52:59","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Methylmercury contamination of aquatic ecosystems: A widespread problem with many challenges for the chemical sciences","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water and sustainable development: Opportunities for the chemical sciences: A workshop report to the chemical sciences roundtable","language":"English","publisher":"National Academies ","usgsCitation":"Krabbenhoft, D.P., 2004, Methylmercury contamination of aquatic ecosystems: A widespread problem with many challenges for the chemical sciences, chap. 3 of Water and sustainable development: Opportunities for the chemical sciences: A workshop report to the chemical sciences roundtable, p. 19-28.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"28","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357319,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":357318,"rank":1,"type":{"id":6,"text":"Chapter"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK83731/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f64","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krabbenhoft, David P. 0000-0003-1964-5020 dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1964-5020","contributorId":1658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krabbenhoft","given":"David","email":"dpkrabbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70199352,"text":"70199352 - 2004 - Lessons learned about metals in the estuary: The importance of long-term clam accumulation data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-14T09:49:36","indexId":"70199352","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T09:47:34","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Lessons learned about metals in the estuary: The importance of long-term clam accumulation data","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The pulse of the estuary: Monitoring and managing water quality in the San Francisco estuary","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco Estuary Institute","publisherLocation":"Oakland, CA","usgsCitation":"Brown, C.L., Luoma, S.N., Parchaso, F., and Thompson, J.K., 2004, Lessons learned about metals in the estuary: The importance of long-term clam accumulation data, chap. of The pulse of the estuary: Monitoring and managing water quality in the San Francisco estuary, p. 38-45.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357317,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, C. L.","contributorId":35678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, Samuel N. 0000-0001-5443-5091","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5443-5091","contributorId":205506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"Samuel","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Parchaso, Francis 0000-0002-9471-7787 parchaso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9471-7787","contributorId":150620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parchaso","given":"Francis","email":"parchaso@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37464,"text":"WMA - Laboratory & Analytical Services Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thompson, Janet K. 0000-0002-1528-8452 jthompso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1528-8452","contributorId":1009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thompson","given":"Janet","email":"jthompso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70199403,"text":"70199403 - 2004 - Geochemistry of coastal tarbells in southern California: A tribute to I.R. Kaplan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T09:48:51","indexId":"70199403","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T09:45:25","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geochemistry of coastal tarbells in southern California: A tribute to I.R. Kaplan","docAbstract":"

No abstract available. 

","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemical investigations in earth and space science: A tribute to Isaac R. Kaplan","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam","usgsCitation":"Kvenvolden, K.A., and Hostettler, F.D., 2004, Geochemistry of coastal tarbells in southern California: A tribute to I.R. Kaplan, chap. of Geochemical investigations in earth and space science: A tribute to Isaac R. Kaplan, p. 197-209.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"209","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":357366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10e877e4b034bf6a800f6a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hill, R.J.","contributorId":92850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745136,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leventhal, J.","contributorId":16583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leventhal","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745137,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aizenshtat, Zeev","contributorId":21747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aizenshtat","given":"Zeev","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745138,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Baedecker, Mary Jo 0000-0002-4865-1043 mjbaedec@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4865-1043","contributorId":197793,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baedecker","given":"Mary","email":"mjbaedec@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Jo","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745139,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Claypool, George E.","contributorId":8475,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Claypool","given":"George E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":745140,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745141,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":6}],"authors":[{"text":"Kvenvolden, Keith A. kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","contributorId":3384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"Keith","email":"kkvenvolden@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":745134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hostettler, Frances D. fdhostet@usgs.gov","contributorId":3383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"Frances","email":"fdhostet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":745135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70199402,"text":"70199402 - 2004 - Evaluating remedial alternatives for the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork, near Summitville Mine, Colorado: Application of a reactive transport model to low- and high-flow simulations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-17T09:36:38","indexId":"70199402","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T09:34:33","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"3","title":"Evaluating remedial alternatives for the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork, near Summitville Mine, Colorado: Application of a reactive transport model to low- and high-flow simulations","docAbstract":"

Reactive-transport processes in Wightman Fork and the Alamosa River downstream from the Summitville
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The simulations were calibrated using data from synoptic studies conducted during October 1998 and June
1999. Discharge over the 30-km reach from just below the mine site to the Alamosa River above Terrace
Reservoir ranged from 0.077 to 1.3 m3/s at low flow and from 1.17 to 17.0 m3/s at high flow. Travel time was
about 28 hours at low flow and about 8.5 hours at high flow; pH ranged from 4.6 to 5.7 at low flow and from
3.7 to 6.7 at high flow. Simulations revealed that pH, Fe, Al, and Cu were non-conservative. Simulations
included Fe(II) oxidation, constrained using measured values of Fe(II) and Fe(total). Precipitation of hydrous Fe oxides and hydrous Al oxides and hydroxysulfates match observed conditions more closely in simulations that included Fe(II) oxidation and Fe(III) precipitation than in simulations without Fe(II) oxidation or Fe(III)
precipitation. Simulation results indicate that sorption is controlling Cu concentrations in the Alamosa River.
The calibrated models were used to evaluate nine remediation alternatives.

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No abstract available. 

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