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,{"id":38154,"text":"wsp2497 - 2002 - Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-10T09:21:39","indexId":"wsp2497","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2497","title":"Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"With the exception of sewage and septic effluents, most nitrogen sources and soils contain larger proportions of organic and reduced forms of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur than inorganic, oxidized forms. In contrast, most surface water and ground water contains larger proportions of dissolved inorganic carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur forms than organic forms. Data indicate that carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur are extensively processed in soils and streams.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wsp2497","usgsCitation":"Cravotta, C.A., 2002, Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2497, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2497.","productDescription":"99 p.","numberOfPages":"99","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3459,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wsp2497/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8add","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cravotta, Charles A. III, 0000-0003-3116-4684 cravotta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3116-4684","contributorId":2193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"Charles","suffix":"III,","email":"cravotta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32944,"text":"ofr02189 - 2002 - Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:10:09","indexId":"ofr02189","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-189","title":"Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences","docAbstract":"Data on rare earth (including yttrium) mines, deposits, and occurrences were compiled as part of an effort by the USGS and the University of Arizona Center for Mineral Resources to summarize current knowledge on the supply and demand outlook and related topics for this group of elements. Economic competition and environmental concerns are increasingly constraining the mining and processing of rare earths from the Mountain Pass mine in California. For many years, the deposit at Mountain Pass was the world's dominant source of rare earth elements and the United States was essentially self-sufficient. Starting approximately 10 years ago, the U.S. has become increasingly dependent (> 90 percent of separated rare earths) upon imports from China, now the dominant source of rare earths. A knowledge of the known economic and noneconomic sources of rare earths is basic to evaluating the outlook for rare earth supply and associated issues.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/ofr02189","usgsCitation":"Orris, G.J., and Grauch, R.I., 2002, Rare Earth Element Mines, Deposits, and Occurrences (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-189, Report: 174 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; Appendix, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02189.","productDescription":"Report: 174 p.; ReadMe; Metadata; Appendix","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":658,"text":"Western Mineral Resources","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":11520,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-189/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -166.5,-41.1 ], [ -166.5,71 ], [ 175.86666666666667,71 ], [ 175.86666666666667,-41.1 ], [ -166.5,-41.1 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684cea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orris, Greta J. 0000-0002-2340-9955 greta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2340-9955","contributorId":3472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orris","given":"Greta","email":"greta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":662,"text":"Western Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grauch, Richard I. 0000-0002-1763-0813 rgrauch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1763-0813","contributorId":1193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grauch","given":"Richard","email":"rgrauch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":51176,"text":"ofr02206 - 2002 - Environmental atlas of the Lake Pontchartrain Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-22T19:21:19","indexId":"ofr02206","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-206","title":"Environmental atlas of the Lake Pontchartrain Basin","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02206","usgsCitation":"Beall, A., and Kindinger, J., 2002, Environmental atlas of the Lake Pontchartrain Basin: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-206, illus., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02206.","productDescription":"illus.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4579,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-206/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":179308,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667455","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Penland, Shea","contributorId":88401,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Penland","given":"Shea","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":5115,"text":"Louisiana State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":749310,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Beall, Andrew","contributorId":45383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beall","given":"Andrew","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kindinger, Jack","contributorId":107338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":243106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33011,"text":"wri024072 - 2002 - Streamflow, water quality, and quantification of metal loading in the upper Tenmile Creek watershed, Lewis and Clark County, west-central Montana, September 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-20T06:27:18","indexId":"wri024072","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4072","title":"Streamflow, water quality, and quantification of metal loading in the upper Tenmile Creek watershed, Lewis and Clark County, west-central Montana, September 1998","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024072","usgsCitation":"Cleasby, T., and Nimick, D., 2002, Streamflow, water 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And Clark\",\"state\":\"MT\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4c96","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cleasby, T.E.","contributorId":95527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleasby","given":"T.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nimick, D. A.","contributorId":70399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nimick","given":"D. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33012,"text":"wri024073 - 2002 - Sediment deposition and selected water-quality characteristics in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, Northeast Kansas, 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-21T16:31:57","indexId":"wri024073","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4073","displayTitle":"Sediment Deposition and Selected Water-Quality Characteristics in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, Northeast Kansas, 2000","title":"Sediment deposition and selected water-quality characteristics in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, Northeast Kansas, 2000","docAbstract":"<p>The Lake Olathe watershed, located in northeast Kansas, was investigated using bathymetric survey data and reservoir bottom-sediment cores to determine sediment deposition, water-quality trends, and transport of nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen species), selected trace elements, selected pesticides, and diatoms as indicators of eutrophic (organic-enriched and depleted oxygen supply) conditions. To determine sediment deposition and loads, bathymetric data from Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, both located in the Lake Olathe watershed, were collected in 2000 and compared to historical topographic data collected when the lakes were built.</p><p>Approximately 338 acre-feet of sediment deposition has occurred in Cedar Lake since dam closure in 1938, and 317 acre-feet has occurred at Lake Olathe since 1956. Mean annual sediment deposition was 5.45 acre-feet per year (0.89 acre-feet per year per square mile) for Cedar Lake and 7.0 acre-feet per year (0.42 acre-feet per year per square mile) for Lake Olathe. Mean annual sediment loads for the two reservoirs were 9.6 million pounds per year for Cedar Lake and 12.6 million pounds per year for Lake Olathe.</p><p>Mean concentrations of total phosphorus in bottom-sediment samples from Cedar Lake ranged from 1,370 to 1,810 milligrams per kilogram, and concentrations in bottom-sediment samples from Lake Olathe ranged from 588 to 1,030 milligrams per kilogram. The implication of large total phosphorus concentrations in the bottom sediment of Cedar Lake is that inflow into Cedar Lake is rich in phosphorus and that adverse water-quality conditions could affect water quality in downstream Lake Olathe through discharge of water from Cedar Lake to Lake Olathe via Cedar Creek.</p><p>Mean annual phosphorus loads transported from the Lake Olathe watershed were estimated to be 14,700 pounds per year for Cedar Lake and 9,720 pounds per year for Lake Olathe. The mean annual phosphorus yields were estimated to be 3.74 pounds per acre per year for Cedar Lake and 0.91 pound per acre per year for Lake Olathe. Phosphorus yields in the Cedar Lake watershed were largest of the six Kansas impoundment watersheds recently studied.</p><p>Concentrations of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen in bottom sediment increased from upstream to downstream in both Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe. Mean concentrations of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen (N) ranged from 2,000 to 2,700 milligrams per kilogram in bottom-sediment samples from Cedar Lake and from 1,300 to 2,700 milligrams per kilogram in samples from Lake Olathe. There was no statistical significance between total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen and depth of bottom sediment.</p><p>Concentrations of six trace elements in bottom sediment from Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe (arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc) exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Threshold Effects Levels (TELs) sediment-quality guidelines for aquatic organisms in sediment except for one lead concentration. Probable Effects Levels (PELs) for trace elements, however, were not exceeded at either lake.</p><p>Organochlorine and organophosphate insecticides were not detected in bottom-sediment samples from either Cedar Lake or Lake Olathe, but the acetanilide herbicides alachlor and metolachlor were detected in sediment from both lakes. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has not proposed TEL or PEL guideline concentrations for bottom sediment for any of the organophosphate, acetanilide, or triazine pesticides.</p><p>The diatoms (microscopic, single-celled organisms) <i>Cyclotella bodanica</i>, an indicator of low organic-enriched water, and <i>Cyclotella meneghiniana</i>, an indicator of organic-enriched water, were both present in bottom sediment from Lake Olathe. The presence of both of these diatoms suggests varying periods of low and high eutrophication in Lake Olathe from 1956 to 2000. The concentrations of two species in bottom sediment from Cedar Lake, <i>Aulacoseira cf alpigena</i> and <i>Cyclotella meneghiniana</i>, as well as two species in sediment from Lake Olathe, <i>Aulacoseira cf alpigena</i> and <i>Stephanodiscus nigare</i>, increased in sediment cores from the older bottom material to the more recent deposition near the top of the sediment cores. These diatom species indicate eutrophic conditions, and the increased concentration of these diatom species from the bottom of the cores to the sediment/water interface suggests that historically these lakes have been and continue to be eutrophic at times.</p><p>Comparison of constituent trends between Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe using reservoir bottom sediment was not possible because sediment from Cedar Lake was suspected of having been disturbed. However, trends that may be reflective of historical changes in water quality were not detected in sediment from either Cedar Lake or Lake Olathe for total phosphorus, trace elements (except lead), and organochlorine or organophosphate pesticides. A slight increasing trend in the concentration of total ammonia plus organic&nbsp;nitrogen as nitrogen was seen in the sediment profile from Lake Olathe but not in the profile from Cedar Lake. The acetanilide herbicides alachlor and metolachlor were more prevalent in more recently deposited sediment in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, as was the triazine herbicide atrazine in Lake Olathe bottom sediment, suggesting a possible increasing trend in lake-inflow water concentrations.</p><p>Trends in water-quality characteristics can be used by the Lake Olathe watershed managers to document historical changes in the watershed such as changes in land use, the suspension of the use of chlorinated insecticides, such as DDT and chlordane, and the use of hydrophobic fertilizers. The investigation described in this report provides a baseline of water-quality information to compare future changes in water quality or other watershed activities. With the addition of bathymetric surveys and the inclusion of additional reservoirs, reservoir sediment investigations can be used to estimate historical loads of phosphorus and other constituents in future water-quality assessments throughout Kansas.</p><p><br></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024073","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Olathe, Kansas and the Kansas Department of Health and Environment","usgsCitation":"Mau, D.P., 2002, Sediment deposition and selected water-quality characteristics in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe, Northeast Kansas, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4073, v, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024073.","productDescription":"v, 71 p.","numberOfPages":"79","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":360232,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4073/wrir20024073.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.56 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002–4073"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -94.88093376159668,\n              38.839975028345364\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.82977867126465,\n              38.839975028345364\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.82977867126465,\n              38.885287314266904\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.88093376159668,\n              38.885287314266904\n            ],\n            [\n              -94.88093376159668,\n              38.839975028345364\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:%20dc_ks@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:%20dc_ks@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kswsc\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kswsc\">Kansas Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>1217 Biltmore Drive<br>Lawrence, KS 66049</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Description of Lake Olathe Watershed</li><li>Methods</li><li>Sediment Deposition in Cedar Lake and Lake Olathe</li><li>Water-Quality Characteristics</li><li>Diatoms as Indicators of Lake Eutrophication</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References</li><li>Supplemental Information</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mau, David P. dpmau@usgs.gov","contributorId":457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mau","given":"David","email":"dpmau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33016,"text":"wri024120 - 2002 - Geochemistry of the Little Lost River drainage basin, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:16","indexId":"wri024120","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4120","title":"Geochemistry of the Little Lost River drainage basin, Idaho","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024120","usgsCitation":"Swanson, S., Rosentreter, J., Bartholomay, R.C., and Knobel, L., 2002, Geochemistry of the Little Lost River drainage basin, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4120, 29 p.  , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024120.","productDescription":"29 p.  ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":95932,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4120/report.pdf","size":"3864","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":163716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4120/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa435","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Swanson, S.A.","contributorId":64703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosentreter, J.J.","contributorId":24394,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosentreter","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartholomay, R. C.","contributorId":66271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomay","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Knobel, L.L.","contributorId":83115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knobel","given":"L.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":33027,"text":"wri014126 - 2002 - Ground-water quality in the West Salt River Valley, Arizona, 1996–98 — Relations to hydrogeology, water use, and land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T22:16:40.945409","indexId":"wri014126","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4126","title":"Ground-water quality in the West Salt River Valley, Arizona, 1996–98 — Relations to hydrogeology, water use, and land use","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey collected and analyzed ground-water samples in the West Salt River Valley from 64 existing wells selected by a stratified-random procedure. Samples from an areally distributed group of 35 of these wells were used to characterize overall ground-water quality in the basin-fill aquifer. Analytes included the principal inorganic constituents, trace constituents, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds. Additional analytes were tritium, radon, and stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Analyses of replicate samples and blank samples provided evidence that the analyses of the ground-water samples were adequate for interpretation. The median concentration of dissolved solids in samples from the 35 wells was 560 milligrams per liter, which exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water. Eleven of the 35 samples had a nitrate concentration (as nitrogen) that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level for drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter. Pesticides were detected in eight samples; concentrations were below the Maximum Contaminant Levels. Deethylatrazine was most commonly detected. The pesticides were detected in samples from wells in agricultural or urban areas that have been irrigated. Concentrations of all trace constituents, except arsenic, were less than the Maximum Contaminant Levels. The concentration of arsenic exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Level of 50 micrograms per liter in two samples.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Nine monitoring wells were constructed in an area near Buckeye to assess the effects of agricultural land use on shallow ground water. The median concentration of dissolved solids was 3,340 milligrams per liter in samples collected from these wells in August 1997. The nitrate concentration (as nitrogen) exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Level (10 milligrams per liter) in samples from eight of the nine monitoring wells in August 1997 and again in February 1998. Analyses of all samples collected from the monitoring wells indicated low concentrations of pesticides and volatile organic compounds. The most frequently detected pesticides were deethylatrazine and atrazine. Trichloromethane (chloroform) and tetrachloroethene (PCE) were the most frequently detected volatile organic compounds in the monitoring wells. Two compounds [dieldrin and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-dichlorodiphenyl)ethylene (DDE)], decomposition products of two banned pesticides, aldrin and dichlorodiphenylethylene (DDT), were detected at low concentrations in samples analyzed for the agricultural land-use study. In the West Salt River Valley, a high concentration of the heavier oxygen isotope?oxygen-18?in ground water generally indicates effects of evaporation on recharge water from irrigation.</p> \n<br>\n<p>Wells in undeveloped areas and wells that have openings beneath a confining bed generally yield ground water that is free of the effects of irrigation seepage. Samples from these wells did not contain detectable concentrations of pesticides. The median concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen) and dissolved solids in samples from wells in undeveloped areas were 1.7 milligrams per liter and 257 milligrams per liter, respectively. The median concentrations of nitrate (as nitrogen) and dissolved solids in samples from wells that yield water from below confining beds were 2.0 and 747 milligrams per liter, respectively.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri014126","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Edmonds, R.J., and Gellenbeck, D., 2002, Ground-water quality in the West Salt River Valley, Arizona, 1996–98 — Relations to hydrogeology, water use, and land use: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4126, vii, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014126.","productDescription":"vii, 58 p.","numberOfPages":"66","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288408,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":394542,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51832.htm"},{"id":288407,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4126/report.pdf"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"West Salt River Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -112.7333,\n              33.2531\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.9333,\n              33.2531\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.9333,\n              33.9667\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.7333,\n              33.9667\n            ],\n            [\n              -112.7333,\n              33.2531\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69758e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edmonds, Robert J.","contributorId":95515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edmonds","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gellenbeck, Dorinda J.","contributorId":13228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellenbeck","given":"Dorinda J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33028,"text":"wri20014144 - 2002 - Occurrence and distribution of pesticides and volatile organic compounds in ground water and surface water in Central Arizona Basins, 1996-98, and their relation to land use","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-12T08:41:01","indexId":"wri20014144","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4144","title":"Occurrence and distribution of pesticides and volatile organic compounds in ground water and surface water in Central Arizona Basins, 1996-98, and their relation to land use","docAbstract":"<p>Samples of ground water and surface water from the Sierra Vista subbasin, the Upper Santa Cruz Basin, and the West Salt River Valley were collected and analyzed to determine the occurrence and distribution of pesticides and volatile organic compounds in central Arizona. The study was done during 1996-98 within the Central Arizona Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. This study included 121 wells and 4 surface-water sites in the 3 basins and the analyses of samples from 4 sites along the Santa Cruz River that were part of a separate study. Samples were collected from 121 wells and 3 surface-water sites for pesticide analyses, and samples were collected from 109 wells and 3 surface-water sites for volatile organic compound analyses.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Certain pesticides detected in ground water and surface water can be related specifically to agricultural or urban uses; others can be related to multiple land uses. Effects from historical agriculture are made evident by detections of DDE in ground-water and surface-water samples collected in the West Salt River Valley and detections of atrazine and deethylatrazine in the ground water in the Upper Santa Cruz Basin. Effects from present agriculture are evident in the seasonal variability in concentrations of pre-emergent pesticides in surface-water samples from the West Salt River Valley. Several detections of DDE and dieldrin in surface water were higher than established water-quality limits. Effects of urban land use are made evident by detections of volatile organic compounds in ground water and surface water from the West Salt River Valley. Detections of volatile organic compounds in surface water from the Santa Cruz River near Nogales, Arizona, also are indications of the effects of urban land use. One detection of tetrachloroethene in ground water was higher than established water-quality limits.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Water reuse is an important conservation technique in the Southwest; however, the reuse of water provides a transport mechanism for pesticides and volatile organic compounds to reach areas that are not normally affected by manmade compounds from specific land-use activities. The most complex mixture of pesticides and volatile organic compounds is in the West Salt River Valley and is the result of water-management practices and the combination of land uses in this basin throughout history.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.3133/wri20014144","collaboration":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program","usgsCitation":"Gellenbeck, D., and Anning, D.W., 2002, Occurrence and distribution of pesticides and volatile organic compounds in ground water and surface water in Central Arizona Basins, 1996-98, and their relation to land use: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4144, ix, 101 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014144.","productDescription":"ix, 101 p.","numberOfPages":"111","temporalStart":"1996-01-01","temporalEnd":"1998-12-31","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":288409,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4144/report.pdf"},{"id":288410,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"100000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Conic projection","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","otherGeospatial":"Central Arizona Basins","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113.0,31.0 ], [ -113.0,35.0 ], [ -110.0,35.0 ], [ -110.0,31.0 ], [ -113.0,31.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a80b0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gellenbeck, Dorinda J.","contributorId":13228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gellenbeck","given":"Dorinda J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anning, David W. dwanning@usgs.gov","contributorId":432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anning","given":"David","email":"dwanning@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":128,"text":"Arizona Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":33034,"text":"wri024000 - 2002 - Water budget for and nitrogen loads to Northeast Creek, Bar Harbor, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:18","indexId":"wri024000","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4000","title":"Water budget for and nitrogen loads to Northeast Creek, Bar Harbor, Maine","docAbstract":"The potential for nutrient enrichment to coastal estuaries on Mt. Desert Island, Maine, may affect the health of these important ecosystems at Acadia National Park. Inputs of water and nitrogen entering one of these coastal estuaries, Northeast Creek, and adjacent wetlands on Mt. Desert Island were quantified in a recent study conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service. Streamflow and concentra-tions of nitrogen species in the four perennial streams entering the wetland/estuary system were measured monthly for 18 months to estimate loads and develop a water budget. Old Mill Brook was instrumented with a continuous-recording stream-flow gage; the MOVE.1 record-extension technique was used with this and several other nearby continuous gages to estimate daily surface-water inflow to the wetland. Inflow from ungaged basins was estimated from the unit-area yield calculated from data obtained from the gaged basins. Precipitation data collected at the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) site at Acadia National Park Headquarters and the Acadia National Park weather station were used to calculate atmospheric inputs. Evapotranspiration from the wetland was calculated using Fennessey and Vogel?s regionalized multivariate regression model of Penman-Montieth evapotranspiration. Geologic data collected in the field and taken from published geologic maps indicate that ground water probably does not contribute significantly to the water budget of this wetland system. Surface-water outflow from the wetland was not calculated because of the tidal nature of the outlet of the wetland and the difficulties associated with measuring flow in a tidal stream.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024000","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M., 2002, Water budget for and nitrogen loads to Northeast Creek, Bar Harbor, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4000, 32 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024000.","productDescription":"32 p. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3205,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024000","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f73db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, M.G.","contributorId":103635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33036,"text":"wri024048 - 2002 - Sediment deposition and occurrence of selected nutrients and other chemical constituents in bottom sediment, Tuttle Creek Lake, Northeast Kansas, 1962–99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-11T18:33:44.070011","indexId":"wri024048","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4048","displayTitle":"Sediment Deposition and Occurrence of Selected Nutrients and Other Chemical Constituents in Bottom Sediment, Tuttle Creek Lake, Northeast Kansas, 1962–99","title":"Sediment deposition and occurrence of selected nutrients and other chemical constituents in bottom sediment, Tuttle Creek Lake, Northeast Kansas, 1962–99","docAbstract":"<p>A combination of bathymetric surveying and bottom-sediment coring was used to investigate sediment deposition and the occurrence of selected nutrients (total ammonia plus organic nitrogen and total phosphorus), 44 metals and trace elements, 15 organochlorine compounds, and 1 radionuclide in bottom sediment of Tuttle Creek Lake, northeast Kansas. The total estimated volume and mass of bottom sediment deposited from 1962 through 1999 in the original conservation-pool area of the lake was 6,170 million cubic feet (142,000 acre-feet) and 292,400 million pounds (133,000 million kilograms), respectively. The volume of sediment occupies about 33 percent of the original conservation-pool, water-storage capacity of the lake. Mean annual net sediment deposition since 1962 was estimated to be 7,900 million pounds (3,600 million kilograms). Mean annual net sediment yield from the Tuttle Creek Lake Basin was estimated to be 821,000 pounds per square mile (1,440 kilograms per hectare). </p><p>The estimated mean annual net loads of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen and total phosphorus deposited in the bottom sediment of Tuttle Creek Lake were 6,350,000 pounds per year (2,880,000 kilograms per year) and 3,330,000 pounds per year (1,510,000 kilograms per year), respectively. The estimated mean annual net yields of total ammonia plus organic nitrogen and total phosphorus from the Tuttle Creek Lake Basin were 657 pounds per square mile per year (1.15 kilograms per hectare per year) and 348 pounds per square mile per year (0.61 kilograms per hectare per year), respectively. No statistically significant trend for total phosphorus deposition in the bottom sediment of Tuttle Creek Lake was indicated (trend analysis for total ammonia plus organic nitrogen was not performed). </p><p>On the basis of available sediment-quality guidelines, the concentrations of arsenic, chromium, copper, nickel, silver, and zinc in the bottom sediment of Tuttle Creek Lake frequently or typically exceeded the threshold-effects levels established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Sediment concentrations of metals and trace elements were relatively uniform over time. Organochlorine compounds either were not detected or were detected at concentrations generally less than the threshold-effects levels. Following an initial positive trend, a statistically significant negative depositional trend was indicated for DDE (degradation product of DDT), which was consistent with the history of DDT use. Other organochlorine compounds detected included aldrin, DDD, and dieldrin. </p><p>Notable changes in human activity within the basin included a substantial increase in the production of grain corn and soybeans from the 1960s to the 1990s. This increase in production was accompanied by a pronounced increase in the number of irrigated acres. Also, during the same time period, there was an overall increase in hog production. These changes in human activity have not had a discernible effect on the deposition of chemical constituents in the bottom sediment of Tuttle Creek Lake.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024048","usgsCitation":"Juracek, K.E., and Mau, D.P., 2002, Sediment deposition and occurrence of selected nutrients and other chemical constituents in bottom sediment, Tuttle Creek Lake, Northeast Kansas, 1962–99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4048, vi, 73 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024048.","productDescription":"vi, 73 p.","numberOfPages":"80","costCenters":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":164188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400527,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51619.htm"},{"id":360181,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4048/wrir20024048.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2002–4048"}],"scale":"197000","country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"Tuttle Creek Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -96.7667,\n              39.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.533,\n              39.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.533,\n              39.5667\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.7667,\n              39.5667\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.7667,\n              39.25\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:%20dc_ks@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:%20dc_ks@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kswsc\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/kswsc\">Kansas Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>1217 Biltmore Drive<br>Lawrence, KS 66049</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Methods</li><li>Sediment Deposition in Tuttle Creek Lake</li><li>Concentrations and Trends in Selected Chemical Constituents</li><li>Comparison of Depositional Trends to Streamflow and Human Activity</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References</li><li>Supplemental Information</li></ul>","publishingServiceCenter":{"id":4,"text":"Rolla PSC"},"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db6353fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Juracek, Kyle E. 0000-0002-2102-8980 kjuracek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2102-8980","contributorId":2022,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juracek","given":"Kyle","email":"kjuracek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mau, David P. dpmau@usgs.gov","contributorId":457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mau","given":"David","email":"dpmau@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":38165,"text":"fs03802 - 2002 - Characterization and modes of occurrence of elements in feed coal and fly ash; an integrated approach","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-23T15:24:22","indexId":"fs03802","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"038-02","title":"Characterization and modes of occurrence of elements in feed coal and fly ash; an integrated approach","docAbstract":"<p>Despite certain environmental concerns, coal is likely to remain an important component of the United States energy supply, partly because it is the most abundant domestically available fossil fuel. One of the concerns about coal combustion for electricity production is the potential release of elements from coal and coal combustion products (CCPs) - fly ash - to the environment. This concern prompted the need for accurate, reliable, and comprehensive information on the contents and modes of occurrence of selected elements in power-plant feed coal and fly ash. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is collaborating with several electric utilities to determine the chemical and mineralogical properties of feed coal and fly ash. Our first study analyzed coal and fly ash from a Kentucky power plant, which uses many different bituminous coals from the Appalachian and Illinois Basins. Sulfur content of these feed coals rangedfrom 2.5 to 3.5 percent. The second study analyzed coal and fly ash from an Indiana power plant, which uses subbituminous coal from the Powder River Basin (fig. 1). Sulfur content of this feed coal ranged from 0.23 to 0.47 percent. A summary of important aspects of our approach and results are presented in this report.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs03802","usgsCitation":"Brownfield, M.E., 2002, Characterization and modes of occurrence of elements in feed coal and fly ash; an integrated approach: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 038-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs03802.","productDescription":"4 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3463,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-0038-02/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":64468,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0038/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":122194,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0038/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana, Kentucky ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4e9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brownfield, Michael E. 0000-0003-3633-1138","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-1138","contributorId":7250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38161,"text":"ds75 - 2002 - National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA) core images and well data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T12:00:22","indexId":"ds75","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"75","title":"National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA) core images and well data","docAbstract":"This report contains photographic images and data from petroleum exploration wells drilled within and near the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA). The volume is organized into six chapters, each of which contains images and well data (including a GIS project of public domain cores) pertinent to the geology and petroleum potential of NPRA. This product is a compilation of data not available elsewhere and contains limited interpretive material.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ds75","collaboration":"The USGS does not provide technical support for the software associated with this publication.","usgsCitation":"2002, National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA) core images and well data: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 75, Four CD-ROMs, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds75.","productDescription":"Four CD-ROMs","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282953,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/075/application.zip"},{"id":165764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"0","country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -161.86777777777777,68.33333333333333 ], [ -161.86777777777777,71.38388888888889 ], [ -150.86777777777777,71.38388888888889 ], [ -150.86777777777777,68.33333333333333 ], [ -161.86777777777777,68.33333333333333 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494c3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Houseknecht, David W. 0000-0002-9633-6910 dhouse@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-6910","contributorId":645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Houseknecht","given":"David","email":"dhouse@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":741173,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32934,"text":"ofr02171 - 2002 - User's guide to HYPOINVERSE-2000, a Fortran program to solve for earthquake locations and magnitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-03-07T10:45:40","indexId":"ofr02171","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-171","title":"User's guide to HYPOINVERSE-2000, a Fortran program to solve for earthquake locations and magnitudes","docAbstract":"<p>Hypoinverse is a computer program that processes files of seismic station data for an earthquake (like p wave arrival times and seismogram amplitudes and durations) into earthquake locations and magnitudes. It is one of a long line of similar USGS programs including HYPOLAYR (Eaton, 1969), HYPO71 (Lee and Lahr, 1972), and HYPOELLIPSE (Lahr, 1980).</p>\n<br/>\n<p>If you are new to Hypoinverse, you may want to start by glancing at the section “SOME SIMPLE COMMAND SEQUENCES” to get a feel of some simpler sessions. This document is essentially an advanced user’s guide, and reading it sequentially will probably plow the reader into more detail than he/she needs. Every user must have a crust model, station list and phase data input files, and glancing at these sections is a good place to begin. The program has many options because it has grown over the years to meet the needs of one the largest seismic networks in the world, but small networks with just a few stations do use the program and can ignore most of the options and commands.</p>\n<br/>\n<p><i>History and availability.</i> Hypoinverse was originally written for the Eclipse minicomputer in 1978 (Klein, 1978). A revised version for VAX and Pro-350 computers (Klein, 1985) was later expanded to include multiple crustal models and other capabilities (Klein, 1989). This current report documents the expanded Y2000 version and it supercedes the earlier documents. It serves as a detailed user's guide to the current version running on unix and VAX-alpha computers, and to the version supplied with the Earthworm earthquake digitizing system. Fortran-77 source code (Sun and VAX compatible) and copies of this documentation is available via anonymous ftp from computers in Menlo Park. At present, the computer is swave.wr.usgs.gov and the directory is /ftp/pub/outgoing/klein/hyp2000. If you are running Hypoinverse on one of the Menlo Park EHZ or NCSN unix computers, the executable currently is ~klein/hyp2000/hyp2000.</p>\n<br/>\n<p><i>New features.</i> The Y2000 version of Hypoinverse includes all of the previous capabilities, but adds Y2000 formats to those defined earlier. In most cases, the new formats add 2 digits to the year field to accommodate the century. Other fields are sometimes rearranged or expanded to accommodate a better field order. The Y2000 formats are invoked with the “200” command. When the Y2000 flag is turned on, all files are read and written in the new format and there is no mixing of format types in a single run. Some formats without a date field, like station files, have not changed. A separate program called 2000CONV has been written to convert old formats to new.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Other new features, like expanded station names, calculating amplitude magnitudes from a variety of digital seismometers, station history files, interactive earthquake processing, and locations from CUSP (Caltech USGS Seismic Processing) binary files have been added.</p>\n<br/>\n<p><i>General features.</i> Hypoinverse will locate any number of events in an input file, which can be in one of several different formats. Any or all of printout, summary or archive output may be produced.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Hypoinverse is driven by user commands. The various commands define input and output files, set adjustable parameters, and solve for locations of a file of earthquake data using the parameters and files currently set. It is both interactive and \"batch\" in that commands may be executed either from the keyboard or from a file. You execute the commands in a file by typing @filename at the Hypoinverse prompt. Users may either supply parameters on the command line, or omit them and are prompted interactively. The current parameter values are displayed and may be taken as defaults by pressing just the RETURN key after the prompt. This makes the program very easy to use, providing you can remember the names of the commands. Combining commands with and without their required parameters into a command file permits a variety of customized procedures such as automatic input of crustal model and station data, but prompting for a different phase file each time.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>All commands are 3 letters long and most require one or more parameters or file names. If they appear on a line with a command, character strings such as filenames must be enclosed in apostrophes (single quotes). Appendix 1 gives this and other free-format rules for supplying parameters, which are parsed in Fortran. When several parameters are required following a command, any of them may be omitted by replacing them with null fields (see appendix 1). A null field leaves that parameter unchanged from its current or default value. When you start HYPOINVERSE, default values are in effect for all parameters except file names.</p>\n<br/>\n<p>Hypoinverse is a complicated program with many features and options. Many of these \"advanced\" or seldom used features are documented here, but are more detailed than a typical user needs to read about when first starting with the program. I have put some of this material in smaller type so that a first time user can concentrate on the more important information.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02171","usgsCitation":"Klein, F.W., 2002, User's guide to HYPOINVERSE-2000, a Fortran program to solve for earthquake locations and magnitudes: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-171, 123 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02171.","productDescription":"123 p.","numberOfPages":"123","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr02171.jpg"},{"id":3097,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0171/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283467,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0171/pdf/of02-171.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a16e4b07f02db603e5c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, Fred W. klein@usgs.gov","contributorId":4417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Fred","email":"klein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32932,"text":"ofr02149 - 2002 - Asbestos: Geology, Mineralogy, Mining, and Uses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:18","indexId":"ofr02149","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-149","title":"Asbestos: Geology, Mineralogy, Mining, and Uses","docAbstract":"The term asbestos is a generic designation referring usually to six types of naturally occurring mineral fibers that are or have been commercially exploited. These fibers belong to two mineral groups: serpentines and amphiboles. The serpentine group contains a single asbestiform variety: chrysotile; five asbestiform varieties of amphiboles are known: anthophyllite asbestos, grunerite asbestos (amosite), riebeckite asbestos (crocidolite), tremolite asbestos, and actinolite asbestos. These fibrous minerals share several properties which qualify them as asbestiform fibers: they are found in bundles of fibers which can be easily separated from the host matrix or cleaved into thinner fibers; the fibers exhibit high tensile strengths, they show high length: diameter (aspect) ratios, from a minimum of 20 up to greater than 1000; they are sufficiently flexible to be spun; and macroscopically, they resemble organic fibers such as cellulose. Since asbestos fibers are all silicates, they exhibit several other common properties, such as incombustibility, thermal stability, resistance to biodegradation, chemical inertia toward most chemicals, and low electrical conductivity. \r\n\r\nThe term asbestos has traditionally been attributed only to those varieties that are commercially exploited. The industrial applications of asbestos fibers have now shifted almost exclusively to chrysotile. Two types of amphiboles, commonly designated as amosite and crocidolite are no longer mined. The other three amphibole varieties, anthophyllite asbestos, actinolite asbestos, and tremolite asbestos, have no significant industrial applications presently.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02149","usgsCitation":"Virta, R.L., 2002, Asbestos: Geology, Mineralogy, Mining, and Uses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-149, 35 p. : ill. ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02149.","productDescription":"35 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":164391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3096,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-149/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672bbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Virta, Robert L. rvirta@usgs.gov","contributorId":395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Virta","given":"Robert","email":"rvirta@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32980,"text":"ofr02102 - 2002 - Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:17","indexId":"ofr02102","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-102","title":"Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works and the Antelope Valley-East Kern Water Agency, conducted three cycles of injection, storage, and recovery tests to evaluate the feasibility of artificially recharging ground water in the Lancaster area of Antelope Valley, California. During the third cycle (March 1998 through April 1999), the tests included investigations of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes in the aquifer. Trihalomethanes are disinfection by-products formed by reaction between natural dissolved organic carbon that is present in water and chlorine that is added during the drinking-water-treatment process. This report includes a discussion of the design of the investigation; descriptions of the sampling, analytical, and experimental methods used in the investigation; and a presentation of the data collected.\r\n\r\nDuring the third cycle, 60 million gallons of chlorinated water was injected into the aquifer through well 7N/12W-27P2 in the Los Angeles County Department of Public Works well field in Lancaster between April 15 and June 16, 1998. One hundred fifty million gallons of water was extracted from the same well between June 30, 1998, and April 29, 1999. Water-quality samples were collected during the entire cycle from the well and from a nearby set of nested piezometers, and were analyzed for residual chlorine, dissolved organic carbon, trihalomethane, major anion, and dissolved solid concentrations; ultraviolet absorbance spectra; and a number of field water-quality parameters. A statistical analysis was done to evaluate the analytical precision of the residual chlorine, dissolved organic carbon, trihalomethane, and ultraviolet absorbance measurements on these samples. The formation of trihalomethanes in the injection water was examined in laboratory experiments: Trihalomethane concentrations in samples of injection water were monitored during a storage period, and trihalomethane formation potential in the presence of excess chlorine was measured. The role of mixing between injection water and ground water and the conservative or non-conservative behavior of trihalomethanes was studied by adding a conservative tracer, sulfur hexafluoride, to the injection water and monitoring its concentration in the extraction water. The potential for biodegradation of trihalomethanes by aquifer bacteria was assessed in laboratory experiments: Microcosms containing ground water or extraction water and sediment or concentrated bacteria were spiked with trihalomethanes, and the amount of trihalomethanes was monitored during an incubation period. The potential for sorption of trihalomethanes to aquifer sediments was assessed in laboratory experiments: Mixtures of sediment and water were spiked with trihalomethanes, and then the trihalomethane concentrations were measured after an equilibration period.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02102","usgsCitation":"Fram, M.S., Berghouse, J.K., Bergamaschi, B., Fujii, R., Goodwin, K.D., and Clark, J., 2002, Water-quality monitoring and studies of the formation and fate of trihalomethanes during the third injection, storage and recovery test at Lancaster, Antelope Valley, California, March 1998 through April 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-102, 48 p.; 8 illus.; 27 tables, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02102.","productDescription":"48 p.; 8 illus.; 27 tables","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163453,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3142,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/ofr02102/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e3e4b07f02db5e5611","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fram, Miranda S. 0000-0002-6337-059X mfram@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6337-059X","contributorId":1156,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fram","given":"Miranda","email":"mfram@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Berghouse, Joshua K.","contributorId":19990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berghouse","given":"Joshua","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bergamaschi, Brian A. 0000-0002-9610-5581","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-5581","contributorId":73241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bergamaschi","given":"Brian A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fujii, Roger rfujii@usgs.gov","contributorId":553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujii","given":"Roger","email":"rfujii@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goodwin, Kelly D.","contributorId":79934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goodwin","given":"Kelly","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clark, Jordan F.","contributorId":106177,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Jordan F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":33014,"text":"wri024114 - 2002 - Estimates of ground-water recharge from precipitation to glacial-deposit and bedrock aquifers on Lopez, San Juan, Orcas, and Shaw islands, San Juan County, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:16","indexId":"wri024114","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4114","title":"Estimates of ground-water recharge from precipitation to glacial-deposit and bedrock aquifers on Lopez, San Juan, Orcas, and Shaw islands, San Juan County, Washington","docAbstract":"An important source of fresh water on Lopez, San Juan, Orcas, and Shaw Islands in San Juan County off the northwestern coast of Washington is glacial-deposit and bedrock aquifers. Two methods were used to estimate recharge from precipitation to the water tables on the islands. A daily near-surface water-balance method, the Deep Percolation Model (DPM), was used to simulate water budgets for the period October 1, 1996, through September 30, 1998 (water years 1997-98) for six small drainage basins?three on Lopez Island and one each on San Juan, Orcas, and Shaw Islands. The calibrated soil and subsoil parameters from the DPM for each small basin were then used in island-wide applications of the DPM where the direct runoff component (which is not available on an island-wide basis) was simulated, rather than input, and calibration was not required. A spatial distribution of annual recharge was simulated for each island, with island averages of: Lopez Island, 2.49 inches per year; San Juan Island, 1.99 inches per year; Orcas Island, 1.46 inches per year; and Shaw Island, 1.44 inches per year.A chloride mass-balance method that requires measurements of atmospheric chloride deposition, precipitation, streamflow, and chloride concentrations in ground water was used to estimate recharge to the glacial-deposit aquifers of Lopez Island. Only average recharge could be estimated using this method rather than area-specific recharge. Average recharge for Lopez Island estimated by this method was only 0.63 inch per year. The range of chloride concentrations in ground-water samples from selected wells indicates that the average recharge in areas of glacial deposits is between 0.29 and 1.95 inches per year. Recharge simulated using the DPM for two drainage basins on Lopez Island overlain by glacial deposits are 2.76 and 2.64 inches per year. Sources of chloride in ground water other than from the atmosphere would cause the recharge estimated by the chloride mass-balance method to be less than the actual recharge, therefore these estimates may represent lower limits which are, at least, consistent with the higher simulated recharge from the DPM. The average island-wide recharge is most closely related to the amount of area overlain by glacial deposits. Thus, even though Lopez Island receives the least precipitation, it has the most recharge per square mile because it proportionally has the largest area overlain by glacial deposits. Recharge simulated by the DPM for areas of shallow to outcropping bedrock generally were less than 1.5 inches per year, but recharge simulated in areas of glacial deposits ranged from less than 0.5 to 3 inches per year, with recharge as high as 9 inches per year in some small areas. ","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024114","usgsCitation":"Orr, L.A., Bauer, H.H., and Wayenberg, J.A., 2002, Estimates of ground-water recharge from precipitation to glacial-deposit and bedrock aquifers on Lopez, San Juan, Orcas, and Shaw islands, San Juan County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4114, 113 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024114.","productDescription":"113 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3183,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024114/ ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcaf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Orr, Laura A.","contributorId":104956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orr","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bauer, Henry H.","contributorId":70817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bauer","given":"Henry","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wayenberg, Judith A.","contributorId":69202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wayenberg","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":32933,"text":"ofr2002165 - 2002 - Molybdenum recycling in the United States in 1998","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:18","indexId":"ofr2002165","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-165","title":"Molybdenum recycling in the United States in 1998","docAbstract":"This report describes the flow of molybdenum in the United States in 1998 with emphasis on the extent to which molybdenum was recycled. Molybdenum was mostly recycled from products of molybdenum-bearing steels and superalloys, with some molybdenum products recovered specifically for their high molybdenum content. In 1998, 8,000 metric tons (t) of molybdenum was estimated to have been recycled, and the recycling rate was calculated to be 33 percent, with recycling efficiency at about 30 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr2002165","usgsCitation":"Blossom, J.W., 2002, Molybdenum recycling in the United States in 1998 (Online version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-165, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2002165.","productDescription":"12 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9156,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-165/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Online version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699264","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Blossom, John W.","contributorId":85238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blossom","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32935,"text":"ofr02174 - 2002 - Quality of economically extractable coal beds in the Gillette coal field as compared with other Tertiary coal beds in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T15:33:54","indexId":"ofr02174","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-174","title":"Quality of economically extractable coal beds in the Gillette coal field as compared with other Tertiary coal beds in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana","docAbstract":"The Powder River Basin, and specifically the Gillette coal field, contains large quantities of economically extractable coal resources. These coal resources have low total sulfur content and ash yield, and most of the resources are subbituminous in rank. A recent U.S Geological Survey study of economically extractable coal in the Gillette coal field focused on five coal beds, the Wyodak rider, Upper Wyodak, Canyon, Lower Wyodak-Werner, and Gates/Kennedy. This report compares the coal quality of these economically extractable coal beds to coal in the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone in the Powder River Basin and in the Gillette coal field (Flores and others, 1999) and other produced coal in the Gillette coal field (Glass, 2000). The Upper Wyodak, Canyon, and Lower Wyodak/Werner beds are within the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone. Compared with all coal in the Wyodak-Anderson coal zone, both throughout the Powder River Basin and just within the Gillette coal field; the thick, persistent Upper Wyodak coal bed in the Gillette coal field has higher mean gross calorific value (8,569 Btu/lb), lower mean ash yield (5.8 percent), and lower mean total sulfur content (0.46 percent).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr02174","usgsCitation":"Ellis, M.S., 2002, Quality of economically extractable coal beds in the Gillette coal field as compared with other Tertiary coal beds in the Powder River basin, Wyoming and Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-174, 20 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02174.","productDescription":"20 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163000,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3098,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0174/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654f6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, Margaret S. mellis@usgs.gov","contributorId":198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Margaret","email":"mellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32947,"text":"ofr02144 - 2002 - Methods of installing United States National Seismographic Network (USNSN) stations -- a construction manual","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:16","indexId":"ofr02144","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-144","title":"Methods of installing United States National Seismographic Network (USNSN) stations -- a construction manual","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02144","usgsCitation":"McMillan, J.R., 2002, Methods of installing United States National Seismographic Network (USNSN) stations -- a construction manual: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-144, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02144.","productDescription":"25 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3115,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0144/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62be5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMillan, John R.","contributorId":27905,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMillan","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33015,"text":"wri024119 - 2002 - Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-19T19:36:56","indexId":"wri024119","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4119","title":"Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) evaluated the natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds (CVOCs) in ground water beneath the former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. The predominant contaminants in ground water are trichloroethene (TCE) and its degradation byproducts cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cisDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). The Navy planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill in spring of 1999 to remove and control the migration of CVOCs in shallow ground water. Previous studies provided evidence that microbial degradation processes also reduce CVOC concentrations in ground water at OU 1, so monitored natural attenuation is a potential alternative remedy if phytoremediation is ineffective. This report describes the current (2000) understanding of natural attenuation of CVOCs in ground water at OU 1 and the impacts that phytoremediation activities to date have had on attenuation processes. The evaluation is based on ground-water and surface-water chemistry data and hydrogeologic data collected at the site by the USGS and Navy contractors between 1991 and 2000. Previously unpublished data collected by the USGS during 1996-2000 are presented.  Natural attenuation of CVOCs in shallow ground water at OU 1 is substantial. For 1999-2000 conditions, approximately 70 percent of the mass of dissolved chlorinated ethenes that was available to migrate from the landfill was completely degraded in shallow ground water before it could migrate to the intermediate aquifer or discharge to surface water. Attenuation of CVOC concentrations appears also to be substantial in the intermediate aquifer, but biodegradation appears to be less significant; those conclusions are less certain because of the paucity of data downgradient of the landfill beneath the tide flats. Attenuation of CVOC concentrations is also substantial in surface water as it flows through the adjacent marsh and out to the tide flats. Attenuation processes other than dilution reduce the CVOC flux in marsh surface water by about 40 percent by the time the water discharges to the tide flats. Despite the importance of natural attenuation processes at reducing both the contaminant concentrations and the contaminant mass at OU 1, natural attenuation alone was not effective enough in the year 2000 to meet current numerical remediation goals for the site. That was in part due to the relatively short distance between the landfill and the adjacent marsh, and in part due to the extremely high CVOC concentrations directly beneath the landfill. Phytoremediation activities had some apparent effect on contaminant concentrations in ground water and surface water, but ground-water redox conditions to date (2000) were not affected by the February 1999 asphalt removal for tree planting. The poplar trees in the phytoremediation plantations were not yet mature in 2000, so the lack of discernible changes to date is understandable. Concentration changes of some redox-sensitive compounds suggest that increased recharge following asphalt removal diluted ambient landfill ground water. CVOC concentrations increased in some downgradient wells in both the northern and southern plantations after asphalt removal, whereas CVOC concentrations decreased in some upgradient wells in the southern plantation. A clear increase in CVOC concentrations in marsh surface water followed asphalt removal, apparently from increased contaminant discharge in ground water beneath the southern plantation. The results of the natural attenuation evaluation suggest than minor modifications to the current sampling plan may be beneficial to understanding the future impacts of phytoremediation and natural attenuation on the fate and distribution of CVOCs at OU 1.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024119","usgsCitation":"Dinicola, R., Cox, S., Landmeyer, J., and Bradley, P., 2002, Natural attenuation of chlorinated volatile organic compounds in ground water at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4119, 116 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024119.","productDescription":"116 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3184,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024119","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":163628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.88070678710938,\n              47.60986653003798\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.88070678710938,\n              47.803008949806895\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.58682250976562,\n              47.803008949806895\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.58682250976562,\n              47.60986653003798\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.88070678710938,\n              47.60986653003798\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698289","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinicola, Richard S. 0000-0003-4222-294X dinicola@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4222-294X","contributorId":352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinicola","given":"Richard S.","email":"dinicola@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, S.E.","contributorId":66663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":33030,"text":"wri014221 - 2002 - Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, 1997–2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-22T10:07:25","indexId":"wri014221","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4221","displayTitle":"Geohydrology, Water Quality, and Simulation of Ground-Water Flow in the Vicinity of a Former Waste-Oil Refinery near Westville, Indiana, 1997–2000","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, 1997–2000","docAbstract":"<p>Geohydrologic and water-quality data collected during 1997 through 2000 in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, define a plume of 1,4-dioxane in ground water that extends to the southwest approximately 0.8 miles from the refinery site. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane in the plume ranged from 3 to 31,000 micrograms per liter. Ground water containing 1,4-dioxane is discharged to Crumpacker Ditch, approximately one-half mile west of the refinery site. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane detected in surface water ranged from 8 to 140 micrograms per liter; 1,4-dioxane also is transported in ground water beneath the ditch.</p><p>The study area is underlain by glacial deposits of sand and gravel that overlie lacustrine clay and shale. The sand and gravel deposits form an extensive aquifer ranging from 148 to 215 feet thick in the study area. Ground water generally flows from northeast to southwest and the depth to water ranges from about 3 to 36 feet below land surface. The average horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer, determined from a multiple-well aquifer test, was 121 feet per day, and the transmissivity was 18,600 feet squared per day. Vertical hydraulic conductivity ranged from 24 to 36 feet per day and specific yield ranged from 0.05 to 0.08. Analysis of single-well aquifer tests indicated that horizontal hydraulic conductivity ranged from 0.6 to 127 feet per day and was largest in the lower part of the aquifer. Horizontal gradients averaged about 0.001 feet per foot; estimated ground-water- flow velocities averaged about 0.1 feet per day in the upper and middle parts of the glacial aquifer and about 0.4 feet per day near the bottom of the aquifer.</p><p>Analytical results of water samples indicate the ground water generally is a calcium-bicarbonate type with a nearly neutral pH. Specific conductivity ranged from 437 to 1,030 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in water from wells upgradient from the refinery site and 330 to 3,780 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in water from downgradient wells. Barium, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc commonly were detected in samples of ground water. Volatile organic compounds (including chlorinated solvents and aromatic hydrocarbons) were consistently detected in samples from shallow wells near the boundaries of the former refinery site. Concentrations of 1,4-dioxane were detected in water from wells screened in the upper, middle, and lower parts of the aquifer downgradient from the site and in samples of surface water collected approximately 5 miles downstream from where the plume intersects Crumpacker Ditch.</p><p>A three-dimensional, four layer groundwater- flow model was constructed and calibrated to match ground-water levels and streamflow measured during December 1997. The model was used to simulate possible mechanisms of contaminant release, the effect of increased pumpage from water-supply wells, and pumping at the leading edge of the plume as a possible means of remediation. Based on simulation of three waste-oil lagoons, a vertical hydraulic conductivity of 0.2 feet per day was required to move contaminants into the bottom layer of the model at a constant leakage rate of about 98 gallons per minute. Simulations of a disposal well in layer 3 of the model indicated an injection rate of 50 gallons per minute was necessary to spread contaminants vertically in the aquifer. Simulated pumping rates of about 300 and 1,000 gallons per minute were required for water supply wells at the Town of Westville and the Westville Correctional Facility to draw water from the plume of 1,4-dioxane. Simulated pumping from hypothetical wells at the leading edge of the plume indicated that three wells, each pumping 25 gallons per minute from model layer 3, would capture the plume of 1,4-dioxane.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014221","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Duwelius, R.F., Yeskis, D.J., Wilson, J.T., and Robinson, B.A., 2002, Geohydrology, water quality, and simulation of ground-water flow in the vicinity of a former waste-oil refinery near Westville, Indiana, 1997–2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4221, vii, 161 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014221.","productDescription":"vii, 161 p.","numberOfPages":"169","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4221/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":3201,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4221/wri20014221.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.54 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4221"}],"scale":"1","country":"United States","state":"Indiana","city":"Westville","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -86.96296691894531,\n              41.478232450820364\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.04193115234374,\n              41.597986086554684\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.80984497070312,\n              41.67496335351134\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.72590255737303,\n              41.56524291087755\n            ],\n            [\n              -86.96296691894531,\n              41.478232450820364\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_in@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_in@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, <a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water/\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/oki-water/\">Indiana Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>5957 Lakeside Blvd.<br>Indianapolis, IN 46278</p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Introduction</li><li>Description of Study Area</li><li>Methods of Data Collection and Analysis</li><li>Geohydrology</li><li>Water Quality</li><li>Simulation of Ground-Water Flow</li><li>Summary and Conclusions</li><li>References</li><li>Appendixes</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8766","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duwelius, Richard F.","contributorId":31378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duwelius","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeskis, Douglas J. djyeskis@usgs.gov","contributorId":2323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeskis","given":"Douglas","email":"djyeskis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, John T. 0000-0001-6752-4069 jtwilson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6752-4069","contributorId":1954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"John","email":"jtwilson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35860,"text":"Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Robinson, Bret A. barobins@usgs.gov","contributorId":3897,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"Bret","email":"barobins@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":33013,"text":"wri20024077 - 2002 - Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of Alternative Pumping Distributions and the Effects of Drought on the Ground-Water Flow System of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20024077","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4077","title":"Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of Alternative Pumping Distributions and the Effects of Drought on the Ground-Water Flow System of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","docAbstract":"Ground water in a freshwater lens is the main source of freshwater on Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Four major geologic units make up the island with high-permeability limestone units overlying low-permeability volcanic rocks. Estimates of limestone hydraulic conductivity range from 21 to 23,000 feet per day.\r\n\r\nEstimates of water-budget components for Tinian are 82 inches per year of rainfall, about 6 inches per year of runoff, 46 inches per year of evapotranspiration, and 30 inches per year of recharge. From 1990?97, ground-water withdrawal from the Municipal well, the major source of water, averaged about 780 gallons per minute.\r\n\r\nA two-dimensional, steady-state, ground-water flow model using the computer code SHARP was developed for Tinian, to enhance the understanding of (1) the distribution of aquifer hydraulic properties, (2) the conceptual framework of the ground-water flow system, and (3) the effects of various pumping distributions and drought on water levels and the freshwater/saltwater transition zone. For modeling purposes, Tinian was divided into three horizontal hydraulic-conductivity zones: (1) highly permeable limestone, (2) less-permeable, clay-rich limestone, and (3) low-permeability volcanic rocks.\r\n\r\nThe following horizontal hydraulic conductivities were estimated: (1) 10,500 feet per day for the highly permeable limestone, (2) 800 feet per day for the less-permeable clay-rich limestone, and (3) 0.2 foot per day for the volcanic rocks.\r\n\r\nTo estimate the hydrologic effects of different pumping distributions on the aquifer, three different steady-state pumping scenarios were simulated, (1) a scenario with no ground-water pumping, (2) a 2001-pumping scenario, and (3) a maximum-pumping scenario.\r\n\r\nThe results of the no-pumping scenario showed that the freshwater/saltwater interface beneath the Municipal well would be about 7 feet deeper and ground-water discharge to the coast would be higher along both the east and west coasts of the island when compared with 1990-97 pumping conditions. For the maximum pumping scenario, the model-calculated freshwater/saltwater interface is about 7 feet shallower than the position calculated in the base-case scenario.\r\n\r\nTo estimate the hydrologic effects of drought on the freshwater lens, the 2001- and maximum-pumping scenarios were simulated using three combinations of aquifer porosity values covering a range of possible limestone properties. In all scenarios, recharge was reduced to 10 percent of average estimated recharge and the transient response was simulated for 1 year. These simulations demonstrated that the ground-water resource is adequate to withstand a drought similar to that experienced in 1998 using existing infrastructure.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20024077","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Commonwealth Utilities Corporation, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands","usgsCitation":"Gingerich, S.B., 2002, Geohydrology and Numerical Simulation of Alternative Pumping Distributions and the Effects of Drought on the Ground-Water Flow System of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4077, vi, 46 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024077.","productDescription":"vi, 46 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124660,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2002_4077.jpg"},{"id":13776,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4077/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ 145.56666666666666,14.916666666666666 ], [ 145.56666666666666,15.1 ], [ 145.68333333333334,15.1 ], [ 145.68333333333334,14.916666666666666 ], [ 145.56666666666666,14.916666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8d90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gingerich, Stephen B. 0000-0002-4381-0746 sbginger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-0746","contributorId":1426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gingerich","given":"Stephen","email":"sbginger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32937,"text":"ofr02180 - 2002 - Evaluation of economically extractable coal resources in the Gillette coal field, Powder River basin, Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T15:08:50","indexId":"ofr02180","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-180","title":"Evaluation of economically extractable coal resources in the Gillette coal field, Powder River basin, Wyoming","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02180","usgsCitation":"Ellis, M.S., Molnia, C.L., Osmonson, L.M., Ochs, A.M., Rohrbacher, T.J., Mercier, T.J., and Roberts, L.N., 2002, Evaluation of economically extractable coal resources in the Gillette coal field, Powder River basin, Wyoming: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-180, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02180.","productDescription":"48 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3100,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0180/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming ","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fae09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, Margaret S. mellis@usgs.gov","contributorId":198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Margaret","email":"mellis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Molnia, Carol L.","contributorId":62238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molnia","given":"Carol","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Osmonson, Lee M.","contributorId":33322,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Osmonson","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6676,"text":"USGS (retired)","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":209473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ochs, Allan M.","contributorId":57513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ochs","given":"Allan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rohrbacher, Timothy J.","contributorId":20355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rohrbacher","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mercier, Tracy J. 0000-0002-8232-525X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8232-525X","contributorId":79529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mercier","given":"Tracy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":209476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Roberts, Laura N.R.","contributorId":79530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roberts","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"N.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":32936,"text":"ofr02177 - 2002 - Magnetotelluric data along the Tangle Lakes profile, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-26T21:05:40.24783","indexId":"ofr02177","displayToPublicDate":"2002-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-177","title":"Magnetotelluric data along the Tangle Lakes profile, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>The 89 km long Tangle Lakes profile of 14 magnetotelluric (MT) stations begins 4 km south of the confluence of Augustana Creek and the Delta River in south central Alaska. The northernmost station, TLM13, is located just south of the Denali Fault in the rugged Clearwater Mountains. The north-south profile crosses the Ampitheater Mountains northwest of the Tangle Lakes area and continues until it terminates in the flatlands south of the Alphabet Hills. The profile intersects the Denali Highway 32km west of Paxson.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr02177","usgsCitation":"Sampson, J.A., and Rodriguez, B.D., 2002, Magnetotelluric data along the Tangle Lakes profile, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-177, 144 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02177.","productDescription":"144 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":163001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":405727,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51835.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3099,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/ofr-02-0177/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Tangle Lakes","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -145.6333,\n              62.5947\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.5833,\n              62.5947\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.5833,\n              63.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.6333,\n              63.45\n            ],\n            [\n              -145.6333,\n              62.5947\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649436","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sampson, Jay A.","contributorId":13939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sampson","given":"Jay","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":209469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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