{"pageNumber":"296","pageRowStart":"7375","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10458,"records":[{"id":1014994,"text":"1014994 - 2001 - Guidance of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon using vertical bar rack and louver arrays","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T20:26:43.969637","indexId":"1014994","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Guidance of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon using vertical bar rack and louver arrays","docAbstract":"<p><span>Some populations of shortnose sturgeon&nbsp;</span><i>Acipenser brevirostrum</i><span>&nbsp;and pallid sturgeon&nbsp;</span><i>Scaphirhynchus albus</i><span>&nbsp;have been divided by hydroelectric dams, and migration downstream past the dams likely continues. No protection for downstream migrants is presently available, and the behavior of sturgeon to guidance structures has not been studied. We conducted experiments in a 5.4-m-long × 1.5-m-wide flume with a water depth of 37 cm to determine the guidance efficiency and behavior of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon to two guidance structures, a bar rack and a louver array. We tested one vertical bar rack configuration with slats spaced 3.9 cm apart (clear spacing). The bar rack slats were oriented directly into the approach flow, and the row of slats was oriented at a 45° angle to the flow. We tested two louver array configurations, one with slats spaced 3.9 cm apart and one with slats spaced 9.0 cm apart (clear spacing). Louver slats were oriented at a 90° angle to the flow, and the row of slats was oriented at a 20° angle to the approach flow. Mean approach velocity to both structures was 31–34 cm/s. Eighteen shortnose sturgeon tagged with passive integrated transponders were tested once in each configuration; 24–38 pallid sturgeon were tested in each configuration. Shortnose sturgeon showed some behavioral differences due to experience with the bar rack, but experience did not affect the percent guided. Both sturgeon species were guided efficiently by the louver array (96–100%) but less efficiently by the bar rack (58–80%). Shortnose sturgeon were more likely to contact the bar rack at night than during the day (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.01) and at night were more likely to contact the bar rack than the louver array (</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;= 0.006). Bar racks guided fewer individuals at night than during the day. For pallid sturgeon, the percentages guided by day and night were 80 and 58, respectively; for shortnose sturgeon, the percentages were 80 and 67. Both species used vision to avoid structures because both increased contact with structures at night. Shortnose sturgeon were superior to pallid sturgeon at swimming off the bottom and avoiding structures.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0561:GOYSAP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kynard, B., and Horgan, M., 2001, Guidance of yearling shortnose and pallid sturgeon using vertical bar rack and louver arrays: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 21, no. 3, p. 561-570, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2001)021<0561:GOYSAP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"561","endPage":"570","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"S. O. Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.5786390403882,\n              42.58851067756049\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57876839137604,\n              42.58900270989463\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57873605362943,\n              42.58944712285822\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57833722141632,\n              42.591280292839656\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57838033841247,\n              42.59178023893199\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57849891015144,\n              42.5921135340993\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57860670264157,\n              42.59243095641085\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57862826113782,\n              42.592931326286134\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5785312478966,\n              42.5934471299536\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57833722141483,\n              42.59385976981369\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57810007793687,\n              42.59414544196238\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57770124572441,\n              42.594486659757564\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57778747971611,\n              42.59474058806711\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57818631192922,\n              42.594954839273015\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57860670264009,\n              42.59531192297996\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57909176884486,\n              42.595034191384826\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5803744994752,\n              42.59478026427206\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58099969591673,\n              42.59457394773068\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58178455735006,\n              42.59394097146128\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58189234984016,\n              42.59384574724481\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58225884430598,\n              42.593282334319554\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58250676703281,\n              42.592687174289495\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5827007935146,\n              42.59170316390674\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58264689726956,\n              42.59129844545012\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58252832553055,\n              42.59102863168573\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58229118205263,\n              42.59079055974732\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58212949331745,\n              42.59070326647529\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5808791004351,\n              42.59046678706582\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.58016767000122,\n              42.59020490552268\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57969338304598,\n              42.58990334359527\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57948857731465,\n              42.589577972510256\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57949935656355,\n              42.589204984055556\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57939156407409,\n              42.58873676134661\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57928377158402,\n              42.58860978509037\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.57903584885715,\n              42.58853042479879\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.5786390403882,\n              42.58851067756049\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db65515e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horgan, Martin","contributorId":23492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horgan","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015131,"text":"1015131 - 2001 - Aspen persistence near the National Elk Refuge and Gros Ventre Valley elk feedgrounds of Wyoming, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-30T17:50:03","indexId":"1015131","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2602,"text":"Landscape Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aspen persistence near the National Elk Refuge and Gros Ventre Valley elk feedgrounds of Wyoming, USA","docAbstract":"<p>We investigated aspen (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Populus tremuloides</i>)regeneration in the Gros Ventre River Valley, the National Elk Refuge and a small part of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA to see if elk (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Cervus elaphus</i>) browsing was as damaging as previously thought. We conducted a landscape-scale survey to assess aspen regeneration across gradients of wintering elk concentrations using 68&nbsp;randomly selected aspen stands in the 1090&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> study area. Forty-four percent of the stands sampled supported some newer regeneration that had reached the canopy. There were no significant differences of regeneration across elk winter range classification (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p</i>=0.25) or distance from feedgrounds (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p</i>=0.96). However, a multiple linear regression found that the concentration of elk was one of several important predictors of successful aspen regeneration (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">p</i>=0.005, <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">R</i><sup>2</sup>=0.36). Our results suggest that stand-replacing regeneration occurs across the landscape at a variety of elk densities despite some trends of reduced regeneration under greater elk concentrations. We propose that high spatial and temporal variation and scattered patches of successful aspen regeneration characterize aspen persistence between periods of episodic regeneration and recruitment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1013158511225","usgsCitation":"Barnett, D., and Stohlgren, T.J., 2001, Aspen persistence near the National Elk Refuge and Gros Ventre Valley elk feedgrounds of Wyoming, USA: Landscape Ecology, v. 16, no. 6, p. 569-580, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013158511225.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"569","endPage":"580","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130499,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnett, David T.","contributorId":86234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnett","given":"David T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1016142,"text":"1016142 - 2001 - Raptor electrocution on power lines: Current issues and outlook","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1016142","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raptor electrocution on power lines: Current issues and outlook","docAbstract":"Electrocution on power lines is one of many human-caused mortality factors that affect raptors. Cost-effective and relatively simple raptor-safe standards for power line modification and construction have been available for over 25 years. During the 1970s and early 1980s, electric industry efforts to reduce raptor electrocutions were very coordinated and proactive, but predictions about resolving the problem were overly optimistic. Today, raptors continue to be electrocuted, possibly in large numbers. The electrocution problem has not been resolved, partly because of the sheer number of potentially lethal power poles in use and partly because electrocution risks may be more pervasive and sometimes less conspicuous than once believed. Also, responses to the problem by individual utilities have not been uniform, and deregulation of the electric industry during the 1990s may have deflected attention from electrocution issues. To control raptor electrocutions in the future, the industry must increase information sharing and technology transfer, increase efforts to retrofit lethal power poles, and above all ensure that every new and replacement line constructed incorporates raptor-safe standards at all phases of development. Finally, responsibility for the electrocution problem must be shared. Federal, state, and local governments, academic institutions, the conservation community, and the consumer all can play critical roles in an effort that will, by necessity, extend well into the new century. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Lehman, R.N., 2001, Raptor electrocution on power lines: Current issues and outlook: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 29, no. 3, p. 804-813.","productDescription":"p. 804-813","startPage":"804","endPage":"813","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64938a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lehman, Robert N.","contributorId":47746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1016191,"text":"1016191 - 2001 - Genetic and morphologic variation in Phyllodoce empetriformis and Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Ericaceae) in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T16:37:54.687018","indexId":"1016191","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1167,"text":"Canadian Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Genetic and morphologic variation in <i>Phyllodoce empetriformis</i> and <i>Phyllodoce glanduliflora</i> (Ericaceae) in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","title":"Genetic and morphologic variation in Phyllodoce empetriformis and Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Ericaceae) in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Genetic and morphological diversity of&nbsp;</span><i>Phyllodoce empetriformis</i><span>&nbsp;(Sw.) D. Don and&nbsp;</span><i>Phyllodoce</i><span>&nbsp;</span><i>glanduliflora</i><span>&nbsp;(hook.) Cov. were surveyed in Mount Rainier National Park in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State. Paired populations at high and low elevations were sampled at three study areas between 1720- and 2451-m elevation. Allozyme analysis of four polymorphic loci indicates high levels of genetic diversity within populations (</span><i>P. empetriformis</i><span>&nbsp;= 94.2% and&nbsp;</span><i>P. glanduliflora</i><span>&nbsp;= 93.4% of total diversity) and significant differences in allele frequencies among populations and study areas. Individual populations are composed of multiple clones with high ratios of local to widespread genotypes. The proportion of distinguishable clones ranges from 32 to 83% within individual populations. Within individual populations, 18-67% of genotypes were restricted to one population. Patterns of morphologic variation, estimated through measurements of leaf width, leaf length, stem extension, and plant height paralleled those displayed by allozyme analysis. Significant differences were found in leaf width and stem length for&nbsp;</span><i>P. empetriformis</i><span>&nbsp;and among greenhouse populations for leaf width (</span><i>P. empetriformis</i><span>) and leaf length (</span><i>P. glanduliflora</i><span>). Species conservation strategies for&nbsp;</span><i>Phyllodoce</i><span>&nbsp;should concentrate on the maintenance of within-population levels of diversity, protection of adjacent populations, and protection of safe sites for recruitment of new populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/b00-147","usgsCitation":"Rochefort, R.M., and Peterson, D.L., 2001, Genetic and morphologic variation in Phyllodoce empetriformis and Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Ericaceae) in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 79, no. 2, p. 179-191, https://doi.org/10.1139/b00-147.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"191","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.92352294921874,\n              46.702202151643455\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4483642578125,\n              46.702202151643455\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4483642578125,\n              47.00460694243501\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92352294921874,\n              47.00460694243501\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92352294921874,\n              46.702202151643455\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rochefort, Regina M.","contributorId":91459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochefort","given":"Regina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015177,"text":"1015177 - 2001 - The importance of defining technical issues in interagency environmental negotiations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T17:28:35","indexId":"1015177","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3202,"text":"Public Works Management and Policy","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The importance of defining technical issues in interagency environmental negotiations","docAbstract":"<p>The role of technical clarity in successful multiparty negotiations was studied. Investigations involved in-depth interviews with the principal participants in six consultations conducted under the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s hydroelectric power project licensing procedures. Technical clarity was especially important in these cases because they concerned science-based questions. The principal issues in the six cases were fish passage, instream flow for fish habitat, and entrainment of fish in hydropower turbines. It was concluded that technical clarity was one of the most critical elements in resolving these conflicts. In the least successful negotiations, parties failed to address the basic values of the dispute before plunging into technical studies. The results of those studies usually highlighted the potential for negative outcomes and increased polarization between the participants. In the most successful negotiations, the various parties shared an understanding of each of their basic values. These shared understandings led to technical studies that cast the negotiation in a positive light and illuminated possible solutions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Journals","doi":"10.1177/1087724X0153004","usgsCitation":"Lamb, B.L., Burkardt, N., and Taylor, J.G., 2001, The importance of defining technical issues in interagency environmental negotiations: Public Works Management and Policy, v. 5, no. 3, p. 220-232, https://doi.org/10.1177/1087724X0153004.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"220","endPage":"232","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db6263f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamb, B. L.","contributorId":6395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamb","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkardt, N.","contributorId":13913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Taylor, J. G.","contributorId":33671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"J.","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023493,"text":"70023493 - 2001 - Changes in the Onset of Spring in the Western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T06:27:53","indexId":"70023493","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1112,"text":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","onlineIssn":"1520-0477","printIssn":"0003-0007","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in the Onset of Spring in the Western United States","docAbstract":"<p>Fluctuations in spring climate in the western United States over the last 4-5 decades are described by examining changes in the blooming of plants and the timing of snowmelt-runoff pulses. The two measures of spring's onset that are employed are the timing of first bloom of lilac and honeysuckle bushes from a long-term cooperative phonological network, and the timing of the first major pulse of snowmelt recorded from high-elevation streams. Both measures contain year-to-year fluctuations, with typical year-to-year fluctuations at a given site of one to three weeks. These fluctuations are spatially coherent, forming regional patterns that cover most of the west. Fluctuations in lilac first bloom dates are highly correlated to those of honeysuckle, and both are significantly correlated with those of the spring snowmelt pulse. Each of these measures, then, probably respond to a common mechanism. Various analyses indicate that anomalous temperature exerts the greatest influence upon both interannual and secular changes in the onset of spring in these networks. Earlier spring onsets since the late 1970s are a remarkable feature of the records, and reflect the unusual spell of warmer-than-normal springs in western North America during this period. The warm episodes are clearly related to larger-scale atmospheric conditions across North America and the North Pacific, but whether this is predominantly an expression of natural variability or also a symptom of global warming is not certain.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AMS","doi":"10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0399:CITOOS>2.3.CO;2","issn":"00030007","usgsCitation":"Cayan, D., Kammerdiener, S.A., Dettinger, M.D., Caprio, J.M., and Peterson, D.H., 2001, Changes in the Onset of Spring in the Western United States: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 82, no. 3, p. 399-415, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0399:CITOOS>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"415","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478937,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<0399:citoos>2.3.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232411,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f42ee4b0c8380cd4bbb2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kammerdiener, Susan A.","contributorId":17801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerdiener","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397824,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Caprio, Joseph M.","contributorId":9808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caprio","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Peterson, D. H.","contributorId":92229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70174726,"text":"70174726 - 2001 - Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-14T16:50:23","indexId":"70174726","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report","docAbstract":"<p>During the early 1990s (but echoing studies by S.T. Harding at the University of California, from as early as the 1930s), several lines of paleoclimate evidence in and around the Sierra Nevada Range have provided the water community in California with some real horror stories. By studying ancient tree stumps submerged in Lake Tahoe and Tenaya Lake, stumps that were emerging from Mono Lake during its recent decline, and stumps that were exhumed in the Walker River bed during the floods of 1997, paleoclimatologists like Scott Stine of California State University, Hayward, assembled a picture of epic droughts in the central Sierra Nevada during the medieval period. These droughts had to be severe to drop water levels in the lakes and rivers low enough for the trees to grow in the first place, and then had to last for hundreds of years to explain tree-ring counts in these sizeable stumps. Worse yet, the evidence suggested at least two such epic droughts, one ending close to 1100 and the other close to 1350. These epic droughts challenged paleoclimatologists, as well as modern climatologists and hydrologists, to understand and, ultimately, to determine the likelihood that such droughts might recur in the foreseeable future. The first challenge, however, was to verify that such droughts were more than local events and as extreme as suggested. At this year&rsquo;s Pacific Climate (PACLIM) Workshop, held March 18&ndash;21, 2001, at Asilomar (Pacific Grove, Calif.), special sessions brought together scientists to compare paleoclimatic reconstructions of ancient droughts and pluvial (wet) epidodes to try to determine the nature of decadal and centennial climate fluctuations in western North America, with emphasis on California. A companion session brought together modern climatologists to report on the latest explanations (and evidence) for decadal climate variations during the instrumental era of the 20th century. PACLIM is an annual workshop that, since 1983, has brought together specialists from diverse fields, including physical, social, and biological sciences, to discuss and investigate climate and climate effects in the eastern Pacific and western America. This year&rsquo;s PACLIM was sponsored by the U.S. Geological Survey, NOAA Office of Global Programs, California Department of Water Resources, and, for the first time, the CALFED Science Program. In addition to the presentations summarized here, sessions at this year&rsquo;s PACLIM covered topics as varied as the North American monsoon system; recent economic and political effects of California&rsquo;s climate variations, including a presentation on climate and CALFED by Sam Luoma (U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park); and research into daily-to-seasonal weather variations.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., 2001, Droughts, epic droughts and droughty centuries - lessons from a California paleoclimatic record: a PACLIM 2001 meeting report: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 14, no. 3, p. 51-53.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"53","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325285,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":325284,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/2001/IEPNewsletterSummer2001.pdf"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5788b7b3e4b0d27deb386fcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":642552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70178293,"text":"70178293 - 2001 - The Hawai'i rare bird search 1994-1996","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:05:01","indexId":"70178293","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3489,"text":"Studies in Avian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Hawai'i rare bird search 1994-1996","docAbstract":"<p>We compiled the recent history of sightings and searched for 13 rare and missing Hawaiian forest birds to update status and distribution information. We made 23 expeditions between August 1994 and April 1996 on the islands of Hawai‘i, Maui, Moloka‘i, and Kaua‘i totaling 1,685 search hours, 146 field days, and 553 person days. During our surveys we found four critically endangered birds: the Po‘ouli (<i>Melamprusops phaeosoma</i>, five to six individuals), Maui Nukupu‘u (<i>Hemignathus lucidus affinis</i>, one individual), ‘I‘iwi (<i>Vestiaria coccinea</i>) on Moloka‘i (one individual), and the Puaiohi (<i>Myadestes palmeri</i>, 55-70 individuals). Detection rates for each species were 0.013, 0.002, 0.012, and 0.318 detections/hr, respectively. Although not visually confirmed during our surveys, auditory detections, unconfirmed sightings, and other reports suggest the possible existence of ‘O‘u (<i>Psittirostra psittacea</i>) on Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i Nukupu‘u (<i>Hemignathus lucidus hanapepe</i>), and Maui ‘Akepa (<i>Loxops coccineus ochraceus</i>) in perilously low numbers. Six undetected forest bird populations, Kama‘o (<i>Myadestes myudestinus</i>), Kaua‘i ‘O‘o (<i>Moho braccatus</i>), Bishop’s ‘O‘o (<i>Moho bishopi</i>), ‘O‘o on Kaua‘i, Greater ‘Akialoa (<i>Hemignafhus ellisianus</i>), and Kakawahie (<i>Paroveomyza flammea</i>) have high probabilities of being extinct. Oloma‘o (<i>Myadestes lanaiensis</i>) from Moloka‘i are probably extirpated from the areas searched on that island but may persist on the unsurveyed Oloku‘i Plateau. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Los Angeles, CA","usgsCitation":"Reynolds, M.H., and Snetsinger, T.J., 2001, The Hawai'i rare bird search 1994-1996: Studies in Avian Biology, v. 22, p. 133-143.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"143","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-155.778234,20.245743],[-155.772734,20.245409],[-155.746893,20.232325],[-155.737004,20.222773],[-155.735822,20.212417],[-155.732704,20.205392],[-155.653966,20.16736],[-155.630382,20.146916],[-155.624565,20.145911],[-155.607797,20.137987],[-155.600909,20.126573],[-155.598033,20.124539],[-155.590923,20.122497],[-155.58168,20.123617],[-155.568368,20.130545],[-155.558933,20.13157],[-155.523661,20.120028],[-155.516795,20.11523],[-155.502561,20.114155],[-155.468211,20.104296],[-155.443957,20.095318],[-155.405459,20.078772],[-155.4024,20.075541],[-155.387578,20.067119],[-155.33021,20.038517],[-155.29548,20.024438],[-155.282629,20.021969],[-155.270316,20.014525],[-155.240933,19.990173],[-155.204486,19.969438],[-155.194593,19.958368],[-155.179939,19.949372],[-155.149215,19.922872],[-155.144394,19.920523],[-155.131235,19.906801],[-155.124618,19.897288],[-155.12175,19.886099],[-155.107541,19.872467],[-155.098716,19.867811],[-155.095032,19.867882],[-155.086341,19.855399],[-155.084357,19.849736],[-155.085674,19.838584],[-155.088979,19.826656],[-155.094414,19.81491],[-155.09207,19.799409],[-155.091216,19.776368],[-155.093517,19.771832],[-155.093387,19.737751],[-155.087118,19.728013],[-155.079426,19.726193],[-155.063972,19.728917],[-155.045382,19.739824],[-155.006423,19.739286],[-154.997278,19.72858],[-154.987168,19.708524],[-154.981102,19.690687],[-154.984718,19.672161],[-154.983778,19.641647],[-154.974342,19.633201],[-154.963933,19.627605],[-154.950359,19.626461],[-154.947874,19.62425],[-154.947718,19.621947],[-154.951014,19.613614],[-154.947106,19.604856],[-154.93394,19.597505],[-154.928205,19.592702],[-154.924422,19.586553],[-154.903542,19.570622],[-154.875,19.556797],[-154.852618,19.549172],[-154.837384,19.538354],[-154.826732,19.537626],[-154.814417,19.53009],[-154.809561,19.522377],[-154.809379,19.519086],[-154.822968,19.48129],[-154.838545,19.463642],[-154.86854,19.438126],[-154.887817,19.426425],[-154.928772,19.397646],[-154.944185,19.381852],[-154.964619,19.365646],[-154.980861,19.349291],[-155.020537,19.331317],[-155.061729,19.316636],[-155.113272,19.290613],[-155.1337,19.276099],[-155.159635,19.268375],[-155.172413,19.26906],[-155.187427,19.266156],[-155.19626,19.261295],[-155.205892,19.260907],[-155.243961,19.271313],[-155.264619,19.274213],[-155.296761,19.266289],[-155.303808,19.261835],[-155.31337,19.250698],[-155.341268,19.234039],[-155.349148,19.217756],[-155.360631,19.20893],[-155.378638,19.202435],[-155.390701,19.201171],[-155.417369,19.187858],[-155.427093,19.179546],[-155.432519,19.170623],[-155.453516,19.151952],[-155.465663,19.146964],[-155.505281,19.137908],[-155.51474,19.132501],[-155.51214,19.128174],[-155.512137,19.124296],[-155.519652,19.117025],[-155.526136,19.115889],[-155.528902,19.11371],[-155.544806,19.091059],[-155.551129,19.08878],[-155.557817,19.08213],[-155.555326,19.069377],[-155.555177,19.053932],[-155.557371,19.046565],[-155.566446,19.032531],[-155.576599,19.027412],[-155.581903,19.02224],[-155.596032,18.998833],[-155.596521,18.980654],[-155.601866,18.971572],[-155.613966,18.970399],[-155.625256,18.961951],[-155.625,18.959934],[-155.638054,18.941723],[-155.658486,18.924835],[-155.672005,18.917466],[-155.681825,18.918694],[-155.687716,18.923358],[-155.690171,18.932195],[-155.693117,18.940542],[-155.726043,18.969437],[-155.763598,18.981837],[-155.806109,19.013967],[-155.853943,19.023762],[-155.88155,19.036644],[-155.884077,19.039266],[-155.886278,19.05576],[-155.903693,19.080777],[-155.908355,19.081138],[-155.921389,19.121183],[-155.917292,19.155963],[-155.903339,19.217792],[-155.90491,19.230147],[-155.902565,19.258427],[-155.895435,19.274639],[-155.890842,19.298905],[-155.887356,19.337101],[-155.888701,19.348031],[-155.898792,19.377984],[-155.913849,19.401107],[-155.909087,19.415455],[-155.921707,19.43055],[-155.924269,19.438794],[-155.925166,19.468081],[-155.922609,19.478611],[-155.924124,19.481406],[-155.930523,19.484921],[-155.935641,19.485628],[-155.936403,19.481905],[-155.939145,19.481577],[-155.95149,19.486649],[-155.952897,19.488805],[-155.953663,19.510003],[-155.960457,19.546612],[-155.962264,19.551779],[-155.965211,19.554745],[-155.96935,19.555963],[-155.970969,19.586328],[-155.978206,19.608159],[-155.997728,19.642816],[-156.028982,19.650098],[-156.032928,19.653905],[-156.034994,19.65936],[-156.033326,19.66923],[-156.027427,19.672154],[-156.029281,19.678908],[-156.036079,19.690252],[-156.04796,19.698938],[-156.051652,19.703649],[-156.052485,19.718667],[-156.064364,19.730766],[-156.05722,19.742536],[-156.052315,19.756836],[-156.049651,19.780452],[-156.021732,19.8022],[-156.006267,19.81758],[-155.982821,19.845651],[-155.976651,19.85053],[-155.964817,19.855183],[-155.949251,19.857034],[-155.945297,19.853443],[-155.940311,19.852305],[-155.925843,19.858928],[-155.926938,19.870221],[-155.92549,19.875],[-155.915662,19.887126],[-155.901987,19.912081],[-155.894099,19.923135],[-155.894474,19.926927],[-155.892533,19.932162],[-155.866919,19.954172],[-155.856588,19.968885],[-155.840708,19.976952],[-155.838692,19.975527],[-155.835312,19.976078],[-155.831948,19.982775],[-155.828965,19.995542],[-155.825473,20.025944],[-155.828182,20.035424],[-155.850385,20.062506],[-155.866931,20.078652],[-155.88419,20.10675],[-155.899149,20.145728],[-155.906035,20.205157],[-155.901452,20.235787],[-155.890663,20.25524],[-155.882631,20.263026],[-155.873921,20.267744],[-155.853293,20.271548],[-155.811459,20.26032],[-155.783242,20.246395],[-155.778234,20.245743]]],[[[-157.789581,21.438396],[-157.789734,21.437679],[-157.789276,21.435833],[-157.790543,21.434313],[-157.791718,21.434881],[-157.793045,21.43391],[-157.793167,21.43574],[-157.791565,21.43651],[-157.791779,21.437752],[-157.793289,21.437658],[-157.791779,21.438435],[-157.791092,21.438442],[-157.790741,21.43874],[-157.789581,21.438396]]],[[[-160.125,21.95909],[-160.122262,21.962881],[-160.112746,21.995245],[-160.09645,22.001489],[-160.072123,22.003334],[-160.058543,21.99638],[-160.051992,21.983681],[-160.052729,21.980321],[-160.056336,21.977939],[-160.060549,21.976729],[-160.063349,21.978354],[-160.065811,21.976562],[-160.078393,21.955153],[-160.085787,21.927295],[-160.080012,21.910808],[-160.079065,21.89608],[-160.098897,21.884711],[-160.124283,21.876789],[-160.147609,21.872814],[-160.16162,21.864746],[-160.174796,21.846923],[-160.189782,21.82245],[-160.205211,21.789053],[-160.200427,21.786479],[-160.205851,21.779518],[-160.218044,21.783755],[-160.23478,21.795418],[-160.24961,21.815145],[-160.244943,21.848943],[-160.231028,21.886263],[-160.228965,21.889117],[-160.21383,21.899193],[-160.205528,21.907507],[-160.202716,21.912422],[-160.190158,21.923592],[-160.167471,21.932863],[-160.13705,21.948632],[-160.127302,21.955508],[-160.125,21.95909]]],[[[-159.431707,22.220015],[-159.40732,22.230555],[-159.388119,22.223252],[-159.385977,22.220009],[-159.367563,22.214906],[-159.359842,22.214831],[-159.357227,22.217744],[-159.353795,22.217669],[-159.339964,22.208519],[-159.315613,22.186817],[-159.308855,22.155555],[-159.297808,22.149748],[-159.295875,22.144547],[-159.295271,22.13039],[-159.297143,22.113815],[-159.317451,22.080944],[-159.321667,22.063411],[-159.324775,22.05867],[-159.333267,22.054639],[-159.337996,22.046575],[-159.341401,22.028978],[-159.333224,21.973005],[-159.333109,21.964176],[-159.334714,21.961099],[-159.350828,21.950817],[-159.356613,21.939546],[-159.382349,21.924479],[-159.408284,21.897781],[-159.425862,21.884527],[-159.446599,21.871647],[-159.471962,21.88292],[-159.490914,21.888898],[-159.517973,21.890996],[-159.555415,21.891355],[-159.574991,21.896585],[-159.577784,21.900486],[-159.584272,21.899038],[-159.610241,21.898356],[-159.637849,21.917166],[-159.648132,21.93297],[-159.671872,21.957038],[-159.681493,21.960054],[-159.705255,21.963427],[-159.72014,21.970789],[-159.758218,21.980694],[-159.765735,21.986593],[-159.788139,22.018411],[-159.790932,22.031177],[-159.786543,22.06369],[-159.780096,22.072567],[-159.748159,22.100388],[-159.741223,22.115666],[-159.733457,22.142756],[-159.726043,22.152171],[-159.699978,22.165252],[-159.66984,22.170782],[-159.608794,22.207878],[-159.591596,22.219456],[-159.583965,22.22668],[-159.559643,22.229185],[-159.554166,22.228212],[-159.548594,22.226263],[-159.54115,22.216764],[-159.534594,22.219403],[-159.523769,22.217602],[-159.51941,22.215646],[-159.518348,22.211182],[-159.515574,22.208008],[-159.507811,22.205987],[-159.501055,22.211064],[-159.500821,22.225538],[-159.488558,22.23317],[-159.480158,22.232715],[-159.467007,22.226529],[-159.45619,22.228811],[-159.441809,22.226321],[-159.431707,22.220015]]],[[[-157.014553,21.185503],[-156.999108,21.182221],[-156.991318,21.18551],[-156.987768,21.18935],[-156.982343,21.207798],[-156.984464,21.210063],[-156.984032,21.212198],[-156.974002,21.218503],[-156.969064,21.217018],[-156.962847,21.212131],[-156.951654,21.191662],[-156.950808,21.182636],[-156.946159,21.175963],[-156.918248,21.168279],[-156.903466,21.16421],[-156.898174,21.16594],[-156.89613,21.169561],[-156.896537,21.172208],[-156.867944,21.16452],[-156.841592,21.167926],[-156.821944,21.174693],[-156.771495,21.180053],[-156.742231,21.176214],[-156.738341,21.17202],[-156.736648,21.16188],[-156.719386,21.163911],[-156.712696,21.161547],[-156.714158,21.152238],[-156.726033,21.13236],[-156.748932,21.1086],[-156.775995,21.089751],[-156.790815,21.081686],[-156.794136,21.075796],[-156.835351,21.06336],[-156.865795,21.057801],[-156.877137,21.0493],[-156.891946,21.051831],[-156.89517,21.055771],[-156.953719,21.067761],[-157.00295,21.083282],[-157.02617,21.089015],[-157.032045,21.091094],[-157.037667,21.097864],[-157.079696,21.105835],[-157.095373,21.10636],[-157.125,21.1026],[-157.143483,21.096632],[-157.254061,21.090601],[-157.298054,21.096917],[-157.313343,21.105755],[-157.299187,21.132488],[-157.299471,21.135972],[-157.293774,21.146127],[-157.284346,21.157755],[-157.276474,21.163175],[-157.274504,21.162762],[-157.259911,21.174875],[-157.254709,21.181376],[-157.251007,21.190952],[-157.25026,21.207739],[-157.256935,21.215665],[-157.261457,21.217661],[-157.263163,21.220873],[-157.26069,21.225684],[-157.257085,21.227268],[-157.241534,21.220969],[-157.226445,21.220185],[-157.212082,21.221848],[-157.202125,21.219298],[-157.192439,21.207644],[-157.185553,21.205602],[-157.157103,21.200706],[-157.148125,21.200745],[-157.144627,21.202555],[-157.128207,21.201488],[-157.113438,21.197375],[-157.097971,21.198012],[-157.064264,21.189076],[-157.053053,21.188754],[-157.047757,21.190739],[-157.039987,21.190909],[-157.014553,21.185503]]],[[[-156.544169,20.522802],[-156.550016,20.520273],[-156.559994,20.521892],[-156.586238,20.511711],[-156.603844,20.524372],[-156.631143,20.514943],[-156.642347,20.508285],[-156.647464,20.512017],[-156.668809,20.504738],[-156.682939,20.506775],[-156.703673,20.527237],[-156.702265,20.532451],[-156.696662,20.541646],[-156.6801,20.557021],[-156.651567,20.565574],[-156.614598,20.587109],[-156.610734,20.59377],[-156.576871,20.60657],[-156.56714,20.604895],[-156.553604,20.594729],[-156.543034,20.580115],[-156.542808,20.573674],[-156.548909,20.56859],[-156.556021,20.542657],[-156.553018,20.539382],[-156.540189,20.534741],[-156.539643,20.527644],[-156.544169,20.522802]]],[[[-156.612012,21.02477],[-156.612065,21.027273],[-156.606238,21.034371],[-156.592256,21.03288],[-156.580448,21.020172],[-156.562773,21.016167],[-156.549813,21.004939],[-156.546291,21.005082],[-156.528246,20.967757],[-156.518707,20.954662],[-156.512226,20.95128],[-156.510391,20.940358],[-156.507913,20.937886],[-156.49948,20.934577],[-156.495883,20.928005],[-156.493263,20.916011],[-156.481055,20.898199],[-156.474796,20.894546],[-156.422668,20.911631],[-156.386045,20.919563],[-156.374297,20.927616],[-156.370729,20.932669],[-156.352649,20.941414],[-156.345655,20.941596],[-156.342365,20.938737],[-156.332817,20.94645],[-156.324578,20.950184],[-156.307198,20.942739],[-156.286332,20.947701],[-156.275116,20.937361],[-156.263107,20.940888],[-156.242555,20.937838],[-156.230159,20.931936],[-156.230089,20.917864],[-156.226757,20.916677],[-156.222062,20.918309],[-156.217953,20.916573],[-156.216341,20.907035],[-156.173103,20.876926],[-156.170458,20.874605],[-156.166746,20.865646],[-156.132669,20.861369],[-156.129381,20.847513],[-156.115735,20.827301],[-156.100123,20.828502],[-156.090291,20.831872],[-156.059788,20.81054],[-156.033287,20.808246],[-156.003532,20.795545],[-156.002947,20.789418],[-155.987944,20.776552],[-155.984587,20.767496],[-155.986851,20.758577],[-155.985413,20.744245],[-155.987216,20.722717],[-155.991534,20.713654],[-156.00187,20.698064],[-156.01415,20.685681],[-156.020044,20.686857],[-156.030702,20.682452],[-156.040341,20.672719],[-156.043786,20.664902],[-156.053385,20.65432],[-156.059753,20.652044],[-156.081472,20.654387],[-156.089365,20.648519],[-156.120985,20.633685],[-156.129898,20.627523],[-156.142665,20.623605],[-156.144588,20.624032],[-156.148085,20.629067],[-156.156772,20.629639],[-156.169732,20.627358],[-156.173393,20.6241],[-156.184556,20.629719],[-156.192938,20.631769],[-156.210258,20.628518],[-156.225338,20.62294],[-156.236145,20.61595],[-156.265921,20.601629],[-156.284391,20.596488],[-156.288037,20.59203],[-156.293454,20.588783],[-156.302692,20.586199],[-156.322944,20.588273],[-156.351716,20.58697],[-156.359634,20.581977],[-156.370725,20.57876],[-156.377633,20.578427],[-156.415313,20.586099],[-156.417523,20.589728],[-156.415746,20.594044],[-156.417799,20.598682],[-156.423141,20.602079],[-156.427708,20.598873],[-156.431872,20.598143],[-156.438385,20.601337],[-156.444242,20.607941],[-156.442884,20.613842],[-156.450651,20.642212],[-156.445894,20.64927],[-156.443673,20.656018],[-156.448656,20.704739],[-156.451038,20.725469],[-156.452895,20.731287],[-156.458438,20.736676],[-156.462242,20.753952],[-156.462058,20.772571],[-156.464043,20.781667],[-156.473562,20.790756],[-156.489496,20.798339],[-156.501688,20.799933],[-156.506026,20.799463],[-156.515994,20.794234],[-156.525215,20.780821],[-156.537752,20.778408],[-156.631794,20.82124],[-156.678634,20.870541],[-156.688969,20.888673],[-156.687804,20.89072],[-156.688132,20.906325],[-156.691334,20.91244],[-156.697418,20.916368],[-156.69989,20.920629],[-156.69411,20.952708],[-156.680905,20.980262],[-156.665514,21.007054],[-156.652419,21.008994],[-156.645966,21.014416],[-156.642592,21.019936],[-156.644167,21.022312],[-156.642809,21.027583],[-156.619581,21.027793],[-156.612012,21.02477]]],[[[-157.010001,20.929757],[-156.989813,20.932127],[-156.971604,20.926254],[-156.937529,20.925274],[-156.91845,20.922546],[-156.897169,20.915395],[-156.837047,20.863575],[-156.825237,20.850731],[-156.809576,20.826036],[-156.808469,20.820396],[-156.809463,20.809169],[-156.817427,20.794606],[-156.838321,20.764575],[-156.846413,20.760201],[-156.851481,20.760069],[-156.869753,20.754701],[-156.890295,20.744855],[-156.909081,20.739533],[-156.949009,20.738997],[-156.96789,20.73508],[-156.984747,20.756677],[-156.994001,20.786671],[-156.988933,20.815496],[-156.991834,20.826603],[-157.006243,20.849603],[-157.010911,20.854476],[-157.054552,20.877219],[-157.059663,20.884634],[-157.061128,20.890635],[-157.062511,20.904385],[-157.05913,20.913407],[-157.035789,20.927078],[-157.025626,20.929528],[-157.010001,20.929757]]],[[[-158.044485,21.306011],[-158.0883,21.2988],[-158.1033,21.2979],[-158.1127,21.3019],[-158.1211,21.3169],[-158.1225,21.3224],[-158.111949,21.326622],[-158.114196,21.331123],[-158.119427,21.334594],[-158.125459,21.330264],[-158.13324,21.359207],[-158.1403,21.3738],[-158.149719,21.385208],[-158.161743,21.396282],[-158.1792,21.4043],[-158.181274,21.409626],[-158.181,21.420868],[-158.182648,21.430073],[-158.192352,21.44804],[-158.205383,21.459793],[-158.219446,21.46978],[-158.233,21.4876],[-158.231171,21.523857],[-158.23175,21.533035],[-158.234314,21.540058],[-158.250671,21.557373],[-158.27951,21.575794],[-158.277679,21.578789],[-158.254425,21.582684],[-158.190704,21.585892],[-158.17,21.5823],[-158.12561,21.586739],[-158.10672,21.596577],[-158.106689,21.603024],[-158.1095,21.6057],[-158.108185,21.607487],[-158.079895,21.628101],[-158.0668,21.6437],[-158.066711,21.65234],[-158.0639,21.6584],[-158.0372,21.6843],[-158.018127,21.699955],[-157.9923,21.708],[-157.98703,21.712494],[-157.968628,21.712704],[-157.947174,21.689568],[-157.939,21.669],[-157.9301,21.6552],[-157.924591,21.651183],[-157.9228,21.6361],[-157.9238,21.6293],[-157.910797,21.611183],[-157.900574,21.605885],[-157.87735,21.575277],[-157.878601,21.560181],[-157.872528,21.557568],[-157.8669,21.5637],[-157.85614,21.560661],[-157.85257,21.557514],[-157.836945,21.529945],[-157.837372,21.512085],[-157.849579,21.509598],[-157.852625,21.499971],[-157.84549,21.466747],[-157.84099,21.459483],[-157.82489,21.455379],[-157.8163,21.4502],[-157.8139,21.4403],[-157.8059,21.4301],[-157.786513,21.415633],[-157.779846,21.417309],[-157.774455,21.421352],[-157.772209,21.431236],[-157.774905,21.453698],[-157.772209,21.457741],[-157.764572,21.461335],[-157.754239,21.461335],[-157.737617,21.459089],[-157.731777,21.455944],[-157.731328,21.444713],[-157.73582,21.438424],[-157.740762,21.424048],[-157.741211,21.414614],[-157.7386,21.4043],[-157.730191,21.401871],[-157.728221,21.402104],[-157.726421,21.402845],[-157.724324,21.403311],[-157.723794,21.40329],[-157.723286,21.403227],[-157.722735,21.403121],[-157.722544,21.403036],[-157.721845,21.401596],[-157.721083,21.399541],[-157.7189,21.3961],[-157.7089,21.3833],[-157.7087,21.3793],[-157.7126,21.3689],[-157.7106,21.3585],[-157.7088,21.3534],[-157.6971,21.3364],[-157.6938,21.3329],[-157.6619,21.3131],[-157.6518,21.3139],[-157.652629,21.308709],[-157.6537,21.302],[-157.6946,21.2739],[-157.6944,21.2665],[-157.7001,21.264],[-157.7097,21.2621],[-157.7139,21.2638],[-157.7142,21.2665],[-157.7114,21.272],[-157.7122,21.2814],[-157.7143,21.2845],[-157.7213,21.2869],[-157.7572,21.278],[-157.765,21.2789],[-157.7782,21.2735],[-157.7931,21.2604],[-157.8096,21.2577],[-157.8211,21.2606],[-157.8241,21.2646],[-157.8253,21.2714],[-157.8319,21.2795],[-157.8457,21.29],[-157.89,21.3065],[-157.894518,21.319632],[-157.898969,21.327391],[-157.90482,21.329172],[-157.918939,21.318615],[-157.917921,21.313781],[-157.913469,21.310983],[-157.910925,21.305768],[-157.952263,21.306531],[-157.950736,21.312509],[-157.951881,21.318742],[-157.967971,21.327986],[-157.973334,21.327426],[-157.989424,21.317984],[-158.0245,21.3093],[-158.044485,21.306011]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Hawaii\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","volume":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58259564e4b01fad86db242d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reynolds, Michelle H. 0000-0001-7253-8158 mreynolds@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7253-8158","contributorId":3871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Michelle","email":"mreynolds@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Snetsinger, Thomas J.","contributorId":176132,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snetsinger","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":93738,"text":"93738 - 2001 - Use of electrical barriers to deter movement of round goby","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-12T12:15:59","indexId":"93738","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of electrical barriers to deter movement of round goby","docAbstract":"<p>An electrical barrier was chosen as a possible means to deter movement of round goby <i>Neogobius melanostomus</i>. Feasibility studies in a 2.1-m donut-shaped tank determined the electrical parameters necessary to inhibit round goby from crossing the 1-m stretch of the benthic, electrical barrier. Increasing electrical pulse duration and voltage increased effectiveness of the barrier in deterring round goby movement through the barrier. Differences in activity of round goby during daytime and nocturnal tests did not change the effectiveness of the barrier. In field verification studies, an electrical barrier was placed between two blocking nets in the Shiawassee River, Michigan. The barrier consisted of a 6-m wide canvas on which were laid four cables carrying the electrical current. Seven experiments were conducted, wherein 25 latex paint-marked round goby were introduced upstream of the electrical barrier and recovered 24 h later upstream, on, and downstream of the barrier. During control studies, round goby moved across the barrier within 20 min from release upstream. With the barrier on and using the prescribed electrical settings shown to inhibit passage in the laboratory, the only marked round goby found below the barrier were dead. At reduced pulse durations, a few round goby (mean one/test) were found alive, but debilitated, below the barrier. The electrical barrier could be incorporated as part of a program in reducing movement of adult round goby through artificial connections between watersheds.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Behavioral technologies for fish guidance: Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Symposium 26","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Behavioral Technologies for Fish Guidance: American Fisheries Society Symposium 26","conferenceDate":"August 30-31, 1999","conferenceLocation":"Charlotte, NC","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","isbn":"9781888569247","usgsCitation":"Savino, J.F., Jude, D.J., and Kostich, M., 2001, Use of electrical barriers to deter movement of round goby, <i>in</i> Behavioral technologies for fish guidance: Proceedings of the American Fisheries Society Symposium 26, v. 26, Charlotte, NC, August 30-31, 1999, p. 171-182.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"182","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339613,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fisheries.org/bookstore/all-titles/afs-symposia/x54026xm/"}],"volume":"26","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db604616","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Coutant, Charles C.","contributorId":73507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coutant","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505148,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Savino, Jacqueline F. jsavino@usgs.gov","contributorId":2213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savino","given":"Jacqueline","email":"jsavino@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jude, David J.","contributorId":11986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jude","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kostich, Melissa J.","contributorId":72325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostich","given":"Melissa J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023672,"text":"70023672 - 2001 - Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023672","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model","docAbstract":"The enhanced thematic mapper (plus) (ETM+) instrument on Landsat 7 shares the same basic design as the TM sensors on Landsats 4 and 5, with some significant improvements. In common are six multispectral bands with a 30-m ground-projected instantaneous field of view (GIFOV). However, the thermaL-IR (TIR) band now has a 60-m GIFOV, instead of 120-m. Also, a 15-m panchromatic band has been added. The artificial neural network (NN) image sharpening method described here uses data from the higher spatial resolution ETM+ bands to enhance (sharpen) the spatial resolution of the TIR imagery. It is based on an assumed correlation over multiple scales of resolution, between image edge contrast patterns in the TIR band and several other spectral bands. A multilayer, feedforward NN is trained to approximate TIR data at 60m, given degraded (from 30-m to 60-m) spatial resolution input from spectral bands 7, 5, and 2. After training, the NN output for full-resolution input generates an approximation of a TIR image at 30-m resolution. Two methods are used to degrade the spatial resolution of the imagery used for NN training, and the corresponding sharpening results are compared. One degradation method uses a published sensor transfer function (TF) for Landsat 5 to simulate sensor coarser resolution imagery from higher resolution imagery. For comparison, the second degradation method is simply Gaussian low pass filtering and subsampling, wherein the Gaussian filter approximates the full width at half maximum amplitude characteristics of the TF-based spatial filter. Two fixed-size NNs (that is, number of weights and processing elements) were trained separately with the degraded resolution data, and the sharpening results compared. The comparison evaluates the relative influence of the degradation technique employed and whether or not it is desirable to incorporate a sensor TF model. Preliminary results indicate some improvements for the sensor model-based technique. Further evaluation using a higher resolution reference image and strict application of sensor model to data is recommended.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Visual Information Processing X","conferenceDate":"19 April 2001 through 20 April 2001","conferenceLocation":"Orlando,FL","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.438256","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Lemeshewsky, G., and Schowengerdt, R., 2001, Landsat 7 thermal-IR image sharpening using an artificial neural network and sensor model, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4388, Orlando,FL, 19 April 2001 through 20 April 2001, p. 181-192, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.438256.","startPage":"181","endPage":"192","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207607,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.438256"},{"id":232703,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4388","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43cde4b0c8380cd66623","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Park S.K.Rahman Z.Schowengerdt R.A.","contributorId":128439,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Park S.K.Rahman Z.Schowengerdt R.A.","id":536503,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lemeshewsky, G.P.","contributorId":106927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemeshewsky","given":"G.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schowengerdt, R.A.","contributorId":83707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schowengerdt","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70182258,"text":"70182258 - 2001 - Length changes in white sturgeon larvae preserved in ethanol or formaldehyde","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T11:24:14","indexId":"70182258","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1266,"text":"Collection Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Length changes in white sturgeon larvae preserved in ethanol or formaldehyde","docAbstract":"<p>We examined the effects of two preservatives on the notochord and total lengths of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) larvae. White sturgeon larvae that were one, seven, and 14 days old were measured live and then preserved in 95% ethanol or 10% formaldehyde. Length changes were then determined at 20 and 95 days after preservation. We found mean length changes ranging from 0.4% to 3.4% shrinkage. Length changes varied with preservative, age of larvae, and length of time preserved. Constant length correction factors are provided for 10% formaldehyde or 95% ethanol valid for larvae between 1 and 14 days old preserved for less than 100 days. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"The society for the preservation of natural history collection","usgsCitation":"Bayer, J., and Counihan, T., 2001, Length changes in white sturgeon larvae preserved in ethanol or formaldehyde: Collection Forum, v. 15, no. 1-2, p. 57-64.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"57","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335925,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.spnhc.org/20/collection-forum"},{"id":335926,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58aeb13ee4b01ccd54f9ee34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bayer, J.M.","contributorId":47945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bayer","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Counihan, T.D.","contributorId":9789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Counihan","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":670262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70184368,"text":"70184368 - 2001 - Comparison of methods used to estimate numbers of walruses on sea ice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-08T10:26:05","indexId":"70184368","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of methods used to estimate numbers of walruses on sea ice","docAbstract":"<p><span>The US and former USSR conducted joint surveys of Pacific walruses on sea ice and at land haul-outs in 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. One of the difficulties in interpreting results of these surveys has been that, except for the 1990 survey, the Americans and Soviets used different methods for estimating population size from their respective portions of the sea ice data. We used data exchanged between Soviet and American scientists to compare and evaluate the two estimation procedures and to derive a set of alternative estimates from the 1975, 1980, and 1985 surveys based on a single consistent procedure. Estimation method had only a small effect on total population estimates because most walruses were found at land haul-outs. However, the Soviet method is subject to bias that depends on the distribution of the population on the sea ice and this has important implications for interpreting the ice portions of previously reported surveys for walruses and other pinniped species. We recommend that the American method be used in future surveys. Future research on survey methods for walruses should focus on other potential sources of bias and variation.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01007.x","usgsCitation":"Udevitz, M.S., Gilbert, J.R., and Fedoseev, G.A., 2001, Comparison of methods used to estimate numbers of walruses on sea ice: Marine Mammal Science, v. 17, no. 3, p. 601-616, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01007.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"601","endPage":"616","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337026,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","otherGeospatial":"Chukchi Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -190.634765625,\n              65.62202261510642\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.423828125,\n              65.62202261510642\n            ],\n            [\n              -154.423828125,\n              73.07384351277217\n            ],\n            [\n              -190.634765625,\n              73.07384351277217\n            ],\n            [\n              -190.634765625,\n              65.62202261510642\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c12642e4b014cc3a3d34ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gilbert, James R.","contributorId":181916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gilbert","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fedoseev, Gennadii A.","contributorId":187659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fedoseev","given":"Gennadii","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":681201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70184294,"text":"70184294 - 2001 - Estimation of brood and nest survival: Comparative methods in the presence of heterogeneity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T18:08:12","indexId":"70184294","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of brood and nest survival: Comparative methods in the presence of heterogeneity","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Mayfield method has been widely used for estimating survival of nests and young animals, especially when data are collected at irregular observation intervals. However, this method assumes survival is constant throughout the study period, which often ignores biologically relevant variation and may lead to biased survival estimates. We examined the bias and accuracy of 1 modification to the Mayfield method that allows for temporal variation in survival, and we developed and similarly tested 2 additional methods. One of these 2 new methods is simply an iterative extension of Klett and Johnson's method, which we refer to as the Iterative Mayfield method and bears similarity to Kaplan-Meier methods. The other method uses maximum likelihood techniques for estimation and is best applied to survival of animals in groups or families, rather than as independent individuals. We also examined how robust these estimators are to heterogeneity in the data, which can arise from such sources as dependent survival probabilities among siblings, inherent differences among families, and adoption. Testing of estimator performance with respect to bias, accuracy, and heterogeneity was done using simulations that mimicked a study of survival of emperor goose (<i>Chen canagica</i>) goslings. Assuming constant survival for inappropriately long periods of time or use of Klett and Johnson's methods resulted in large bias or poor accuracy (often &gt;5% bias or root mean square error) compared to our Iterative Mayfield or maximum likelihood methods. Overall, estimator performance was slightly better with our Iterative Mayfield than our maximum likelihood method, but the maximum likelihood method provides a more rigorous framework for testing covariates and explicity models a heterogeneity factor. We demonstrated use of all estimators with data from emperor goose goslings. We advocate that future studies use the new methods outlined here rather than the traditional Mayfield method or its previous modifications.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3802905","usgsCitation":"Manly, B.F., and Schmutz, J.A., 2001, Estimation of brood and nest survival: Comparative methods in the presence of heterogeneity: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 65, no. 2, p. 258-270, https://doi.org/10.2307/3802905.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"258","endPage":"270","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":486901,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3802905","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336914,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"65","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833ee4b014cc3a3a9a05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manly, Bryan F.J.","contributorId":41770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manly","given":"Bryan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":680888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023348,"text":"70023348 - 2001 - All equal-area map projections are created equal, but some are more equal than others","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T16:54:08.497691","indexId":"70023348","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1191,"text":"Cartography and Geographic Information Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"All equal-area map projections are created equal, but some are more equal than others","docAbstract":"<p><span>High-resolution regional and global raster databases are currently being generated for a variety of environmental and scientific modeling applications. The projection of these data from geographic coordinates to a plane coordinate system is subject to significant areal error. Sources of error include users selecting an inappropriate projection or incorrect parameters for a given projection, algorithmic errors in commercial geographic information system (GIS) software, and errors resulting from the projection of data in the raster format. To assess the latter type of errors, the accuracy of raster projection was analyzed by two methods. First, a set of 12 one-degree by one-degree quadrilaterals placed at various latitudes was projected at several raster resolutions and compared to the projection of a vector representation of the same quadrilaterals. Second, several different raster resolutions of land cover data for Asia were projected and the total areas of 21 land cover categories were tabulated and compared. While equal-area projections are designed to specifically preserve area, the comparison of the results of the one-degree by one-degree quadrilaterals with the common equal area projections (e.g., the Mollweide) indicates a considerable variance in the one-degree area after projection. Similarly, the empirical comparison of land cover areas for Asia among various projections shows that total areas of land cover vary with projection type, raster resolution, and latitude. No single projection is best for all resolutions and all latitudes. While any of the equal-area projections tested are reasonably accurate for most applications with resolutions of eight-kilometer pixels or smaller, significant variances in accuracies appear at larger pixel sizes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1559/152304001782153053","usgsCitation":"Usery, E.L., and Seong, J.C., 2001, All equal-area map projections are created equal, but some are more equal than others: Cartography and Geographic Information Science, v. 28, no. 3, p. 183-193, https://doi.org/10.1559/152304001782153053.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"183","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232600,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e968e4b0c8380cd48270","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Usery, E. Lynn 0000-0002-2766-2173 usery@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2766-2173","contributorId":231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Usery","given":"E.","email":"usery@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Lynn","affiliations":[{"id":423,"text":"National Geospatial Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Seong, Jeong Chang","contributorId":75979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seong","given":"Jeong","email":"","middleInitial":"Chang","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023488,"text":"70023488 - 2001 - Variation in aluminum, iron, and particle concentrations in oxic ground-water samples collected by use of tangential-flow ultrafiltration with low-flow sampling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-22T07:05:18","indexId":"70023488","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Variation in aluminum, iron, and particle concentrations in oxic ground-water samples collected by use of tangential-flow ultrafiltration with low-flow sampling","docAbstract":"<p><span>Particulates that move with ground water and those that are artificially mobilized during well purging could be incorporated into water samples during collection and could cause trace-element concentrations to vary in unfiltered samples, and possibly in filtered samples (typically 0.45-um (micron) pore size) as well, depending on the particle-size fractions present. Therefore, measured concentrations may not be representative of those in the aquifer. Ground water may contain particles of various sizes and shapes that are broadly classified as colloids, which do not settle from water, and particulates, which do. In order to investigate variations in trace-element concentrations in ground-water samples as a function of particle concentrations and particle-size fractions, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force, collected samples from five wells completed in the unconfined, oxic Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer system of the New Jersey Coastal Plain. Samples were collected by purging with a portable pump at low flow (0.2-0.5 liters per minute and minimal drawdown, ideally less than 0.5 foot). Unfiltered samples were collected in the following sequence: (1) within the first few minutes of pumping, (2) after initial turbidity declined and about one to two casing volumes of water had been purged, and (3) after turbidity values had stabilized at less than 1 to 5 Nephelometric Turbidity Units. Filtered samples were split concurrently through (1) a 0.45-um pore size capsule filter, (2) a 0.45-um pore size capsule filter and a 0.0029-um pore size tangential-flow filter in sequence, and (3), in selected cases, a 0.45-um and a 0.05-um pore size capsule filter in sequence. Filtered samples were collected concurrently with the unfiltered sample that was collected when turbidity values stabilized. Quality-assurance samples consisted of sequential duplicates (about 25 percent) and equipment blanks. Concentrations of particles were determined by light scattering.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Chemical and Biological Early Warning Monitoring for Water, Food, and Ground","conferenceDate":"November 1-2, 2001","conferenceLocation":"Newton, MA","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.456922","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Szabo, Z., Oden, J., Gibs, J., Rice, D., and Ding, Y., 2001, Variation in aluminum, iron, and particle concentrations in oxic ground-water samples collected by use of tangential-flow ultrafiltration with low-flow sampling, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4575, Newton, MA, November 1-2, 2001, p. 42-61, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.456922.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"42","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232368,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -74.28955078125,\n              40.53258931069554\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.41314697265625,\n              40.53050177574321\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8004150390625,\n              40.18516846826054\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.07507324218749,\n              39.97922477476731\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.14923095703125,\n              39.8992015115692\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.223388671875,\n              39.857046423130654\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.399169921875,\n              39.838068180000015\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.56396484375,\n              39.65011210186371\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5474853515625,\n              39.480725519034394\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.15472412109375,\n              39.20033381963202\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.97344970703124,\n              39.18117526158749\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.893798828125,\n              39.16839998800286\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.970703125,\n              38.9380483825641\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8828125,\n              38.90813299596705\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.35546875,\n              39.41497702499074\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.05334472656249,\n              39.787433886224406\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.948974609375,\n              40.44276659332215\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.014892578125,\n              40.49709237269567\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.278564453125,\n              40.48038142908172\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.28955078125,\n              40.53258931069554\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"4575","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc153e4b08c986b32a510","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Jensen J LBurggraf L W","contributorId":128453,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Jensen J LBurggraf L W","id":536502,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Szabo, Zoltan 0000-0002-0760-9607 zszabo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-9607","contributorId":2240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Szabo","given":"Zoltan","email":"zszabo@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oden, J.H. 0000-0002-6473-1553","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6473-1553","contributorId":76401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oden","given":"J.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gibs, J.","contributorId":91632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibs","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rice, D.E.","contributorId":44188,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ding, Y.","contributorId":96871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023753,"text":"70023753 - 2001 - The mesoproterozoic midcontinent rift system, Lake Superior region, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:11","indexId":"70023753","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The mesoproterozoic midcontinent rift system, Lake Superior region, USA","docAbstract":"Exposures in the Lake Superior region, and associated geophysical evidence, show that a 2000 km-long rift system developed within the North American craton ??? 1109-1087 Ma, the age span of the most of the volcanic rocks. This system is characterized by immense volumes of mafic igneous rocks, mostly subaerial plateau basalts, generated in two major pulses largely by a hot mantle plume. A new ocean basin was nearly formed before rifting ceased, perhaps due to the remote effect of the Grenville continental collision to the east. Broad sagging/subsidence, combined with a system of axial half-grabens separated along the length of the rift by accommodation zones, provided conditions for the accumulation of as much as 20 km of volcanic rocks and as much as 10 km of post-rift clastic sediments, both along the rift axis and in basins flanking a central, post-volcanic horst. Pre-rift mature, quartzose sandstones imply little or no uplift prior to the onset of rift volcanism. Early post-rift red-bed sediments consist almost entirely of intrabasinally derived volcanic sediment deposited in alluvial fan to fluvial settings; the exception is one gray to black carbon-bearing lacustrine(?) unit. This early sedimentation phase was followed by broad crustal sagging and deposition of progressively more mature red-bed, fluvial sediments with an extra-basinal provenance. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00085-9","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Ojakangas, R., Morey, G.B., and Green, J., 2001, The mesoproterozoic midcontinent rift system, Lake Superior region, USA: Sedimentary Geology, v. 141-142, p. 421-442, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00085-9.","startPage":"421","endPage":"442","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207637,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00085-9"},{"id":232752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"141-142","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badcae4b08c986b323df1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ojakangas, R.W.","contributorId":8541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ojakangas","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morey, G. B.","contributorId":14406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Green, J.C.","contributorId":90052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Green","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023271,"text":"70023271 - 2001 - Quantifying contributions to storm runoff through end-member mixing analysis and hydrologic measurements at the Panola Mountain research watershed (Georgia, USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023271","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying contributions to storm runoff through end-member mixing analysis and hydrologic measurements at the Panola Mountain research watershed (Georgia, USA)","docAbstract":"The geographic sources and hydrologic flow paths of stormflow in small catchments are not well understood because of limitations in sampling methods and insufficient resolution of potential end members. To address these limitations, an extensive hydrologic dataset was collected at a 10 ha catchment at Panola Mountain research watershed near Atlanta, GA, to quantify the contribution of three geographic sources of stormflow. Samples of stream water, runoff from an outcrop, and hillslope subsurface stormflow were collected during two rainstorms in the winter of 1996, and an end-member mixing analysis model that included five solutes was developed. Runoff from the outcrop, which occupies about one-third of the catchment area, contributed 50-55% of the peak streamflow during the 2 February rainstorm, and 80-85% of the peak streamflow during the 6-7 March rainstorm; it also contributed about 50% to total streamflow during the dry winter conditions that preceded the 6-7 March storm. Riparian groundwater runoff was the largest component of stream runoff (80-100%) early during rising streamflow and throughout stream recession, and contributed about 50% to total stream runoff during the 2 February storm, which was preceded by wet winter conditions. Hillslope runoff contributed 25-30% to peak stream runoff and 15-18% to total stream runoff during both storms. The temporal response of the three runoff components showed general agreement with hydrologic measurements from the catchment during each storm. Estimates of recharge from the outcrop to the riparian aquifer that were independent of model calculations indicated that storage in the riparian aquifer could account for the volume of rain that fell on the outcrop but did not contribute to stream runoff. The results of this study generally indicate that improvements in the ability of mixing models to describe the hydrologic response accurately in forested catchments may depend on better identification, and detailed spatial and temporal characterization of the mobile waters from the principal hydrologic source areas that contribute to stream runoff. Copyright ?? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.246","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., McDonnell, J.J., Hooper, R.P., Peters, N., Freer, J., Kendall, C., and Beven, K., 2001, Quantifying contributions to storm runoff through end-member mixing analysis and hydrologic measurements at the Panola Mountain research watershed (Georgia, USA): Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 10, p. 1903-1924, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.246.","startPage":"1903","endPage":"1924","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207572,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.246"},{"id":232634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91c5e4b0c8380cd8044d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freer, J.E.","contributorId":18930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Beven, K.","contributorId":25320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beven","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70023272,"text":"70023272 - 2001 - Effective matrix diffusion in kilometer‐scale transport in fractured crystalline rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:08:33","indexId":"70023272","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effective matrix diffusion in kilometer‐scale transport in fractured crystalline rock","docAbstract":"<p><span>Concentrations of tritium (</span><sup>3</sup><span>H) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC‐12) in water samples taken from glacial drift and fractured crystalline rock over 4 km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>in central New Hampshire are interpreted to identify a conceptual model of matrix diffusion and the magnitude of the diffusion coefficient. Dispersion and mass transfer to and from fractures has affected the<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H concentration to the extent that the peak<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H concentration of the 1960s is no longer distinguishable. Because of heterogeneity in the bedrock the sparsely distributed chemical data do not warrant a three‐dimensional transport model. Instead, a one‐dimensional model of CFC‐12 and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H migration along flow lines in the glacial drift and bedrock is used to place bounds on the processes affecting kilometer‐scale transport, arid model parameters are varied to reproduce the measured relation between<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H and CFC‐12, rather than their spatial distributions. A model of mass exchange to and from fractures that is dependent on the time‐varying concentration gradient at fracture surfaces qualitatively reproduces the measured relation between<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H and CFC‐12 with an upper bound for the fracture dispersivity approximately equal to 250 m and a lower bound for the effective matrix diffusion coefficient equal to 1 m</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The diffusion coefficient at the kilometer scale is at least 3 orders of magnitude greater than laboratory estimates of diffusion in crystalline rock. The large diffusion coefficient indicates that diffusion into an immobile fluid phase (rock matrix) is masked at the kilometer scale by advective mass exchange between fractures with large contrasts in trarismissivity. The measured transmissivity of fractures in the study area varies over more than 6 orders of magnitude. Advective mass exchange from high‐permeability fractures to low‐permeability fractures results in short migration distances of a chemical constituent in low‐permeability fractures over an extended period of time before reentering high‐permeability fractures; viewed at the kilometer scale, this process is analogous to the chemical constituent diffusing into and out of an immobile fluid phase.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900301","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, A.M., 2001, Effective matrix diffusion in kilometer‐scale transport in fractured crystalline rock: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 3, p. 507-522, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900301.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"522","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900301","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0633e4b0c8380cd5114d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023291,"text":"70023291 - 2001 - 3-D imaging of large scale buried structure by 1-D inversion of very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023291","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"3-D imaging of large scale buried structure by 1-D inversion of very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) data","docAbstract":"A simple and efficient method for large scale three-dimensional (3-D) subsurface imaging of inhomogeneous background is presented. One-dimensional (1-D) multifrequency distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) is employed in the inversion. Simulation results utilizing synthetic scattering data are given. Calibration of the very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) experimental waveforms is detailed along with major problems encountered in practice and their solutions. This discussion is followed by the results of a large scale application of the method to the experimental data provided by the VETEM system of the U.S. Geological Survey. The method is shown to have a computational complexity that is promising for on-site inversion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/36.927454","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Aydmer, A., Chew, W., Cui, T., Wright, D., Smith, D., and Abraham, J., 2001, 3-D imaging of large scale buried structure by 1-D inversion of very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 39, no. 6, p. 1307-1315, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.927454.","startPage":"1307","endPage":"1315","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207400,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.927454"},{"id":232319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e259e4b0c8380cd45ae1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aydmer, A.A.","contributorId":76997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydmer","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chew, W.C.","contributorId":19730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cui, T.J.","contributorId":72552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cui","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D.V.","contributorId":31143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023295,"text":"70023295 - 2001 - Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:50:49.814591","indexId":"70023295","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results","docAbstract":"<p><span>Array data from a seismic experiment carried out at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in February 1997, are analyzed by the frequency-slowness method. The slowness vectors are determined at each of three small-aperture seismic antennas for the first arrivals of 1129 long-period (LP) events and 147 samples of volcanic tremor. The source locations are determined by using a probabilistic method which compares the event azimuths and slownesses with a slowness vector model. The results show that all the LP seismicity, including both discrete LP events and tremor, was generated in the same source region along the east flank of the Halemaumau pit crater, demonstrating the strong relation that exists between the two types of activities. The dimensions of the source region are approximately 0.6×1.0×0.5 km. For LP events we are able to resolve at least three different clusters of events. The most active cluster is centered ∼200 m northeast of Halemaumau at depths shallower than 200 m beneath the caldera floor. A second cluster is located beneath the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau at a depth of ∼400 m. The third cluster is &lt;200 m deep and extends southeastward from the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau. Only one source zone is resolved for tremor. This zone is coincident with the most active source zone of LP events, northeast of Halemaumau. The location, depth, and size of the source region suggest a hydrothermal origin for all the analyzed LP seismicity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000309","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Almendros, J., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2001, Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13581-13597, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000309.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13581","endPage":"13597","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498705,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481/97987","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.26777118658742,\n              19.398103039773005\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26519626593304,\n              19.40231282179836\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2530083081693,\n              19.407655849794338\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23910373663622,\n              19.406846311379084\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23704380011282,\n              19.414941514169755\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24974674200735,\n              19.42433144440021\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26021808600137,\n              19.43015940404547\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.279959144351,\n              19.4316163612869\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29849857306192,\n              19.41332250585515\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29884189581594,\n              19.40490340274536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29437870001507,\n              19.40490340274536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29386371588427,\n              19.394055069727003\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.28013080572794,\n              19.396807700313744\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26777118658742,\n              19.398103039773005\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b947ae4b08c986b31aaf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Almendros, J.","contributorId":73369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendros","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023350,"text":"70023350 - 2001 - Summer diving behavior of male walruses in Bristol Bay, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T18:11:10.821788","indexId":"70023350","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2671,"text":"Marine Mammal Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summer diving behavior of male walruses in Bristol Bay, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pacific walruses (</span><i>Odobenus rosmarus divergens</i><span>) make trips from ice or land haul-out sites to forage for benthic prey. We describe dive and trip characteristics from time-depth-recorder data collected over a one-month period during summer from four male Pacific walruses in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Dives were classified into four types. Shallow (4 m), short (2.7 min), square-shaped dives accounted for 11% of trip time, and many were probably associated with traveling. Shallow (2 m) and very short (0.5 min) dives composed only 1% of trip time. Deep (41 m), long (7.2 min), square-shaped dives accounted for 46% of trip time and were undoubtedly associated with benthic foraging. V-shaped dives ranged widely in depth, were of moderate duration (4.7 min), and composed 3% of trip time. These dives may have been associated with navigation or exploration of the seafloor for potential prey habitat. Surface intervals between dives were similar among dive types, and generally lasted 1–2 min. Total foraging time was strongly correlated with trip duration and there was no apparent diel pattern of diving in any dive type among animals. We found no correlation between dive duration and postdive surface interval within dive types, suggesting that diving occurred within aerobic dive limits. Trip duration varied considerably within and among walruses (0.3–9.4 d), and there was evidence that some of the very short trips were unrelated to foraging. Overall, walruses were in the water for 76.6% of the time, of which 60.3% was spent diving.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01008.x","issn":"08240469","usgsCitation":"Jay, C., Farley, S.D., and Garner, G., 2001, Summer diving behavior of male walruses in Bristol Bay, Alaska: Marine Mammal Science, v. 17, no. 3, p. 617-631, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb01008.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"617","endPage":"631","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232640,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Bristol Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -164.98385776938616,\n              54.48712444237478\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.54424902822296,\n              54.776574794300814\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.2982642966867,\n              55.263144226728286\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.26388235802054,\n              55.51065303850737\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.3465159129053,\n              55.83807046903064\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.63021486647438,\n              55.64665722511009\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.06565818325538,\n              55.82382332634407\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.09668696405907,\n              56.30897557213311\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.9723805363865,\n              56.67999773428491\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.49555334871127,\n              56.666325052237\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.38125903190348,\n              56.966763403556314\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.50087363303953,\n              57.41143655985309\n            ],\n            [\n              -157.2252387482563,\n              58.39877996040147\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.59055110921528,\n              59.273562825264406\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.14765618469042,\n              58.849234602583834\n            ],\n            [\n              -158.44363682636643,\n              59.228425251219164\n            ],\n            [\n              -159.15732708757838,\n              58.883539010917616\n            ],\n            [\n              -160.4500670820428,\n              59.14200343281729\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.44405932330287,\n              58.83173901974638\n            ],\n            [\n              -161.550257595399,\n              59.56985090958548\n            ],\n            [\n              -162.45109574296978,\n              60.44339988243891\n            ],\n            [\n              -163.8408673266492,\n              59.943161323577414\n            ],\n            [\n              -165.10002516574653,\n              60.56794890659759\n            ],\n            [\n              -167.4190885038771,\n              60.19423252152259\n            ],\n            [\n              -170.48330867920365,\n              57.22248764033094\n            ],\n            [\n              -169.68288436277425,\n              56.588962599588115\n            ],\n            [\n              -164.98385776938616,\n              54.48712444237478\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-08-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f37e4b08c986b31e3fa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jay, C.V. 0000-0002-9559-2189","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-2189","contributorId":67827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jay","given":"C.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farley, Sean D.","contributorId":27642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farley","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garner, G.W.","contributorId":80218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garner","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023383,"text":"70023383 - 2001 - Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in δ<sup>18</sup>O of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T09:29:27","indexId":"70023383","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in δ<sup>18</sup>O of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America","docAbstract":"<p><i>Celtis</i><span>&nbsp;sp. (commonly known as &ldquo;hackberry&rdquo;) fruits were collected from 101 North American sites located in 13 states and one Canadian province between the years of 1979&ndash;1994. The biomineralized carbonate endocarp of the hackberry, which is a common botanical fossil found throughout the Quaternary sediments of the Great Plains, was analyzed for its &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value and plotted against the &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value of site environmental water to demonstrate the potential of the hackberry as a paleoclimate indicator. This correlation was reinforced by intensive studies on extracted tissue-water &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value and hackberry endocarp carbonate &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value from three trees in Sterling, Colorado. The observed correlation in the large data set between hackberry endocarp carbonate &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value and environmental water is [endocarp &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O=38.56+0.69&times;environmental water &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O] (</span><i>R</i><span>=0.88;&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span>=0.78;&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>&nbsp;value&lt;0.0001). The relation of the hackberry carbonate to temperature in the Great Plains was the following: (average daily-maximum growing season temperature [&deg;C])=6.33+0.67 (&delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O of endocarp carbonate) (</span><i>R</i><span>=0.73;&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span>=0.54;&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>value=0.0133). The &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value of early Holocene fossil hackberry carbonate in the Pintwater Cave, southern Nevada, suggested precipitation &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values more positive than today (&sim;&minus;4&permil; early Holocene vs &sim;&minus;9 to &minus;10&permil; today). This shift, combined with paleobotanical data, suggests an influx of summer monsoonal moisture to this region in the early Holocene. Alternatively, the more positive &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values could be viewed as suggestive of warmer temperatures, although the direct use of Great Plains hackberry/temperature relationships to the Great Basin is of debatable value.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/qres.2001.2259","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Jahren, A.H., Amundson, R., Kendall, C., and Wigand, P., 2001, Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in δ<sup>18</sup>O of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America: Quaternary Research, v. 56, no. 2, p. 252-263, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2259.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"263","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207553,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2259"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73cce4b0c8380cd77252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jahren, A. Hope","contributorId":45490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahren","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hope","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amundson, Ronald","contributorId":59925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wigand, Peter","contributorId":28777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigand","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023387,"text":"70023387 - 2001 - Density of basalt core from Hilo drill hole, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023387","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density of basalt core from Hilo drill hole, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Density measurements of 1600 samples of core from 889 to 3097 m depth below sea level in the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Program hole near Hilo, Hawaii show marked differences between the basaltic rock types and help define stratigraphy in the hole. Water-saturated densities of subaerial lava flows (occurring above 1079 m depth) have the broadest range because of the large density variation within a single lava flow. Water-saturated densities commonly range from 2.0 to 3.0 with an average of 2.55 ?? 0.24 g/cc. Dikes and sills range from 2.8 to 3.1 g/cc). Densities of hyaloclastite commonly range from 2.3 to 2.7, with an overall average of about 2.5 g/cc. The low-density of most hyaloclastite is due primarily to palagonitization of abundant glass and presence of secondary minerals in the interstices between fragments. Four principal zones of pillow lava, separated by hyaloclastite, occur in the drill core. The shallowest (1983-2136 m) is paradoxically the densest, averaging 3.01 ?? 0.10 g/cc. The second (2234-2470 m) is decidedly the lightest, averaging 2.67 ?? 0.13 g/cc. The third (2640-2790 m) and fourth (2918-bottom at 3097 m) are high, averaging 2.89 ?? 0.17 and 2.97 ?? 0.08 g/cc, respectively. The first pillow zone includes degassed pillows i.e. lava erupted on land that flowed into the sea. These pillows are poor in vesicles, because the subaerial, one-atmosphere vesicles were compressed when the flow descended to deeper water and higher pressure. The second (low-density, non-degassed) pillow zone is the most vesicle-rich, apparently because it was erupted subaqueously at a shallow depth. The higher densities of the third and fourth zones result from a low vesicularity of only a few percent and an olivine content averaging more than 5% for the third zone and about 10% for the fourth zone. The uppermost hyaloclastite extending about 400 m below the bottom of the subaerial basalt is poorly cemented and absorbs up to 6 wt% of water when immersed. Progressing downward the hyaloclastite absorbs less water and becomes better cemented. This change is apparently due to palagonitization of glass and addition of secondary minerals in the deeper older hyaloclastite, a process favored by the increase of temperature with depth. The cementation is largely complete at 1800 m depth where the temperature attains about 20??C. The zone of freshest, uncemented hyaloclastite represents the weakest rock in the drill hole and is a likely level for tectonic or landslide disruption. ?? 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00242-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 2001, Density of basalt core from Hilo drill hole, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 112, no. 1-4, p. 221-230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00242-6.","startPage":"221","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207579,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00242-6"},{"id":232643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fea8e4b0c8380cd4ee58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023433,"text":"70023433 - 2001 - Wisconsin Glaciation of the Sierra Nevada (79,000-15,000 yr B.P.) as recorded by rock flour in sediments of Owens Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023433","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wisconsin Glaciation of the Sierra Nevada (79,000-15,000 yr B.P.) as recorded by rock flour in sediments of Owens Lake, California","docAbstract":"Chemical analyses of the clay-sized fractions of 564 continuous sediment samples (200-yr resolution) from composite core OL90/92 allow quantification of an abundance of glacial rock flour. Rock flour produced during glacier advances is represented by clay-sized plagioclase, K-feldspar, and biotite in homogeneous internal composition. The abundance of rock flour is deemed proportional to the intensity of glacies advances. Age control for the composite section is provided by combining previously published radiocarbon dates on organics, U/Th dates on ostracode shells, and U/Th dates on saline minerals from nearby Searles Lake correlated to OL92 by pollen. The rock flour record displays three levels of variability: (1) a dominant one of about 20,000 yr related to summer insolation and precipitation; (2) an intermediate one of 3000-5000 yr, perhaps related to North Atlantic Heinrich events; and (3) a minor one of 1000-2000 yr, perhaps related to North Atlantic thermohaline-driven air-temperature variation. ?? 2001 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2000.2183","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Bischoff, J.L., and Cummins, K., 2001, Wisconsin Glaciation of the Sierra Nevada (79,000-15,000 yr B.P.) as recorded by rock flour in sediments of Owens Lake, California: Quaternary Research, v. 55, no. 1, p. 14-24, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2183.","startPage":"14","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207298,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2000.2183"},{"id":232129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd16be4b08c986b32f401","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cummins, K.","contributorId":97280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cummins","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023468,"text":"70023468 - 2001 - Physiography and late Quaternary-Holocene processes of Northeastern Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf off Mississippi and Alabama","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T16:10:00.552552","indexId":"70023468","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1873,"text":"Gulf of Mexico Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiography and late Quaternary-Holocene processes of Northeastern Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf off Mississippi and Alabama","docAbstract":"High-resolution multibeam mapping of the mid- and outer continental shelf and upper slope off Mississippi and Alabama reveals a complex bathymetry that reflects conditions during the last eustatic rise and the present high stand of sea level. The most prominent bathymetric features are pinnacles and hardgrounds that are scattered throughout the area. These features generally stand <10 m above the surrounding seafloor, cover large areas, and display a variety of morphologies. Almost all the reef pinnacles and hardgrounds have zones of high acoustic backscatter on their summits and on the seafloor immediately adjacent to their southwest walls. In addition, they also have erosional moats on the seafloor to the southwest. Large fields of bedforms are scattered throughout the mapped area. The asymmetries and orientations of the bedforms suggest that they were formed by excursions of the northeast-flowing Loop Current. In contrast, the pervasive ponding of sediment on the northeast sides of bathymetric highs indicates that one of the predominant directions of sediment transport has been to the south and southwest. The shelf break is a zone of numerous landslides of various sizes and complexities. The morphology of several landslide scars indicates that some of the failures occurred recently. One large reef-capped salt dome was mapped in the area, surrounded by a large field of pock-marks. Fields of pockmarks are also scattered on the shelf. The growth and demise of the reefs are related to the fluctuating transgression of eustatic sea level during the last deglaciation. Two episodes of reef drowning are correlated with the increased rates of sea-level rise during documented melt-water pulses; the first occurred from 14.8 to 14.2 ka and the second from 11.8 to 11.2 ka. Rates of sea-level rise exceeded the maximum growth rate of hermatypic corals only during these two intervals since the last glacial maximum and thus drowned the coral communities.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Southern Mississippi","doi":"10.18785/goms.1902.06","issn":"1087688X","usgsCitation":"Gardner, J., Dartnell, P., Sulak, K., Calder, B., and Hellequin, L., 2001, Physiography and late Quaternary-Holocene processes of Northeastern Gulf of Mexico outer continental shelf off Mississippi and Alabama: Gulf of Mexico Science, v. 19, no. 2, p. 132-157, https://doi.org/10.18785/goms.1902.06.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"157","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478900,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.18785/goms.1902.06","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232690,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.736328125,\n              28.87353946316266\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.3193359375,\n              28.87353946316266\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.3193359375,\n              30.439202087235582\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.736328125,\n              30.439202087235582\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.736328125,\n              28.87353946316266\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b06e4b0c8380cd791f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gardner, J.V.","contributorId":76705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gardner","given":"J.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dartnell, P.","contributorId":60797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dartnell","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sulak, K. J. 0000-0002-4795-9310","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-9310","contributorId":76690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulak","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Calder, B.","contributorId":74912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calder","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hellequin, L.","contributorId":85751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hellequin","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
]}