This report describes an investigation of ground-water flow and water quality in the sand aquifer of the Long Beach Peninsula. The peninsula is located in the southwestern corner of the State of Washington, is about 27 miles long, and has an average width of about 1.5 miles. It is surrounded by seawater, by the Pacific Ocean on the west and Willapa Bay on the east. Water supplies on the peninsula are derived mostly from a local water-table aquifer composed largely of sand.
The recent growth of population on the peninsula and the projected future growth have created concerns about the quantity and quality of the ground-water resource. Some issues include declining ground-water levels from increased pumpage, and ground-water contamination from seawater intrusion, pesticides or fertilizers from cranberrygrowing areas, and septic-system effluent.
The ground-water system of the Long Beach Peninsula consists of a sand aquifer with some lenses of silt and clay that may act as confining beds in local areas. Data are lacking or inconsistent to define a confining bed that extends throughout the peninsula. Hydraulic conductivity calculated from slug tests in 58 shallow wells ranged from 10 to 37 feet per day with a median of 22 feet per day.
Average annual ground-water recharge by infiltration and percolation of precipitation is estimated to be about 58 inches or 111,000 acre-feet, which is 72 percent of the average annual precipitation of 80 inches. Average annual ground-water discharge is estimated to be about 30,200 acre-feet to the Pacific Ocean, 56,000 acre-feet to Willapa Bay, and 24,800 acre-feet to surface-water drainage channels.
Ground-water movement is generally perpendicular to the spine of the peninsula. A ground-water divide occurs along a north-south line and ground water flows west or east from the divide toward the Pacific Ocean or Willapa Bay. There does not appear to have been any long-term decline of the water table of the sand aquifer from 1974-92. Ground-water levels measured at three east-west cross sections in 1974-75 were at about the same altitude as water levels measured in 1992.
Relatively accurate individual regression relations were developed at 45 wells with ground-water altitude as a response variable and cumulative precipitation for 4 months as an explanatory variable. The average coefficient of determination for all individual relations was 0.77, with a range of 0.11 to 0.89.
Some empirical frequency or probability relations for precipitation and ground-water levels were used to estimate how often the maximum water levels measured in this study would be expected to occur in the future. These water levels reflected the lower-than-average precipitation that occurred during the study. Assuming that the annual maximum precipitation for 4 consecutive months is random and independent, the historical record of precipitation is representative of the future distribution of precipitation, and the relation between precipitation and water levels is accurate and stationary; a probability analysis of the historical record indicates that in any one year in the future there is a probability of 70 percent that the maximum water levels measured in wells during the winter of 1991-92 would be equaled or exceeded.
The shallow ground water had generally low dissolved-solids concentrations in July 1992, with a median concentration of 92 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and a range of 56 to 218 mg/L. Sodium was the dominant cation and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. The distribution of hardness of the water samples was 84 percent with soft water and 16 percent with moderately hard water.
The water quality of the shallow ground water was generally good, with a few small to moderate problems. A natural problem is locally high concentrations of dissolved iron. About 30 percent of the water samples had dissolved-iron concentrations of greater than 0.3 mg/L, which is the secondary maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
No appreciable amount of seawater has intruded into the sand aquifer. The samples of shallow ground water collected in July 1992 had a median chloride concentration of 15 mg/L and a maximum concentration of 52 mg/L. The heavy average annual precipitation of about 80 inches, large average annual ground-water recharge of about 58 inches or 111,000 acre-feet, and small ground-water withdrawal rate (about 780 acre-feet per year in 1992) combine to maintain a thick freshwater lens of ground water that prevents seawater intrusion throughout the year.
Agricultural activities do not appear to have appreciably affected the quality of shallow ground water on the Long Beach Peninsula. The concentration of nitrate in ground water was not significantly higher near cranberry-growing areas, and no sample of ground water or surface water had concentrations of selected pesticides or associated compounds that were above the analytical detection limits. Of the seven ground-water samples in which bacteria were detected, only one sample appeared to be related to agriculture; that sample was from a well located in an area where cattle graze for part of the year.
Septic systems probably caused an increase in the concentration of nitrate in shallow ground water in areas of higher population density. Concentrations of nitrate were significantly related to population density. However, the concentrations were not generally high; median concentrations of nitrate increased from less than 0.05 mg/L in areas of low population density to 0.74 mg/L in areas of high density. Septic systems did not cause regional bacterial contamination of the ground water. Bacteria were detected in seven ground-water samples; however, only two of those samples were from wells that are close to septic systems.
A limited amount of historical water-quality data is available for the peninsula; therefore, it is difficult to assess long-term changes. From 1968-92, chloride concentrations and values of specific conductance appear to have remained stable. Likewise, it appears that nitrate concentrations did not change from 1987-92.
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E.","contributorId":93871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Blakemore","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":21792,"text":"ofr95381 - 1995 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21792,"text":"ofr95381 - 1995 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr95381","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":54,"text":"wsp2463 - 1996 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2463","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":54,"text":"wsp2463 - 1996 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2463","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:51:22","indexId":"ofr95381","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-381","title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The disposal of secondarily treated sewage onto rapid infiltration sand beds at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, has created a sewage plume in the underlying sand and gravel aquifer; the part of the\\x11sewage plume that contains dissolved phosphorus extends about 2,500 feet downgradient of the sewage-disposal beds. A part of the plume that\\x11contains nearly 2 milligrams per liter of phosphorus currently (1993) discharges into Ashumet Pond along about 700 feet of shoreline. The sewage plume discharges from about 59 to about 76 kilograms of phosphorus per year into the pond. Hydraulic-head measurements indicate that the north end of Ashumet Pond is a ground-water sink and an increased component of ground-water discharge and phosphorus flux into\\x11the pond occurs at higher water levels. Phosphorus was mobile in ground water in two distinct geochemical environments-an anoxic zone that contains no dissolved oxygen and as much as 25\\x11milligrams per liter of dissolved iron, and a more areally extensive suboxic zone that contains little or no iron, low but detectable dissolved oxygen, and as much as 12 milligrams per liter of dissolved manganese. Dissolved phosphorus is mobile in the suboxic geochemical environment because continued phosphorus loading has filled available sorption sites in the aquifer. Continued disposal of sewage since 1936 has created a large reservoir of sorbed phosphorus that is much greater than the mass of dissolved phosphorus in the ground water; the average ratio of sorbed to dissolved phosphorus in the anoxic and suboxic parts of the sewage plume were 31:1 and 155:1, respectively. Column experiments indicate that phosphorus in the anoxic core of the plume containing dissolved iron may be immobilized within 17 years by sorption and coprecipitation with new iron oxyhydroxides following the cessation of sewage disposal and the introduction of uncontaminated oxygenated ground water into the aquifer in December 1995. Residual oxygen demand associated with sorbed organic compounds and ammonia could retard the movement of oxygenated water into the aquifer. Sorbed phosphorus in the suboxic zone of the aquifer will continue to desorb into the ground water and will remain mobile in the ground water for perhaps hundreds of years. Also, the introduction of uncontaminated water into the aquifer may cause dissolved-phosphorus concentrations in the suboxic zone of the aquifer to increase sharply and remain higher than precessation levels for many years due to the desorption of loosely bound phosphorus. Data from three sampling sites, located along the eastern and western boundaries of the sewage plume and downgradient of abandoned sewage-disposal beds, indicate that ground-water mixing and phosphorus desorption may already be occurring in the aquifer in response to the introduction of uncontaminated recharge water into previously contaminated parts of the aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95381","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., Rea, B., Stollenwerk, K., and Savoie, J., 1995, Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-381, vi, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95381.","productDescription":"vi, 89 p.","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0381/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":275690,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0381/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -70.80413818359375,\n 41.679066225164114\n ],\n [\n -69.9224853515625,\n 41.679066225164114\n ],\n [\n -69.9224853515625,\n 42.116561350389006\n ],\n [\n -70.80413818359375,\n 42.116561350389006\n ],\n [\n -70.80413818359375,\n 41.679066225164114\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, D. A.","contributorId":75179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, B.A.","contributorId":39008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stollenwerk, K.G.","contributorId":71199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"K.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G. jsavoie@usgs.gov","contributorId":1691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","email":"jsavoie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":16981,"text":"ofr95595 - 1995 - Coal geology of the Paleocene-Eocene Calvert Bluff Formation (Wilcox Group) and the Eocene Manning Formation (Jackson Group) in east-central Texas: Field trip guidebook for the Society for Organic Petrology, Twelfth Annual Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, August 30, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T20:55:25.394489","indexId":"ofr95595","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-595","title":"Coal geology of the Paleocene-Eocene Calvert Bluff Formation (Wilcox Group) and the Eocene Manning Formation (Jackson Group) in east-central Texas: Field trip guidebook for the Society for Organic Petrology, Twelfth Annual Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, August 30, 1995","docAbstract":"The Jackson and Wilcox Groups of eastern Texas (fig. 1) are the major lignite producing intervals in the Gulf Region. Within these groups, the major lignite-producing formations are the Paleocene-Eocene Calvert Bluff Formation (Wilcox) and the Eocene Manning Formation (Jackson). According to the Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Maclean Hunter Publishing Company, 1994), the Gulf Coast basin produces about 57 million short tons of lignite annually. The state of Texas ranks number 6 in coal production in the United States. Most of the lignite is used for electric power generation in mine-mouth power plant facilities. In recent years, particular interest has been given to lignite quality and the distribution and concentration of about a dozen trace elements that have been identified as potential hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. As pointed out by Oman and Finkelman (1994), Gulf Coast lignite deposits have elevated concentrations of many of the HAPs elements (Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mn, Se, U) on a as-received gm/mmBtu basis when compared to other United States coal deposits used for fuel in thermo-electric power plants. Although regulations have not yet been established for acceptable emissions of the HAPs elements during coal burning, considerable research effort has been given to the characterization of these elements in coal feed stocks. The general purpose of the present field trip and of the accompanying collection of papers is to investigate how various aspects of east Texas lignite geology might collectively influence the quality of the lignite fuel. We hope that this collection of papers will help future researchers understand the complex, multifaceted interrelations of coal geology, petrology, palynology and coal quality, and that this introduction to the geology of the lignite deposits of east Texas might serve as a stimulus for new ideas to be applied to other coal basins in the U.S. and abroad.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95595","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., and Crowley, S.S., 1995, Coal geology of the Paleocene-Eocene Calvert Bluff Formation (Wilcox Group) and the Eocene Manning Formation (Jackson Group) in east-central Texas: Field trip guidebook for the Society for Organic Petrology, Twelfth Annual Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, August 30, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-595, v, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95595.","productDescription":"v, 86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1017,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-595/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":149486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":401826,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18521.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -97,\n 29.5\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 29.5\n ],\n [\n -95,\n 31.25\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 31.25\n ],\n [\n -97,\n 29.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b3e4b07f02db5ca176","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":174440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27797,"text":"wri954075 - 1995 - Ground-water flow and the possible effects of remedial actions at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri954075","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4075","title":"Ground-water flow and the possible effects of remedial actions at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"J-Field, located in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md, has been used since World War II to test and dispose of explosives, chemical warfare agents, and industrial chemicals resulting in ground-water, surface-water, and soil contami- nation. The U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference model was used to better understand ground-water flow at the site and to simulate the effects of remedial actions. A surficial aquifer and a confined aquifer were simulated with the model. A confining unit separates these units and is represented by leakance between the layers. The area modeled is 3.65 mi2; the model was constructed with a variably spaced 40 X 38 grid. The horizontal and lower boundaries of the model are all no-flow boundaries. Steady-state conditions were used. Ground water at the areas under investigation flows from disposal pit areas toward discharge areas in adjacent estuaries or wetlands. Simulations indicate that capping disposal areas with an impermeable cover effectively slows advective ground water flow by 0.7 to 0.5 times. Barriers to lateral ground-water flow were simulated and effectively prevented the movement of ground water toward discharge areas. Extraction wells were simulated as a way to contain ground-water contamination and to extract ground water for treatment. Two wells pumping 5 gallons per minute each at the toxic-materials disposal area and a single well pumping 2.5 gallons per minute at the riot-control-agent disposal area effectively contained contamination at these sites. A combi- nation of barriers to horizontal flow east and south of the toxic-materials disposal area, and a single extraction well pumping at 5 gallons per minute can extract contaminated ground water and prevent pumpage of marsh water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954075","usgsCitation":"Hughes, W., 1995, Ground-water flow and the possible effects of remedial actions at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4075, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954075.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4075/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56634,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4075/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, W.B.","contributorId":92263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28532,"text":"wri954186 - 1995 - Geology and hydrology of the Edwards Aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T15:35:48","indexId":"wri954186","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4186","title":"Geology and hydrology of the Edwards Aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas","docAbstract":"The Edwards aquifer, which is the sole source of water for the city of San Antonio, is one of the most permeable and productive carbonate aquifers in the United States. The aquifer is composed of extensively faulted, fractured, and cavernous limestone and dolomite of Early Cretaceous age lying within the Balcones fault zone a series of normal en echelon strike faults that separate the Edwards Plateau from the Gulf Coastal Plain in south Texas. Along segments of some faults, the entire thickness of the aquifer is displaced vertically, and these faults then act as barriers to downdip ground-water flow.
\nThe large porosity and exceptional permeability of the unconfined part of the Edwards aquifer result from the dissolution of limestone by circulating ground water and development of a cavernous network along fractures. The large porosity and permeability of the freshwater part of the confined Edwards aquifer result primarily from dedolomitization. The small permeability of the saline-water part of the confined aquifer is caused by the limited interconnection between the pores in the rock matrix and by the lack of substantial dissolution along fractures.
\nThe large transmissivity of the Edwards aquifer is indicated by the hundreds of highyielding wells, small hydraulic gradients, and large spring discharges. The determined transmissivity throughout most of the confined freshwater aquifer ranges from 430,000 to 2,200,000 feet squared per day; the determined transmissivity of the unconfined aquifer generally is less than 430,000 feet squared per day. Faulting causes the aquifer to be highly anisotropic, and simulation indicates anisotropy ratios ranging from 0.0:1 to 1:1.
\nThe ground-water-flow system of the Edwards aquifer includes several components. These include a catchment area on the Edwards Plateau where the unconfined aquifer receives direct recharge, an area of confining beds crossed by streams draining the Edwards Plateau, a major recharge area within the Balcones fault zone where streams lose flow directly into the unconfined Edwards aquifer, and the confined Edwards aquifer that consists of the freshwater and salinewater zones.
\nWater entering the Edwards aquifer in the Balcones fault zone moves downdip in a generally southeasterly direction into the confined parts of the aquifer. In the confined aquifer, flow is toward the east and northeast under low hydraulic gradients through fractured, highly transmissive limestone and ultimately discharges at large springs and wells. All of the base flow and some of the storm runoff of streams crossing the recharge area infiltrates to the unconfined aquifer. On the basis of streamflow losses, the average annual recharge for 1934-88 was 635,500 acre-feet.
\nFreshwater discharges from the Edwards aquifer primarily from wells, springs, and seeps. Beginning in 1968, annual discharge from the aquifer has consistently exceeded average annual recharge largely because of a doubling of well pumpage. However, total springflow also increased because of greater-than-average recharge during most years since the late 1960's.
\nThe total volume of circulating freshwater in the Edwards aquifer is about 45 million acrefeet. Long-term hydrographs at San Antonio indicate no net decline in ground-water levels during 1911-87; thus, there was no net loss of water from storage in the freshwater zone of the Edwards aquifer during that long-term period, assuming the San Antonio hydrograph represents the entire aquifer. However, short-term changes in water levels result largely from the variability of precipitation as indicated by severe declines during the drought of the late 1940's to middle 1950's and by rises to record highs during the abnormally wet years in the 1970's and 1980's.
\nThe principal components of the groundwater budget (recharge, springflow, and pumpage) have varied greatly over 55 years (1934-88) of pertinent hydrologic records. Annual recharge varied from about 44,000 to 2,000,000 acre-feet. Annual springflow varied from about 70,000 acrefeet to about 580,000 acre-feet. Pumpage increased from about 100,000 acre-feet annually in the early 1930's to more than 500,000 acre-feet annually during some years in the 1980's. However, the average annual recharge of 635,500 acrefeet is about equal to the sum of the average annual springflow (359,500 acre-feet) and average annual pumpage (273,000 acre-feet), indicating no longterm decrease in ground-water storage because of springflow and pumpage.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri954186","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Maclay, R.W., 1995, Geology and hydrology of the Edwards Aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4186, Document: v, 64 p.; 12 Plates: 28.00 x 19.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954186.","productDescription":"Document: v, 64 p.; 12 Plates: 28.00 x 19.39 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57339,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57340,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57341,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57342,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57343,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57344,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57345,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57346,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57347,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57335,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57336,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57337,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57338,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68527d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maclay, Robert W.","contributorId":13210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclay","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":44712,"text":"wri944087 - 1995 - Depth to water, 1991, in the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho; Spokane River valley, Washington; Moscow-Lewiston-Grangeville area, Idaho; and selected intermontane valleys, east-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T23:06:48.272606","indexId":"wri944087","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4087","title":"Depth to water, 1991, in the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho; Spokane River valley, Washington; Moscow-Lewiston-Grangeville area, Idaho; and selected intermontane valleys, east-central Idaho","docAbstract":"This map report illustrates digitally generated depth-to-water zones for the Rathdrum Prairie in Idaho; part of the Spokane River Valley in eastern Washington; and the intermontane valleys of the upper Big Wood, Big Lost, Pahsimeroi, Little Lost, and Lemhi Rivers and Birch Creek in Idaho. Depth to water is 400 to 500 feet below land surface in the northern part of Rathdrum Prairie, 100 to 200 feet below land surface at the Idaho-Washington State line, and 0 to 250 feet below land surface in the Spokane area. Depth to water in the intermontane valleys in east-central Idaho is least (usually less than 50 feet) near streams and increases toward valley margins where mountain-front alluvial fans have formed. Depths to water shown in the Moscow-Lewiston-Grangeville area in Idaho are limited to point data at individual wells because most of the water levels measured were not representative of levels in the uppermost aquifer but of levels in deeper aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944087","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C.E., Bassick, M.D., Rogers, T.L., and Garcia, S.P., 1995, Depth to water, 1991, in the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho; Spokane River valley, Washington; Moscow-Lewiston-Grangeville area, Idaho; and selected intermontane valleys, east-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4087, Report: 1 p.; 2 Plates: 30.06 x 27.02 inches and 24.84 x 35.03 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944087.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; 2 Plates: 30.06 x 27.02 inches and 24.84 x 35.03 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411312,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47980.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258699,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258698,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4087/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258697,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4087/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.13714126200279,\n 48.279709292533\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 48.279709292533\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 46.390549134745584\n ],\n [\n -115.13714126200279,\n 46.390549134745584\n ],\n [\n -115.13714126200279,\n 48.279709292533\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66dea4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles E. ceberenb@usgs.gov","contributorId":857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"ceberenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bassick, M. D.","contributorId":28249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassick","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, T. L.","contributorId":73239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garcia, S. P.","contributorId":55496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":38239,"text":"pp1538S - 1995 - Broadband seismology and small regional seismic networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:51","indexId":"pp1538S","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"S","title":"Broadband seismology and small regional seismic networks","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538S","usgsCitation":"Herrmann, R., 1995, Broadband seismology and small regional seismic networks: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. S1-S15, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538S.","productDescription":"p. S1-S15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538s/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64606,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538s/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrmann, Robert B.","contributorId":80255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrmann","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33256,"text":"b2145 - 1995 - Geologic, geochemical, and isotopic studies of a carbonate- and siliciclastic-hosted Pb-Zn deposit at Lion Hill, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T20:51:19.582722","indexId":"b2145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2145","title":"Geologic, geochemical, and isotopic studies of a carbonate- and siliciclastic-hosted Pb-Zn deposit at Lion Hill, Vermont","docAbstract":"Zn-, Pb-, Cu-, and Fe-bearing rocks of the Lion Hill area in western Vermont formed during the Early Cambrian by syngenetic sedimentary-exhalative and diagenetic replacement processes. Sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and, locally, magnetite form stratabound and broadly stratiform lenticular zones, -300 meters long and 25-50 meters thick, which are uneconomic at the present time. The lenses are structurally disrupted and metamorphosed to greenschist facies, probably due to the Taconic orogeny. Textural evidence suggests that mineralizing fluids permeated the sediments prior to lithification and that a dilatant fracture zone, possibly a feeder zone, contains some of the discordant veins at Lion Hill. The veins may have formed when the sediments were in a plastic, semiconsolidated state. The association of layered iron formation containing base-metal sulfide minerals provides possible lithologic evidence for syngenetic mineralization by submarine exhalative activity. Sand bars and tidal channels present in the sedimentary section could have acted as permeable pathways for movement of mineralizing fluids. The complex interlayering in the sedimentary sequence of carbonate and siliciclastic rock types having widely varying permeabilities created numerous fluid traps.
\nHomogenization temperatures of primary and secondary inclusions in vein sphalerite range from 152°C to 196°C; salinities range from 11.5 to 14.0 equivalent weight percent NaCl. δ34S values of sulfides from Lion Hill vary from -25.9 to +10.0 per mil, and fall within the expected range for sulfide produced from bacteriogenic reduction of sulfate with δ34S values of 25 to 30 per mil. In addition, some pyrite probably formed from sulfate in trapped pore fluid that resulted in heavier isotopic values characteristic of more closed-system behavior. Three sphalerite samples that have heavier sulfur isotopic values may reflect a change in the source of sulfur during a later episode of mineralization, perhaps a change to a deep-seated source. Lead isotopic compositions of galenas from mineralized zones at Lion Hill range from 18.351 to 18.632 for 206Pb/204Pb, from 15.546 to 15.618 for 207Pb/204Pb, and from 38.126 to 38.496 for 208Pb/204Pb. The lead isotopic compositions of galena from Lion Hill and fluid inclusion and sulfur isotopic values for the Lion Hill sulfides are more like those of Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of Ireland than those of MVT or Appalachian-type Zn deposits.
\nThe prospect of an Irish-type sedimentary-exhalative origin for stratabound Pb-Zn deposits of the Paleozoic shelf of North America is of considerable importance to understanding the timing of mineralization relative to platform evolution and for evaluating the mineral resource potential of the region. Our study of the Lion Hill deposit indicates a potential for Irish-type Pb-Zn deposits in platform rocks of western Vermont; however, at Lion Hill they contain enrichments of Pb, Zn, and Cu rather than a Pb, Zn, and Ag association.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b2145","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., Clark, S.H., Woodruff, L.G., and Mosier, E.L., 1995, Geologic, geochemical, and isotopic studies of a carbonate- and siliciclastic-hosted Pb-Zn deposit at Lion Hill, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2145, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2145.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414661,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22431.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":61032,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2145/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":160987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2145/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Lion Hill","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.089,\n 43.829\n ],\n [\n -73.089,\n 43.843\n ],\n [\n -73.077,\n 43.843\n ],\n [\n -73.077,\n 43.829\n ],\n [\n -73.089,\n 43.829\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688086","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Sandra H. B.","contributorId":88706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mosier, Elwin L.","contributorId":70374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"Elwin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":33290,"text":"b2095 - 1995 - Geology of the Waterford quadrangle, Virginia and Maryland, and the Virginia part of the Point of Rocks quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-30T18:32:20.499221","indexId":"b2095","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2095","title":"Geology of the Waterford quadrangle, Virginia and Maryland, and the Virginia part of the Point of Rocks quadrangle","docAbstract":"The bedrock geology of the Waterford quadrangle and of the Virginia part of the Point of Rocks quadrangle consists of a portion of the Middle Proterozoic basement core and its cover sequence on the eastern limb of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium and the adjacent early Mesozoic Culpeper basin. The three major rock associations in this area are: 1) Middle Proterozoic gneisses intruded by late Proterozoic metadiabase dikes, 2) unconformably overlying late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, and 3) Upper Triassic sedimentary strata intruded by early Jurassic diabase. The Triassic and Jurassic rocks are separated from the older rocks by a major normal fault, the Bull Run fault. Late Cenozoic surficial deposits of three major types unconformably overlie the bedrock: colluvium derived from Catoctin Mountain, terrace deposits of the Potomac River, and flood plain alluvium of the Potomac River and its tributaries. -from Authors
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2095","usgsCitation":"Burton, W.C., Froelich, A., Pomeroy, J.S., and Lee, K.Y., 1995, Geology of the Waterford quadrangle, Virginia and Maryland, and the Virginia part of the Point of Rocks quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2095, Report: iv, 35 p.; 2 Plates: 26.50 × 19.00 inches and 40.00 × 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2095.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 35 p.; 2 Plates: 26.50 × 19.00 inches and 40.00 × 30.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":61075,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2095/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61076,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397888,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22396.htm"},{"id":164186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2095/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Point of Rocks quadrangle, Waterford quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.625,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -77.5,\n 39.307\n ],\n [\n -77.625,\n 39.307\n ],\n [\n -77.625,\n 39.125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froelich, A.J.","contributorId":13593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froelich","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pomeroy, J. S.","contributorId":16807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomeroy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, K. Y.","contributorId":74351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5514,"text":"fs14095 - 1995 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program; summary of pesticide data collected on East Fork Double Bayou, near Anahuac, Texas, March to September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-17T16:43:43","indexId":"fs14095","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"140-95","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program; summary of pesticide data collected on East Fork Double Bayou, near Anahuac, Texas, March to September 1994","docAbstract":"The Trinity River Basin study-unit assessment began in October 1991, with 2 years dedicated to planning, analyzing existing information, and designing data-collection networks, surveys, and studies. Then, a 3-year intensive data-collection program was initiated. The assessment followed guidelines provided by the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program National Synthesis team and considered suggestions made by the study unit's liaison committee. One of the issues selected for study concerned the quality of runoff in the coastal prairie. The study includes collecting streamflow, water-quality and watershed data on three streams, each representing watersheds in different parts of the coastal prairie. This fact sheet presents a summary of the pesticide data collected on East Fork Double Bayou from March to September 1994.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs14095","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 1995, National Water-Quality Assessment Program; summary of pesticide data collected on East Fork Double Bayou, near Anahuac, Texas, March to September 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 140-95, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs14095.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":125289,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0140/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":32082,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1995/0140/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.14 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"East Fork Double Bayou watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -95.4,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -95.4,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -94,\n 29\n ],\n [\n -95.4,\n 29\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db6984d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":528630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":33152,"text":"b2122 - 1995 - Age and diagenesis of the upper Floridan Aquifer and the intermediate aquifer system in southwestern Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:00:43","indexId":"b2122","displayToPublicDate":"1996-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2122","title":"Age and diagenesis of the upper Floridan Aquifer and the intermediate aquifer system in southwestern Florida","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2122","usgsCitation":"McCartan, L., Weedman, S., Wingard, G., Edwards, L.E., Sugarman, P.J., Feigenson, M., Buursink, M., and Libarkin, J., 1995, Age and diagenesis of the upper Floridan Aquifer and the intermediate aquifer system in southwestern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2122, iv, 26 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2122.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":163476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2122/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60970,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2122/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Southwestern Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.90283203125,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 25.005972656239187\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 27.780771643348196\n ],\n [\n -82.90283203125,\n 27.780771643348196\n ],\n [\n -82.90283203125,\n 25.005972656239187\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689c01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCartan, Lucy","contributorId":87960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCartan","given":"Lucy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weedman, S.D.","contributorId":23961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weedman","given":"S.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wingard, G.L.","contributorId":79981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wingard","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sugarman, P. J.","contributorId":81154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sugarman","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Feigenson, M.D.","contributorId":65641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feigenson","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Buursink, M. L. 0000-0001-6491-386X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6491-386X","contributorId":73658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buursink","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Libarkin, J.C.","contributorId":87973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libarkin","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":22025,"text":"ofr95628 - 1995 - Preliminary analysis of down-core biotic assemblages Bob Allen Keys, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-04T17:27:15.453538","indexId":"ofr95628","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T22:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-628","displayTitle":"Preliminary Analysis of Down-Core Biotic Assemblages Bob Allen Keys, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay","title":"Preliminary analysis of down-core biotic assemblages Bob Allen Keys, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay","docAbstract":"A series of short piston cores (< 2m) were taken from eleven stations in Florida Bay in May, 1994 by researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey (St. Petersburg, FL., Woods Hole, MA., and Denver CO.) in cooperation with South Florida Water Management District, and the Everglades National Park, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Core 6A from Bob Allen Keys (25° 1.391” N, 80°39.41” W) penetrated 172 cm of Holocene sediments in 0.6 m of water on a grass covered mud bank, approximately 1.75 miles (2.82 km) east of the water monitoring station on the southern end of the Bob Allen Keys. Core 6A was sampled for particle size, insoluble residue, water content, loss on ignition, Pb210, Rasup>222, and paleontologic analyses. Here we present the results of the preliminary paleontologic analyses of the biotic components from core #6A.
The Everglades/Florida Bay ecosystem has formed over the last 5000 years at the southern tip of peninsular Florida. Here it has been influenced by Atlantic, Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico waters, and by tropical and subtropical climatic regimes. This location ensures that over time the ecosystem has undergone climatic changes on both a seasonal and long term basis, and that it has been subjected to many major storms. Additionally, in the last century, the hydrologic regime of the region has been altered profoundly through construction of a canal system to control flooding in southern Florida. This system regulates the timing and amount of freshwater flow into Florida Bay. Recently, algal blooms, seagrass, and sponge die-offs, and declining numbers of shellfish, have been reported in Florida Bay; although it has been assumed that these changes have resulted from human alteration of freshwater flow into the bay, this assumption has not been rigorously tested.
The research described here is part of a project designed to examine the history of the Everglades/Florida Bay ecosystem over the last 150 years and to test assumptions of cause and effect. The purpose of the project is two-fold; first, to determine the characteristics of the ecosystem prior to significant human-induced alteration, including the natural range of variation in the ecosystem. This information will establish a baseline for restoration of the system. Second, the project aims to establish the extent, range, and timing of changes to the ecosystem over the last 150 years, and to determine whether these changes correlate with human alteration of the environment, or meteorological patterns, such as precipitation and major storms, or a combination of factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95628","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Brewster-Wingard, G., Ishman, S., Cronin, T.M., Edwards, L.E., Willard, D.A., and Halley, R.B., 1995, Preliminary analysis of down-core biotic assemblages Bob Allen Keys, Everglades National Park, Florida Bay: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-628, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95628.","productDescription":"35 p.","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":362632,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0628/ofr1995628.pdf","text":"Report","size":"257 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 1995-628"},{"id":152970,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0628/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Everglades National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 30.939924331023445\n ],\n [\n -87.51708984375,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -85.8251953125,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -84.17724609375,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -83.1884765625,\n 28.34306490482549\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 26.05678288577881\n ],\n [\n -80.57373046875,\n 24.627044746156027\n ],\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 26.41155054662258\n ],\n [\n -80.04638671875,\n 27.89734922968426\n ],\n [\n -80.9912109375,\n 30.031055426540206\n ],\n [\n -81.40869140625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -81.82617187499999,\n 30.80791068136646\n ],\n [\n -84.814453125,\n 30.789036751261136\n ],\n [\n -84.990234375,\n 31.109388560814963\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 30.939924331023445\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center
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3321 College Avenue
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No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Contributions to the paleontology of New Jersey","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Associaton of New Jersey","usgsCitation":"Self-Trail, J., and Bybell, L.M., 1995, Cretaceous and Paleogene calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of New Jersey, chap. of Contributions to the paleontology of New Jersey, v. 12, p. 102-139.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"102","endPage":"139","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386761,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Self-Trail, Jean 0000-0002-3018-4985 jstrail@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3018-4985","contributorId":147370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Self-Trail","given":"Jean","email":"jstrail@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70212533,"text":"70212533 - 1995 - Porphyry copper and other intrusion-related mineralization in Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-08-19T15:01:15.317664","indexId":"70212533","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T09:40:33","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Porphyry copper and other intrusion-related mineralization in Mexico","docAbstract":"Intrusion-related copper-bearing ore deposits in Mexico span a wide-range of deposit types and geological settings and formed from the mid-Mesozoic through the Holocene. These deposits include world-class copper porphyry and skarn deposits as well as a continuum of similar skarn, porphyry, vein, and replacement deposits that contain variable quantities of molybdenum, zinc, silver, lead, iron, gold, tungsten, tin, fluorine, and beryllium. Based on a new compilation, this paper reviews data on the full spectrum of intrusion-related deposits, concentrating on copper-rich systems, and attempts to place them in a generalized geological and petrological context.
In Mexico, intrusion-related mineral deposits are primarily Mesozoic to middle Tertiary in age. Three broad periods are prominent in the mineralization record: the late Mesozoic, the Laramide, and the middle Tertiary. Jurassic to Late Cretaceous calc-alkalic batholiths with sparse volcanic rocks occur along the Pacific margin mainly on eugeoclinal crust, although locally on continental crust (for example, in Sonora). Latest Cretaceous to Early Tertiary ('Laramide') calc-alkalic batholithic, subvolcanic, and volcanic centers occur in an overlapping but somewhat more easterly band that extends with diminished intensity and somewhat younger ages into the Sierra Madre Oriental. Mid-Tertiary volcanism and local intrusive centers are widely developed, with the greatest abundance of calcalkalic felsic volcanics in the Sierra Madre Occidental and more mafic middle to late Tertiary arc volcanics in the Sierra Madre del Sur in southern Mexico and as a fringe of alkalic volcanic' and sub volcanic centers in northeastern Mexico.
Over 600 copper-rich intrusion-related systems can be inferred from the literature; about 100 can be documented with some confidence. Copper-rich deposits occur with both intermediate (dioritic) and felsic (granodioritic) intrusive centers and show a corresponding variety of associated metals and alteration types. Styles include porphyry-type disseminated or stockwork mineralization, skarn, breccia pipes, and pegmatites. Multiple styles commonly occur in the same district. Porphyry copper deposits are best developed in association with the Laramide intrusive centers of northern Mexico and the mid-Tertiary intrusions in southern Mexico. Other intrusion-related deposit types occur within the same magmatic framework, but they have different temporal and spatial correlations related to their igneous composition and exposure level.
The continuum of intrusion-related mineralization in Mexico can be divided by geological associations, metal contents, and styles of alteration. Although more than 1,500 intrusion-associated mineral deposits are known, the scarcity of data requires a simplified approach focusing on major districts. We distinguish the following overlapping groups of deposits based on their metal contents and igneous compositions: (1) porphyry or skarn Cu(-Mo-Zn) associated with intermediate to felsic granitoids, (2) porphyry or skarn Cu (-Au-Fe) associated with intermediate intrusions, (3) greisen, skarn, or pegmatite W(-Mo) associated with intermediate to felsic granitoids, (4) replacement or skarn Zn-Pb-Ag(-Cu-F) deposits associated with felsic intrusions, (5) volcanic-hosted vein Ag-Au(-Zn-F-Sn) deposits associated with hypabyssal felsic intrusions, (6) vein ± replacement Ag-Au(-Cu-Zn-Pb) deposits associated with intermediate stocks, (7) volcanichosted Au-Ag(-Cu) systems, (8) rhyolite-related F(-Sn-Be) deposits, (9) diorite-related Fe(-Au-Cu) skarns, and (9) rhyolite-related Fe deposits.
Some inferences can be drawn from examination of these patterns:
• Igneous compositions vary in time and space in Mexico, but multiple compositions commonly were emplaced at different times in the same region. Temporal variations (as in Sonora) are as important as differences in province (as between Sonora and southern Mexico).
• Alteration and metal differences between alkaline and sub alkaline, felsic and mafic magma suites can be partly rationalized from equilibria among igneous minerals (for example, in terms of aAl2O3 vs aCaO [vs aSiO2 ]), fluid chloride and sulfur contents, and magmatic metal contents which reflect province and process.
• Exposure and preservation filter observed Mexican metallogeny. Erosion of the Mesozoic arc superstructure in the west leaves mainly tungsten-skarns, burial of the Laramide arc in central Mexico interrupts porphyry copper patterns, and minimal exhumation of mid-Tertiary intrusive centers preserves distal vein or replacement systems.
• The superimposed metallogenic patterns in Mexico have parallels with metallogenic patterns in the western United States in terms of the effects of preservation, process, and province. Future work should focus on increasing the basic geological data on mineral deposits and igneous rocks. Geochronology, petrology, and geochemistry would help better define the temporal, spatial, and compositional interrelationships between tectonism, magmatism, and mineralization.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Porphyry copper deposits of the American Cordillera","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arizona Geological Society","usgsCitation":"Barton, M.D., Staude, J.G., Zurcher, L., and Megaw, P.K., 1995, Porphyry copper and other intrusion-related mineralization in Mexico, chap. of Porphyry copper deposits of the American Cordillera, p. 487-524.","productDescription":"38 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Mark D.","contributorId":6166,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Staude, John-Mark G.","contributorId":190638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Staude","given":"John-Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zurcher, Lukas 0000-0001-5575-1192","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5575-1192","contributorId":238846,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zurcher","given":"Lukas","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":796727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Megaw, Peter K. 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M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":796728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70198238,"text":"70198238 - 1995 - Sources of the Early Cretaceous plutons in the Turtle and West Riverside Mountains, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-23T10:23:07","indexId":"70198238","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sources of the Early Cretaceous plutons in the Turtle and West Riverside Mountains, California","docAbstract":"Ages and initial isotopic ratios of Early Cretaceous (˜100 Ma) plutons of the Cordilleran Interior in the southern Turtle and West Riverside mountains distinguish them from Late Cretaceous plutons in surrounding ranges in the eastern Mojave Desert. Furthermore, the studied plutons have isotopic and geochemical characteristics more similar to plutons of Cretaceous age in the coastal batholiths (Peninsular Ranges and Sierra Nevada) than to most Mesozoic plutons in the Cordilleran Interior. The studied plutons are calcic, in contrast to the mostly cak-alkaline Mesozoic plutons of the eastern Mojave Desert. Distinctive isotopic signatures of the granitoids include lower initial 87Sr/86Sr of 0⋅705–0⋅710, δ18O of +6⋅3 to +7⋅7‰, 208Pb/204Pb of 38⋅3–39⋅5, and higher εNd of −3⋅86 to −9⋅60 than the Late Cretaceous plutons in the region. The distinctive characteristics of these Early Cretaceous plutons are probably both location and time specific and result from: (1) emplacement in a cold, untapped ‘Mojave-type’ Proterozoic upper crust, (2) a significant component of basaltic magmas partially melted from the asthenosphere or subcontinental lithosphere and (3) a magmatic component derived from Proterozoic, mafic, lower crust. They interacted less with their crustal hosts than did the later, more voluminous Late Cretaceous plutons.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic Press","doi":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.petrology.a037270","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.M., Wooden, J.L., Howard, K.A., Foster, D., and Tosdal, R., 1995, Sources of the Early Cretaceous plutons in the Turtle and West Riverside Mountains, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 6, p. 1675-1700, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.petrology.a037270.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"1675","endPage":"1700","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":355879,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110e11e4b034bf6a810d57","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, C. M.","contributorId":81181,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":740685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Foster, D.A.","contributorId":82865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":740687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70196438,"text":"70196438 - 1995 - Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-06T13:16:07","indexId":"70196438","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-31T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico","docAbstract":"Sidescan sonar provides a map of the seafloor that has greatly improved the understanding of depositional processes on modern deep-sea fans (e.g. Mutti and Normark 1991). Here, we present a sidescan-sonar mosaic from the eastern Gulf of Mexico that images the distal reaches of a channel on the Mississippi Fan and the deposits associated with it (Fig. 41.1). This area is one of several deep-sea fan systems that had not previously been imaged by high-resolution sidescan systems. The mosaic highlights the complexity of the spatial relationships of channels and deposits at ends of channels on this large, modern, passive-margin deep-sea fan (Figs 41.2 and 41.3).
","largerWorkTitle":"Atlas of Deep Water Environments","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht","doi":"10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5_42","usgsCitation":"Twichell, D., Schwab, W.C., and Kenyon, N.H., 1995, Geometry of sandy deposits at the distal edge of the Mississippi Fan, Gulf of Mexico, chap. of Atlas of Deep Water Environments, p. 282-286, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1234-5_42.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"282","endPage":"286","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353229,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi Fan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.68090820312499,\n 28.642389157900553\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 28.642389157900553\n ],\n [\n -87.69287109375,\n 31.85889704445453\n ],\n [\n -91.68090820312499,\n 31.85889704445453\n ],\n [\n -91.68090820312499,\n 28.642389157900553\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff209be4b0da30c1bfd5ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Twichell, D.C.","contributorId":84304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Twichell","given":"D.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwab, W. C.","contributorId":78740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwab","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenyon, Neil H.","contributorId":89535,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kenyon","given":"Neil","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":732911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70175779,"text":"70175779 - 1995 - Estimates of self-supplied commercial ground-water use in rural east-central Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:51:51","indexId":"70175779","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-29T10:45:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5184,"text":"Minnesota Ground Water Association Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of self-supplied commercial ground-water use in rural east-central Minnesota","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Minnesota Ground Water Association","publisherLocation":"St. Paul, MN","usgsCitation":"Trotta, L.C., 1995, Estimates of self-supplied commercial ground-water use in rural east-central Minnesota: Minnesota Ground Water Association Newsletter, v. 13, no. 4.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326905,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b82db5e4b03fd6b7da36a0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trotta, L. C.","contributorId":63410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trotta","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":646339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70244154,"text":"70244154 - 1995 - Alteration of basalt hyaloclastite at the off-axis Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, Gorda Ridge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-05T17:56:08.476547","indexId":"70244154","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-05T12:46:26","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alteration of basalt hyaloclastite at the off-axis Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, Gorda Ridge","docAbstract":"The Sea Cliff hydrothermal field on the northern segment of the Gorda Ridge is situated along a rift-bounding normal fault about 2.6 km east of the neovolcanic zone and approximately 300 m above the spreading axis. The structural setting of this hydrothermal field differs from that of most other active seafloor hydrothermal sites investigated to date, which are typically situated in the neovolcanic zone. Mineralization occurs in basaltic talus covering a large normal-fault scarp. Hydrothermal crusts cover much of the seafloor in the area of the active hydrothermal field. These crusts form by extensive alteration of basaltic hyaloclastite in a zone of mixing between ascending hydrothermal fluid and entrained seawater. The initial stage of alteration is magnesian metasomatism of both crystalline basalt and basaltic glass, converting the rock to Mg-rich smectite and smectite/chlorite. Further alteration removes nearly all cations and ultimately leads to silicification. Preservation of basaltic texture in the silicified rocks provides evidence that even such sparingly soluble elements as A1 and Ti have been removed. Oxygen-isotopic ratios of the altered rocks constrain initial alteration to temperatures near 220°C, close to the maximum measured vent temperatures of 247°C. Silicification proceeded to much lower temperatures, and most amorphous silica deposition occurred at temperatures below 100°C. Sulfur-, strontium-, and lead-isotopic data all indicate a predominantly basaltic source, with important contributions from seawater but no significant contribution from sedimentary sources. Comparison with ophiolite-hosted massive sulfide deposits shows that the structural setting, alteration sequence, and depositional environment are all similar and suggests that mineralization and replacement of basaltic breccia in the Sea Cliff hydrothermal field likely occur in the subsurface beneath a capping layer of silicified hyaloclastite.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0009-2541(95)00111-2","usgsCitation":"Zierenberg, R., Schiffmant, P., Jonasson, I., Tosdal, R., Pickthorn, W., and McClain, J., 1995, Alteration of basalt hyaloclastite at the off-axis Sea Cliff hydrothermal field, Gorda Ridge: Chemical Geology, v. 126, no. 2, p. 77-99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00111-2.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"77","endPage":"99","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417747,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Gorda Ridge, Pacific Ocean, Sea Cliff Hydrothermal Field","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -129.1611198637123,\n 44.10601529470716\n ],\n [\n -129.1611198637123,\n 41.95996085229007\n ],\n [\n -125.9208608753616,\n 41.95996085229007\n ],\n [\n -125.9208608753616,\n 44.10601529470716\n ],\n [\n -129.1611198637123,\n 44.10601529470716\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"126","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zierenberg, R.A.","contributorId":8998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zierenberg","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffmant, Peter","contributorId":51016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmant","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jonasson, I.","contributorId":25349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jonasson","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tosdal, R. M.","contributorId":54982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tosdal","given":"R. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pickthorn, W.","contributorId":85836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pickthorn","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McClain, J.","contributorId":306072,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClain","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":874650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207071,"text":"70207071 - 1995 - Strain accumulation across the central Nevada seismic zone, 1973–1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-28T13:06:29.539697","indexId":"70207071","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-05T11:08:36","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation across the central Nevada seismic zone, 1973–1994","docAbstract":"Five trilateration networks extending for 280 km along the central Nevada seismic zone (1915 Pleasant Valley, M = 7.3; 1954 Dixie Valley, M = 6.8; 1954 Stillwater, M = 6.8; 1954 Rainbow Mountain, M = 6.6; 1954 Fairview Peak, M = 7.1; and 1932 Cedar Mountain, M = 7.2) have been surveyed 6 times since 1973 to determine deformation along the zone. Within the precision of measurement the deformation appears uniform along the zone and is described by the principal strain rates 0.036±0.008 μstrain/yr N60°W±3° and −0.031±0.008 μstrain/yr N30°E±3°, extension reckoned positive. The observed strain rates are consistent with simple, right‐lateral, tensor shear at the rate of 0.033 μstrain/yr across a shear zone striking N15°W. This central Nevada shear zone appears to be the northward continuation of the eastern California shear zone. The orientation of the strike‐slip and normal‐slip ruptures within the central Nevada seismic zone are consistent with principal stress axes parallel to the measured principal strain rate axes. Space‐based geodetic measurements (very long baseline interferometry) indicate that the relative motion accommodated across the Basin and Range province west of Ely, Nevada, is about 9.1±1.5 mm/yr N16°W±8° (Dixon et al., 1995.) Notice that the right‐lateral shear zone postulated to explain deformation in the central Nevada seismic zone is properly oriented to accommodate that relative motion. However, a 135‐km effective width of the shear zone would be required to accommodate all of the 9.1 mm/yr relative motion at the strain rates observed in the Nevada seismic zone; only about 3 mm/yr of that relative motion is accommodated within the span of the trilateration networks.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/95JB01872","usgsCitation":"Savage, J.C., Lisowski, M., and Gross, W., 1995, Strain accumulation across the central Nevada seismic zone, 1973–1994: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 100, no. B10, p. 20257-20269, https://doi.org/10.1029/95JB01872.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"20257","endPage":"20269","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":369994,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Central Nevada seismic zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -117.66357421875,\n 36.96744946416934\n ],\n [\n -117.66357421875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -119.35546875000001,\n 36.96744946416934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"100","issue":"B10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-09-20","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, James C. 0000-0002-5114-7673 jasavage@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":2412,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"James","email":"jasavage@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":776752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, W.K.","contributorId":12624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"W.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":776753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":23591,"text":"ofr95506 - 1995 - Structure of the basins and ranges, Southwest New Mexico, an interpretation of seismic velocity sections","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-30T12:43:13","indexId":"ofr95506","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-506","title":"Structure of the basins and ranges, Southwest New Mexico, an interpretation of seismic velocity sections","docAbstract":"This report presents a geologic appraisal of seismic velocity sections that profile a total of 790 km in southwest New Mexico west of Las Cruces and south of Lordsburg and Deming. The present work outlines the contribution of these velocity sections to estimating areas favorable for mineral resource occurrences. Seismic refraction surveys are carried out with the initial goal of estimating the subsurface distribution of acoustic compressional velocity (Vp), which may ultimately be interpreted to provide information on lithology, geologic structure, and the occurrence of natural resources. The seismic sections presented here show velocity detail having dimensions of 100's to 1000's of meters to a depth of about 2.5 km, and across a net of traverses that profile most basins well as several ranges in the study area.
Figure 1 shows the location of the seismic refraction lines. The lines are designated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7; there is no line 6. The survey covers a broad swath of the southwest Basin and Range Province extending from the Arizona border eastward to the Rio Grande River, and from the Mexican border to about lat. 32° 30' N. Lines 1, 3, and 7 traverse the axis of basins in roughly northsouth directions; the remaining lines 2, 4, and 5 trend east-west and cross various ranges and basins.
Seismic data that have been collected in this region include deep-crustal refraction traverses by university scientists and commercial seismic reflection profiles acquired for petroleum exploration. Results of deep-crustal refraction studies are reviewed to provide a regional setting for the higher resolution refraction data. Results from seismic reflection will not be discussed. Industry reflection data in the area are not generally available for non-proprietary use. The nearest reflection data publicly available are in the Socorro area, about 80 km north of the present study area (Brown and others, 1980). These data were acquired by the Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP), a public-supported research group, to investigate the possibility of magma beneath part of the Rio Grande valley.
Up to 1978 there were about 36 deep borings in the region of southwest New Mexico (Thompson and others, 1978). This drilling resulted mainly from an evaluation of petroleum potential of the Pedrogosa basin which is an extensive area of Paleozoic subsidence in Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico that accumulated about three kilometers of Paleozoic sedimentary rock (Zeller, 1965; Thompson and others, 1978). Of these drill holes, 25 are close enough to the present seismic sections to provide correlations of velocity to lithology, and to provide an estimate of the errors associated with depth-to-interface interpretations. This information is summarized prior to considering the implications of the seismic sections in detail. The major portion of the report centers around two plates: Plate I shows seismic lines and selected drill hole locations superimposed on gravity contours, and Plate II shows velocitysections with drill hole summaries. These plates provide the foundation for developing inferences on buried lithologic, structural, and mineral resources for the region.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95506","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Klein, D.P., Abrams, G.A., and Hill, P.L., 1995, Structure of the basins and ranges, Southwest New Mexico, an interpretation of seismic velocity sections: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-506, Report: v, 60 p.; 2 Plates: 48.12 x 25.60 inches and 36.96 x 22.82 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95506.","productDescription":"Report: v, 60 p.; 2 Plates: 48.12 x 25.60 inches and 36.96 x 22.82 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":358946,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0506/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":19476,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0506/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0506/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":358945,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0506/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.1,\n 31.3\n ],\n [\n -106.4,\n 31.3\n ],\n [\n -106.4,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -109.1,\n 32.5\n ],\n [\n -109.1,\n 31.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b09e4b07f02db69c178","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klein, Douglas P.","contributorId":50896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Abrams, Gerda A.","contributorId":78706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"Gerda","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":190374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hill, Patricia L. pathill@usgs.gov","contributorId":1327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"Patricia","email":"pathill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":190372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29916,"text":"wri944239 - 1995 - Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifer system near Calvert City, Kentucky","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:03","indexId":"wri944239","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4239","title":"Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifer system near Calvert City, Kentucky","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, constructed a two-dimensional, steady-state ground-water-flow model to estimate hydraulic properties, contributing areas to discharge boundaries, and the average linear velocity at selected locations in an aquifer system near Calvert City, Ky. Nonlinear regression was used to estimate values of model parameters and the reliability of the parameter estimates. The regression minimizes the weighted difference between observed and calculated hydraulic heads and rates of flow. The calibrated model generally was better than alternative models considered, and although adding transmissive faults in the bedrock produced a slightly better model, fault transmissivity was not estimated reliably. The average transmissivity of the aquifer was 20,000 feet squared per day. Recharge to two outcrop areas, the McNairy Formation of Cretaceous age and the alluvium of Quaternary age, were 0.00269 feet per day (11.8 inches per year) and 0.000484 feet per day (2.1 inches per year), respectively. Contributing areas to wells at the Calvert City Water Company in 1992 did not include the Calvert City Industrial Complex. Since completing the fieldwork for this study in 1992, the Calvert City Water Company discontinued use of their wells and began withdrawing water from new wells that were located 4.5 miles east-southeast of the previous location; the contributing area moved farther from the industrial complex. The extent of the alluvium contributing water to wells was limited by the overlying lacustrine deposits. The average linear ground-water velocity at the industrial complex ranged from 0.90 feet per day to 4.47 feet per day with a mean of 1.98 feet per day.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944239","usgsCitation":"Starn, J., Arihood, L.D., and Rose, M., 1995, Geohydrology and simulation of ground-water flow in the aquifer system near Calvert City, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4239, v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944239.","productDescription":"v, 52 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4239/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4239/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8c43","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Starn, J.J.","contributorId":69591,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starn","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Arihood, L. D. 0000-0001-5792-3699","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5792-3699","contributorId":74388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arihood","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rose, M.F.","contributorId":27893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rose","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29453,"text":"wri944146 - 1995 - Relation of fracture orientation to linear terrain features, anisotropic transmissivity, and seepage to streams in the karst Prairie du Chien Group, southeastern Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T15:21:05.334549","indexId":"wri944146","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4146","title":"Relation of fracture orientation to linear terrain features, anisotropic transmissivity, and seepage to streams in the karst Prairie du Chien Group, southeastern Minnesota","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow in the karst-terrane aquifers of southeastern Minnesota is not well defined. Variable fracture patterns in the bedrock affect permeability. Techniques to predict the effects of fracture patterns on ground-water flow in the karst-terrane aquifers of southeastern Minnesota are unavailable. The use of such techniques may be useful to officials responsible for the management and protection of ground water in these aquifers, which have a high susceptibility to contamination. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources, investigated fracture patterns, anisotropic transmissivity, and seepage to streams from the Prairie du Chien Group, which is the karst portion of the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, to improve the understanding of ground-water flow through karst-terrane aquifers in southeastern Minnesota.
\nThis report presents the results of testing hypotheses that (1) the major axes of linear terrain features correlate with the major axes of subsurface fractures in the Prairie du Chien Group, and that (2) the major axes of subsurface fractures in the Prairie du Chien Group correlate with seepage from the Prairie du Chien Group.
\nThe first hypothesis was tested by comparison of linear terrain features to fracture orientation measurements. Fracture orientations in 10 exposures of the Prairie du Chien Group at quarries, road cuts, and natural outcrops showed statistically significant directional trends at 8 of 10 sites. Directional trends of linear terrain features identified from 1:80,000 aerial photographs were significant in four of the ten 60-square mile areas that surround these sites. The fracture orientation measurements correlate with the local linear terrain features in 2 of the 10 sites.
\nThe second hypothesis was tested by analyzing the correlation between seepage rates into streams hydraulically connected to the Prairie du Chien Group and surrounding linear terrain features that were mapped in approximately 300 square mile areas. Data from Riceford Creek support this hypothesis; data from Crow Creek and Middle Fork of the Whitewater River and from Duschee Creek are inconclusive. This hypothesis could not be tested by the data from the Middle Fork of the Zumbro River, the South Branch of the Root River, and the South Branch of the Middle Fork of the Zumbro River because the surrounding linear terrain features lack directional trends.
\nThe transmissivity of the karst portion of the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer is anisotropic at an aquifertest site in the study area. Results of the aquifer test indicate that the major axis of transmissivity is along a line N95°E. The aquifer-test results indicate that the principal axis of joint fractures at the test site is slightly clockwise from an east-west line because this axis is assumed to correlate with the major axis of horizontal transmissivity.
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","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/ofr95162","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Minnesota Department of Transportation","usgsCitation":"Sanocki, C., 1995, Physical characteristics of stream subbasins in the upper Minnesota River basin, west-central Minnesota, northeastern South Dakota and southeastern North Dakota: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-162, Report: 16 p.; 1 Plate: 40.74 x 44.66 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95162.","productDescription":"Report: 16 p.; 1 Plate: 40.74 x 44.66 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":416518,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index 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