Ground water pumped from supply wells 1 and 2 on the Willow Grove Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base (NAS/JRB) provides water for use at the base, including potable water for drinking. The supply wells have been contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOC's), particularly trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), and the water is treated to remove the VOC's. The Willow Grove NAS/JRB and surrounding area are underlain by sedimentary rocks of the Triassic-age Stockton Formation, which form a complex, heterogeneous aquifer.
The ground-water-flow system for the supply wells was characterized by use of borehole geophysical logs and heatpulse-flowmeter measurements. The heatpulse-flowmeter measurements showed upward and downward borehole flow under nonpumping conditions in both wells. The hydraulic and chemical properties of discrete water-bearing fractures in the supply wells were characterized by isolating each water-bearing fracture with straddle packers. Eight fractures in supply well 1 and five fractures in supply well 2 were selected for testing on the basis of the borehole geophysical logs and borehole television surveys. Water samples were collected from each isolated fracture and analyzed for VOC?s and inorganic constituents.
Fractures at 50–59, 79–80, 196, 124–152, 182, 241, 256, and 350–354 ft btoc (feet below top of casing) were isolated in supply well 1. Specific capacities ranged from 0.26 to 5.7 (gal/min)/ft (gallons per minute per foot) of drawdown. The highest specific capacity was for the fracture isolated at 179.8–188 ft btoc. Specific capacity and depth of fracture were not related in either supply well. The highest concentrations of PCE were in water samples collected from fractures isolated at 236.8–245 and 249.8–258 ft btoc, which are hydraulically connected. The concentration of PCE generally increased with depth to a maximum of 39 mg/L (micrograms per liter) at a depth of 249.8? 258 ft btoc and then decreased to 21 mg/L at a depth of 345.3–389 ft btoc.
Fractures at 68–74, 115, 162, 182, 205, and 314 ft btoc were isolated in supply well 2. Specific capacities ranged from 0.08 to less than 2.9 (gal/ min)/ft. The highest specific capacity was for the fracture isolated at 157–165.2 ft btoc. Concentrations of detected VOC's in water samples were 3.6 mg/L or less.
Lithologic units penetrated by both supply wells were determined by correlating naturalgamma and single-point-resistance borehole geophysical logs. All lithologic units are not continuous water-bearing units because water-bearing fractures are not necessarily present in the same lithologic units in each well. Although the wells penetrate the same lithologic units, the lithologic location of only three water-bearing fractures are common to both wells. The same lithologic unit may have different hydraulic properties in each well.
A regional ground-water divide is southeast of the supply wells. From this divide, ground water flows northwest toward Park Creek, a tributary to Little Neshaminy Creek. Potentiometric-surface maps were prepared from water levels measured in shallow and deep wells. For both depth intervals, the direction of ground-water flow is toward the northwest. For most well clusters, the vertical head gradient is downward from the shallow to the deeper part of the aquifer. Pumping of the supply wells at times can cause the vertical flow direction to reverse.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014264","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., Goode, D., and Frasch, S.M., 2002, Interpretation of borehole geophysical logs, aquifer-isolation tests, and water quality, supply wells 1 and 2, Willow Grove Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base, Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4264, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014264.","productDescription":"64 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124315,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4264/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":351047,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4264/wri20014264.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.48 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4264"}],"contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
Numerical simulations indicate that ground-water withdrawals from the Hanamaulu and Puhi areas of the southern Lihue Basin will result in a decline in water levels and reductions in base flows of streams near proposed new water-supply wells. Most of the changes will be attained within 10 to 20 years of the start of pumping. Except for areas such as Puhi and Kilohana, the freshwater lens in most inland areas of the southern Lihue Basin is thick and model simulations indicate that changes in water level and the position of the freshwater- saltwater interface in response to pumping will be small relative to the present thickness of the freshwater lens. Effects of the proposed withdrawals on streamflow depend on withdrawal rate and proximity of the wells to streams. Placing pumped wells away from streams with low base flow and toward streams with high base flow can reduce the relative effect on individual streams. Simulation of the 0.42-million-gallon-per-day increase in withdrawal projected for 2000 indicates that the resulting changes in water levels and interface position, relative to conditions prior to the withdrawal increase, will be small, and that stream base flow will be reduced by less than 10 percent. Simulation of the 0.83-million-gallon-per-day withdrawal projected for 2010 indicates further thinning of the freshwater lens in the Puhi area, where the lens already may be thin, as well as base-flow reduction in Nawiliwili Stream. Simulation of an alternative distribution of the 0.83-million-gallon-per-day withdrawal indicates that the effects can be reduced by shifting most of the new withdrawal to the Hanamaulu area where the freshwater lens is thicker and stream base flows are greater. Simulation of the 1.16-million-gallon-per-day increase in withdrawal projected for 2020 indicates that if withdrawal is distributed only among Hana-maulu wells 1, 3, and 4, and Puhi well 5A, further thinning of the already-thin freshwater lens in the Puhi area would occur. Such a distribution would also exceed the maximum draft recommended by the water-systems standards used in Hawaii. Another simulation in which part of the 1.16 million gallons per day was distributed among three additional hypothetical wells in the Hanamaulu area showed that the pumping effects could be shifted from the Puhi area to the Hanamaulu area, where the freshwater lens is thicker, but that base flow in Hanamaulu Stream may decrease by as much as 16 percent.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20014200","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the County of Kauai Department of Water","usgsCitation":"Izuka, S.K., and Oki, D.S., 2002, Numerical simulation of ground-water withdrawals in the southern Lihue Basin, Kauai, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4200, v, 54 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014200.","productDescription":"v, 54 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160007,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2979,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014200","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":463369,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46637.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Kauai, southern Lihue Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.5152701492994,\n 22.134582977686122\n ],\n [\n -159.5152701492994,\n 21.888822039815537\n ],\n [\n -159.29927589293317,\n 21.888822039815537\n ],\n [\n -159.29927589293317,\n 22.134582977686122\n ],\n [\n -159.5152701492994,\n 22.134582977686122\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48d0e4b07f02db5465d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izuka, Scot K. 0000-0002-8758-9414 skizuka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-9414","contributorId":2645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izuka","given":"Scot","email":"skizuka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oki, Delwyn S. 0000-0002-6913-8804 dsoki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6913-8804","contributorId":1901,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oki","given":"Delwyn","email":"dsoki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":204524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":31469,"text":"ofr01277 - 2002 - Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Central and West Coast basins, Los Angeles County, California, 1995-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-15T16:07:04.814149","indexId":"ofr01277","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-277","title":"Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Central and West Coast basins, Los Angeles County, California, 1995-2000","docAbstract":"In 1995, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the Water Replenishment District of Southern California (WRDSC), began a study to examine ground-water resources in the Central and West Coast Basins in Los Angeles County, California. The study characterizes the geohydrology and geochemistry of the regional ground-water flow system and provides extensive data for evaluating ground-water management issues. This report is a compilation of geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data collected from 24 recently constructed multiple-well monitoring sites for the period 1995–2000.
Descriptions of the collected drill cuttings were compiled into lithologic logs, which are summarized along with geophysical logs—including gamma-ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, electromagnetic induction, and temperature tool logs—for each monitoring site. At selected sites, cores were analyzed for magnetic orientation, physical and thermal properties, and mineralogy. Field and laboratory estimates of hydraulic conductivity are presented for most multiple-well monitoring sites. Periodic water-level measurements are also reported. Water-quality information for major ions, nutrients, trace elements, deuterium and oxygen-18, and tritium is presented for the multiple-well monitoring locations, and for selected existing production and observation wells. In addition, boron-11, carbon-13, carbon-14, sulfur-34, and strontium-87/86 data are presented for selected wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr01277","usgsCitation":"Land, M., Everett, R., and Crawford, S., 2002, Geologic, hydrologic, and water-quality data from multiple-well monitoring sites in the Central and West Coast basins, Los Angeles County, California, 1995-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2001-277, 178 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr01277.","productDescription":"178 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2625,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr01277/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160378,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db68809b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Land, Michael 0000-0001-5141-0307","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":56613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Everett, R.R.","contributorId":81954,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Everett","given":"R.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crawford, S.M.","contributorId":39418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crawford","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30988,"text":"wri014215 - 2002 - Estimates of ground-water recharge, base flow, and stream reach gains and losses in the Willamette River basin, Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-23T14:07:53","indexId":"wri014215","displayToPublicDate":"2002-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4215","title":"Estimates of ground-water recharge, base flow, and stream reach gains and losses in the Willamette River basin, Oregon","docAbstract":"Precipitation-runoff models, base-flow-separation techniques, and stream gain-loss measurements were used to study recharge and ground-water surface-water interaction as part of a study of the ground-water resources of the Willamette River Basin. The study was a cooperative effort between the U.S. Geological Survey and the State of Oregon Water Resources Department. Precipitation-runoff models were used to estimate the water budget of 216 subbasins in the Willamette River Basin. The models were also used to compute long-term average recharge and base flow. Recharge and base-flow estimates will be used as input to a regional ground-water flow model, within the same study. Recharge and base-flow estimates were made using daily streamflow records. Recharge estimates were made at 16 streamflow-gaging-station locations and were compared to recharge estimates from the precipitation-runoff models. Base-flow separation methods were used to identify the base-flow component of streamflow at 52 currently operated and discontinued streamflow-gaging-station locations. Stream gain-loss measurements were made on the Middle Fork Willamette, Willamette, South Yamhill, Pudding, and South Santiam Rivers, and were used to identify and quantify gaining and losing stream reaches both spatially and temporally. These measurements provide further understanding of ground-water/surface-water interactions.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014215","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Oregon Water Resources Department","usgsCitation":"Lee, K.K., and Risley, J.C., 2002, Estimates of ground-water recharge, base flow, and stream reach gains and\nlosses in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations\nReport 01–4215, 52 p.","productDescription":"52 p., 1 over-size sheet ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":160021,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":2981,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4215/wri01-4215.pdf","text":"Report","size":"3.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"PDF of report"}],"contact":"Director, Oregon Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
2130 SW 5th Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97201
http://or.water.usgs.gov
The U.S. Geological Survey conducted borehole geophysical logging, collected and analyzed water-level data, and sampled sections of a rock core to determine the concentration of volatile organic compounds in the aquifer matrix of the Stockton Formation. Borehole geophysical logs were run in three monitor wells. At well 05MW04I, the vertical gradient was upward at depths above 42 feet below land surface (ft bls), downward between 42 and 82 ft bls, and upward below 82 ft bls. At well 05MW05I, a downward vertical gradient was present. At well 05MW12I, the vertical gradient was downward above 112 ft bls and upward below 112 ft bls.
Three water-bearing fractures in a 17-foot long rock core from 23.5 to 40.5 ft bls were identified and sampled. Three samples were analyzed from each water-bearing fracture—at the fracture face, 2 centimeters (cm) below the fracture, and 4 cm below the fracture. Fifteen compounds were detected; however, concentrations of seven compounds were less than 1 microgram per kilogram (mg/kg) when detected. Concentrations of benzene (from 0.39 to 3.3 mg/kg), 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE) (from 0.15 to 13 mg/kg), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) (from 0.17 to 22 mg/kg), and trichloroethylene (TCE) (from 0.092 to 9.6 mg/kg) were detected in all samples. The highest concentrations detected were for toluene, which was detected at a concentration of 32 and 86 mg/kg in the samples from unweathered sandstone at 2 and 4 cm below the fracture, respectively. Concentrations generally decreased with distance below the fracture in the mudstone samples. Concentrations of benzene and toluene increased with distance below the fractures in the unweathered sandstone samples. Concentrations of 1,1-DCE, TCA, and TCE were higher in the mudstone samples than in the samples from sandstone. Toluene concentrations were higher in unweathered sandstone than in weathered sandstone or mudstone.
The effect of the pumping of Horsham Water and Sewer Authority public supply well 26 (HWSA-26), 0.2 mile southwest of the base boundary, on groundwater levels on the base was determined by shutting the well down for 6 days to allow water levels to recover. Water levels in 22 nearby wells were measured. The only well (02MW01I) that showed an unambiguous response to the shutdown of well HWSA-26 is 1,350 feet directly along strike from well HWSA-26. The recovery of well 05MW11I in response to the shutdown of well HWSA-26 is masked by recharge from snowmelt but probably does not exceed about 0.2 feet on the basis of the water level in well 05MW11I, which showed a response to the pumping of well HWSA-26 that ranged from 0.5 to 0.15 foot.
Horizontal gradients differ with depth, and the rate and direction of ground-water flow and contaminant movement is depth dependent. The potentiometric-surface map for water levels measured in wells screened between 5 and 44 ft bls in the aquifer shows a ground-water mound that is the high point on a regional ground-water divide. From this divide, ground water flows both northwest toward Park Creek and southeast toward Pennypack Creek. The hydraulic gradient around this mound is relatively flat to the southeast and particularly flat to the northwest. The potentiometric-surface map for water levels measured in wells screened between 40 and 100 ft bls in the aquifer shows a very flat hydraulic gradient. Differences in the elevation of the potentiometric surface are less than 2 feet. The potentiometric-surface map for water levels measured in wells screened between 105 and 179 ft bls in the aquifer shows a steep hydraulic gradient between Sites 5 and 2 and a relatively flat hydraulic gradient between Sites 5 and 3. Water levels measured on October 7, 1999, showed downward vertical head gradients for all well clusters at Site 5. Vertical gradients ranged from 0.01 at well cluster 05MW10 to 0.2 at cluster 05MW11. Most gradients were between 0.01 and 0.026. Vertical head gradients vary with time. The variability is caused by a difference in the magnitude of water-level fluctuations between shallow and the deep fractures. The difference in the magnitude of water-level fluctuations is because of differences in lithology and aquifer storativity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014263","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Navy","usgsCitation":"Sloto, R.A., 2002, Hydrogeological investigation at Site 5, Willow Grove Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base, Horsham Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4263, 37 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014263.","productDescription":"37 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":351044,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4263/wri20014263.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.47 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRI 2001-4263"},{"id":124345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4263/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-75.4833,40.4194],[-75.4643,40.4082],[-75.4518,40.4008],[-75.4465,40.3975],[-75.4299,40.3873],[-75.4257,40.3845],[-75.4216,40.3812],[-75.4068,40.3724],[-75.4032,40.37],[-75.402,40.3696],[-75.3985,40.3672],[-75.383,40.3584],[-75.3629,40.3462],[-75.3534,40.3406],[-75.3487,40.3378],[-75.3433,40.3341],[-75.3084,40.3131],[-75.3007,40.3089],[-75.3001,40.3084],[-75.2592,40.2855],[-75.2013,40.25],[-75.1989,40.2486],[-75.1906,40.2439],[-75.1339,40.2106],[-75.1032,40.1923],[-75.0943,40.1867],[-75.0153,40.1394],[-75.032,40.127],[-75.0468,40.116],[-75.0561,40.1084],[-75.0654,40.1],[-75.0723,40.0911],[-75.0809,40.0835],[-75.0947,40.0693],[-75.0888,40.0633],[-75.0914,40.0592],[-75.1012,40.0522],[-75.1074,40.0477],[-75.1311,40.0586],[-75.1564,40.0736],[-75.1647,40.0788],[-75.1759,40.0844],[-75.1865,40.0733],[-75.2119,40.0878],[-75.2231,40.093],[-75.2566,40.0623],[-75.2646,40.0552],[-75.2523,40.0441],[-75.2418,40.0353],[-75.2253,40.0241],[-75.21,40.0143],[-75.2303,40.0006],[-75.2504,39.9901],[-75.2638,39.984],[-75.2736,39.9787],[-75.2778,39.9765],[-75.3079,40.0147],[-75.3096,40.017],[-75.3114,40.0192],[-75.3119,40.0202],[-75.3168,40.018],[-75.3205,40.0162],[-75.3222,40.0176],[-75.3286,40.0268],[-75.3338,40.0332],[-75.3361,40.036],[-75.3448,40.0475],[-75.3494,40.053],[-75.3517,40.0558],[-75.361,40.0668],[-75.3669,40.0723],[-75.3927,40.0604],[-75.42,40.0966],[-75.4369,40.0899],[-75.4401,40.0941],[-75.4558,40.0876],[-75.4563,40.0945],[-75.4633,40.0971],[-75.4618,40.1027],[-75.4693,40.1066],[-75.4719,40.1116],[-75.4691,40.1169],[-75.4627,40.119],[-75.4611,40.1241],[-75.4729,40.1287],[-75.4905,40.1253],[-75.5088,40.1347],[-75.5107,40.1422],[-75.5036,40.1506],[-75.5,40.1563],[-75.503,40.1593],[-75.5127,40.1595],[-75.5184,40.1475],[-75.5239,40.1468],[-75.5275,40.1492],[-75.527,40.1664],[-75.5387,40.1739],[-75.544,40.1794],[-75.5503,40.19],[-75.5554,40.2023],[-75.5589,40.2073],[-75.5606,40.2096],[-75.5636,40.2101],[-75.5661,40.2093],[-75.5655,40.207],[-75.5644,40.2029],[-75.5645,40.2006],[-75.5676,40.1975],[-75.5694,40.1966],[-75.5724,40.1967],[-75.5766,40.1981],[-75.5796,40.2004],[-75.5801,40.2045],[-75.5835,40.21],[-75.591,40.2214],[-75.5973,40.2347],[-75.5997,40.2365],[-75.6014,40.2379],[-75.605,40.2389],[-75.6081,40.2366],[-75.6088,40.2348],[-75.6076,40.2326],[-75.6059,40.2294],[-75.6047,40.2275],[-75.6078,40.2258],[-75.6114,40.2244],[-75.6151,40.2245],[-75.6186,40.2277],[-75.6209,40.2305],[-75.6304,40.2347],[-75.6406,40.2371],[-75.6478,40.2404],[-75.6549,40.2428],[-75.6645,40.2461],[-75.6705,40.2466],[-75.6741,40.2458],[-75.6784,40.2436],[-75.6864,40.2387],[-75.6894,40.2378],[-75.6912,40.2388],[-75.6968,40.2417],[-75.6961,40.2426],[-75.6949,40.2444],[-75.6899,40.2502],[-75.6744,40.269],[-75.6681,40.2775],[-75.6644,40.2811],[-75.66,40.2874],[-75.6501,40.299],[-75.6488,40.3008],[-75.6457,40.3044],[-75.6389,40.313],[-75.6258,40.3295],[-75.6233,40.3322],[-75.6164,40.3407],[-75.6084,40.3483],[-75.6046,40.3533],[-75.6034,40.355],[-75.5971,40.364],[-75.5884,40.3748],[-75.5685,40.3976],[-75.5666,40.4003],[-75.5647,40.4021],[-75.5604,40.4066],[-75.5516,40.4182],[-75.5466,40.4245],[-75.5416,40.4299],[-75.5278,40.4464],[-75.5249,40.4441],[-75.5065,40.4325],[-75.4994,40.4283],[-75.4833,40.4194]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Montgomery\",\"state\":\"PA\"}}]}","contact":"Director, Pennsylvania Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
215 Limekiln Road
New Cumberland, PA 17070
The in-situ microbial reduction and immobilization of uranium was assessed as a means of preventing the migration of this element in the terrestrial subsurface. Uranium immobilization (putatively identified as reduction) and microbial respiratory activities were evaluated in the presence of exogenous electron donors and acceptors with field push−pull tests using wells installed in an anoxic aquifer contaminated with landfill leachate. Uranium(VI) amended at 1.5 μM was reduced to less than 1 nM in groundwater in less than 8 d during all field experiments. Amendments of 0.5 mM sulfate or 5 mM nitrate slowed U(VI) immobilization and allowed for the recovery of 10% and 54% of the injected element, respectively, as compared to 4% in the unamended treatment. Laboratory incubations confirmed the field tests and showed that the majority of the U(VI) immobilized was due to microbial reduction. In these tests, nitrate treatment (7.5 mM) inhibited U(VI) reduction, and nitrite was transiently produced. Further push−pull tests were performed in which either 1 or 5 mM nitrate was added with 1.0 μM U(VI) to sediments that already contained immobilized uranium. After an initial loss of the amendments, the concentration of soluble U(VI) increased and eventually exceeded the injected concentration, indicating that previously immobilized uranium was remobilized as nitrate was reduced. Laboratory experiments using heat-inactivated sediment slurries suggested that the intermediates of dissimilatory nitrate reduction (denitrification or dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia), nitrite, nitrous oxide, and nitric oxide were all capable of oxidizing and mobilizing U(IV). These findings indicate that in-situ subsurface U(VI) immobilization can be expected to take place under anaerobic conditions, but the permanence of the approach can be impaired by disimilatory nitrate reduction intermediates that can mobilize previously reduced uranium.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es011240x","usgsCitation":"Senko, J.M., Istok, J.D., Suflita, J.M., and Krumholz, L.R., 2002, In-situ evidence for uranium immobilization and remobilization: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 7, p. 1491-1496, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011240x.","productDescription":"6 p. ","startPage":"1491","endPage":"1496","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337688,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d4e4b0849ce97c86fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Senko, John M.","contributorId":187692,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Senko","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Istok, Jonathan D.","contributorId":35468,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Istok","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suflita, Joseph M.","contributorId":187604,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suflita","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Krumholz, Lee R.","contributorId":187679,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Krumholz","given":"Lee","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70211216,"text":"70211216 - 2002 - Cautions and suggestions for geochemical sampling in fractured rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-07-17T20:02:35.496575","indexId":"70211216","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-22T14:59:22","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1866,"text":"Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cautions and suggestions for geochemical sampling in fractured rock","docAbstract":"Collecting water samples for geochemical analyses in open bedrock boreholes or in discrete intervals of boreholes intersected by multiple fractures is likely to yield ambiguous results for ground water chemistry because of the variability in the transmissivity, storativity, and hydraulic head of fractures intersecting the borehole. Interpreting chemical analyses of water samples collected in bedrock boreholes requires an understanding of the hydraulic conditions in the borehole under the ambient flow regime in the aquifer as well as during sampling. Pumping in open boreholes, regardless of the pumping rate and the location of the pump intake, first draws water from the borehole and then from fractures intersecting the borehole. The time at which the volumetric rate of water entering the borehole from fractures is approximately equal to the pumping rate can be identified by monitoring the logarithm of drawdown in the borehole as a function of the logarithm of time. Mixing of water entering the borehole from fractures with water in the borehole must be considered in estimating the time at which the pump discharge is representative of aquifer water. In boreholes intersected by multiple fractures, after the contribution from the borehole volume has diminished, the contribution of fractures to the pump discharge will be weighted according to their transmissivity, regardless of the location of the pump intake. This results in a flux‐averaged concentration in the pump discharge that is biased by the chemical signature of those fractures with the highest transmissivity. Under conditions where the hydraulic head of fractures varies over the length of the borehole, open boreholes will be subject to ambient flow in the water column in the borehole. In some instances, the magnitude of the ambient flow may be similar to the designated pumping rate for collecting water samples for geochemical analyses. Under such conditions, the contributions to the pump discharge from individual fractures will be a function not only of the transmissivity of the fractures, but also of the distribution of hydraulic head in fractures intersecting the borehole. To reduce or eliminate the deleterious effects of conducting geochemical sampling in open boreholes, a straddle‐packer apparatus that isolates a single fracture or a series of closely spaced fractures is recommended. It is also recommended that open boreholes be permanently outfitted with borehole packers or borehole liners in instances where maintaining the hydraulic and chemical stratification in the aquifer is of importance. In a field example, a comparison of results from sampling in an open borehole and in discrete intervals of the same borehole showed dramatic differences in the concentrations of chemical constituents in the water samples, even though chemical field parameters stabilized prior to both open borehole and discrete interval sampling.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00764.x","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, A.M., 2002, Cautions and suggestions for geochemical sampling in fractured rock: Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, v. 22, no. 3, p. 151-164, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00764.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"151","endPage":"164","costCenters":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":376492,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":793236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70178299,"text":"70178299 - 2002 - PCR diagnostics underestimate the prevalence of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in experimentally-infected passerines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:06:48","indexId":"70178299","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2414,"text":"Journal of Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"PCR diagnostics underestimate the prevalence of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in experimentally-infected passerines","docAbstract":"Several polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods have recently been developed for diagnosing malarial infections in both birds and reptiles, but a critical evaluation of their sensitivity in experimentally-infected hosts has not been done. This study compares the sensitivity of several PCR-based methods for diagnosing avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in captive Hawaiian honeycreepers using microscopy and a recently developed immunoblotting technique. Sequential blood samples were collected over periods of up to 4.4 yr after experimental infection and rechallenge to determine both the duration and detectability of chronic infections. Two new nested PCR approaches for detecting circulating parasites based on P. relictum 18S rRNA genes and the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) gene are described. The blood smear and the PCR tests were less sensitive than serological methods for detecting chronic malarial infections. Individually, none of the diagnostic methods was 100% accurate in detecting subpatent infections, although serological methods were significantly more sensitive (97%) than either nested PCR (61–84%) or microscopy (27%). Circulating parasites in chronically infected birds either disappear completely from circulation or to drop to intensities below detectability by nested PCR. Thus, the use of PCR as a sole means of detection of circulating parasites may significantly underestimate true prevalence.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Parasitologists","publisherLocation":"Urbana, IL","doi":"10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0153:PDUTPO]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Jarvi, S.I., Schultz, J.J., and Atkinson, C.T., 2002, PCR diagnostics underestimate the prevalence of avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in experimentally-infected passerines: Journal of Parasitology, v. 88, no. 1, p. 153-158, https://doi.org/10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0153:PDUTPO]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"158","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":330949,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58259563e4b01fad86db2423","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jarvi, Susan I.","contributorId":47748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarvi","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schultz, Jeffrey J.","contributorId":176811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schultz","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":653563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Atkinson, Carter T. 0000-0002-4232-5335 catkinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4232-5335","contributorId":1124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atkinson","given":"Carter","email":"catkinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":653564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70178625,"text":"70178625 - 2002 - First report of a water mite in the family Pionidae (Acari: Parasitengona: Hygrobatoidea) in the Hawaiian Islands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:00:18","indexId":"70178625","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-12T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1059,"text":"Bishop Museum Occasional Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First report of a water mite in the family Pionidae (Acari: Parasitengona: Hygrobatoidea) in the Hawaiian Islands","docAbstract":"Species of water mites can be found in over 100 families and subfamilies and are known to occur in great abundance and diversity throughout the world (Smith & Cook, 1991). Not surprisingly, few fresh-water mites occur in the Hawaiian Islands (Nishida, 1994). Imamura (1981) reported two halacrid mites from O‘ahu and a fresh-water oribatid has been recently reported from O‘ahu and Moloka‘i (Swift & Norton, 1998). An, as yet, undescribed species of the aquatic mite family Pionidae is reported for the first time in the Hawaiian Islands from material collected on O‘ahu and the Island of Hawai‘i. Mites were collected during surveys of ephemeral lentic habitat for larvae of the Southern House Mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Bishop Museum Press","publisherLocation":"Honolulu, HI","usgsCitation":"LaPointe, D.A., 2002, First report of a water mite in the family Pionidae (Acari: Parasitengona: Hygrobatoidea) in the Hawaiian Islands: Bishop Museum Occasional Papers, v. 69, p. 41-42.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"41","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":521,"text":"Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":331387,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"69","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"584144e1e4b04fc80e5073c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LaPointe, Dennis A.","contributorId":63900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaPointe","given":"Dennis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":654606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70182817,"text":"70182817 - 2002 - Lithostratigraphic, conodont, and other faunal links between lower Paleozoic strata in northern and central Alaska and northeastern Russia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-07T21:04:26","indexId":"70182817","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5198,"text":"Geological Society of America Special Papers ","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithostratigraphic, conodont, and other faunal links between lower Paleozoic strata in northern and central Alaska and northeastern Russia","docAbstract":"Lower Paleozoic platform carbonate strata in northern Alaska (parts of the Arctic Alaska, York, and Seward terranes; herein called the North Alaska carbonate platform) and central Alaska (Farewell terrane) share distinctive lithologic and faunal features, and may have formed on a single continental fragment situated between Siberia and Laurentia. Sedimentary successions in northern and central Alaska overlie Late Proterozoic metamorphosed basement; contain Late Proterozoic ooid-rich dolostones, Middle Cambrian outer shelf deposits, and Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian shallow-water platform facies, and include fossils of both Siberian and Laurentian biotic provinces. The presence in the Alaskan terranes of Siberian forms not seen in wellstudied cratonal margin sequences of western Laurentia implies that the Alaskan rocks were not attached to Laurentia during the early Paleozoic.
The Siberian cratonal succession includes Archean basement, Ordovician shallow-water siliciclastic rocks, and Upper Silurian–Devonian evaporites, none of which have counterparts in the Alaskan successions, and contains only a few of the Laurentian conodonts that occur in Alaska. Thus we conclude that the lower Paleozoic platform successions of northern and central Alaska were not part of the Siberian craton during their deposition, but may have formed on a crustal fragment rifted away from Siberia during the Late Proterozoic. The Alaskan strata have more similarities to coeval rocks in some peri-Siberian terranes of northeastern Russia (Kotelny, Chukotka, and Omulevka). Lithologic ties between northern Alaska, the Farewell terrane, and the peri-Siberian terranes diminish after the Middle Devonian, but Siberian afµnities in northern and central Alaskan biotas persist into the late Paleozoic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2360-4.291","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A.G., Gagiev, M., Bradley, D., and Repetski, J.E., 2002, Lithostratigraphic, conodont, and other faunal links between lower Paleozoic strata in northern and central Alaska and northeastern Russia: Geological Society of America Special Papers , v. 360, p. 291-312, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2360-4.291.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"291","endPage":"312","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":336364,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia, United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"360","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58b69a43e4b01ccd54ff3fc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Harris, Anita G.","contributorId":50162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"Anita","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gagiev, Mussa","contributorId":184252,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gagiev","given":"Mussa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":673877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Repetski, John E. 0000-0002-2298-7120 jrepetski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2298-7120","contributorId":2596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Repetski","given":"John","email":"jrepetski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":673879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70227106,"text":"70227106 - 2002 - Effect of the northward-migrating Mendocino triple junction on the Eel River forearc basin, California: Stratigraphic development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-29T16:40:19.227724","indexId":"70227106","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T10:33:37","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of the northward-migrating Mendocino triple junction on the Eel River forearc basin, California: Stratigraphic development","docAbstract":"The Eel River forearc basin, northern California, lies at the southern end of the Cascadia subduction zone and at the leading edge of the migrating Mendocino triple junction. Stratigraphic relationships within the Eel River forearc basin suggest that the current outer-arc high formed between ca. 3 and 2 Ma when the margin switched from a nonaccretionary to an accretionary phase and then uplifted to attain critical taper. Between ca. 2 and 1 Ma, an influx of sedimentation from the ancestral Klamath and Eel River systems increased the width of the northern California margin and caused continued uplift followed by widespread erosion of the western margin of the basin at ca. 1 Ma. In the northeastern part of the forearc basin, localized erosion of the shelf occurred at ca. 500 ka. The arrival of the northward-migrating Mendocino triple junction at ca. 500 ka is documented by uplift, northward tilting, erosion of the margin as much as 20 km north of Cape Mendocino, and reduced deposition within the forearc basin as much as 80 km north of the current position of the triple junction. Terrestrial sediments delivered to the continental margin and eroded sediments near the triple junction largely bypassed the southern part of the basin and were likely deposited in northern areas of the basin or flowed down the Eel Canyon to be deposited within the Gorda Fan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0178:EOTNMM>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gulick, S., Meltzer, A.S., and Clarke, S.H., 2002, Effect of the northward-migrating Mendocino triple junction on the Eel River forearc basin, California: Stratigraphic development: GSA Bulletin, v. 114, no. 20, p. 178-191, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0178:EOTNMM>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"178","endPage":"191","costCenters":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393594,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Eel river forearc basin, Mendocino triple junction","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.36474609375,\n 39.69873414348139\n ],\n [\n -121.13525390625,\n 39.69873414348139\n ],\n [\n -121.13525390625,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -126.36474609375,\n 41.934976500546604\n ],\n [\n -126.36474609375,\n 39.69873414348139\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"114","issue":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gulick, Sean P. S.","contributorId":147201,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gulick","given":"Sean P. S.","affiliations":[{"id":13603,"text":"University of Texas, Austin","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":829654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meltzer, Anne S.","contributorId":56719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meltzer","given":"Anne","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clarke, Samuel H. Jr.","contributorId":23610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clarke","given":"Samuel","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":829656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006623,"text":"70006623 - 2002 - Protocol for determining bull trout presence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-01T09:03:06","indexId":"70006623","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T08:59:40","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Protocol for determining bull trout presence","docAbstract":"\nThe Western Division of the American Fisheries Society was requested to develop protocols for \ndetermining presence/absence and potential habitat suitability for bull trout. The general \napproach adopted is similar to the process for the marbled murrelet, whereby interim guidelines \nare initially used, and the protocols are subsequently refined as data are collected. Current data \nwere considered inadequate to precisely identify suitable habitat but could be useful in stratifying \nsampling units for presence/absence surveys. The presence/absence protocol builds on previous \napproaches (Hillman and Platts 1993; Bonar et al. 1997), except it uses the variation in observed \nbull trout densities instead of a minimum threshold density and adjusts for measured differences \nin sampling efficiency due to gear types and habitat characteristics. The protocol consists of: 1. \nrecommended sample sizes with 80% and 95% detection probabilities for juvenile and resident \nadult bull trout for day and night snorkeling and electrofishing adjusted for varying habitat \ncharacteristics for 50m and 100m sampling units, 2. sampling design considerations, including \npossible habitat characteristics for stratification, 3. habitat variables to be measured in the \nsampling units, and 3. guidelines for training sampling crews. Criteria for habitat strata consist \nof coarse, watershed-scale characteristics (e.g., mean annual air temperature) and fine-scale, \nreach and habitat-specific features (e.g., water temperature, channel width). The protocols will be \nrevised in the future using data from ongoing presence/absence surveys, additional research on \nsampling efficiencies, and development of models of habitat/species occurrence.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Western Division of American Fisheries Society","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Peterson, J., Dunham, J., Howell, P., Thurow, R., and Bonar, S., 2002, Protocol for determining bull trout presence, 52 p.","productDescription":"52 p.","numberOfPages":"53","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289287,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b3d86be4b07c5f79a7f34e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, James","contributorId":65851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"James","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dunham, Jason B.","contributorId":64791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunham","given":"Jason B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howell, Philip","contributorId":64572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howell","given":"Philip","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thurow, Russell","contributorId":83031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurow","given":"Russell","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bonar, Scott","contributorId":76231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":354889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70199702,"text":"70199702 - 2002 - U.S. drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-03-07T13:47:07","indexId":"70199702","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T08:29:43","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U.S. drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century","docAbstract":"The access of almost all 270 million U.S. residents to reliable, safe drinking water distinguishes the United States in the twentieth century from that of the nineteenth century. The United States is a relatively water-abundant country with moderate population growth; nonetheless, current trends are sufficient to strain water resources over time, especially on a regional basis. We have examined the areas of public water infrastructure, global climate effects, waterborne disease (including emerging and resurging pathogens), land use, groundwater, surface water, and the U.S. regulatory history and its horizon. These issues are integrally interrelated and cross all levels of public and private jurisdictions. We conclude that U.S. public drinking water supplies will face challenges in these areas in the next century and that solutions to at least some of them will require institutional changes.
","language":"English","publisher":"US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health","doi":"10.1289/ehp.02110s143","usgsCitation":"Levin, R.B., Epstein, P.R., Ford, T.E., Harrington, W., Olson, E.R., and Reichard, E.G., 2002, U.S. drinking water challenges in the twenty-first century: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 110, no. Suppl 1, p. 43-52, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110s143.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"52","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478608,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110s143","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":357854,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","volume":"110","issue":"Suppl 1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f1a8e4b034bf6a805f0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Levin, Ronnie B.","contributorId":208256,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Levin","given":"Ronnie","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Epstein, Paul R.","contributorId":208257,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Epstein","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ford, Tim E.","contributorId":208258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ford","given":"Tim","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harrington, Winston","contributorId":208186,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Harrington","given":"Winston","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":746266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Olson, Erik R.","contributorId":152553,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Olson","given":"Erik","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":590,"text":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","active":false,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":746267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Reichard, Eric G. 0000-0002-7310-3866 egreich@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7310-3866","contributorId":1207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichard","given":"Eric","email":"egreich@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":746268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":69372,"text":"i2757 - 2002 - Controlled photomosaic map of Europa Je 15 M CMN","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-30T10:58:07","indexId":"i2757","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2757","subseriesTitle":"GIS","title":"Controlled photomosaic map of Europa Je 15 M CMN","docAbstract":"This sheet is one in a series of maps of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter at a nominal scale of 1:15,000,000. This series is based on data from the Galileo Orbiter Solid-State Imaging (SSI) camera and the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2757","collaboration":"Prepared for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Controlled photomosaic map of Europa Je 15 M CMN: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2757, HTML, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2757.","productDescription":"HTML","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/i_2757.jpg"},{"id":6321,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2757/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"15000000","projection":"Mercator Projection","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae2e4b07f02db688b85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31444,"text":"ofr0239 - 2002 - Resistivity structure across the Humboldt River basin, north-central Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-29T21:03:42.081914","indexId":"ofr0239","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-39","title":"Resistivity structure across the Humboldt River basin, north-central Nevada","docAbstract":"Magnetotelluric data collected along five profiles show deep\r\nresistivity structures beneath the Battle Mountain-Eureka and\r\nCarlin gold trends in north-central Nevada, which appear\r\nconsistent with tectonic breaks in the crust that possibly served\r\nas channels for hydrothermal fluids. It seems likely that gold\r\ndeposits along these linear trends were, therefore, controlled by\r\ndeep regional crustal fault systems.\r\nTwo-dimensional resistivity modeling of the magnetotelluric\r\ndata generally show resistive (30 to 1,000 ohm-m) crustal blocks\r\nbroken by sub-vertical, two-dimensional, conductive (1 to 10 ohmm)\r\nzones that are indicative of large-scale crustal fault zones.\r\nThese inferred fault zones are regional in scale, trend\r\nnortheast-southwest, north-south, and northwest-southeast, and\r\nextend to mid-crustal (20 km) depths. The conductors are about\r\n2- to 15-km wide, extend from about 1 to 4 km below the surface\r\nto about 20 km depth, and show two-dimensional electrical\r\nstructure. By connecting the locations of similar trending\r\nconductors together, individual regional crustal fault zones\r\nwithin the upper crust can be inferred that range from about 4-\r\nto 10-km wide and about 30- to 150-km long. One of these crustal\r\nfault zones coincides with the Battle Mountain-Eureka mineral\r\ntrend. The interpreted electrical property sections also show\r\nregional changes in the resistive crust from south to north.\r\nMost of the subsurface in the upper 20 km beneath Reese River\r\nValley and southern Boulder Valley are underlain by rock that is\r\ngenerally more conductive than the subsurface beneath Kelly Creek\r\nBasin and northern Boulder Valley. This suggests that either\r\nelevated-temperature or high-salinity fluids, alteration, or\r\ncarbonaceous rocks are more pervasive in the more conductive area\r\n(Battle Mountain Heat-Flow High), which implies that the crust\r\nbeneath these valleys is either more fractured or has more\r\ncarbonaceous rocks than in the area surveyed along the 41st\r\nparallel.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/ofr0239","usgsCitation":"Rodriguez, B.D., and Williams, J.M., 2002, Resistivity structure across the Humboldt River basin, north-central Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-39, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr0239.","productDescription":"114 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":391188,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46505.htm"},{"id":59784,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0039/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":2591,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ofr0239","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":160156,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0039/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Humboldt River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -117.25,\n 39.5\n ],\n [\n -117.25,\n 41.0833\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 41.0833\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 39.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db629aa9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, Jackie M.","contributorId":11217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Jackie","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":30978,"text":"wri014239 - 2002 - Ground-water discharge determined from measurements of evapotranspiration, other available hydrologic components, and shallow water-level changes, Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-12-03T14:02:59.629214","indexId":"wri014239","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4239","title":"Ground-water discharge determined from measurements of evapotranspiration, other available hydrologic components, and shallow water-level changes, Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Oasis Valley is an area of natural ground-water discharge within the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system of southern Nevada and adjacent California. Ground water discharging at Oasis Valley is replenished from inflow derived from an extensive recharge area that includes the northwestern part of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). Because nuclear testing has introduced radionuclides into the subsurface of the NTS, the U.S. Department of Energy currently is investigating the potential transport of these radionuclides by ground water flow. To better evaluate any potential risk associated with these test-generated contaminants, a number of studies were undertaken to accurately quantify discharge from areas downgradient in the regional ground-water flow system from the NTS. This report refines the estimate of ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley.
Ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley was estimated by quantifying evapotranspiration (ET), estimating subsurface outflow, and compiling ground-water withdrawal data. ET was quantified by identifying areas of ongoing ground-water ET, delineating areas of ET defined on the basis of similarities in vegetation and soil-moisture conditions, and computing ET rates for each of the delineated areas. A classification technique using spectral-reflectance characteristics determined from satellite imagery acquired in 1992 identified eight unique areas of ground-water ET. These areas encompass about 3,426 acres of sparsely to densely vegetated grassland, shrubland, wetland, and open water. Annual ET rates in Oasis Valley were computed with energy-budget methods using micrometeorological data collected at five sites. ET rates range from 0.6 foot per year in a sparse, dry saltgrass environment to 3.1 feet per year in dense meadow vegetation.
Mean annual ET from Oasis Valley is estimated to be about 7,800 acre-feet. Mean annual ground-water discharge by ET from Oasis Valley, determined by removing the annual local precipitation component of 0.5 foot, is estimated to be about 6,000 acre-feet. Annual subsurface outflow from Oasis Valley into the Amargosa Desert is estimated to be between 30 and 130 acre-feet. Estimates of total annual ground-water withdrawal from Oasis Valley by municipal and non-municipal users in 1996 and 1999 are 440 acre-feet and 210 acre-feet, respectively. Based on these values, natural annual ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley is about 6,100 acre-feet. Total annual discharge was 6,500 acre-ft in 1996 and 6,300 acre-ft in 1999. This quantity of natural ground-water discharge from Oasis Valley exceeds the previous estimate made in 1962 by a factor of about 2.5.
Water levels were measured in Oasis Valley to gain additional insight into the ET process. In shallow wells, water levels showed annual fluctuations as large as 7 feet and daily fluctuations as large as 0.2 foot. These fluctuations may be attributed to water loss associated with evapotranspiration. In shallow wells affected by ET, annual minimum depths to water generally occurred in winter or early spring shortly after daily ET reached minimum rates. Annual maximum depths to water generally occurred in late summer or fall shortly after daily ET reached maximum rates. The magnitude of daily water-level fluctuations generally increased as ET increased and decreased as depth to water increased.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014239","usgsCitation":"Reiner, S.R., Laczniak, R.J., DeMeo, G.A., Smith, J.L., Elliott, P.E., Nylund, W., and Fridrich, C.J., 2002, Ground-water discharge determined from measurements of evapotranspiration, other available hydrologic components, and shallow water-level changes, Oasis Valley, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4239, Report: vi, 65 p., 2 Plates: 25.50 x 32.00 inches and 25.43 x 33.25 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014239.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 65 p., 2 Plates: 25.50 x 32.00 inches and 25.43 x 33.25 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2955,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014239/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415598,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46527.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":159987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Nye County","otherGeospatial":"Oasis Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.8239,\n 37.0833\n ],\n [\n -116.8239,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -116.6667,\n 37.0833\n ],\n [\n -116.8239,\n 37.0833\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66d286","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reiner, S. R.","contributorId":9299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reiner","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laczniak, R. J.","contributorId":46104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laczniak","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeMeo, G. A.","contributorId":96290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeMeo","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, J. LaRue jlsmith@usgs.gov","contributorId":1863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.","email":"jlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"LaRue","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":204508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Elliott, P. E.","contributorId":90351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nylund, W. E.","contributorId":36966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nylund","given":"W. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Fridrich, C. J.","contributorId":15652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridrich","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":204505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":61465,"text":"mf2327A - 2002 - Geologic map of part of the southern Toquima Range and adjacent areas, Nye County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-28T15:22:04","indexId":"mf2327A","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2327","chapter":"A","title":"Geologic map of part of the southern Toquima Range and adjacent areas, Nye County, Nevada","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2327A","usgsCitation":"Shawe, D.R., 2002, Geologic map of part of the southern Toquima Range and adjacent areas, Nye County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2327, 1 sheet, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2327A.","productDescription":"1 sheet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182276,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6036,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/mf-2327-a/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110235,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_46645.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"46645"}],"scale":"48000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.11749999999999,38.5 ], [ -117.11749999999999,38.75 ], [ -116.75,38.75 ], [ -116.75,38.5 ], [ -117.11749999999999,38.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a27b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shawe, D. R.","contributorId":6863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shawe","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30980,"text":"wri014262 - 2002 - Conceptual hydrogeologic framework of the shallow aquifer system at Virginia Beach, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-31T10:32:38","indexId":"wri014262","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4262","title":"Conceptual hydrogeologic framework of the shallow aquifer system at Virginia Beach, Virginia","docAbstract":"The hydrogeologic framework of the shallow aquifer system at Virginia Beach was revised to provide a better understanding of the distribution of fresh ground water, its potential use, and its susceptibility to contamination. The revised conceptual framework is based primarily on analyses of continuous cores and downhole geophysical logs collected at 7 sites to depths of approximately 200 ft.
The shallow aquifer system at Virginia Beach is composed of the Columbia aquifer, the Yorktown confining unit, and the Yorktown-East-over aquifer. The shallow aquifer system is separated from deeper units by the continuous St. Marys confining unit.
The Columbia aquifer is defined as the predominantly sandy surficial deposits above the Yorktown confining unit. The Yorktown confining unit is composed of a series of very fine sandy to silty clay units of various colors at or near the top of the Yorktown Formation. The Yorktown confining unit varies in thickness and in composition, but on a regional scale is a leaky confining unit. The Yorktown-Eastover aquifer is defined as the predominantly sandy deposits of the Yorktown Formation and the upper part of the Eastover Formation above the confining clays of the St. Marys Formation. The limited areal extent of highly permeable deposits containing freshwater in the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer precludes the installation of highly productive freshwater wells over most of the city. Some deposits of biofragmental sand or shell hashes in the Yorktown-Eastover aquifer can support high-capacity wells.
A water sample was collected from each of 10 wells installed at 5 of the 7 core sites to determine the basic chemistry of the aquifer system. One shallow well and one deep well was installed at each site. Concentrations of chloride were higher in the water from the deeper well at each site. Concentrations of dissolved iron in all of the water samples were higher than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Secondary Drinking Water Regulations. Concentrations of manganese and chloride were higher than the Secondary Drinking Water Regulations in samples from some wells.
In the humid climate of Virginia Beach, the periodic recharge of freshwater through the sand units of the shallow aquifer system occurs often enough to create a dynamic equilibrium whereby freshwater flows continually down and away from the center of the ridges to mix with and sweep brackish water and saltwater back toward the tidal rivers, bays, salt marshes, and the Atlantic Ocean.
The aquifers and confining units of the shallow aquifer system at Virginia Beach are heterogeneous, discontinuous, and without exact marker beds, which makes correlations in the study area difficult. Investigations using well cuttings, spot cores, or split-spoon samples with geophysical logs are not as definitive as continuous cores for determining or correlating hydrogeologic units. Future investigations of the shallow aquifer system would benefit by collecting continuous cores.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri014262","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the City of Virginia Beach, Department of Public Utilities","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.S., and Harlow, G., 2002, Conceptual hydrogeologic framework of the shallow aquifer system at Virginia Beach, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4262, 32 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014262.","productDescription":"32 p. ","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":614,"text":"Virginia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4262/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":2975,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4262/wri20014262.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.81 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"WRIR 2001-4262"}],"contact":"Director, Virginia Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1730 East Parham Road
Richmond, VA 23228
Sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age along Transect DD'' in eastern Arizona, northern New Mexico, southern Colorado, and western Oklahoma consist mainly of sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and bentonite. They accumulated as sediments in continental, nearshore marine, and offshore marine environments on the west side of a north-trending epicontinental sea. The rocks record intermittent deposition and erosion as well as regional and local subsidence and uplift possibly beginning in Aptian time (about 121-112 Ma) and occurring in Albian through Maastrichtian time (about 112-65.4 Ma). Most of the Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian through Aptian, 142-112 Ma) in this transect is represented by a basal unconformity. The Cretaceous rocks and unconformities along the transect are depicted on the attached lithostratigraphic cross sections (sheets 1 and 2); one extending from the Mogollon Rim in eastern Arizona to Pagosa Springs in southwestern Colorado and the other from Pagosa Springs, Colorado, to Kenton in western Oklahoma. The same rocks and unconformities are also represented on the attached chronostratigraphic profile (sheet 3), which was prepared mainly from surface and subsurface data shown on the lithostratigraphic cross sections.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2382","usgsCitation":"Molenaar, C.M., Cobban, W.A., Merewether, E., Pillmore, C.L., Wolfe, D., and Holbrook, J., 2002, Regional stratigraphic cross sections of Cretaceous rocks from east-central Arizona to the Oklahoma Panhandle: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2382, Three sheets. Sheet 1, 57 by 36 inches; sheet 2, 44 by 33 inches; sheet 3, 42 by 32 inches (all in color), https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2382.","productDescription":" Three sheets. Sheet 1, 57 by 36 inches; sheet 2, 44 by 33 inches; sheet 3, 42 by 32 inches (all in color)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":180434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6043,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/mf-2382/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":110228,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_45091.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"45091"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -110,34 ], [ -110,38 ], [ -103,38 ], [ -103,34 ], [ -110,34 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a60e4b07f02db634e66","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Molenaar, C. M.","contributorId":77904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Molenaar","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cobban, W. A.","contributorId":21577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cobban","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Merewether, E.A.","contributorId":32517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merewether","given":"E.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pillmore, C. L.","contributorId":46093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pillmore","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wolfe, D.G.","contributorId":50222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Holbrook, J.M.","contributorId":71249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":61472,"text":"mf2380 - 2002 - Geologic map of the Nor Arvik coal site, southern Armenia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-07T09:18:46","indexId":"mf2380","displayToPublicDate":"2002-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2380","title":"Geologic map of the Nor Arvik coal site, southern Armenia","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2380","usgsCitation":"Johnson, E.A., Martirosyan, A., Pierce, B., Malkhassian, G., and Brownfield, M.E., 2002, Geologic map of the Nor Arvik coal site, southern Armenia: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2380, Sheet 30 by 22 inches (in color). (Accompanied by 16 page text.), https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2380.","productDescription":"Sheet 30 by 22 inches (in color). (Accompanied by 16 page text.)","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6042,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2002/mf-2380/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"1","country":"Armenia","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afbe4b07f02db696198","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, E. A.","contributorId":87893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martirosyan, Artur","contributorId":70812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martirosyan","given":"Artur","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pierce, B.S.","contributorId":13639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pierce","given":"B.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Malkhassian, Gourgen","contributorId":35010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malkhassian","given":"Gourgen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brownfield, Michael E. 0000-0003-3633-1138","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3633-1138","contributorId":7250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}