Apatite fission-track (AFT) data from Proterozoic and Paleozoic rocks in the mountains of north central Colorado (White River Uplift, Gore Range, and western Front Range) record significant cooling that began with uplift and erosion related to the Laramide Orogeny and continued through the Tertiary to Pliocene time. The mountains immediately flanking the Blue River half graben (Williams Fork Mountains to the east and the Gore Range to the west) cooled significantly during the Neogene.
The AFT ages along the flanks of the Blue River half graben are significantly younger than AFT ages farther to the east in the central and eastern Front Range and to the west in the White River uplift. In both of these areas, the apatite ages suggest Laramide cooling. The Williams Fork Mountains–Gore Range zone of young AFT ages extends southward adjacent to the axis of the Rio Grande rift through southern Colorado and New Mexico. These young ages result from a combination of elevated heat flow, uplift, and erosion along the axis of the Rio Grande rift during Neogene time.
Zircons from Proterozoic rocks yield Proterozoic fission-track ages, indicating that this part of the Colorado basement has not been heated to temperatures 200 C since Middle Proterozoic time.
A sanidine 40Ar/39Ar age of 27 Ma from a rhyolite tuff just above a basal boulder conglomerate of the Troublesome Formation in a tilted fault block within the Blue River half graben shows that Tertiary deposition started there in middle Oligocene time. Xenocrystic sanidine from a basalt stratigraphically higher than the rhyolite tuff has an age of 24 Ma. Thus, the basalt is significantly younger than its postulated source, the 32 Ma laccolithic complex at Green Mountain.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.31","usgsCitation":"Naeser, C.W., Bryant, B., Kunk, M.J., Kellogg, K.S., Donelick, R., and Perry, W.J., 2002, Tertiary cooling and tectonic history of the White River uplift, Gore Range, and western Front Range, central Colorado: Evidence from fission-track and 39Ar/ 40Ar ages: GSA Special Papers, v. 366, p. 31-53, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.31.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"53","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Central Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -104.853515625,\n 41.00477542222947\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 41.00477542222947\n ],\n [\n -107.46826171874999,\n 37.00255267215955\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naeser, C. W.","contributorId":17582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naeser","given":"C.","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryant, Bruce bbryant@usgs.gov","contributorId":1355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryant","given":"Bruce","email":"bbryant@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S. 0000-0002-6536-9066 kkellogg@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6536-9066","contributorId":1206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl","email":"kkellogg@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Donelick, R.A.","contributorId":64052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donelick","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perry, W. J. Jr.","contributorId":64266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70207672,"text":"70207672 - 2002 - 40Ar/39Ar ages of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks within and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers, Colorado: Constraints on the timing of evaporite-related collapse and incision of the Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-12-18T17:14:26.599762","indexId":"70207672","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-03T10:59:56","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"40Ar/39Ar ages of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks within and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers, Colorado: Constraints on the timing of evaporite-related collapse and incision of the Colorado River","title":"40Ar/39Ar ages of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks within and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers, Colorado: Constraints on the timing of evaporite-related collapse and incision of the Colorado River","docAbstract":"40Ar/ 39Ar dating results of 133 samples from 84 late Cenozoic volcanic rocks provide emplacement ages that constrain the timing of evaporite collapse and the incision rates of the Colorado River. Our samples are from areas in west-central Colorado, both within and outside of the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers. Significant pulses of volcanic activity occurred in the intervals from 24 to 22, 16 to 13, 11 to 9, and 8 to 7 Ma. In addition, small flows, widely spaced in time and space were emplaced during the last 4 m.y. Although individual basaltic flows appear to be chemically and isotopically homogeneous, there are significant geochemical and isotopic differences between flows, even between some flows that apparently have the same age within the limits of analytical precision. A low-relief early to middle Miocene erosional surface has been postulated in west-central Colorado. Our studies are consistent with the existence of a low-relief paleotopographic surface that is now at a minimum elevation range of ~2.9–3.4 km outside areas of collapse. Elevation departures from this range suggest that 1000 m of subsidence due to evaporite removal has locally occurred in the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers. 40Ar/ 39Ar ages from downdropped and disrupted basaltic flows in the Carbondale center constrain initial collapse to >13 Ma, the timing of much of the evaporite-related collapse to the past 10–8 m.y., and an increase in the rate of collapse during the last 3 m.y. Ages and elevations of basaltic rocks above the Colorado River in Glenwood Canyon are used to calculate average apparent incision rates for the Colorado River in Glenwood Canyon of 24 mm/k.y. from 7.8 to 3.0 Ma. The average apparent incision rate increased by an order of magnitude to 242 mm/k.y. during the last 3 m.y
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.213","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., Budahn, J.R., Unruh, D.M., Stanley, J.O., Kirkham, R., Bryant, B., Scott, R.B., Lidke, D.J., and Streufert, R.K., 2002, 40Ar/39Ar ages of late Cenozoic volcanic rocks within and around the Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers, Colorado: Constraints on the timing of evaporite-related collapse and incision of the Colorado River: GSA Special Papers, v. 366, p. 213-234, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.213.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"213","endPage":"234","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370970,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"The Carbondale and Eagle collapse centers","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.7374267578125,\n 39.15988184949157\n ],\n [\n -106.3421630859375,\n 39.15988184949157\n ],\n [\n -106.3421630859375,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -107.7374267578125,\n 39.9602803542957\n ],\n [\n -107.7374267578125,\n 39.15988184949157\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778822,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, James R. 0000-0001-9794-8882 jbudahn@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":1175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"James","email":"jbudahn@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778823,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Unruh, D. 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B.","contributorId":13638,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Scott","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lidke, David J. 0000-0003-4668-1617 dlidke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4668-1617","contributorId":1211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidke","given":"David","email":"dlidke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Streufert, R. K.","contributorId":81516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streufert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70207671,"text":"70207671 - 2002 - Eagle collapse center: Interpretation of evidence for late Cenozoic evaporite-related deformation in the Eagle River basin, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:35:09.548502","indexId":"70207671","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-03T10:24:47","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eagle collapse center: Interpretation of evidence for late Cenozoic evaporite-related deformation in the Eagle River basin, Colorado","docAbstract":"Evaporite tectonism resulted in deformation and collapse over an area of ~2500 km2 that is referred to as the Eagle collapse center. The collapse center includes much of the Eagle and Colorado River drainage basins between Vail, Dotsero, and McCoy, Colorado. The volume loss of evaporitic rocks by dissolution in the collapse center is estimated to be nearly 1700 km33 . Before ca. 10 Ma, Miocene basaltic flows partly covered an extensive, nearly horizontal, low-relief surface. Parts of this surface collapsed 1.3 km near the present-day Eagle and Colorado Rivers. Remnants of this surface outside the area of collapse, such as highlands of the White River uplift, the flank of the Gore Range, and Basalt Mountain, stand at elevations of 2.9–3.6 km. The high-standing Castle Peak basaltic cap, situated near the center of the Eagle collapse center, may not have collapsed, or collapsed little. The areas of collapse lie within or nearby known and inferred limits of the Pennsylvanian Eagle Valley Evaporite (mostly halite, gypsum, and anhydrite) that was deposited in the Central Colorado trough. Our geologic mapping and research in the Eagle collapse center delineate synclinal sags in the basaltic flows with amplitudes of 0.5–1 km, sinuous and discontinuous high-angle faults that cut basaltic flows, elongate grabens, evaporite-cored anticlines, and an ellipsoidal fault system that drops a 30 km X 10 km mountain block of younger strata into evaporite. Collapse as far as 20 km from the Colorado and Eagle Rivers suggests that the greater load on evaporite beneath surrounding highlands causes lateral flow of evaporite toward anticlinal crests in river valleys. Thus, gravity-driven evaporite flow and removal of evaporite by dissolution in groundwater and by subsequent discharge to surface waters combine to produce large-scale collapse. Although most evaporite tectonism post dates the basaltic flow capped surface, local angular unconformities under this surface record earlier, possibly Laramide evaporite tectonism, and overthickened post-evaporite red beds record some late Paleozoic evaporite deformation
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.101","usgsCitation":"Lidke, D.J., Hudson, M., Scott, R.B., Shroba, R.R., Kunk, M.J., Perry, W.J., Kirkham, R., Budahn, J.R., Streufert, R.K., Stanley, J., and Widmann, B., 2002, Eagle collapse center: Interpretation of evidence for late Cenozoic evaporite-related deformation in the Eagle River basin, Colorado: GSA Special Papers, v. 366, p. 101-120, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2366-3.101.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"101","endPage":"120","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370969,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Eagle River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -107.09609985351562,\n 39.51993294050091\n ],\n [\n -106.33392333984375,\n 39.51993294050091\n ],\n [\n -106.33392333984375,\n 39.918162846609455\n ],\n [\n -107.09609985351562,\n 39.918162846609455\n ],\n [\n -107.09609985351562,\n 39.51993294050091\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"366","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lidke, David J. 0000-0003-4668-1617 dlidke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4668-1617","contributorId":1211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lidke","given":"David","email":"dlidke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hudson, Mark R. 0000-0003-0338-6079 mhudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0338-6079","contributorId":1236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Mark R.","email":"mhudson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, R. 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K.","contributorId":81516,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Streufert","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Stanley, J.O.","contributorId":221576,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stanley","given":"J.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Widmann, B.L.","contributorId":105068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widmann","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70181845,"text":"70181845 - 2002 - Hydrogeology of the upper Deschutes Basin, central Oregon; a young basin adjacent to the Cascade volcanic arc","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T15:50:31","indexId":"70181845","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrogeology of the upper Deschutes Basin, central Oregon; a young basin adjacent to the Cascade volcanic arc","docAbstract":"no abstract available.
","largerWorkTitle":"Field trips to accompany the 98th annual meeting of the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America, 2002","language":"English","publisher":"Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries","issn":"0278-3703","usgsCitation":"Sherrod, D.R., Gannett, M.W., and Moore, G.W., 2002, Hydrogeology of the upper Deschutes Basin, central Oregon; a young basin adjacent to the Cascade volcanic arc, in Field trips to accompany the 98th annual meeting of the Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society of America, 2002, v. 36, p. 109-144.","productDescription":"36","startPage":"109","endPage":"144","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335401,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42538e4b0c825128ad453","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sherrod, David R. 0000-0001-9460-0434 dsherrod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9460-0434","contributorId":527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherrod","given":"David","email":"dsherrod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gannett, Marshall W. 0000-0003-2498-2427 mgannett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2498-2427","contributorId":2942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gannett","given":"Marshall","email":"mgannett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":668828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Moore, George W.","contributorId":21625,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182136,"text":"70182136 - 2002 - Catastrophic rockfalls and rockslides in the Sierra Nevada, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-18T19:40:55.680685","indexId":"70182136","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3853,"text":"Reviews in Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Catastrophic rockfalls and rockslides in the Sierra Nevada, USA","docAbstract":"Despite having a low recorded historical incidence of landsliding, the Sierra Nevada has undergone large prehistoric and historical rockfalls and rockslides that could be potentially catastrophic if they occurred today in the more densely populated parts of the region. Several large documented rockfall and rockslides have been triggered either by strong seismic shaking or long periods of unusually wet weather; however, in several instances no obvious triggering event can be identified. The glaciated topography of the higher elevations of the Sierra Nevada has produced many relatively small falls and slides within relatively hard, massively jointed, granitic rocks; however, where exposed to weathering for long periods after glaciation, the oversteepened rock slopes are prone to uncommonly large falls and slides. At lower elevations on the nonglaciated slopes of the Sierra Nevada, rockslides commonly occur within more weathered granitic rocks, where the strength of the rock mass is typically affected by joint weathering and alteration of the intact rock to saprolite. Historical large rockfalls and rockslides in the Sierra Nevada have created additional secondary natural hazards, including debris flows and floods from the breaching of landslide dams that can be as hazardous as the initial rockfalls and rockslides.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geosciences Institute","doi":"10.1130/REG15-p165","usgsCitation":"Wieczorek, G.F., 2002, Catastrophic rockfalls and rockslides in the Sierra Nevada, USA: Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 15, p. 165-190, https://doi.org/10.1130/REG15-p165.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"165","endPage":"190","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335773,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.697021484375,\n 35.737595151747826\n ],\n [\n -118.828125,\n 38.25543637637947\n ],\n [\n -119.970703125,\n 39.095962936305476\n ],\n [\n -120.047607421875,\n 40.01078714046552\n ],\n [\n -121.124267578125,\n 40.069664523297774\n ],\n [\n -121.607666015625,\n 39.2832938689385\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 37.29153547292737\n ],\n [\n -118.597412109375,\n 35.69299463209881\n ],\n [\n -118.740234375,\n 34.97600151317588\n ],\n [\n -115.697021484375,\n 35.737595151747826\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a6c83de4b025c4642862ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wieczorek, Gerald F.","contributorId":81889,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70181841,"text":"70181841 - 2002 - Water quality monitoring and data collection in the Mississippi sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T15:30:38","indexId":"70181841","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-02T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Water quality monitoring and data collection in the Mississippi sound","docAbstract":"The United States Geological Survey and the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources are collecting data on the quality of the water in the Mississippi Sound of the Gulf of Mexico, and streamflow data for its tributaries. The U.S. Geological Survey is collecting continuous water-level data, continuous and discrete water-temperature data, continuous and discrete specific-conductance data, as well as chloride and salinity samples at two locations in the Mississippi Sound and three Corps of Engineers tidal gages. Continuous-discharge data are also being collected at two additional stations on tributaries. The Mississippi Department of Marine Resources collects water samples at 169 locations in the Gulf of Mexico. Between 1800 and 2000 samples are collected annually which are analyzed for turbidity and fecal coliform bacteria. The continuous data are made available real-time through the internet and are being used in conjunction with streamflow data, weather data, and sampling data for the monitoring and management of the oyster reefs, the shrimp fishery and other marine species and their habitats.
","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute","conferenceTitle":"Meeting of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute","conferenceDate":"February 26, 2001","language":"English","issn":"0072-9019 ","usgsCitation":"Runner, M.S., and Creswell, R., 2002, Water quality monitoring and data collection in the Mississippi sound, in Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, no. 53, February 26, 2001, p. 681-688.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"681","endPage":"688","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"53","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42538e4b0c825128ad455","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Runner, Michael S. msrunner@usgs.gov","contributorId":3497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runner","given":"Michael","email":"msrunner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":668791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Creswell, R.","contributorId":181597,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Creswell","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70200412,"text":"70200412 - 2002 - Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T16:29:24","indexId":"70200412","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T16:29:17","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 2000","docAbstract":"Delta smelt abundance in San Francisco Estuary has been declining since 1983. The exposure of delta smelt to toxic pesticides during larval and juvenile life stages may be one possible factor of this decline (Bennett and Moyle 1996; Moyle and others 1996). Although pesticides have been detected in the Delta (MacCoy and others 1995; Kuivila and others 1999), minimal data on pesticide concentrations and the duration of occurrence in delta smelt habitat are documented. A three-year study (1998– 2000) was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) to quantify the exposure of larval and juvenile delta smelt to dissolved pesticides. Moon and others (2000) reported on the exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 1998 and 1999, and this article follows up on Moon’s work and reports the results from late spring and summer of 2000.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Estuary","usgsCitation":"Kuivila, K., and Moon, G.E., 2002, Exposure of delta smelt to dissolved pesticides in 2000: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 15, no. 2, p. 42-45.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"42","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358451,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":358450,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/bay_delta/wq_control_plans/2006wqcp/exhibits/append2/doi/doi-48h.pdf"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f1a8e4b034bf6a805f0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuivila, Kathryn 0000-0001-7940-489X kkuivila@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7940-489X","contributorId":190790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuivila","given":"Kathryn","email":"kkuivila@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moon, G. Edward","contributorId":173325,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Moon","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Edward","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074437,"text":"70074437 - 2002 - Ordonezite from the Theodoso Soto Mine, Sapioris, Durango, Mexico: New data and structure refinement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T15:20:43.030933","indexId":"70074437","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T15:20:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1177,"text":"Canadian Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ordonezite from the Theodoso Soto Mine, Sapioris, Durango, Mexico: New data and structure refinement","docAbstract":"A new occurrence of the rare mineral species ordonezite has been found at the Theodoso Soto tin mine, near Sapioris, Durango, Mexico. The average composition of the samples is (Zn0.98Fe0.02)Σ1.00Sb2.00O6; the core of the crystals is slightly richer in Fe than the rim. The mineral is uniaxial (+), with all n greater than 2.30 (ncalc is 2.38 at 589 nm); Dobs 6.66 g/cm3, Dcalc 6.67 g/cm3. It is isostructural with ferrotapiolite, with a 4.668(2), c 9.269(6) A (from powder-diffraction data), space group P42/mnm, and is twinned on {103}. Its crystal structure, refined to R=4.1, wR=4.3% using 163 observed reflections, is fully cation-ordered.","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Association of Canada","doi":"10.2113/gscanmin.40.4.1207","usgsCitation":"Ercit, T., Foord, E., and Fitzpatrick, J.J., 2002, Ordonezite from the Theodoso Soto Mine, Sapioris, Durango, Mexico: New data and structure refinement: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 40, no. 4, p. 1207-1210, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.40.4.1207.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1207","endPage":"1210","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281680,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Mexico","city":"Durango","otherGeospatial":"Sapioris;Theodoso Soto Mine","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -104.715185,23.963354 ], [ -104.715185,24.094567 ], [ -104.575401,24.094567 ], [ -104.575401,23.963354 ], [ -104.715185,23.963354 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"40","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6a0be4b0b29085102fec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ercit, T.S.","contributorId":104397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ercit","given":"T.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foord, E.E.","contributorId":86835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foord","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, J. J.","contributorId":95078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":489586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70006885,"text":"70006885 - 2002 - Marine predator surveys in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-06-19T19:40:24","indexId":"70006885","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T14:29:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesTitle":{"id":397,"text":"Annual Report to NPS, USGS Alaska Science Center, Anchorage","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":9}},"title":"Marine predator surveys in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve","docAbstract":"Since 1999, vessel based surveys to estimate species composition, distribution and relative abundance of marine birds and mammals have been conducted along coastal and pelagic (offshore) transects in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Surveys have been conducted during winter (November-March) and summer (June). This annual report presents the results of those surveys conducted in March and June of 2001. Following completion of surveys in 2002 we will provide a final report of the results of all surveys conducted between 1999 and 2002.
Glacier Bay supports diverse and abundant assemblages of marine birds and mammals. In 2001 we identified 58 species of bird, 7 species of marine mammal, and 6 species of terrestrial mammal on transects sampled during winter and summer. Of course all species are not equally abundant. Among all taxa, in both seasons, sea ducks were the numerically dominant group. In their roles as consumers and because of their generally large size, marine mammals are also likely important in the consumption of energy produced in the Glacier Bay ecosystem. Most common and abundant marine birds and mammals can be placed in either a fish based (e.g. alcids and pinnipeds), or a benthic invertebrate (e.g. sea ducks and sea otters) based food web.
Distinct differences in the species composition and abundance of marine birds were observed between winter and summer surveys. Winter marine bird assemblages were dominated numerically (> 11,000; 65% of all birds) by a relatively few species of sea ducks (scoters, goldeneye, Bufflehead, Harlequin and Long-tailed ducks). The sea ducks were distributed almost exclusively along near shore habitats. The prevalence of sea ducks during the March surveys indicates the importance of Glacier Bay as a wintering area for this poorly understood group of animals that occupy a high trophic position in a principally benthic invertebrate (mussel and clam) food web. Marine mammal assemblages were generally consistent between seasons, although Humpback and Killer whales were not observed in winter 2001.
Summer marine bird assemblages remained numerically dominated by sea ducks, but species composition shifted between the goldeneye whose density was 44/m2 in winter to < 0.2/m2 in summer, to scoters, whose density was 29/m2 in winter to > 60/m2 in summer. Large increases in Black-legged kittiwake, murrelet (Marbled and Kittlitz’s) and Common merganser densities were detected during summer surveys. Seasonal differences in abundance of species likely reflected differences in life history attributes (e.g. reproductive biology, foraging ecology) among species.
Because of differences observed in species composition between the winter and summer, it is apparent that a single annual survey cannot accurately describe the populations of marine birds and mammals that occur in Glacier Bay. Preliminary analysis further suggests that interpretations of data resulting from this type of survey may depend to a large extent on the individual species. Because species exhibit differences in behavior, morphology, coloration, and distribution, accuracy and precision of abundance estimates likely vary among species. Confidence in survey results should be evaluated in consideration of life history and detection probabilities at the species level. However, survey results likely provide reasonable estimates of species composition and relative abundance, as well as accurate abundance estimates for those species whose detection closely approximates one.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Kloecker, K.A., Coletti, H.A., Esslinger, G.G., Monson, D., and Ballachey, B.E., 2002, Marine predator surveys in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve: Annual Report to NPS, USGS Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, iv, 46 p.","productDescription":"iv, 46 p.","numberOfPages":"50","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":289246,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Glacier Park","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -138.4141,58.1591 ], [ -138.4141,59.483 ], [ -135.3167,59.483 ], [ -135.3167,58.1591 ], [ -138.4141,58.1591 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53b286f5e4b07b8813a554d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kloecker, Kimberly A. 0000-0002-2461-968X kkloecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2461-968X","contributorId":3442,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kloecker","given":"Kimberly","email":"kkloecker@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355409,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coletti, Heather A.","contributorId":65768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coletti","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Esslinger, George G. 0000-0002-3459-0083 gesslinger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3459-0083","contributorId":131009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esslinger","given":"George","email":"gesslinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355408,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":355407,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":355406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70145538,"text":"70145538 - 2002 - Structural architecture of the central Brooks Range foothills, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-07T13:03:51","indexId":"70145538","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T14:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural architecture of the central Brooks Range foothills, Alaska","docAbstract":"Five structural levels underlie the Brooks Range foothills, from lowest to highest: (1) autochthon, at a depth of ~9 km; (2) Endicott Mountains allochthon (EMA), thickest under the northern Brooks Range (>15 km) and wedging out northward above the autochthon; (3) higher allochthons (HA), with a composite thickness of 1.5+ km, wedging out northward at or beyond the termination of EMA; (4) Aptian-Albian Fortress Mountain Formation (FM), deposited unconformably on deformed EMA and HA and thickening northward into a >7-km-thick succession of deformed turbidites (Torok Formation); (5) gently folded Albian-Cenomanian deltaic deposits (Nanushuk Group). The dominant faulting pattern in levels 2-3 is thin-skinned thrusting and thrust-related folds formed before deposition of Cretaceous strata. These structures are cut by younger steeply south-dipping reverse faults that truncate and juxtapose structural levels 1-4 and expose progressively deeper structural levels to the south. Structural levels 4-5 are juxtaposed along a north-dipping zone of south-vergent folds and thrusts. Stratigraphic and fission-track age data suggest a kinematic model wherein the foothills belt was formed first, by thrusting of HA and EMA as deformational wedges onto the regionally south-dipping authochon at 140-120Ma. After deposition of FM and Torok during mid-Cretaceous hinterland extension and uplift, a second episode of contractional deformation at 60 Ma shortened the older allochthonous deformational wedges (EMA, HA) and overlying strata on north-vergent reverse faults. To the north, where the allochthons wedge out, shortening caused duplexing in the Torok and development of a triangle zone south of the Tuktu escarpment.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Potter, C.J., and O'Sullivan, P., 2002, Structural architecture of the central Brooks Range foothills, Alaska: AAPG Bulletin, v. 86, p. 1153-1153.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1153","endPage":"1153","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299462,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffb3e4b027f0aee3d488","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Sullivan, Paul B.","contributorId":36627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Sullivan","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70145537,"text":"70145537 - 2002 - Lithofacies and stratigraphy of the Lisburne and Etivluk groups in the Lisburne 1 well and adjacent outcrops","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-19T14:26:42.38383","indexId":"70145537","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T14:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lithofacies and stratigraphy of the Lisburne and Etivluk groups in the Lisburne 1 well and adjacent outcrops","docAbstract":"The Lisburne 1 well in the thrust belt of the central Brooks Range penetrated 17,000 ft of imbricated, chiefly Ellesmerian sequence strata in the Endicott Mountains allochthon. Five thrust repeats of the Lisburne Group (Carboniferous) and overlying Etivluk Group (Permian-Jurassic) were drilled. Lithofacies analyses of >350 thin sections of cores and cuttings, and biostratigraphy based on foraminifers and conodonts, allow detailed correlation with coeval units in adjacent outcrops and provide data on the depositional setting and reservoir and source rock potential of these strata. The late Early- Late Mississippian (Osagean-Chesterian) Lisburne Group consists mainly of skeletal wackestone to grainstone, locally completely dolomitized. An interval of abundant glauconite and detrital quartz in the lower Lisburne may mark a sequence-bounding unconformity. Dolostone in the upper part of the unit has maximum porosities of 10-13% and common residual hydrocarbons. The uppermost Lisburne is thinly interbedded mudstone, chert, and shale that are locally dolomitic, phosphatic, spiculitic, and organic-rich; conodonts from this interval in outcrop represent an outer shelf to slope biofacies. The Etivluk Group here encompasses the Siksikpuk and Otuk Formations. The Siksikpuk is mainly varicolored shale and radiolarian chert, with a basal interval of glauconitic, pyritic sandstone. Phosphatic and organic-rich shale, radiolarian chert, and pelecypod coquinas make up the Otuk. Outcrop and subsurface data indicate that the Lisburne Group in this area accumulated near the seaward margin of a shallow-water carbonate platform that drowned during the Late Mississippian; outer shelf or deeper conditions predominated throughout deposition of the upper Lisburne and the Etivluk Group.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Dumoulin, J.A., and Bird, K.J., 2002, Lithofacies and stratigraphy of the Lisburne and Etivluk groups in the Lisburne 1 well and adjacent outcrops: AAPG Bulletin, v. 86, no. 6, p. 1142-1142.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1142","endPage":"1142","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":299460,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5524ffade4b027f0aee3d475","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dumoulin, Julie A. 0000-0003-1754-1287 dumoulin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-1287","contributorId":203209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dumoulin","given":"Julie","email":"dumoulin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bird, Kenneth J. kbird@usgs.gov","contributorId":1015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bird","given":"Kenneth","email":"kbird@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70006935,"text":"70006935 - 2002 - Seasonal reproductive cycles for Florida largemouth bass","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-05T13:53:23","indexId":"70006935","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T13:49:23","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Seasonal reproductive cycles for Florida largemouth bass","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Black Bass: Ecology, Conservation, and Management: Proceedings of the Symposium Black Bass 2000: Ecology Conservation and Management of Black Bass in North America, Held at St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 21-24 August 2000","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","publisherLocation":"Bethesda, MD","usgsCitation":"Gross, T.S., Sepulveda, M.S., Wieser, C.M., Wiebe, J.J., Schoeb, T.R., Denslow, N., and Johnson, W.E., 2002, Seasonal reproductive cycles for Florida largemouth bass, in Black Bass: Ecology, Conservation, and Management: Proceedings of the Symposium Black Bass 2000: Ecology Conservation and Management of Black Bass in North America, Held at St. Louis, Missouri, USA, 21-24 August 2000, p. 205-215.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"205","endPage":"215","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":288112,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53919167e4b06f80638265de","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gross, Timothy S.","contributorId":45381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sepulveda, Maria S.","contributorId":60960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Maria","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wieser, Carla M. 0000-0002-4342-444X cwieser@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4342-444X","contributorId":3682,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieser","given":"Carla","email":"cwieser@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":355499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wiebe, Jon J.","contributorId":17145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiebe","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schoeb, Trenton R.","contributorId":91358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoeb","given":"Trenton","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355505,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Denslow, Nancy D.","contributorId":72831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denslow","given":"Nancy D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Johnson, William E.","contributorId":68226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":355503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70216523,"text":"70216523 - 2002 - Assessing the reliability of physico-chemical property data (Kow, Sw) for hydrophobic organic compounds: DDT and DDE as a case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:26:46.25268","indexId":"70216523","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T13:32:34","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3319,"text":"SETAC Globe","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Assessing the reliability of physico-chemical property data (Kow, Sw) for hydrophobic organic compounds: DDT and DDE as a case study","title":"Assessing the reliability of physico-chemical property data (Kow, Sw) for hydrophobic organic compounds: DDT and DDE as a case study","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","usgsCitation":"Eganhouse, R., and Pontolillo, J., 2002, Assessing the reliability of physico-chemical property data (Kow, Sw) for hydrophobic organic compounds: DDT and DDE as a case study: SETAC Globe, v. 3, no. 4, p. 34-35.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"34","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380757,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Eganhouse, Robert P. eganhous@usgs.gov","contributorId":2031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eganhouse","given":"Robert P.","email":"eganhous@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pontolillo, James jpontoli@usgs.gov","contributorId":2033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pontolillo","given":"James","email":"jpontoli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70074371,"text":"70074371 - 2002 - Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone--what's next?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-05T10:48:15","indexId":"70074371","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T13:12:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stormflow-hydrograph separation based on isotopes: the thrill is gone--what's next?","docAbstract":"A Bayesian time series analysis technique, the dynamic linear model, was used to analyze counts of Trumpeter Swans (Cygnus buccinator) summering in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming from 1931 to 2000. For the Yellowstone National Park segment of white birds (sub-adults and adults combined) the estimated probability of a positive growth rate is 0.01. The estimated probability of achieving the Subcommittee on Rocky Mountain Trumpeter Swans 2002 population goal of 40 white birds for the Yellowstone segment is less than 0.01. Outside of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming white birds are estimated to have a 0.79 probability of a positive growth rate with a 0.05 probability of achieving the 2002 objective of 120 white birds. In the Centennial Valley in southwest Montana, results indicate a probability of 0.87 that the white bird population is growing at a positive rate with considerable uncertainty. The estimated probability of achieving the 2002 Centennial Valley objective of 160 white birds is 0.14 but under an alternative model falls to 0.04. The estimated probability that the Targhee National Forest segment of white birds has a positive growth rate is 0.03. In Idaho outside of the Targhee National Forest, white birds are estimated to have a 0.97 probability of a positive growth rate with a 0.18 probability of attaining the 2002 goal of 150 white birds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","usgsCitation":"Wright, C.K., Sojda, R.S., and Goodman, D., 2002, Bayesian time series analysis of segments of the Rocky Mountain trumpeter swan population: Waterbirds, v. 25, no. 1, p. 319-326.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"326","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":311501,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1522369?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.597900390625,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -116.597900390625,\n 47.84265762816535\n ],\n [\n -105.919189453125,\n 47.84265762816535\n ],\n [\n -105.919189453125,\n 42.09822241118974\n ],\n [\n -116.597900390625,\n 42.09822241118974\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf44e4b0112df6c62dee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wright, Christopher K.","contributorId":45566,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sojda, Richard S. sojda@usgs.gov","contributorId":1663,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sojda","given":"Richard","email":"sojda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":580189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Goodman, Daniel","contributorId":149965,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goodman","given":"Daniel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70216521,"text":"70216521 - 2002 - Real-time kinematic surveying at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research sites, Osage County, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:27:28.544549","indexId":"70216521","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:39:45","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Real-time kinematic surveying at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research sites, Osage County, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"Highly accurate survey-grade Global Positioning System (GPS) technology was used at the two Osage-Skiatook petroleum environmental research sites to document the locations of observation wells, geoprobe holes, and other sampling sites of 15 research scientists. Real-time kinematic (RTK) GPS was the method used, because it is stable, fast, and accurate.
Initially three survey monuments were installed one at each research site and one at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers headquarters for Skiatook Lake. The monument locations were established by static GPS surveys that occupied each of the sites for four hours. The data were submitted to the NOAA-National Geodetic Survey (NGS) Online Positioning User Service (OPUS) for processing. OPUS processes the data relative to three sites on the NGS continuously operating reference station network (CORS). CORS provides GPS carrier phase and code range measurements in support of three-dimensional positioning activities throughout the United States. OPUS enables positioning accuracies, both horizontally and vertically, that approach a few centimeters relative to the National Spatial Reference System and electronically mails the results to the sender. The usual turnaround time for a data set is 2-3 minutes, depending upon the file size. Static GPS surveys are highly accurate, but require post processing the data and longer occupation time.
The RTK surveys require a GPS base station positioned over a known monument, a GPS rover, and a radio link between the base station and the rover. The radio link transmits the base station correction data to the rover. The rover combines the base station data with the rover GPS data to produce real-time coordinates. The rover must maintain lock on at least four of the same satellites that the base station is tracking. Each survey location is occupied for 3 minutes. Setup time at each location is less than a minute, if the rover maintains lock on the satellites and the radio link to the base station.
Accuracy in the horizontal component is 1 centimeter (cm) plus 2 parts per million (ppm) times the baseline distance and in the vertical component is 2 cm plus 2 ppm times the baseline distance. The calculated accuracy for the initial static GPS surveys that occupied the survey monuments ranged from 1.2 to 1.4 cm for the horizontal component and 2.2 to 2.4 cm for the vertical component. Calculated accuracy for the RTK surveys at the research sites are about 2.2 to 2.4 cm for the horizontal component and 4.2 to 4.4 cm for the vertical component.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Abbott, M.M., 2002, Real-time kinematic surveying at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research sites, Osage County, Oklahoma, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380754,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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Marvin M.","contributorId":89106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216520,"text":"70216520 - 2002 - Environmental impacts of petroleum production: The fate of petroleum and other organics associated with produced water from the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research sites, Osage County, OK","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:27:53.807303","indexId":"70216520","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:37:23","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Environmental impacts of petroleum production: The fate of petroleum and other organics associated with produced water from the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research sites, Osage County, OK","docAbstract":"We are involved in a multidisciplinary investigation to study the transport, fate, and natural attenuation of inorganic salts, trace metals, radionuclides and organic compounds present in produced water, and their impacts on soil, surface and ground water and the local ecosystem at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) A and B sites, located in Osage County, OK. About one hectare of land at each of the OSPER A and B sites is affected by salt scarring, soil salinization and brine and petroleum contamination. The main environmental concern results because the sites are adjacent to Skiatook Lake, a 4250-hectare reservoir that provides drinking water to the local communities and is a major recreational fishery. Petroleum wells and tank batteries at the A site have been inactive for some time and the bulk of the hydrocarbon (now degraded and weathered oil) and produced water releases occurred more than 60 years ago. One pit at this site however, contains relatively fresh asphaltic oil and high salinity brine. The B site includes an active production tank battery and adjacent brine and oil pit, an inactive tank battery and an injection well with a small brine pit.
For this study oil, gas and/or brine samples were obtained from several oil wells at the B site and areas adjoining the A and B sites, from the two active brine pits at the B site, from the asphaltic pit and adjacent weathered oil pit at the A site and from several of the 40 boreholes (1-71 m deep), recently drilled and completed. Water samples for dissolved organics were obtained from selected boreholes with high salinity water and measurable hydrocarbon gases in the unsaturated zone. Soil and rock core samples were obtained from these selected boreholes to determine the amount and composition of oil sorbed onto the sediments. Finally samples of sediments and/or water from these selected boreholes and from the brine and oil pits were obtained for bacterial characterization.
Chemical analysis and bacterial determinations on the collected samples are continuing. Results completed to date show the crude oil source (samples from B and adjacent production wells) is a typical paraffinic-naphthenic light (API gravity of ~35) oil, containing n-alkanes as the dominant components. The four samples examined are identical in their maturity and chemical characteristics. Even though petroleum production is from shallow sandstones (300-600 m depth), these fresh oils show no sign of biodegradation, indicating that bacteria are unable to survive in the associated high salinity (~150,000 mg/L total dissolved solids) brine. Bacterial action, volatilization and water washing are likely responsible for the transformation of source oil to the surficial asphaltic and weathered oil observed at the A site. The leakage of oil with brine from the main active pit at the B site is indicated by the detection of a thin, but discrete oil phase in at least one borehole, the presence of hydrocarbon gases in several boreholes and the smell of oil in many sediment cores from the impacted area located down gradient from this pit. The measured concentrations of DOC, acetate and other organic acid anions, BTEX, phenols and other organics in the source brine are relatively low, but their values in water samples from the impacted areas are not yet available.
Environmental data are often utilized to guide interpretation of spectral information based on context, however, these are also important in deriving vegetation maps themselves, especially where ecological information can be mapped spatially. A vegetation classification procedure is presented which combines a classification of spectral data from Landsat‐5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and environmental data based on topography and fire history. These data were combined utilizing fuzzy logic where assignment of each pixel to a single vegetation category was derived comparing the partial membership of each vegetation category within spectral and environmental classes. Partial membership was assigned from canopy cover for forest types measured from field sampling. Initial classification of spectral and ecological data produced map accuracies of less than 50% due to overlap between spectrally similar vegetation and limited spatial precision for predicting local vegetation types solely from the ecological information. Combination of environmental data through fuzzy logic increased overall mapping accuracy (70%) in coniferous forest communities of northwestern Montana, USA.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor and Francis","publisherLocation":"Hong Kong","doi":"10.1080/10106040208542226","usgsCitation":"White, J., Running, S.W., Ryan, K.C., and Key, C.H., 2002, Fuzzy logic merger of spectral and ecological information for improved montane forest mapping.: Geocarto International, v. 17, no. 1, p. 61-68, https://doi.org/10.1080/10106040208542226.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"68","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311494,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"North fork of the Flathead River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114.77691650390625,\n 48.53843177405044\n ],\n [\n -114.77691650390625,\n 48.99824008113872\n ],\n [\n -113.6810302734375,\n 48.99824008113872\n ],\n [\n -113.6810302734375,\n 48.53843177405044\n ],\n [\n -114.77691650390625,\n 48.53843177405044\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"564daf4de4b0112df6c62e19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"White, Joseph D.","contributorId":56077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Joseph D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Running, Steven W. 0000-0001-6906-3841","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-3841","contributorId":53258,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Running","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":7089,"text":"University of Montana, Missoula, MT","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":580176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, Kevin C.","contributorId":149962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":580177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Key, Carl H. carl_key@usgs.gov","contributorId":4138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Key","given":"Carl","email":"carl_key@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":580178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216512,"text":"70216512 - 2002 - Hydrologic controls on the subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) B Site, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:28:22.391851","indexId":"70216512","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:29:34","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Hydrologic controls on the subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) B Site, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"As a part of a multidisciplinary study of the impact of oil wells and oil production on the environment, we are investigating the hydrology of the OSPER B site, which is located at Skiatook Lake in Osage County, Oklahoma. Salt and crude oil from oil well brine pits and accidental releases from oil tank batteries have contaminated soil, ground water, and surface water at this site. Preliminary coring near a brine pit at the site showed that beneath 0.5-2 meters of surficial deposits (fill, soil, colluvium, and alluvium), a layer of tight shale that is at least 6 meters thick underlies the site. The land slopes down from the pit at about a 1:10 slope to the lake, which is located about 20 meters from the pit.
We found no evidence to date that the brine has penetrated into the shale. Field cores and water level measurements in boreholes indicated that the surficial deposits were often saturated above the shale, which was powder dry. We hypothesize that water from precipitation infiltrates into the permeable surficial deposits, ponds above the low-permeability shale, and moves laterally toward the lake in the surface layer. Dissolved salt from prior spills present in the surface layer is transported down slope to the lake during and following precipitation events. Chemical analyses of water samples collected from boreholes indicate that salt water that collects in the brine pit also moves into the surface layer and flows to the lake. Overland flow and transport of brine also occurs in response to intense rainfall events. Evapotranspiration concentrates the subsurface brine in dry periods. Our field work indicates that the surfacial deposits are very heterogeneous, and as a result there are preferential pathways for subsurface transport of water and contaminants from the pit to the lake. Our results indicate that near-surface, transient processes dominate the contaminant hydrology at this site.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Herkelrath, W.N., and Kharaka, Y.K., 2002, Hydrologic controls on the subsurface transport of oil-field brine at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research (OSPER) B Site, Oklahoma, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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William N. 0000-0002-6149-5524 wnherkel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6149-5524","contributorId":2612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkelrath","given":"William","email":"wnherkel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kharaka, Yousif K. 0000-0001-9861-8260 ykharaka@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9861-8260","contributorId":1928,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kharaka","given":"Yousif","email":"ykharaka@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70216511,"text":"70216511 - 2002 - Characterization of soils and rock at an active oil production site: Effects of brine and hydrocarbon contamination","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:28:48.704592","indexId":"70216511","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:26:32","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Characterization of soils and rock at an active oil production site: Effects of brine and hydrocarbon contamination","docAbstract":"An active oil production site (Osage-Skiatook petroleum environmental research Site B) in Osage County, Oklahoma is under study to determine the impacts on soils and rock of brine and hydrocarbon spills. The goals of the soil and rock characterization are to 1) document and identify the type, degree, and areal extent of brine and hydrocarbon releases, 2) understand controls on the movement and retention of brine and hydrocarbons, and 3) determine the role of solid phases, such as clay and iron-bearing minerals, in natural mitigation. The types and amounts of clay minerals and oxidizers (particularly iron) are important because of the capacity of clay minerals to exchange cations that are dissolved in brines and the capacity of reactive ferric iron species to oxidize hydrocarbons.
Characterization of soils and rock includes visual and microscopic description, X-ray diffraction of bulk and clay fraction samples, separation of size fractions, determination of cation exchange capacity, bulk chemical composition, and selective extraction of iron species. Results suggest that much of the brine and hydrocarbon contamination occurs in the shallow subsurface (< 240 cm) where the soil profile varies from dark brown topsoil to reddish orange sand to greenish-gray clay. A layer of iron-stained colluvium that is present in the shallow subsurface consists of pebbles and coarse sand and forms an important conduit for fluid movement. Unusually high percentages (as much as 97 % of total iron) of reduced iron may record the passage of hydrocarbon-rich ground water. Clay minerals are abundant in some samples and are dominated by kaolinite, mixed layer illite-smectite, and smectite. The correlation of grain size and clay mineral content with soil leachate results will be discussed and high percentages of sodium on exchange sites in clay are expected in areas of past spills of produced water.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Rice, C.A., Cathcart, J.D., Zielinski, R.A., and Otton, J.K., 2002, Characterization of soils and rock at an active oil production site: Effects of brine and hydrocarbon contamination, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380751,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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Cynthia A.","contributorId":87140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Cynthia","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cathcart, James D.","contributorId":87944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cathcart","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zielinski, Robert A. 0000-0002-4047-5129 rzielinski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4047-5129","contributorId":1593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zielinski","given":"Robert","email":"rzielinski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70216510,"text":"70216510 - 2002 - Impact of oil production releases on soil chemical properties at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project Site","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-24T17:23:46.341582","indexId":"70216510","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:23:16","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Impact of oil production releases on soil chemical properties at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project Site","docAbstract":"A site characterization study was conducted at an old oil production area where highest activity occurred during the 1930's. Two site locations referred to as OSPER are along the shoreline of Skiatook Lake northwest of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Crude oil and brine water releases have impacted soils, surface and ground water, and the Oak cross-timber ecosystem. Local effects include soil salinization with destruction of plant cover and soil texture, and resultant deep erosion. Stress on affected vegetation is prevalent, but some grass revegetation has occurred. Surface soil samples and vertical profile cores to four feet have been collected and analyzed for salinity, organic matter, petroleum hydrocarbons, texture, nitrates, and dehydrogenase activity. Native grass re-establishment was inversely related to soil salinity and extent of erosion. As expected oil wastes increased the soil organic matter, greatly over surface controls near 0.3%.. Natural soil nitrates were at a low level near 0.2 ppm, but sufficient to support native grasses.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Kampbell, D.H., An, Y., Kirby, W.G., and Abbott, M.M., 2002, Impact of oil production releases on soil chemical properties at the Osage-Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project Site, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380750,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","otherGeospatial":"Skiatook Lake","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kampbell, Don H.","contributorId":245168,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kampbell","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6914,"text":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":805518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"An, Youn-Joo","contributorId":245169,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"An","given":"Youn-Joo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":40900,"text":"Oakridge Institute for Science and Education","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":805519,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kirby, Wendy G.","contributorId":245170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirby","given":"Wendy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abbott, Marvin M.","contributorId":89106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abbott","given":"Marvin","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70200695,"text":"70200695 - 2002 - Geodynamo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-29T12:20:16","indexId":"70200695","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:20:08","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Geodynamo","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology","language":"English","publisher":"McGraw-Hill","usgsCitation":"Love, J.J., 2002, Geodynamo, chap. of McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, v. 8, p. 16-18.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358891,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10f1a8e4b034bf6a805f12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Love, Jeffrey J. 0000-0002-3324-0348 jlove@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3324-0348","contributorId":760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Love","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jlove@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":750149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70216509,"text":"70216509 - 2002 - Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-25T13:29:20.90626","indexId":"70216509","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:15:41","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project","docAbstract":"Ground electromagnetic and dc resistivity geophysical surveys were used to interpret the subsurface distribution of salinized soil, water, and bedrock at two sites (A and B) and to characterize the larger scale hydrologic setting. Measurements were made on grids of about 1000 square meters using a very shallow penetrating (less than 10 m) electromagnetic (EM) geophysical system (EM31). At site A, high subsurface conductivities (more than 100 millisiemens per meter) found below disposal ponds extended down the local hydrologic gradient to below the normal level of near by Lake Skiatook. At site B, areas of highest subsurface electrical conductivity were offset about 10 m from the center of salt scars. The area of high subsurface electrical conductivity extends in the subsurface below the normal level of Skiatook Lake. DC resistivity soundings were made in and around the two sites in order to characterize deeper (30-60 m) electrical properties of the subsurface lithology and ground water. These soundings indicate that the tight shale that dominates the local lithology is moderately electrically conductive (5 milliseimems per meter). DC soundings done in several areas at the Skiatook Lake shoreline indicate an electrically conductive (less than 10 millisiemens per meter) zone exists below the shore even away from the oil production sites. This conductive zone may indicate a mixing between fresh lake water and local ground water that has high dissolved solids. Borehole geophysical logs at site B and laboratory rock property measurements are currently being used to refine interpretation of ground geophysical measurements.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference","conferenceDate":"October 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","language":"English","publisher":"Integrated Petroleum Environmental Consortium","usgsCitation":"Smith, B.D., Bisdorf, R.J., Horton, R., Otton, J.K., and Hutton, R.S., 2002, Preliminary geophysical characterization of two oil production sites, Osage County, Oklahoma - Osage Skiatook Petroleum Environmental Research Project, in 9th International Petroleum Environmental Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico, October 22-25, 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":380749,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma","county":"Osage 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Bruce D. 0000-0002-1643-2997 bsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","email":"bsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bisdorf, Robert J.","contributorId":107277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bisdorf","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horton, Robert 0000-0001-5578-3733 rhorton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-3733","contributorId":612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horton","given":"Robert","email":"rhorton@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Otton, James K. jkotton@usgs.gov","contributorId":1170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otton","given":"James","email":"jkotton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":805516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hutton, Raymond S.","contributorId":79001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":805517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70146123,"text":"70146123 - 2002 - Regional structural framework and petroleum assessment of the Brooks Range foothills and southern coastal plain, National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-13T11:07:09","indexId":"70146123","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":605,"text":"AAPG Bulletin","printIssn":"0149-1423","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Regional structural framework and petroleum assessment of the Brooks Range foothills and southern coastal plain, National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska","docAbstract":"New interpretations of the frontal part of the Brooks Range orogen beneath the foothills and coastal plain in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA) are based on reprocessed regional seismic reflection data, recent geologic field observations, and new apatite fission-track analyses. Three long north-south transects illustrate the configuration of thrust faulting above a basal detachment that, within the southern part of NPRA, steps up from the Triassic Shublik Formation, to the Jurassic Kingak Shale, and finally into Cretaceous Torok mudstones. This thrust system represents the youngest recognized pulse of major shortening, about 60 Ma.
\nThe transects, along with other seismic-reflection examples, illustrate four play concepts being used in the deformed area for the 2002 U.S. Geological Survey oil and gas assessment of the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska (NPRA). The Brookian topset structural play includes broad west-northwest-trending anticlines in the Cretaceous Nanushuk Group, developed above structurally thickened Torok mudstones in the incipiently-deformed, most northerly part of the thrust system. The Torok structural play includes prominent anticlines affecting deep-basin sandstones, many of which are detached from folds exposed at the surface. The Ellesmerian structural play includes closures developed in the clastic part of the Ellesmerian sequence, mainly above a detachment in the Shublik Formation. The thrust belt play includes antiformal stacks of allochthonous Endicott Group clastic rocks and Lisburne Group carbonates; these stacks were assembled at about 120 Ma, and were transported to their present positions in the foothills at about 60 Ma.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","usgsCitation":"Potter, C.J., Moore, T.E., O'Sullivan, P., and Miller, J.J., 2002, Regional structural framework and petroleum assessment of the Brooks Range foothills and southern coastal plain, National Petroleum Reserve, Alaska: AAPG Bulletin, v. 86, p. 1157-1157.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"1157","endPage":"1157","numberOfPages":"1","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":299604,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"86","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552ce8bee4b0b22a157f50bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, Christopher J. 0000-0002-2300-6670 cpotter@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":1026,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"Christopher","email":"cpotter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":544668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"O'Sullivan, Paul B.","contributorId":36627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Sullivan","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":544669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, John J. 0000-0002-9098-0967 jmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9098-0967","contributorId":3785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"John","email":"jmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":544670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70159717,"text":"70159717 - 2002 - Transforming the Rockies: Human forces, settlement patterns, and ecosystem effects","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70159717,"text":"70159717 - 2002 - Transforming the Rockies: Human forces, settlement patterns, and ecosystem effects","indexId":"70159717","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"1","title":"Transforming the Rockies: Human forces, settlement patterns, and ecosystem effects"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:57:17","indexId":"70159717","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T12:15:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"1","title":"Transforming the Rockies: Human forces, settlement patterns, and ecosystem effects","docAbstract":"The current ecological condition of the Rocky Mountains can be viewed from two somewhat opposing perspectives. The first is that human occupation has had relatively little effect on the Rockies: large natural, if not pristine, areas remain, and the region's open spaces provide wildlife habitat, majestic scenery, and a sense of wildness. Unlike the situation in, say, the Swiss Alps, where even high-elevation meadows have been mown and grazed intensively for as long as 500 years and many large mammals have been extirpated, most elements of Rocky Mountain landscapes and biota are reasonably unaltered. Even the presumption that Native Americans changed regional landscapes with deliberately set fires has been challenged by Baker and Ehle (2001) and others who think that most fires were lightning-caused or accidental ignitions.
The second view is that humans have dramatically transformed the Rockies, at least since Euro-American settlement in the mid- to late 1800s. The slaughter of vast buffalo herds, the clearing of timber for railroad ties, and even the removal of whole hillsides in hydraulic placer mining represented substantial transformation. Ranch, resort, and residential development marks the latest incarnation of this transformation. Numerous, complex layers of land use have left landscape legacies, some of which may be unrecognized or underappreciated in modern assessments (Wohl 2001).
Here we consider both perspectives because we are impressed with both the many effects of human use of the Rockies and the region's remaining wild landscapes. Ironically, much of the recent population growth and development in the Rockies is driven by the region's wild landscapes, which make the present widespread transformation seem all the more significant. It is, of course, the rapid clip of current human transformation—high population growth rates, pervasive rural residential development, and landscape fragmentation (Baron, Theobald, and Fagre 2000)—that worries ecologists and others concerned with Rocky Mountain ecosystems. So although we offer an overview of historical changes in the Rockies, especially since the 1800s, much of our attention here is on land uses, economies, and settlement patterns since the 1970s and on their future trends.