The Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) microwave satellite radiometer and its predecessor SMMR are primary sources of information for global sea ice and climate studies. However, comparisons of SSM/I, Landsat, AVHRR, and ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) have shown substantial seasonal and regional differences in their estimates of sea ice concentration. To evaluate these differences, we compared SSM/I estimates of sea ice coverage derived with the NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms to estimates made using RADARSAT, and OKEAN-01 satellite sensor data. The study area included the Barents Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean, during October 1995 through October 1999. Ice concentration estimates from spatially and temporally near-coincident imagery were calculated using independent algorithms for each sensor type. The OKEAN algorithm implemented the satellite's two-channel active (radar) and passive microwave data in a linear mixture model based on the measured values of brightness temperature and radar backscatter. The RADARSAT algorithm utilized a segmentation approach of the measured radar backscatter, and the SSM/I ice concentrations were derived at National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) using the NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms. Seasonal and monthly differences between SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT ice concentrations were calculated and compared. Overall, total sea ice concentration estimates derived independently from near-coincident RADARSAT, OKEAN-01, and SSM/I satellite imagery demonstrated mean differences of less than 5.5% (S.D.<9.5%) during the winter period. Differences between the SSM/I NASA Team and the SSM/I Bootstrap concentrations were no more than 3.1% (S.D.<5.4%) during this period. RADARSAT and OKEAN-01 data both yielded higher total ice concentrations than the NASA Team and the Bootstrap algorithms. The Bootstrap algorithm yielded higher total ice concentrations than the NASA Team algorithm. Total ice concentrations derived from OKEAN-01 and SSM/I satellite imagery were highly correlated during winter, spring, and fall, with mean differences of less than 8.1% (S.D.<15%) for the NASA Team algorithm, and less than 2.8% (S.D.<13.8%) for the Bootstrap algorithm. Respective differences between SSM/I NASA Team and SSM/I Bootstrap total concentrations were less than 5.3% (S.D.<6.9%). Monthly mean differences between SSM/I and OKEAN differed annually by less than 6%, with smaller differences primarily in winter. The NASA Team and Bootstrap algorithms underestimated the total sea ice concentrations relative to the RADARSAT ScanSAR no more than 3.0% (S.D.<9%) and 1.2% (S.D.<7.5%) during cold months, and no more than 12% and 7% during summer, respectively. ScanSAR tended to estimate higher ice concentrations for ice concentrations greater than 50%, when compared to SSM/I during all months. ScanSAR underestimated total sea ice concentration by 2% compared to the OKEAN-01 algorithm during cold months, and gave an overestimation by 2% during spring and summer months. Total NASA Team and Bootstrap sea ice concentration estimates derived from coincident SSM/I and OKEAN-01 data demonstrated mean differences of no more than 5.3% (S.D.<7%), 3.1% (S.D.<5.5%), 2.0% (S.D.<5.5%), and 7.3% (S.D.<10%) for fall, winter, spring, and summer periods, respectively. Large disagreements were observed between the OKEAN and NASA Team results in spring and summer for estimates of the first-year (FY) and multiyear (MY) age classes. The OKEAN-01 algorithm and data tended to estimate, on average, lower concentrations of young or FY ice and higher concentrations of total and MY ice for all months and seasons. Our results contribute to the growing body of documentation about the levels of disparity obtained when seasonal sea ice concentrations are estimated using various types of satellite data and algorithms.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00333-9","usgsCitation":"Belchansky, G.I., and Douglas, D.C., 2002, Seasonal comparisons of sea ice concentration estimates derived from SSM/I, OKEAN, and RADARSAT data: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 81, no. 1, p. 67-81, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00333-9.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"81","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4ddc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belchansky, Gennady I.","contributorId":71471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belchansky","given":"Gennady","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003925,"text":"1003925 - 2002 - Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in blood of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Finnish archipelago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-22T14:47:42","indexId":"1003925","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2962,"text":"Ornis Fennica","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in blood of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Finnish archipelago","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ornis Fennica","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Franson, J.C., Hollmen, T., Hario, M., Kilpi, M., and Finley, D., 2002, Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in blood of common eiders (Somateria mollissima) from the Finnish archipelago: Ornis Fennica, v. 79, p. 87-91.","productDescription":"p. 87-91","startPage":"87","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Finland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 23.818359375,\n 65.96437717203098\n ],\n [\n 23.818359375,\n 65.71255746172102\n ],\n [\n 24.7412109375,\n 65.53117097417717\n ],\n [\n 24.3896484375,\n 65.12763795652116\n ],\n [\n 22.9833984375,\n 64.41592147626879\n ],\n [\n 21.005859375,\n 63.58767529470318\n ],\n [\n 20.478515625,\n 63.11463763252091\n ],\n [\n 20.478515625,\n 61.87687021463305\n ],\n [\n 20.698242187499996,\n 61.18562468142283\n ],\n [\n 19.1162109375,\n 60.45721779774397\n ],\n [\n 19.775390625,\n 59.7563950493563\n ],\n [\n 20.830078125,\n 59.5343180010956\n ],\n [\n 23.5546875,\n 59.712097173322924\n ],\n [\n 25.7958984375,\n 60.02095215374802\n ],\n [\n 27.333984375,\n 60.15244221438077\n ],\n [\n 28.125,\n 60.28340847828243\n ],\n [\n 28.168945312499996,\n 60.84491057364915\n ],\n [\n 25.356445312499996,\n 60.54377524118842\n ],\n [\n 22.67578125,\n 60.65164736580915\n ],\n [\n 22.148437499999996,\n 61.39671887310411\n ],\n [\n 21.97265625,\n 63.01510569831989\n ],\n [\n 23.3349609375,\n 63.68524808030715\n ],\n [\n 25.13671875,\n 64.20637724320852\n ],\n [\n 25.9716796875,\n 65.01650627048231\n ],\n [\n 25.8837890625,\n 65.60387765860433\n ],\n [\n 23.818359375,\n 65.96437717203098\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8917","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Franson, J. C. 0000-0002-0251-4238","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0251-4238","contributorId":99071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hollmen, T.","contributorId":16787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hollmen","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hario, Martti","contributorId":31340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hario","given":"Martti","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kilpi, Mikaei","contributorId":102428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kilpi","given":"Mikaei","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Finley, D.L.","contributorId":91809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finley","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":87281,"text":"87281 - 2002 - The heart of the Rockies: Montane and subalpine ecosystems","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":87281,"text":"87281 - 2002 - The heart of the Rockies: Montane and subalpine ecosystems","indexId":"87281","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"10","title":"The heart of the Rockies: Montane and subalpine ecosystems"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:58:24","indexId":"87281","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"The heart of the Rockies: Montane and subalpine ecosystems","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Instream Flow Council","publisherLocation":"Cheyenne, WY","isbn":"978-0971674318","usgsCitation":"Annear, T., Chisholm, I., Beecher, H., Locke, A., Aarrestad, P., Burkardt, N., Coomer, C., Estes, C., Hunt, J., Jacobson, R., Jobsis, G., Kauffman, J., Marshall, J., Mayes, K., Stalnaker, C., and Wentworth, R., 2002, Instream flows for riverine resource stewardship, 411 p.","productDescription":"411 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Annear, T.","contributorId":48124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Annear","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chisholm, I.","contributorId":18702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chisholm","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Beecher, H.","contributorId":6391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beecher","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Locke, A.","contributorId":59740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Locke","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299288,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Aarrestad, P.","contributorId":89078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aarrestad","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Burkardt, N.","contributorId":13913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkardt","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Coomer, C.","contributorId":73526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coomer","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Estes, C.","contributorId":18703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hunt, J.","contributorId":18297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hunt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jacobson, R.","contributorId":55373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jobsis, G.","contributorId":58217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobsis","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Kauffman, J.","contributorId":62539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kauffman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Marshall, J.","contributorId":45243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marshall","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Mayes, K.","contributorId":59375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayes","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299287,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Stalnaker, C.","contributorId":32858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stalnaker","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Wentworth, R.","contributorId":62167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16}]}} ,{"id":87272,"text":"87272 - 2002 - Rumblings in Rio Arriba: Landscape changes in the southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":87272,"text":"87272 - 2002 - Rumblings in Rio Arriba: Landscape changes in the southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico","indexId":"87272","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"12","title":"Rumblings in Rio Arriba: Landscape changes in the southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":70174912,"text":"70174912 - 2002 - Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective","indexId":"70174912","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Rocky Mountain futures: An ecological perspective"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:58:36","indexId":"87272","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"12","title":"Rumblings in Rio Arriba: Landscape changes in the southern Rocky Mountains of northern New Mexico","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
No abstract available.
Historically, fire was one of the most widespread natural disturbances in the western United States. More recently, however, significant anthropogenic activities, especially fire suppression and silvicultural practices, have altered fire regimes; as a result, landscapes and associated communities have changed as well. Herein, we review current knowledge of how fire and postfire salvaging practices affect avian communities in conifer-dominated forests of the western United States. Specifically, we contrast avian communities in (1) burned vs. unburned forest, and (2) unsalvaged vs. salvage-logged burns. We also examine how variation in burn characteristics (e.g., severity, age, size) and salvage logging can alter avian communities in burns.
Of the 41 avian species observed in three or more studies comparing early postfire and adjacent unburned forests, 22% are consistently more abundant in burned forests, 34% are usually more abundant in unburned forests, and 44% are equally abundant in burned and unburned forests or have varied responses. In general, woodpeckers and aerial foragers are more abundant in burned forest, whereas most foliage-gleaning species are more abundant in unburned forests. Bird species that are frequently observed in stand-replacement burns are less common in understory burns; similarly, species commonly observed in unburned forests often decrease in abundance with increasing burn severity. Granivores and species common in open-canopy forests exhibit less consistency among studies. For all species, responses to tire may be influenced by a number of factors including burn severity, fire size and shape, proximity to unburned forests, pre-and post-fire cover types, and time since fire. In addition, postfire management can alter species’ responses to burns. Most cavity-nesting species do not use severely salvaged burns, whereas some cavity-nesters persist in partially salvaged burns. Early post fire specialists, in particular, appear to prefer unsalvaged burns. We discuss several alternatives to severe salvage-logging that will help provide habitat for cavity nesters.
We provide an overview of critical research questions and design considerations crucial for evaluating the effects of prescribed fire and other anthropogenic disturbances, such as forest fragmentation. Management of native avifaunas may be most successful if natural disturbance regimes, including fire, are permitted to occur when possible. Natural fires could be augmented with practices, such as prescribed fire (including high-severity fire), that mimic inherent disturbance regimes.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in western landscapes: contrasts with paradigms from the eastern United States (Studies in Avian Biology No. 25)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Cooper Ornithological Society","publisherLocation":"Camarillo, CA","usgsCitation":"Kotliar, N., Hejl, S., Hutto, R., Saab, V., Melcher, C., and McFadzen, M., 2002, Effects of fire and post-fire salvage logging on avian communities in conifer-dominated forests of the western United States, chap. of Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds in western landscapes: contrasts with paradigms from the eastern United States (Studies in Avian Biology No. 25): Studies in Avian Biology, v. 25, p. 49-64.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"64","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128012,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14723,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://sora.unm.edu/node/139413","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1750.000000000000000"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ee4b07f02db61574b","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"George, T.L.","contributorId":111696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"George","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504902,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dobkin, D.S.","contributorId":25127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobkin","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504901,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Kotliar, N.B.","contributorId":7649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kotliar","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297555,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hejl, S.J.","contributorId":71916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hejl","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297558,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutto, R.L.","contributorId":29347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutto","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297556,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saab, V.","contributorId":55376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saab","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297557,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Melcher, Cynthia","contributorId":101593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melcher","given":"Cynthia","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"McFadzen, M.E.","contributorId":87878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFadzen","given":"M.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1002944,"text":"1002944 - 2002 - Arsenic concentrations in house wrens from Whitewood Creek, South Dakota, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:21","indexId":"1002944","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic concentrations in house wrens from Whitewood Creek, South Dakota, USA","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Custer, T., Custer, C.M., Larson, S., and Dickerson, K., 2002, Arsenic concentrations in house wrens from Whitewood Creek, South Dakota, USA: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 68, no. 4, p. 517-524.","productDescription":"pp. 517-524","startPage":"517","endPage":"524","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15615,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.springerlink.com/content/nw5hb48wf7y23qym/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"6052.000000000000000"},{"id":131391,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abce4b07f02db672dad","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Custer, T. W. 0000-0003-3170-6519","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-6519","contributorId":91802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"T. W.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Custer, Christine M. 0000-0003-0500-1582","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-1582","contributorId":31330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Custer","given":"Christine","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Larson, S.","contributorId":62180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dickerson, K.K.","contributorId":21119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickerson","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":93895,"text":"93895 - 2002 - A critique of wildlife radio-tracking and its use in National Parks: a report to the National Park Service","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T11:27:08","indexId":"93895","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"A critique of wildlife radio-tracking and its use in National Parks: a report to the National Park Service","docAbstract":"Because of the naturalness of National Parks and because of the public’s strong interest in the parks, the National Park Service (NPS) must gather as much information as needed to help understand and preserve the natural functioning of its ecosystems, and especially of its wildlife. The most useful technique for studying wildlife is radio-tracking, or wildlife telemetry. Radio-tracking is the technique of determining information about an animal through the use of radio signals from or to a device carried by the animal.
The basic components of a traditional radio-tracking system are (1) a transmitting subsystem consisting of a radio transmitter, a power source and a propagating antenna, and (2) a receiving subsystem including a “pick-up” antenna, a signal receiver with reception indicator (speaker and/or display) and a power source. Most radio tracking systems involve transmitters tuned to different frequencies (analogous to different AM/FM radio stations) that allow individual identification.
Three distinct types of radio-tracking are in use today: (1)conventional, very-high-frequency (VHF) radio tracking, (2) satellite tracking, and (3) Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking. VHF radio-tracking is the standard technique that has been in use since 1963.
However, radio-tracking can be considered intrusive in that it requires live-capturing animals and attaching a collar or other device to them. A person must then monitor signals from the device, thus usually requiring people in the field in vehicles, aircraft, and on foot. Nevertheless, most national parks have recognized the benefits of radio-tracking and have hosted radio-tracking studies for many years; in some parks, hundreds of animals have been, or are being, so studied.
As a result, some NPS staff are concerned about actual or potential intrusiveness of radio-tracking. Ideally, wildlife studies would still be done but with no intrusion on animals or conflict with park visitors.
Thus the NPS has decided to closely examine the technique and use of radio-tracking to determine (1) if any less-intrusive method could supply the same information, (2) what the full range of radio-tracking technology is, to determine if the least-intrusive techniques are being used, and (3) whether future technological improvements might lead to less-intrusive techniques. The present review is the result.
We first present a simple overview of radio-tracking technology, its benefits, variety, cost, and availability, advantages and disadvantages, and recent refinements that, if used, could reduce research intrusiveness. Then we consider whether any less-intrusive, non-radio-tracking techniques could supply the same information. Next we discuss possible future improvements and suggest some that would help reduce intrusion during wildlife research in national parks.
Last, we review radio-tracking technology in detail for readers who want a more complete understanding. This review should also allow administrators and scientists to determine whether the least-intrusive radio-tracking techniques are currently being used.
We conclude that no substitute for radio-tracking appears to be on the horizon but that a few recent improvements in the technology can reduce some of its intrusiveness. Further, we recommend that the NPS (1) formally assess the extent of park visitors’ perceptions and concerns about any intrusiveness caused by wildlife radio-tracking studies (2) help minimize visitor concern about the technique by educating the public about radio-tracking and some of its findings in the parks, (3) promote use of the most up-to-date refinements and improvements in radio-tracking technology, and (4) encourage funding projects using such technology.
No abstract available.
Sea otters are the only fully marine otter. They share a common ancestry with the Old World land otters, but their route of dispersal to the New World is uncertain. The historic range of the species is along the northern Pacific Ocean rim, between central Baja California and the islands of northern Japan. Because they forage almost exclusively on bottom-dwelling marine invertebrates such as clams, snails, crabs, and sea urchins, they predominantly occur near shore. Their offshore distribution is limited by their diving ability; although they are capable of diving to more than 100 meters deep, most of their feeding takes place between the shoreline and depths of 40 meters. They are social animals, generally resting in protected bays or kelp forests in groups, commonly referred to as rafts. Because they are gregarious, possess a fine fur, and occur primarily near shore, they have been exploited by humans for as long as they have co-occupied coastal marine communities.
During the late Pleistocene, glacial advances and retreats in the northern latitudes likely influenced genetic exchange within the sea otter’s northern range. When the glaciers were at their maximum, ice sheets extended over large coastal areas, isolating sea otter populations and causing local extinctions. During periods of glacial retreat, sea otters likely recolonized the newly available habitats, allowing exchange of individuals and gene flow between populations.
Beginning in about 1750, sea otter populations underwent dramatic declines as a direct result of commercial harvest for their furs. Explorations by Vitus Bering led to the discovery of abundant sea otter populations in the Aleutian Islands. The early harvest, conducted by Russians with enslaved Aleut hunters, began in the eastern Aleutians. Eventually the harvest became multinational and contributed significantly to the exploration and settlement of the North Pacific coastline by Europeans. There were two distinct periods of harvest—one reaching its peak about 1800 and averaging about 15,000 per year and a second about 1870, averaging about 4,000 per year. The causes for this harvest pattern are unknown, but it may represent two distinct periods of overexploitation separated by a brief period of population recovery.
By 1890 the species had been eliminated throughout most of its range, persisting in small numbers at 13 isolated locations in California, Alaska, and Russia. The number of sea otters that survived the fur trade is unknown, but available data suggest that some remnant populations may have been as small as a few dozen individuals. In 1911, sea otters were afforded protection under the International Fur Seal Treaty, and populations apparently responded by gradually increasing in abundance. The rates of population recovery varied among locations, averaging 9% annually and ranging from 6 to 13%. The population at Amchitka Island in the central Aleutians had the highest growth rate among those surviving, apparently reaching carrying capacity by about 1950.
Efforts to aid the recovery of the species into the vast unoccupied habitats between California and Prince William Sound began in 1965. Sea otters from Amchitka and Prince William Sound were translocated to Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and several locations in southeastern Alaska. With the exception of Oregon, these translocations have resulted in the establishment of successful colonies. Population growth rates of translocated sea otters have been significantly greater than among remnant populations, averaging 21% and ranging from 18 to 24%. We don’t know why the growth rates of the remnant and translocated populations are so different, but it may be partly because of the abundant food and space available at the translocated sites.
The varying patterns of sea otter population decline and recovery provide a unique and powerful tool for studying the effects of historic reductions on populations, as well as how populations respond to varying environmental conditions. During the past decade, using molecular genetics, researchers have been trying to understand how sea otter populations might differ throughout the North Pacific and what effects population reductions and recovery have had on population genetics. Also, as a result of the varying degree of recovery among isolated populations, we have the opportunity to contrast life history attributes (such as condition, reproduction, and survival) among populations throughout their range. These contrasts may be useful in developing methods to assess the status of populations where traditional methods of surveying abundance are difficult and expensive.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., and Monson, D., 2002, Sea otter population structure and ecology in Alaska: Arctic Research of the United States, v. 16, p. 31-35.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"35","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334800,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.arctic.gov/publications/related/arotus.html"},{"id":334801,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2003/nsf03021/nsf03021_5.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","volume":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc5bc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Monson, Daniel H. 0000-0002-4593-5673 dmonson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4593-5673","contributorId":140480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Daniel H.","email":"dmonson@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1003965,"text":"1003965 - 2002 - Book review: Ecological indicators for the nation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-07-21T16:10:59","indexId":"1003965","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1456,"text":"Ecological Indicators","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: Ecological indicators for the nation","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Indicators","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00011-0","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., 2002, Book review: Ecological indicators for the nation: Ecological Indicators, v. 1, no. 3, p. 225-226, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00011-0.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"225","endPage":"226","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":290623,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(02)00011-0"}],"volume":"1","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605c19","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, James P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":87354,"text":"87354 - 2002 - Interspecific interactions in trematode communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-28T15:59:55","indexId":"87354","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"8","title":"Interspecific interactions in trematode communities","docAbstract":"This chapter reviews the behavioural ecology of trematodes, focusing on intramolluscular stages. Interspecific competitive interactions, their frequency, dominance hierarchies and resolutions are discussed. Strategies employed by larval trematode species to adapt to a hostile, competitive environment, how these adaptations shape larval trematode communities, and how altered trematode communities can affect ecosystems and human health are reviewed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The behavioral ecology of parasites","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"CAB","doi":"10.1079/9780851996158.0153","isbn":"0851996159","usgsCitation":"Lafferty, K.D., 2002, Interspecific interactions in trematode communities, chap. 8 of The behavioral ecology of parasites, p. 153-169, https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996158.0153.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"153","endPage":"169","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6adf72","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Lewis, E.E.","contributorId":111454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"E.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505063,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Campbell, J.F.","contributorId":33066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505064,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sukhdeo, M.V.K.","contributorId":112116,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sukhdeo","given":"M.V.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505062,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":297731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":96834,"text":"96834 - 2002 - Bat inventory of Descanso district of Cleveland National Forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:55","indexId":"96834","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Bat inventory of Descanso district of Cleveland National Forest","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Stokes, D., and Fisher, R., 2002, Bat inventory of Descanso district of Cleveland National Forest, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"3","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640b6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stokes, D.C.","contributorId":73945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":87226,"text":"87226 - 2002 - Modeling ecosystem and population dynamics on the South Florida hydroscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-03-17T11:19:14","indexId":"87226","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Modeling ecosystem and population dynamics on the South Florida hydroscape","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Everglades, Florida Bay and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: An Ecosystem Sourcebook","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Delray Beach, FL","isbn":"0849320267","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., Bellmund, S., Mooij, W., Nott, M., Comiskey, E., Gross, L., and Wolff, W., 2002, Modeling ecosystem and population dynamics on the South Florida hydroscape, chap. of Everglades, Florida Bay and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: An Ecosystem Sourcebook, p. 239-258.","startPage":"239","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699995","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Porter, J.W.","contributorId":77726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504844,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porter, K.G.","contributorId":15319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504843,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bellmund, S.","contributorId":36075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bellmund","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mooij, W.M.","contributorId":79050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooij","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nott, M.P.","contributorId":78677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nott","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Comiskey, E.J.","contributorId":19903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Comiskey","given":"E.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gross, L.J.","contributorId":65030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wolff, W.M.","contributorId":13915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolff","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":95313,"text":"95313 - 2002 - Ascorbic Acid Aquatic Organisms: Status and Perspectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:52","indexId":"95313","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Ascorbic Acid Aquatic Organisms: Status and Perspectives","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press, LLC","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","collaboration":"02-026/FH","usgsCitation":"Blazer, V., 2002, Ascorbic Acid Aquatic Organisms: Status and Perspectives, v. 2, p. 529-531.","productDescription":"p. 529-531","startPage":"529","endPage":"531","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672be0","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dabrowski, K.","contributorId":55208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dabrowski","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505521,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Blazer, V. S. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":56991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}