{"pageNumber":"2968","pageRowStart":"74175","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":96194,"text":"96194 - 2002 - Community Food Webs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:52","indexId":"96194","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Community Food Webs","docAbstract":"Abstract not supplied at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of Environmetrics.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons.","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., 2002, Community Food Webs, chap. <i>of</i> Encyclopedia of Environmetrics., v. 1, p. 368-371.","startPage":"368","endPage":"371","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127211,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae5ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003929,"text":"1003929 - 2002 - Joining forces to improve our world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-17T13:55:31","indexId":"1003929","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Joining forces to improve our world","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01443.x","usgsCitation":"Karesh, W., Osofsky, S., Rocke, T., and Barrows, P., 2002, Joining forces to improve our world: Conservation Biology, v. 16, no. 5, p. 1432-1434, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01443.x.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"1432","endPage":"1434","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-27","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9fe4b07f02db661664","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karesh, W.B.","contributorId":98676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karesh","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Osofsky, S.A.","contributorId":58230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osofsky","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":88680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Barrows, P.L.","contributorId":96217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrows","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":87360,"text":"87360 - 2002 - Then and Now","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-02T19:55:49","indexId":"87360","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"4","title":"Then and Now","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aldo Leopold and the ecological conscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","isbn":"978-0195149449","usgsCitation":"Estes, J.A., 2002, Then and Now, chap. 4 <i>of</i> Aldo Leopold and the ecological conscience, p. 60-71.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"60","endPage":"71","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a57e4b07f02db62e67a","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Knight, Richard L.","contributorId":46014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Richard L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505075,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Riedel, Suzanne","contributorId":112501,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Riedel","given":"Suzanne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505076,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Estes, James A. jim_estes@usgs.gov","contributorId":53325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Estes","given":"James","email":"jim_estes@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6949,"text":"University of California, Santa Cruz","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":297741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":87358,"text":"87358 - 2002 - Overview and parting shots","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:58","indexId":"87358","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2102,"text":"Invasive species in the Sonoran Region.","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview and parting shots","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Invasive species in the Sonoran Region.","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lovich, J., 2002, Overview and parting shots: Invasive species in the Sonoran Region., p. 331-335.","productDescription":"p. 331-335","startPage":"331","endPage":"335","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128139,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db68a2ee","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tellman, B.","contributorId":112649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tellman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505073,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Lovich, J.E.","contributorId":102411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lovich","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":95454,"text":"95454 - 2002 - National Fish Strain Registry - Trout Species Tables on Reported Strains and Broodstocks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:00","indexId":"95454","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"title":"National Fish Strain Registry - Trout Species Tables on Reported Strains and Broodstocks","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"National Fish Strain Registry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey; U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"02-066/NF","usgsCitation":"Kincaid, H.L., Mengel, L., and Brimm, S., 2002, National Fish Strain Registry - Trout Species Tables on Reported Strains and Broodstocks.","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127892,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db69880f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mengel, L.J.","contributorId":54141,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mengel","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brimm, S.","contributorId":92192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brimm","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":96249,"text":"96249 - 2002 - USFWS demonstration fees","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-22T18:01:50","indexId":"96249","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"USFWS demonstration fees","docAbstract":"This study examined National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) visitors' reactions to changes in fees implemented as part of the fee demonstration program. Visitors' evaluations of the fees paid were examined in addition to their beliefs about fees and the fee demonstration program, and the impact of fees paid on their intention to return. All results were analyzed relative to socio-demographic characteristics.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","doi":"10.3133/96249","usgsCitation":"Taylor, J., Vaske, J., Donnelly, M., and Shelby, L., 2002, USFWS demonstration fees, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/96249.","productDescription":"1 p.","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":291181,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, Jonathan","contributorId":106431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Jonathan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vaske, Jerry","contributorId":52101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaske","given":"Jerry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Donnelly, Maureen","contributorId":28190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donnelly","given":"Maureen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shelby, Lori","contributorId":71116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shelby","given":"Lori","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024385,"text":"70024385 - 2002 - Quantifying flow-dependent changes in subyearling fall chinook salmon rearing habitat using two-dimensional spatially explicit modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T16:24:36","indexId":"70024385","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying flow-dependent changes in subyearling fall chinook salmon rearing habitat using two-dimensional spatially explicit modeling","docAbstract":"<p>We used an analysis based on a geographic information system (GIS) to determine the amount of rearing habitat and stranding area for subyearling fall chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River at steady-state flows ranging from 1,416 to 11,328 m3/s. High-resolution river channel bathymetry was used in conjunction with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to estimate water velocities, depths, and lateral slopes throughout our 33-km study area. To relate the probability of fish presence in nearshore habitats to measures of physical habitat, we developed a logistic regression model from point electrofishing data. We only considered variables that were compatible with a GIS and therefore excluded other variables known to be important to juvenile salmonids. Water velocity and lateral slope were the only two variables included in our final model. The amount of available rearing habitat generally decreased as flow increased, with the greatest decreases occurring between 1,416 and 4,814 m3/s. When river discharges were between 3,682 and 7,080 m3/s, flow fluctuations of 566 m3/s produced the smallest change in available rearing area (from -6.3% to +6.8% of the total). Stranding pool area was greatly reduced at steady-state flows exceeding 4,531 m3/s, but the highest net gain in stranding area was produced by 850 m3/s decreases in flow when river discharges were between 5,381 and 5,664 m3/s. Current measures to protect rearing fall chinook salmon include limiting flow fluctuations at Priest Rapids Dam to 850 m3/s when the dam is spilling water and when the weekly flows average less than 4,814 m3/s. We believe that limiting flow fluctuations at all discharges would further protect subyearling fall chinook salmon.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0713:QFDCIS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Tiffan, K., Garland, R., and Rondorf, D., 2002, Quantifying flow-dependent changes in subyearling fall chinook salmon rearing habitat using two-dimensional spatially explicit modeling: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 3, p. 713-726, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0713:QFDCIS>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"713","endPage":"726","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207209,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0713:QFDCIS>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.89517211914061,\n              46.66451741754235\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.92813110351561,\n              46.64283679198892\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.83474731445311,\n              46.60794102560568\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.60403442382811,\n              46.63152171082673\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.50103759765625,\n              46.6965511173143\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.34997558593749,\n              46.53713734839792\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.27993774414062,\n              46.40756396630067\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.27993774414062,\n              46.26724020382508\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.02999877929688,\n              46.13702492883557\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.87207031250001,\n              46.20644812194458\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.94210815429688,\n              46.27198674894286\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.08630371093749,\n              46.234002878622526\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.27581787109374,\n              46.557916007595786\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.44885253906251,\n              46.7276244872016\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.52438354492186,\n              46.73891945883612\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.65896606445312,\n              46.68147880091785\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.88006591796874,\n              46.66545985627255\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.89517211914061,\n              46.66451741754235\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91cae4b0c8380cd8046e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tiffan, K.F.","contributorId":19327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tiffan","given":"K.F.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garland, R.D.","contributorId":60806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garland","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rondorf, D.W.","contributorId":80789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rondorf","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024480,"text":"70024480 - 2002 - Modeling enhanced in situ denitrification in groundwater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T11:00:47","indexId":"70024480","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2255,"text":"Journal of Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling enhanced in situ denitrification in groundwater","docAbstract":"<p><span>A two-dimensional numerical solute transport model was developed for simulating an enhanced in situ denitrification experiment performed in a nitrate-contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. In this experiment, formate&nbsp;</span><span class=\"equationTd\"><span id=\"MathJax-Element-1-Frame\" class=\"MathJax\" data-mathml=\"<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; overflow=&quot;scroll&quot;><mrow><mo>(</mo><msup><mi>HCOO</mi><mrow><mo>-</mo></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>\"><span class=\"MJX_Assistive_MathML\">(HCOO-)</span></span></span><span>&nbsp;was injected for a period of 26 days into the carbon-limited aquifer to stimulate denitrification. Calibration of the vertical-profile site model was demonstrated through error analysis and comparison with formate, nitrate, and nitrite concentration data monitored along a transect of three multilevel groundwater sampling wells for 75 days after initial injection. Formate utilization rates were approximately 142 and 38 μM/day for nitrate and nitrite reduction, respectively. Nitrate and nitrite utilization rates were approximately 29 and 8 μM/day, respectively. Nitrate utilization rates under enhanced conditions were 1 order of magnitude greater than previously reported naturally occurring rates. The nitrite production rate was approximately 29 μM/day. Persistence of nitrite was attributed to a combination of factors, including electron donor (formate) limitation late in the experiment, preferential utilization of nitrate as an electron acceptor, and greater nitrite production relative to nitrite utilization.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:6(491)","issn":"07339372","usgsCitation":"Killingstad, M., Widdowson, M., and Smith, R.L., 2002, Modeling enhanced in situ denitrification in groundwater: Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 128, no. 6, p. 491-504, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:6(491).","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"491","endPage":"504","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233336,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207997,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2002)128:6(491)"}],"volume":"128","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5bf7e4b0c8380cd6f931","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Killingstad, M.W.","contributorId":105478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Killingstad","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Widdowson, M.A.","contributorId":46262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Widdowson","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, R. L.","contributorId":93904,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1016183,"text":"1016183 - 2002 - Rangeland health attributes and indicators for qualitative assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T15:55:45.318426","indexId":"1016183","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2441,"text":"Journal of Range Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rangeland health attributes and indicators for qualitative assessment","docAbstract":"Panels of experts from the Society for Range Management and the National Research Council proposed that status of rangeland ecosystems could be ascertained by evaluating an ecological site's potential to conserve soil resources and by a series of indicators for ecosystem processes and site stability. Using these recommendations as a starting point, we developed a rapid, qualitative method for assessing a moment-in-time status of rangelands. Evaluators rate 17 indicators to assess 3 ecosystem attributes (soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and biotic integrity) for a given location. Indicators include rills, water flow patterns, pedestals and terracettes, bare ground, gullies, wind scour and depositional areas, litter movement, soil resistance to erosion, soil surface loss or degradation, plant composition relative to infiltration, soil compaction, plant functional/structural groups, plant mortality, litter amount, annual production, invasive plants, and reproductive capability. In this paper, we detail the development and evolution of the technique and introduce a modified ecological reference worksheet that documents the expected presence and amount of each indicator on the ecological site. In addition, we review the intended applications for this technique and clarify the differences between assessment and monitoring that lead us to recommend this technique be used for moment-in-time assessments and not be used for temporal monitoring of rangeland status. Lastly, we propose a mechanism for adapting and modifying this technique to reflect improvements in understanding of ecosystem processes. We support the need for quantitative measures for monitoring rangeland health and propose some measures that we believe may address some of the 17 indicators.","language":"English","publisher":"Allen Press","doi":"10.2307/4004002","usgsCitation":"Pyke, D.A., Herrick, J.E., Shaver, P., and Pellant, M., 2002, Rangeland health attributes and indicators for qualitative assessment: Journal of Range Management, v. 55, no. 6, p. 584-597, https://doi.org/10.2307/4004002.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"584","endPage":"597","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478698,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10150/643703","text":"External Repository"},{"id":135440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db6494f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyke, David A. 0000-0002-4578-8335 david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4578-8335","contributorId":3118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyke","given":"David","email":"david_a_pyke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herrick, Jeffrey E.","contributorId":26054,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrick","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":12627,"text":"USDA-ARS Jornada Experimental Range, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":323689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shaver, Patrick","contributorId":217950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaver","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[{"id":6680,"text":"Oregon State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":848222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pellant, Mike","contributorId":97057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pellant","given":"Mike","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023459,"text":"70023459 - 2002 - Gonadotropin-dependent oocyte maturational competence requires activation of the protein kinase A pathway and synthesis of RNA and protein in ovarian follicles of Nibe, Nibea mitsukurii (Teleostei, Sciaenidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023459","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1651,"text":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gonadotropin-dependent oocyte maturational competence requires activation of the protein kinase A pathway and synthesis of RNA and protein in ovarian follicles of Nibe, Nibea mitsukurii (Teleostei, Sciaenidae)","docAbstract":"Luteinizing hormone- (LH)-dependent ovarian follicle maturation has been recently described in two stages for teleost fishes. The oocyte's ability to respond to the steroidal maturation-inducing hormone (MIH), also known as oocyte maturational competence (OMC), is acquired during the first stage; whereas the MIH-dependent resumption of meiosis occurs during the second stage. However, studies directly addressing OMC have been performed with a limited number of species and therefore the general relevance of the two-stage model and its mechanisms remain uncertain. In this study, we examined the hormonal regulation of OMC and its basic transduction mechanisms in ovarian follicles of the sciaenid teleost, Nibe (Nibea mitsukurii). Exposure to MIH [17,20??-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one or 17,20??,21-trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one] stimulated germinal vesicle breakdown (index of meiotic resumption) in full-grown follicles primed with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, an LH-like gonadotropin) but not in those pre-cultured in plain incubation medium. The induction of OMC by HCG was mimicked by protein kinase A (PKA) activators (forskolin and dibutyryl cyclic AMP), and blocked by specific inhibitors of PKA (H89 and H8) as well as inhibitors of RNA (actinomycin D) and protein (cycloheximide) synthesis. Forskolin-induced OMC was also inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. A strong activator of protein kinase C, PMA, inhibited HCG-dependent OMC. In conclusion, OMC in Nibe ovarian follicles is gonadotropin-dependent and requires activation of the PKA pathway followed by gene transcription and translation events. These observations are consistent with the two-stage model of ovarian follicle maturation proposed for other teleosts, and suggest that Nibe can be used as new model species for mechanistic studies of ovarian follicle differentiation and maturation in fishes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1022209710224","issn":"09201742","usgsCitation":"Yoshizaki, G., Shusa, M., Takeuchi, T., and Patino, R., 2002, Gonadotropin-dependent oocyte maturational competence requires activation of the protein kinase A pathway and synthesis of RNA and protein in ovarian follicles of Nibe, Nibea mitsukurii (Teleostei, Sciaenidae): Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, v. 25, no. 3, p. 201-208, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022209710224.","startPage":"201","endPage":"208","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207535,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022209710224"},{"id":232568,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29ace4b0c8380cd5ab35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yoshizaki, G.","contributorId":74488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoshizaki","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shusa, M.","contributorId":72979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shusa","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Takeuchi, T.","contributorId":36325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takeuchi","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Patino, R.","contributorId":39915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patino","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1016179,"text":"1016179 - 2002 - Growth responses of subalpine fir to climatic variability in the Pacific Northwest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T17:02:30.494344","indexId":"1016179","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1170,"text":"Canadian Journal of Forest Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Growth responses of subalpine fir to climatic variability in the Pacific Northwest","docAbstract":"<p><span>We studied regional variation in growth-limiting factors and responses to climatic variability in subalpine forests by analyzing growth patterns for 28 tree-ring growth chronologies from subalpine fir (</span><i>Abies lasiocarpa</i><span>&nbsp;(Hook.) Nutt.) stands in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains (Washington and Oregon, U.S.A.). Factor analysis identified four distinct time series of common growth patterns; the dominant growth pattern at any site varied with annual precipitation and temperature (elevation). Throughout much of the region, growth is negatively correlated with winter precipitation and spring snowpack depth, indicating that growth is limited primarily by short growing seasons. On the driest and warmest sites, growth is negatively correlated with previous summer temperature, suggesting that low summer soil moisture limits growth. Growth patterns in two regions were sensitive to climatic variability associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, apparently responding to low-frequency variation in spring snowpack and summer soil moisture (one negatively, one positively). This regional-scale analysis shows that subalpine fir growth in the Cascades and Olympics is limited by different climatic factors in different subregional climates. Climate–growth relationships are similar to those for a co-occurring species, mountain hemlock (</span><i>Tsuga mertensiana</i><span>&nbsp;(Bong.) Carrière), suggesting broad biogeographic patterns of response to climatic variability and change by subalpine forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/x02-072","usgsCitation":"Peterson, D.W., Peterson, D.L., and Ettl, G.J., 2002, Growth responses of subalpine fir to climatic variability in the Pacific Northwest: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, v. 32, no. 9, p. 1503-1517, https://doi.org/10.1139/x02-072.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1503","endPage":"1517","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","otherGeospatial":"Pacific Northwest","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.76074218749999,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.861328125,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.861328125,\n              48.980216985374994\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.76074218749999,\n              48.980216985374994\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.76074218749999,\n              43.83452678223682\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae28b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, David W.","contributorId":229052,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":41567,"text":"USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Threats Characterization and Management Program, 1133 N. Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA, 98801, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":323682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, David L. davep@usgs.gov","contributorId":292421,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"David","email":"davep@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ettl, Gregory J.","contributorId":76276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ettl","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024640,"text":"70024640 - 2002 - Crosswell seismic investigation of hydraulically conductive, fracture bedrock near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:53:27","indexId":"70024640","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crosswell seismic investigation of hydraulically conductive, fracture bedrock near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id14\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id15\"><p>Near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire (USA), hydraulically conductive, fractured bedrock was investigated with the crosswell seismic method to determine whether this method could provide any information about hydraulic conductivity between wells. To this end, crosswell seismic data, acoustic logs from boreholes, image logs from boreholes, and single borehole hydraulic tests were analyzed. The analysis showed that, first, the P-wave velocities from the acoustic logs tended to be higher in schist than they were in granite. (Schist and granite were the dominant rock types). Second, the P-wave velocities from the acoustic logs tended to be low near fractures. Third, the hydraulic conductivity was always low (always less than to 10<sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m/s) where no fractures intersected the borehole, but the hydraulic conductivity ranged from low to high (from less than to 10<sup>−10</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m/s to 10<sup>−4</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>m/s) where one or more fractures intersected the borehole. Fourth, high hydraulic conductivities were slightly more frequent when the P-wave velocity was low (less than 5200 m/s) than when it was high (greater than or equal to 5200 m/s). The interpretation of this statistical relation was that the fractures tended to increase the hydraulic conductivity and to lower the P-wave velocity. This statistical relation was applied to a velocity tomogram to create a map showing the probability of high hydraulic conductivity; the map was consistent with results from independent hydraulic tests.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00149-0","issn":"09269851","usgsCitation":"Ellefsen, K., Hsieh, P.A., and Shapiro, A., 2002, Crosswell seismic investigation of hydraulically conductive, fracture bedrock near Mirror Lake, New Hampshire: Journal of Applied Geophysics, v. 50, no. 3, p. 299-317, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00149-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"317","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233132,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207874,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00149-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Mirror Lake","volume":"50","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc8e4b0c8380cd4e429","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellefsen, K.J. 0000-0003-3075-4703","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-4703","contributorId":12061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellefsen","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hsieh, P. A.","contributorId":40596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hsieh","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shapiro, A.M. 0000-0002-6425-9607","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":88384,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"A.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":402066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024646,"text":"70024646 - 2002 - Gold deposits in the Xiaoqinling-Xiong'ershan region, Qinling mountains, central China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024646","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gold deposits in the Xiaoqinling-Xiong'ershan region, Qinling mountains, central China","docAbstract":"The gold-rich Xiaoqinling-Xiong'ershan region in eastern Shaanxi and western Henan provinces, central China, lies about 30-50 km inland of the southern margin of the North China craton. More than 100 gold deposits and occurrences are concentrated in the Xiaoqinling (west), Xiaoshan (middle), and Xiong'ershan (east) areas. Late Archean gneiss of the Taihua Group, and Middle Proterozoic metavolcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group are the main host rocks for the deposits. Mesozoic granitoids (ca. 178-104 Ma) are present in most gold districts, but deposits are typically hosted in the Precambrian basement rocks hundreds of meters to as far as 10 km from the intrusions and related hornfels zones. Deposits in the Xiaoqinling and Xiaoshan areas are best classified as orogenic gold deposits, with ores occurring in a number of distinct belts both in quartz veins and disseminated in altered metamorphic rocks. Alteration assemblages are dominated by quartz, sericite, pyrite, and carbonate minerals. The ore-forming fluids were low salinity, CO2-rich, and characterized by isotopically heavy ??18O. Four deposits (Dongchuang, Wenyu, Yangzhaiyu, and Dahu) in the Xiaoqinling area each contain resources of about 1 Moz Au. Some of the gold deposits in the Xiong'ershan area represent more shallowly emplaced tellurium-enriched orogenic systems, which include resources of approximately 1-1.5 Moz Au at Shanggong and Beiling (or Tantou). Others are epithermal deposits (e.g., Qiyugou and Dianfang) that are hosted in volcanic breccia pipes. Isotopic dates for all gold deposits, although often contradictory, generally cluster between 172-99 Ma and are coeval with emplacement of the post-kinematic granitoids. The gold deposits formed during a period of relaxation of far-field compressional stresses, clearly subsequent to the extensive Paleozoic-early Mesozoic accretion of are terranes and the Yangtze craton onto the southern margin of the North China craton. Hydrothermal and magmatic events occurred locally where extension-related Precambrian basement uplifting took place along the craton margin. Fluids for the orogenic gold deposits in the Xiaoqinling, Xiaoshan, and Xiong'ershan areas may have been released from evolving magmas or resulted from prograde metamorphic reactions within the uplift zones. Alternatively, for the epithermal gold deposits at shallower levels in the Xiong'ershan area, gold-transporting fluids were mainly exsolved from coeval magmas, although meteoric water was also involved in these hydrothermal systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00126-001-0248-1","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Mao, J., Goldfarb, R., Zhang, Z., Xu, W., Qiu, Y., and Deng, J., 2002, Gold deposits in the Xiaoqinling-Xiong'ershan region, Qinling mountains, central China: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, no. 3-4, p. 306-325, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0248-1.","startPage":"306","endPage":"325","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207910,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0248-1"},{"id":233201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2985e4b0c8380cd5aa02","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mao, J.","contributorId":87513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mao","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, Z.","contributorId":47505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xu, W.","contributorId":43138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xu","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402088,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Qiu, Yumin","contributorId":70962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Qiu","given":"Yumin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Deng, J.","contributorId":11360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deng","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024551,"text":"70024551 - 2002 - Provisioning rates and time budgets of adult and nestling Bald Eagles at Inland Wisconsin nests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024551","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Provisioning rates and time budgets of adult and nestling Bald Eagles at Inland Wisconsin nests","docAbstract":"We used a remote video recording system and direct observation to quantify provisioning rate and adult and nestling behavior at Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nests in north-central Wisconsin in 1992 (N = 5) and 1993 (N = 8). Eagles nesting in this region have a high reproductive rate (??? 1.3 young/occupied territory), and the number of occupied territories has expanded nearly three-fold since 1980. The season-long provisioning rate averaged 5.2 prey deliveries/nest/d and 3.0 prey deliveries/nestling/d, and did not vary by year or with nestling number or age. Fish (Osteichthyes) made up 97% of identified prey deliveries followed by reptiles (Reptilia) (1.5%), birds (Aves) (1.2%), and mammals (Mammalia) (0.6%). Nearly 85% of prey items were >15 cm and <45 cm and 13% were <15 cm in length. Adult attendance (time ??? adult was at the nest) at nestling age 2-4 wk was >90% of the day and was negatively correlated with nestling age. Time adults spent feeding nestlings was negatively correlated with nestling age. Nestlings stood or sat in the nest >30% of the day, began to feed themselves, and exhibited increased mobility in the nest at 6-8 wk. We identified three stages of the nestling period and several benchmarks that may be useful when scheduling data collection for comparison of Bald Eagle nesting behavior. Our results support the hypothesis that food was not limiting this breeding population of Bald Eagles. ?? 2002 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Keith, W.D., Andersen, D., Dykstra, C.R., Meyer, M., and Karasov, W.H., 2002, Provisioning rates and time budgets of adult and nestling Bald Eagles at Inland Wisconsin nests: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 36, no. 2, p. 121-127.","startPage":"121","endPage":"127","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8fb2e4b0c8380cd7f8ee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keith, Warnke D.","contributorId":95236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keith","given":"Warnke","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, D. E.","contributorId":27816,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dykstra, Cheryl R.","contributorId":18142,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dykstra","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M.W.","contributorId":38094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Karasov, W. H.","contributorId":25889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karasov","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024547,"text":"70024547 - 2002 - Spatial variability of shelf sediments in the STRATAFORM natural laboratory, Northern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024547","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial variability of shelf sediments in the STRATAFORM natural laboratory, Northern California","docAbstract":"The \"Correlation Length Experiment\", an intensive box coring effort on the Eel River shelf (Northern California) in the summer of 1997, endeavored to characterize the lateral variability of near-surface shelf sediments over scales of meters to kilometers. Coring focused on two sites, K60 and S60, separated by ??? 15 km along the 60 m isobath. The sites are near the sand-to-mud transition, although K60 is sandier owing to its proximity to the Eel River mouth. Nearly 140 cores were collected on dip and strike lines with core intervals from < 10m to 1 km. Measurements on each core included bulk density computed from gamma-ray attenuation, porosity converted from resistivity measurements, and surficial grain size. Grain size was also measured over the full depth range within a select subset of cores. X-radiograph images were also examined. Semi-variograms were computed for strike, dip, and down-hole directions at each site. The sand-to-mud transition exerts a strong influence on all measurements: on average, bulk density increases and porosity decreases with regional increases in mean grain size. Analysis of bulk density measurements indicates very strong contrasts in the sediment variability at K60 and S60. No coherent bedding is seen at K60; in the strike direction, horizontal variability is \"white\" (fully uncorrelated) from the smallest scales examined (a few meters) to the largest (8 km), with a variance equal to that seen within the cores. In contrast, coherent bedding exists at S60 related to the preservation of the 1995 flood deposit. A correlatable structure is found in the strike direction with a decorrelation distance of ??? 800 m, and can be related to long-wavelength undulations in the topography and/or thickness of the flood layer or overburden. We hypothesize that the high degree of bulk density variability at K60 is a result of more intense physical reworking of the seabed in the sandier environment. Without significant averaging, the resistivity-based porosity measurements are only marginally correlated to gamma-ray-bulk density measurements, and are largely independent of mean grain size. Furthermore, porosity displays a high degree of incoherent variability at both sites. Porosity, with a much smaller sample volume than bulk density, may therefore resolve small-scale biogenic variability which is filtered out in the bulk density measurement. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00097-8","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Goff, J., Wheatcroft, R.A., Lee, H., Drake, D., Swift, D., and Fan, S., 2002, Spatial variability of shelf sediments in the STRATAFORM natural laboratory, Northern California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 8, p. 1199-1223, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00097-8.","startPage":"1199","endPage":"1223","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207974,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00097-8"},{"id":233305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b94b4e4b08c986b31abfc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goff, J.A.","contributorId":17004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wheatcroft, R. A.","contributorId":76503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wheatcroft","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, H.","contributorId":40739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swift, D.J.P.","contributorId":18505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swift","given":"D.J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fan, S.","contributorId":73784,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fan","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025121,"text":"70025121 - 2002 - Status of use of lunar irradiance for on-orbit calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:27","indexId":"70025121","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Status of use of lunar irradiance for on-orbit calibration","docAbstract":"Routine observations of the Moon have been acquired by the Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) for over four years. The ROLO instruments measure lunar radiance in 23 VNIR (Moon diameter ???500 pixels) and 9 SWIR (???250 pixels) passbands every month when the Moon is at phase angle less than 90 degrees. These are converted to exoatmospheric values at standard distances using an atmospheric extinction model based on observations of standard stars and a NIST-traceable absolute calibration source. Reduction of the stellar images also provides an independent pathway for absolute calibration. Comparison of stellar-based and lamp-based absolute calibrations of the lunar images currently shows unacceptably large differences. An analytic model of lunar irradiance as a function of phase angle and viewing geometry is derived from the calibrated lunar images. Residuals from models which fit hundreds of observations at each wavelength average less than 2%. Comparison with SeaWiFS observations over three years reveals a small quasi-periodic change in SeaWiFS responsivity that correlates with distance from the Sun for the first two years, then departs from this correlation.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Earth Observing Systems VI","conferenceDate":"1 August 2001 through 3 August 2001","conferenceLocation":"San Diego, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.453450","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Stone, T., Kieffer, H.H., and Anderson, J., 2002, Status of use of lunar irradiance for on-orbit calibration, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4483, San Diego, CA, 1 August 2001 through 3 August 2001, p. 165-175, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.453450.","startPage":"165","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209402,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.453450"},{"id":235804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4483","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b980be4b08c986b31bdc7","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Barnes W.L.","contributorId":128354,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Barnes W.L.","id":536548,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Stone, T.C.","contributorId":74874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"T.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Anderson, J.M.","contributorId":49830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025061,"text":"70025061 - 2002 - Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70025061","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar","docAbstract":"A new high-resolution directional borehole radar-logging tool (DBOR tool) was used to log three wells at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The radar system uses identical directional cavity-backed monopole transmitting and receiving antennas that can be mechanically rotated while the tool is stationary or moving slowly in a borehole. Faster reconnaissance logging with no antenna rotation was also done to find zones of interest. The microprocessor-controlled motor/encoder in the tool can rotate the antennas azimuthally, to a commanded angle, accurate to a within few degrees. The three logged wells in the unsaturated zone at the INEEL had been cored with good core recovery through most zones. After coring, PVC casing was installed in the wells. The unsaturated zone consists of layered basalt flows that are interbedded with thin layers of coarse-to-fine grained sediments. Several zones were found that show distinctive signatures consistent with fractures in the basalt. These zones may correspond to suspected preferential flow paths. The DBOR data were compared to core, and other borehole log information to help provide better understanding of hydraulic flow and transport in preferential flow paths in the unsaturated zone basalts at the INEEL.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"9th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","conferenceDate":"29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002","conferenceLocation":"Santa Barbara, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.462208","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Moulton, C., Wright, D., Hutton, S., Smith, D., and Abraham, J., 2002, Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4758, Santa Barbara, CA, 29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002, p. 13-18, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462208.","startPage":"13","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209567,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.462208"},{"id":236170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4758","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efc2e4b0c8380cd4a433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulton, C.W.","contributorId":81681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulton","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutton, S.R.","contributorId":50337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D.V.G.","contributorId":57249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023929,"text":"70023929 - 2002 - Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric stability and absolute calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-06T16:36:54.304804","indexId":"70023929","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric stability and absolute calibration","docAbstract":"Launched in April 1999, the Landsat-7 ETM+ instrument is in its fourth year of operation. The quality of the acquired calibrated imagery continues to be high, especially with respect to its three most important radiometric performance parameters: reflective band instrument stability to better than ??1%, reflective band absolute calibration to better than ??5%, and thermal band absolute calibration to better than ??0.6 K. The ETM+ instrument has been the most stable of any of the Landsat instruments, in both the reflective and thermal channels. To date, the best on-board calibration source for the reflective bands has been the Full Aperture Solar Calibrator, which has indicated changes of at most -1.8% to -2.0% (95% C.I.) change per year in the ETM+ gain (band 4). However, this change is believed to be caused by changes in the solar diffuser panel, as opposed to a change in the instrument's gain. This belief is based partially on ground observations, which bound the changes in gain in band 4 at -0.7% to +1.5%. Also, ETM+ stability is indicated by the monitoring of desert targets. These image-based results for four Saharan and Arabian sites, for a collection of 35 scenes over the three years since launch, bound the gain change at -0.7% to +0.5% in band 4. Thermal calibration from ground observations revealed an offset error of +0.31 W/m 2 sr um soon after launch. This offset was corrected within the U. S. ground processing system at EROS Data Center on 21-Dec-00, and since then, the band 6 on-board calibration has indicated changes of at most +0.02% to +0.04% (95% C.I.) per year. The latest ground observations have detected no remaining offset error with an RMS error of ??0.6 K. The stability and absolute calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ sensor make it an ideal candidate to be used as a reference source for radiometric cross-calibrating to other land remote sensing satellite systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VI","conferenceDate":"Sep 23-26, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Agia Pelagia, Crete, Greece","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.462998","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Barker, J.L., Barsi, J., Kaita, E., Thome, K.J., Helder, D., Palluconi, F.D., Schott, J.R., and Scaramuzza, P., 2002, Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric stability and absolute calibration, <i>in</i> Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4881, Agia Pelagia, Crete, Greece, Sep 23-26, 2002, p. 308-318, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462998.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"308","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4881","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43f2e4b0c8380cd66707","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Fujisada H.Lurie J.B.Aten M.L.Weber K.","contributorId":128398,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Fujisada H.Lurie J.B.Aten M.L.Weber K.","id":536522,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, J. L.","contributorId":83518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barsi, J. A.","contributorId":24085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barsi","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaita, E.","contributorId":73777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaita","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Palluconi, Frank Don","contributorId":14952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palluconi","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schott, J. R.","contributorId":16613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Scaramuzza, Pat 0000-0002-2616-8456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":80035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"Pat","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70024095,"text":"70024095 - 2002 - Hydrogeologic processes in saline systems: Playas, sabkhas, and saline lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024095","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1431,"text":"Earth-Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrogeologic processes in saline systems: Playas, sabkhas, and saline lakes","docAbstract":"Pans, playas, sabkhas, salinas, saline lakes, and salt flats are hydrologically similar, varying only in their boundary conditions. Thus, in evaluating geochemical processes in these systems, a generic water and solute mass-balance approach can be utilized. A conceptual model of a coastal sabkha near the Arabian Gulf is used as an example to illustrate the various water and solute fluxes. Analysis of this model suggests that upward flux of ground water from underlying formations could be a major source of solutes in the sabkha, but contribute only a small volume of the water. Local rainfall is the main source of water in the modeled sabkha system with a surprisingly large recharge-to-rainfall ratio of more than 50%. The contribution of seawater to the solute budget depends on the ratio of the width of the supratidal zone to the total width and is generally confined to a narrow zone near the shoreline of a typical coastal sabkha. Because of a short residence time of water, steady-state flow is expected within a short time (<100 years), while steady state for solutes may take much longer (>50,000 years). The solute composition of the brine in a closed saline system depends largely on the original composition of the input water. The high total ion content in the brine limits the efficiency of water-rock interaction and absorption. Because most natural systems are hydrologically open, the chemistry of the brines and the associated evaporite deposits may be significantly different than that predicted for hydrologically closed systems. Seasonal changes in temperature of the unsaturated zone cause precipitation of minerals in saline systems undergoing evaporation. Thus, during the hot dry season months, minerals exhibit retrograde solubility so that gypsum, anhydrite and calcite precipitate. Evaporation near the surface is also a major process that causes mineral precipitation in the upper portion of the unsaturated zone (e.g. halite and carnallite), provided that the relative humidity of the atmosphere is less than the activity of water. The slope of the fresh/brine-water interface in saline lake systems is shallower than in fresh/seawater interface because of the greater density difference between the fresh/brine-water bodies. The interface between sabkha brines and seawater slopes seaward, unlike normal marine-fresh water systems that slope landward. Moreover, the brine/seawater interface does not achieve steady state because it is pushed toward the sea by the sabkha's brine. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth-Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00067-3","issn":"00128252","usgsCitation":"Yechieli, Y., and Wood, W., 2002, Hydrogeologic processes in saline systems: Playas, sabkhas, and saline lakes: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 58, no. 3-4, p. 343-365, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00067-3.","startPage":"343","endPage":"365","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207151,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00067-3"}],"volume":"58","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a33f2e4b0c8380cd5f3b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yechieli, Y.","contributorId":23308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yechieli","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400009,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014692,"text":"1014692 - 2002 - Practical application of disease resistance: A brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T12:04:13.067008","indexId":"1014692","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Practical application of disease resistance: A brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis","docAbstract":"<p><span>Selection is unwittingly influenced by nuances of fish culturists and adaptation of fish to intensive culture within artificial environments. When pathogens are present, susceptible individuals may be selectively eliminated from a population, accounting for inter-specific and intra-specific differences in susceptibility to disease. Biologists often intensify such selection to enhance resistance. Particularly important to this discourse is the selective breeding program initiated by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (Rome, NY, USA) to produce brown trout (</span><i>Salmo salar</i><span>) and brook trout (</span><i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i><span>) that are resistant to&nbsp;</span><i>Aeromonas salmonicida</i><span>. This program, specifically as it relates to brook trout, is reviewed throughout the current manuscript. In addition, we present a comparison between the performance of the Rome strain of brook trout to that of the Owhi strain of brook trout during a 17-month production cycle at the Ed Weed Fish Culture Station (Grand Isle, VT, USA) and after stocking into Vermont waters. The Owhi strain is used in recreational fisheries because it has good post-stocking survival, but these fish are sensitive to furunculosis. Our data indicated that the Rome strain had a food conversion rate of 1.3 that was slightly less than the 1.1 conversion rate of the Owhi brook trout. The growth rate measured as Monthly Temperature Units per inch (MTU/in.) among Rome brook trout (24.9 MTU/in.) was better than the Owhi brook trout (29.5 MTU/in.). Both the average length (23.6 cm) and weight (159.7 g) of individual Rome brook trout were superior to those of the Owhi strain (20.4 cm and 78.2 g, respectively). Just prior to stocking, survival within the hatchery was 84% among the Rome trout, but only 51% among the Owhi brook trout and mortality was attributed to a persistent epizootic of furunculosis. Microbiological assays indicated that the prevalence of&nbsp;</span><i>A. salmonicida</i><span>&nbsp;in dermal mucus attained equivalent levels within both strains of fish at different phases of the production cycle. The level of systemic infection, however, was regulated to a much greater extent by the Rome strain of brook trout throughout production. Our results indicated that the Rome brook trout strain satisfies management objectives for establishing an effective recreational brook trout fishery. Use of this strain also reduces management issues that complicate production when&nbsp;</span><i>A. salmonicida</i><span>&nbsp;is enzootic.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00863-8","usgsCitation":"Cipriano, R.C., Marchant, D., Jones, T., and Schachte, J.H., 2002, Practical application of disease resistance: A brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis: Aquaculture, v. 206, no. 1/2, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00863-8.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":418,"text":"National Fish Health Research Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Grand Isle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.35296630859375,\n              44.70770622183535\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.35433959960938,\n              44.679395168267874\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.32138061523438,\n              44.67353598094039\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.28842163085938,\n              44.67548910920999\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.2568359375,\n              44.718441276800455\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.24722290039062,\n              44.75453548416007\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.2733154296875,\n              44.7691618526244\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.29940795898438,\n              44.767211884106956\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.33099365234375,\n              44.74868389996833\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.3447265625,\n              44.73600343509071\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.35296630859375,\n              44.70770622183535\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"206","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681cfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cipriano, R. C.","contributorId":12400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cipriano","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marchant, D.","contributorId":21912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marchant","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, T.E.","contributorId":47327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schachte, J. H.","contributorId":27399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schachte","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1014708,"text":"1014708 - 2002 - Correlates of success for on-site releases of nuisance black bears Great Smoky Mountains National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:04","indexId":"1014708","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlates of success for on-site releases of nuisance black bears Great Smoky Mountains National Park","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"02-002/SAL","usgsCitation":"Clark, J., Van Manen, F., and Pelton, M., 2002, Correlates of success for on-site releases of nuisance black bears Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 1, p. 104-111.","productDescription":"p. 104-111","startPage":"104","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68487c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J.E.","contributorId":66630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Manen, F.T.","contributorId":45241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Manen","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pelton, M.R.","contributorId":35672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelton","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023947,"text":"70023947 - 2002 - Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the eastern and central Alaska Range: Progressive basin development and deformation in a suture zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023947","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the eastern and central Alaska Range: Progressive basin development and deformation in a suture zone","docAbstract":"Analysis of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary basins, metamorphic rocks, and major faults in the eastern and central Alaska Range documents the progressive development of a suture zone that formed as a result of collision of an island-arc assemblage (the Wrangellia composite terrane) with the former North American continental margin. New basin-analysis, structural, and geochronologic data indicate the following stages in the development of the suture zone: (1) Deposition of 3-5 km of Upper Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous marine strata (the Kahiltna assemblage) recorded the initial collision of the island-arc assemblage with the continental margin. The Kahiltna assemblage exposed in the northern Talkeetna Mountains represents a Kimmeridgian-Valanginian backarc basin that was filled by northwestward-flowing submarine-fan systems that were transporting sediment derived from Mesozoic strata of the island-arc assemblage. The Kahiltna assemblage exposed in the southern Alaska Range represents a Valanginian-Cenomanian remnant ocean basin filled by west-southwestward-flowing submarine-fan systems that were transporting sediment derived from Paleozoic continental-margin strata uplifted in the along-strike suture zone. A belt of retrograde metamorphism and a regional anticlinorium developed along the continental margin from 115 to 106 Ma, roughly coeval with the end of widespread deposition in the Kahiltna sedimentary basins. (2) Metamorphism of submarine-fan deposits of the Kahiltna basin, located near the leading edge of the island-arc assemblage, occurred at ca. 74 Ma, as determined from a new U-Pb zircon age for a synkinematic sill. Coeval with metamorphism of deposits of the Kahiltna basin in the southern part of the suture zone was development of a thrust-top basin, the Cantwell basin, in the northern part of the suture zone. Geologic mapping and compositional data suggest that the 4 km of Upper Cretaceous nonmarine and marginal marine sedimentary strata in this basin record regional subaerial uplift of the suture zone. (3) Shortening and exhumation of the suture zone peaked from 65 to 60 Ma on the basis of metamorphic and geochronologic data. In the southern part of the suture zone, submarine-fan deposits of the Kahiltna basin, which had been metamorphosed to kyanite schists at ???25 km depth and ???650 ??C, were exhumed and cooled through the biotite closure temperature (???300 ??C) by ca. 62 Ma. In the northern part of the suture zone, this time period was marked by shortening, uplift, and erosion of sedimentary strata of the Cantwell basin. (4) From 60 to 54 Ma, ???3 km of volcanic strata were deposited over deformed sedimentary strata of the Cantwell basin, and several granitic plutons (the McKinley sequence) were emplaced along the suture zone. (5) Following igneous activity, strikeslip displacement occurred from ca. 54 to 24 Ma along the Denali fault system, which had developed in the existing suture zone. Late Eocene-Oligocene strike-slip displacement resulted in the formation of several small sedimentary basins along the Denali fault system. (6) Regional transpressive shortening characterized the suture zone from ca. 24 Ma to the present. Flexural subsidence, related to regional shortening, is represented by late Eocene to Holocene nonmarine deposits of the Tanana foreland basin. Regional subsidence resulted in Miocene coal seams up to 20 m thick and well-developed lacustrine deposits. Overlying the Miocene deposits are ???1.2 km of Pliocene and Holocene conglomeratic deposits. Compositional and paleocurrent data from these younger deposits record regional Neogene uplift of the suture zone and recycling of detritus from older basins to the south that had become incorporated into the uplifted suture zone. Geologic mapping of major thrust faults along the northern and southern margins of the suture zone documents Paleozoic strata thrust over both Pliocene fluvial deposits and Quaternary glacial deposits of the Tanana basin. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1480:MACTOT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Ridgway, K., Trop, J., Nokleberg, W., Davidson, C., and Eastham, K., 2002, Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the eastern and central Alaska Range: Progressive basin development and deformation in a suture zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 12, p. 1480-1504, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1480:MACTOT>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1480","endPage":"1504","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207232,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1480:MACTOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":232013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5450e4b0c8380cd6cf49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ridgway, K.D.","contributorId":62792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgway","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trop, J.M.","contributorId":32329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trop","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davidson, C.M.","contributorId":39977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eastham, K.R.","contributorId":33885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastham","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024288,"text":"70024288 - 2002 - Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024288","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites","docAbstract":"Riparian municipal wells, that are located on riverbanks, are specifically designed to capture a portion of the river water through induced infiltration. Runoff from agricultural watersheds is found to carry enormous amounts of pesticides and nitrate. While the risk of contamination for a vast majority of sites with small-capacity vertical wells is low, potential exists for medium to large capacity collector wells to capture a fraction of the surface water contaminants during flood. Prior monitoring and current modeling results indicate that a small-capacity (peak pumpage 0.0315 m3/s) vertical bank filtration well may not be affected by river water nitrate and atrazine even during flood periods. For a medium capacity (0.0875-0.175 m3/s) hypothetical collector well at the same site, potential exists for a portion of the river water nitrate and atrazine to enter the well during flood periods. Various combinations of hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed or bank material were used. For nitrate, it was assumed either no denitrification occurred during the period of simulation or a half-life of 2 years. Equilibrium controlled sorption (organic carbon partition coefficient of 52 ml/g) and a half-life of between 7.5 and 15 weeks were considered for atrazine. Combinations of these parameters were used in various simulations. Peak concentrations of atrazine or nitrate in pumped water could vary from less than 1% to as high as 90% of that in the river. It was found that a combination of river stage, pumping rates, hydraulic properties of the riverbed and bank, and soil/pesticide properties could affect contaminant entry from river water to any of these wells. If the hydraulic conductivity of the bed and bank material were low, atrazine would not reach the pumping well with or without sorption and degradation. However, for moderately low permeable bank and bed materials, some atrazine from river water could enter a hypothetical collector well while pumping at 0.0875 m3/s. It was interesting to note that doubling the pumpage of this collector well would bring in more ground water from the aquifer (with no atrazine) and thus have a lower concentration of atrazine in the filtrate. For highly conductive banks, it is possible to find some atrazine at a vertical well for a sustained pumpage rate of 0.0125 m3/s if the effect of sorption is neglected. However, with equilibrium sorption, the concentration would be below the detection limit. On the other hand, if a collector well of capacity 0.0875 m3/s is used at the place of the vertical well with highly conductive banks, atrazine concentration in the filtrate would be about 80% of river water even assuming equilibrium sorption and a half-life of 7.5 weeks. Remediation of river water contamination of the aquifer using 'scavenger' wells between the river and the pumping well(s) was not a feasible option due to the contact of the aquifer with a highly conductive bank at the site. However, moving the existing pumping well(s) 100 m upstream would have negligible impact from the bank-stored water. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Ray, C., Soong, T., Lian, Y., and Roadcap, G., 2002, Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites: Journal of Hydrology, v. 266, no. 3-4, p. 235-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3.","startPage":"235","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207190,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3"},{"id":231919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"266","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05dee4b0c8380cd50fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, C.","contributorId":40758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soong, T.W.","contributorId":9427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lian, Y.Q.","contributorId":72565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lian","given":"Y.Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roadcap, G.S.","contributorId":8642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roadcap","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1014936,"text":"1014936 - 2002 - Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:28:23.982555","indexId":"1014936","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife","docAbstract":"<p><span>Evidence pointing to thiamine deficiency as a primary factor in early mortality syndrome in feral salmonids from the Great Lakes and New York's Finger Lakes continues to mount. Such deficiency is believed to be the result of the consumption of nontraditional forage fish, such as alewife&nbsp;</span><i>Alosa pseudoharengus</i><span>, that contain thiaminase activity. The source of thiaminase within these forage fish has not been reported. In this study, we report finding thiaminase-positive&nbsp;</span><i>Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus</i><span>&nbsp;and other Paenibacillaceae that are closely related to&nbsp;</span><i>P. thiaminolyticus</i><span>&nbsp;in the viscera of frozen alewives. Thiaminase-positive bacteria associated with alewife viscera have not previously been reported. Because viable thiaminase-positive cultures were found in only 25% of the fish, bacteria should be considered as only one potential source of thiaminase in alewives.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0171:IOTPBF%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Honeyfield, D., and Hinterkopf, J.P., 2002, Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 1, p. 171-175, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0171:IOTPBF%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66716f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Honeyfield, D. C. 0000-0003-3034-2047","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-2047","contributorId":73136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honeyfield","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinterkopf, J. P.","contributorId":11145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinterkopf","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024065,"text":"70024065 - 2002 - Effects of habitat fragmentation on passerine birds breeding in Intermountain shrubsteppe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024065","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of habitat fragmentation on passerine birds breeding in Intermountain shrubsteppe","docAbstract":"Habitat fragmentation and loss strongly influence the distribution and abundance of passerine birds breeding in Intermountain shrubsteppe. Wildfires, human activities, and change in vegetation communities often are synergistic in these systems and can result in radical conversion from shrubland to grasslands dominated by exotic annuals at large temporal and spatial scales from which recovery to native conditions is unlikely. As a result, populations of 5 of the 12 species in our review of Intermountain shrubsteppe birds are undergoing significant declines; 5 species are listed as at-risk or as candidates for protection in at least one state. The process by which fragmentation affects bird distributions in these habitats remains unknown because most research has emphasized the detection of population trends and patterns of habitat associations at relatively large spatial scales. Our research indicates that the distribution of shrubland-obligate species, such as Brewer's Sparrows (Spizella breweri), Sage Sparrows (Amphispiza belli), and Sage Thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus), was highly sensitive to fragmentation of shrublands at spatial scales larger than individual home ranges. In contrast, the underlying mechanisms for both habitat change and bird population dynamics may operate independently of habitat boundaries. We propose alternative, but not necessarily exclusive, mechanisms to explain the relationship between habitat fragmentation and bird distribution and abundance. Fragmentation might influence productivity through differences in breeding density, nesting success, or predation. However, local and landscape variables were not significant determinants either of success, number fledged, or probability of predation or parasitism (although our tests had relatively low statistical power). Alternatively, relative absence of natal philopatry and redistribution by individuals among habitats following fledging or post-migration could account for the pattern of distribution and abundance. Thus, boundary dynamics may be important in determining the distribution of shrubland-obligate species but insignificant relative to the mechanisms causing the pattern of habitat and bird distribution. Because of the dichotomy in responses, Intermountain shrubsteppe systems present a unique challenge in understanding how landscape composition, configuration, and change influence bird population dynamics.","largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","language":"English","issn":"01979922","usgsCitation":"Knick, S., and Rotenberry, J., 2002, Effects of habitat fragmentation on passerine birds breeding in Intermountain shrubsteppe, <i>in</i> Studies in Avian Biology, no. 25, p. 130-140.","startPage":"130","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0709e4b0c8380cd5151e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, S.T.","contributorId":71290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rotenberry, J.T.","contributorId":57015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotenberry","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}