{"pageNumber":"2969","pageRowStart":"74200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70025061,"text":"70025061 - 2002 - Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70025061","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar","docAbstract":"A new high-resolution directional borehole radar-logging tool (DBOR tool) was used to log three wells at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The radar system uses identical directional cavity-backed monopole transmitting and receiving antennas that can be mechanically rotated while the tool is stationary or moving slowly in a borehole. Faster reconnaissance logging with no antenna rotation was also done to find zones of interest. The microprocessor-controlled motor/encoder in the tool can rotate the antennas azimuthally, to a commanded angle, accurate to a within few degrees. The three logged wells in the unsaturated zone at the INEEL had been cored with good core recovery through most zones. After coring, PVC casing was installed in the wells. The unsaturated zone consists of layered basalt flows that are interbedded with thin layers of coarse-to-fine grained sediments. Several zones were found that show distinctive signatures consistent with fractures in the basalt. These zones may correspond to suspected preferential flow paths. The DBOR data were compared to core, and other borehole log information to help provide better understanding of hydraulic flow and transport in preferential flow paths in the unsaturated zone basalts at the INEEL.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"9th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","conferenceDate":"29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002","conferenceLocation":"Santa Barbara, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.462208","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Moulton, C., Wright, D., Hutton, S., Smith, D., and Abraham, J., 2002, Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4758, Santa Barbara, CA, 29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002, p. 13-18, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462208.","startPage":"13","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209567,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.462208"},{"id":236170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4758","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efc2e4b0c8380cd4a433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulton, C.W.","contributorId":81681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulton","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutton, S.R.","contributorId":50337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D.V.G.","contributorId":57249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024732,"text":"70024732 - 2002 - Ontogenetic behavior, migration, and social behavior of pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus, and shovelnose sturgeon, S. platorynchus, with notes on the adaptive significance of body color","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024732","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ontogenetic behavior, migration, and social behavior of pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus, and shovelnose sturgeon, S. platorynchus, with notes on the adaptive significance of body color","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory studies on the ontogenetic behavior of free embryos (first life interval after hatching) and larvae (first feeding interval) of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. Migration styles of both species were similar for timing of migration (initiation by embryos on day 0 after hatching and cessation by larvae on days 12-13 at 236-243 cumulative temperature degree units), migration distance (about 13 km), life interval when most distance was moved (embryo), and diel behavior of embryos (diurnal). However, the species differed for two behaviors: movement characteristics of embryos (peak movement rate of pallid sturgeon was only one-half the peak rate of shovelnose sturgeon, but pallid sturgeon continued the lower rate for twice as long) and diel behavior of larvae (pallid sturgeon were diurnal and shovelnose sturgeon were nocturnal). Thus, the species used different methods to move the same distance. Migrating as poorly developed embryos suggests a migration style to avoid predation at the spawning site, but moving from spawning habitat to rearing habitat before first feeding could also be important. Migrants of both species preferred bright habitat (high illumination intensity and white substrate), a behavioral preference that may characterize the migrants of many species of sturgeon. Both species were remarkably similar for swimming height above the bottom by age, and day 7 and older migrants may swim far above the bottom and move far downstream. A migration of 12 or 13 days will probably not distribute larvae throughout the population's range, so an older life interval likely initiates a second longer downstream migration (2-step migration). By day 2, individuals of both species were a black-tail phenotype (light grey body with a black-tail that moved conspicuously during swimming). Aggregation behavior suggests that black-tail is a visual signal used for group cohesion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1014950202783","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Kynard, B., Henyey, E., and Horgan, M., 2002, Ontogenetic behavior, migration, and social behavior of pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus, and shovelnose sturgeon, S. platorynchus, with notes on the adaptive significance of body color: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 63, no. 4, p. 389-403, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014950202783.","startPage":"389","endPage":"403","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207693,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014950202783"},{"id":232852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e54e4b0c8380cd755c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henyey, E.","contributorId":28773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henyey","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horgan, Martin","contributorId":23492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horgan","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023929,"text":"70023929 - 2002 - Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric stability and absolute calibration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-06T16:36:54.304804","indexId":"70023929","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric stability and absolute calibration","docAbstract":"Launched in April 1999, the Landsat-7 ETM+ instrument is in its fourth year of operation. The quality of the acquired calibrated imagery continues to be high, especially with respect to its three most important radiometric performance parameters: reflective band instrument stability to better than ??1%, reflective band absolute calibration to better than ??5%, and thermal band absolute calibration to better than ??0.6 K. The ETM+ instrument has been the most stable of any of the Landsat instruments, in both the reflective and thermal channels. To date, the best on-board calibration source for the reflective bands has been the Full Aperture Solar Calibrator, which has indicated changes of at most -1.8% to -2.0% (95% C.I.) change per year in the ETM+ gain (band 4). However, this change is believed to be caused by changes in the solar diffuser panel, as opposed to a change in the instrument's gain. This belief is based partially on ground observations, which bound the changes in gain in band 4 at -0.7% to +1.5%. Also, ETM+ stability is indicated by the monitoring of desert targets. These image-based results for four Saharan and Arabian sites, for a collection of 35 scenes over the three years since launch, bound the gain change at -0.7% to +0.5% in band 4. Thermal calibration from ground observations revealed an offset error of +0.31 W/m 2 sr um soon after launch. This offset was corrected within the U. S. ground processing system at EROS Data Center on 21-Dec-00, and since then, the band 6 on-board calibration has indicated changes of at most +0.02% to +0.04% (95% C.I.) per year. The latest ground observations have detected no remaining offset error with an RMS error of ??0.6 K. The stability and absolute calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ sensor make it an ideal candidate to be used as a reference source for radiometric cross-calibrating to other land remote sensing satellite systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites VI","conferenceDate":"Sep 23-26, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Agia Pelagia, Crete, Greece","language":"English","publisher":"SPIE","doi":"10.1117/12.462998","usgsCitation":"Markham, B.L., Barker, J.L., Barsi, J., Kaita, E., Thome, K.J., Helder, D., Palluconi, F.D., Schott, J.R., and Scaramuzza, P., 2002, Landsat-7 ETM+ radiometric stability and absolute calibration, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4881, Agia Pelagia, Crete, Greece, Sep 23-26, 2002, p. 308-318, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462998.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"308","endPage":"318","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4881","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a43f2e4b0c8380cd66707","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Fujisada H.Lurie J.B.Aten M.L.Weber K.","contributorId":128398,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Fujisada H.Lurie J.B.Aten M.L.Weber K.","id":536522,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Markham, B. L.","contributorId":88872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Markham","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barker, J. L.","contributorId":83518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barker","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barsi, J. A.","contributorId":24085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barsi","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kaita, E.","contributorId":73777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaita","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399375,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thome, K. J.","contributorId":88099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thome","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Helder, D. L. 0000-0002-7379-4679","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7379-4679","contributorId":51496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helder","given":"D. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399374,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Palluconi, Frank Don","contributorId":14952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palluconi","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schott, J. R.","contributorId":16613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Scaramuzza, Pat 0000-0002-2616-8456","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2616-8456","contributorId":80035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scaramuzza","given":"Pat","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70024847,"text":"70024847 - 2002 - Evapotranspiration and canopy resistance at an undeveloped prairie in a humid subtropical climate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T16:44:18.057306","indexId":"70024847","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evapotranspiration and canopy resistance at an undeveloped prairie in a humid subtropical climate","docAbstract":"

Reliable estimates of evapotranspiration from areas of wildland vegetation are needed for many types of water-resource investigations. However, little is known about surface fluxes from many areally important vegetation types, and relatively few comparisons have been made to examine how well evapotranspiration models can predict evapotranspiration for soil-, climate-, or vegetation-types that differ from those under which the models have been calibrated. In this investigation at a prairie site in west-central Florida, latent heat flux (λE) computed from the energy balance and alternatively by eddy covariance during a 15-month period differed by 4 percent and 7 percent on hourly and daily time scales, respectively. Annual evapotranspiration computed from the energy balance and by eddy covariance were 978 and 944 mm, respectively. An hourly Penman-Monteith (PM) evapotranspiration model with stomatal control predicated on water-vapor-pressure deficit at canopy level, incoming solar radiation intensity, and soil water deficit was developed and calibrated using surface fluxes from eddy covariance. Model-predicted λE agreed closely with λE computed from the energy balance except when moisture from dew or precipitation covered vegetation surfaces. Finally, an hourly PM model developed for an Amazonian pasture predicted λE for the Florida prairie with unexpected reliability. Additional comparisons of PM-type models that have been developed for differing types of short vegetation could aid in assessing interchangeability of such models.

","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01546.x","usgsCitation":"Bidlake, W.R., 2002, Evapotranspiration and canopy resistance at an undeveloped prairie in a humid subtropical climate: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 38, no. 1, p. 197-211, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01546.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"197","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232928,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.31781005859374,\n 27.1923499094294\n ],\n [\n -82.17361450195312,\n 27.1923499094294\n ],\n [\n -82.17361450195312,\n 27.28880751983314\n ],\n [\n -82.31781005859374,\n 27.28880751983314\n ],\n [\n -82.31781005859374,\n 27.1923499094294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d17e4b0c8380cd52e00","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bidlake, William R. wbidlake@usgs.gov","contributorId":1712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bidlake","given":"William","email":"wbidlake@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":402831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024696,"text":"70024696 - 2002 - Hazard assessment of selenium to endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T15:53:17","indexId":"70024696","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard assessment of selenium to endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus)","docAbstract":"

A hazard assessment was conducted based on information derived from two reproduction studies conducted with endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus) at three sites near Grand Junction, CO, USA. Selenium contamination of the upper and lower Colorado River basin has been documented in water, sediment, and biota in studies by US Department of the Interior agencies and academia. Concern has been raised that this selenium contamination may be adversely affecting endangered fish in the upper Colorado River basin. The reproduction studies with razorback suckers revealed that adults readily accumulated selenium in various tissues including eggs, and that 4.6 μg/g of selenium in food organisms caused increased mortality of larvae. The selenium hazard assessment protocol resulted in a moderate hazard at the Horsethief site and high hazards at the Adobe Creek and North Pond sites. The selenium hazard assessment was considered conservative because an on-site toxicity test with razorback sucker larvae using 4.6 μg/g selenium in zooplankton caused nearly complete mortality, in spite of the moderate hazard at Horsethief. Using the margin of uncertainty ratio also suggested a high hazard for effects on razorback suckers from selenium exposure. Both assessment approaches suggested that selenium in the upper Colorado River basin adversely affects the reproductive success of razorback suckers.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01080-4","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S.J., Holley, K., and Buhl, K., 2002, Hazard assessment of selenium to endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus): Science of the Total Environment, v. 291, no. 1-3, p. 111-121, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01080-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207716,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01080-4"}],"volume":"291","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fc4e4b0c8380cd5d077","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, S. J.","contributorId":27817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holley, K.M.","contributorId":13405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holley","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, K.J.","contributorId":19728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013196,"text":"1013196 - 2002 - A near-surface, daytime occurrence of two mesopelagic fish species (Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Leuroglossus schmidti) in a glacial fjord","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T13:06:15","indexId":"1013196","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A near-surface, daytime occurrence of two mesopelagic fish species (Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Leuroglossus schmidti) in a glacial fjord","docAbstract":"

The northern lampfish (Stenobrachius leucopsarus, family Myctophidae) and northern smoothtongue (Leuroglossus schmidti, family Bathylagidae) are mesopelagic fishes, defined by their vertical distribution in the mesopelagic zone (200–1000 m) during daylight hours. Northern lampfish range from the Bering Sea to southern California (Shimada, 1948), where their abundance is highest along the continental slope and decreases over the continental shelf. They are the most abundant species in the mesopelagic zone of the Bering Sea (Pearcy et al., 1977; Sobolevsky et al., 1996), the Gulf of Alaska (Purcell, 1996), and the eastern North Pacific Ocean off Oregon (Pearcy, 1964; Pearcy et al., 1977). Northern smoothtongue also concentrate in areas bordering the continental slope and are widely distributed from southern British Columbia to the Bering Sea (Peden, 1981) and are very abundant in the Okhotsk Sea (Sobolevsky et al., 1996).

","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Abookire, A.A., Piatt, J.F., and Speckman, S., 2002, A near-surface, daytime occurrence of two mesopelagic fish species (Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Leuroglossus schmidti) in a glacial fjord: Fishery Bulletin, v. 100, p. 376-380.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"376","endPage":"380","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341112,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://aquaticcommons.org/15216/"}],"volume":"100","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Speckman, Suzann G.","contributorId":88217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speckman","given":"Suzann G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024743,"text":"70024743 - 2002 - Tectonics and metallogeny of gold deposits in China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024743","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonics and metallogeny of gold deposits in China","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00126-001-0240-9","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Zhou, T., and Goldfarb, R., 2002, Tectonics and metallogeny of gold deposits in China: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, no. 3-4, p. 247-248, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0240-9.","startPage":"247","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207785,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0240-9"},{"id":232994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba487e4b08c986b3203ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhou, T.","contributorId":93248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024065,"text":"70024065 - 2002 - Effects of habitat fragmentation on passerine birds breeding in Intermountain shrubsteppe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024065","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of habitat fragmentation on passerine birds breeding in Intermountain shrubsteppe","docAbstract":"Habitat fragmentation and loss strongly influence the distribution and abundance of passerine birds breeding in Intermountain shrubsteppe. Wildfires, human activities, and change in vegetation communities often are synergistic in these systems and can result in radical conversion from shrubland to grasslands dominated by exotic annuals at large temporal and spatial scales from which recovery to native conditions is unlikely. As a result, populations of 5 of the 12 species in our review of Intermountain shrubsteppe birds are undergoing significant declines; 5 species are listed as at-risk or as candidates for protection in at least one state. The process by which fragmentation affects bird distributions in these habitats remains unknown because most research has emphasized the detection of population trends and patterns of habitat associations at relatively large spatial scales. Our research indicates that the distribution of shrubland-obligate species, such as Brewer's Sparrows (Spizella breweri), Sage Sparrows (Amphispiza belli), and Sage Thrashers (Oreoscoptes montanus), was highly sensitive to fragmentation of shrublands at spatial scales larger than individual home ranges. In contrast, the underlying mechanisms for both habitat change and bird population dynamics may operate independently of habitat boundaries. We propose alternative, but not necessarily exclusive, mechanisms to explain the relationship between habitat fragmentation and bird distribution and abundance. Fragmentation might influence productivity through differences in breeding density, nesting success, or predation. However, local and landscape variables were not significant determinants either of success, number fledged, or probability of predation or parasitism (although our tests had relatively low statistical power). Alternatively, relative absence of natal philopatry and redistribution by individuals among habitats following fledging or post-migration could account for the pattern of distribution and abundance. Thus, boundary dynamics may be important in determining the distribution of shrubland-obligate species but insignificant relative to the mechanisms causing the pattern of habitat and bird distribution. Because of the dichotomy in responses, Intermountain shrubsteppe systems present a unique challenge in understanding how landscape composition, configuration, and change influence bird population dynamics.","largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","language":"English","issn":"01979922","usgsCitation":"Knick, S., and Rotenberry, J., 2002, Effects of habitat fragmentation on passerine birds breeding in Intermountain shrubsteppe, in Studies in Avian Biology, no. 25, p. 130-140.","startPage":"130","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0709e4b0c8380cd5151e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, S.T.","contributorId":71290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rotenberry, J.T.","contributorId":57015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rotenberry","given":"J.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024772,"text":"70024772 - 2002 - Place vs. time and vegetational persistence: A comparison of four tropical mires from the Illinois Basin during the height of the Pennsylvanian Ice Age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70024772","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Place vs. time and vegetational persistence: A comparison of four tropical mires from the Illinois Basin during the height of the Pennsylvanian Ice Age","docAbstract":"Coal balls were collected from four coal beds in the southeastern part of the Illinois Basin. Collections were made from the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker coals in western Kentucky, and from the Danville Coal in southwestern Indiana. These four coal beds are among the principal mineable coals of the Illinois Basin and belong to the Carbondale and Shelburn Formations of late Middle Pennsylvanian age. Vegetational composition was analyzed quantitatively. Coal-ball samples from the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker are dominated by the lycopsid tree Lepidophloios, with lesser numbers of Psaronius tree ferns, medullosan pteridosperms, and the lycopsid trees Synchysidendron and Diaphorodendron. This vegetation is similar to that found in the Springfield and Herrin coals elsewhere in the Illinois Basin, as reported in previous studies. The Danville coal sample, which is considerably smaller than the others, is dominated by Psaronius with the lycopsids Sigillaria and Synchysidendron as subdominants. Coal balls from the Springfield coal were collected in zones directly from the coal bed and their zone-by-zone composition indicates three to four distinct plant assemblages. The other coals were analyzed as whole-seam random samples, averaging the landscape composition of the parent mire environments. This analysis indicates that these coals, separated from each other by marine and terrestrial-clastic deposits, have essentially the same floristic composition and, thus, appear to represent a common species pool that persisted throughout the late Middle Pennsylvanian, despite changes in baselevel and climate attendant the glacial interglacial cyclicity of the Pennsylvanian ice age. Patterns of species abundance and diversity are much the same for the Springfield, Herrin, and Baker, although each coal, both in the local area sampled, and regionally, has its own paleobotanical peculiarities. Despite minor differences, these coals indicate a high degree of recurrence of assemblage and landscape organization. The Danville departs dramatically from the dominance-diversity composition of the older coals, presaging patterns of tree-fern and Sigillaria dominance of Late Pennsylvanian coals of the eastern United States, but, nonetheless, built on a species pool shared with the older coals. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00113-1","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"DiMichele, W.A., Phillips, T., and Nelson, W.J., 2002, Place vs. time and vegetational persistence: A comparison of four tropical mires from the Illinois Basin during the height of the Pennsylvanian Ice Age: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 50, no. 1-4, p. 43-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00113-1.","startPage":"43","endPage":"72","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207718,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00113-1"},{"id":232889,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b89e4b0c8380cd794c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DiMichele, William A.","contributorId":97631,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiMichele","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402578,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, T.L.","contributorId":43517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nelson, W. John","contributorId":25217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024821,"text":"70024821 - 2002 - Geologic cycles of gold","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024821","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1829,"text":"Geotimes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic cycles of gold","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geotimes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00168556","usgsCitation":"Goldfarb, R., and Groves, D., 2002, Geologic cycles of gold: Geotimes, v. 47, no. 4, p. 32-33.","startPage":"32","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232998,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1949e4b0c8380cd5593b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Groves, D.I.","contributorId":73616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Groves","given":"D.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016306,"text":"1016306 - 2002 - Comparison of desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations in an unused and off-road vehicle area in the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:43:32","indexId":"1016306","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1210,"text":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations in an unused and off-road vehicle area in the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bury, R.B., and Luckenbach, R., 2002, Comparison of desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) populations in an unused and off-road vehicle area in the Mojave Desert: Chelonian Conservation and Biology, v. 2, no. 4, p. 457-463.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"457","endPage":"463","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133484,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae36a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bury, R. Bruce buryb@usgs.gov","contributorId":3660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bury","given":"R.","email":"buryb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":323943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luckenbach, R.A.","contributorId":34477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luckenbach","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016305,"text":"1016305 - 2002 - Nestling sex ratios in the southwestern willow flycatcher","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T15:29:39.506766","indexId":"1016305","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nestling sex ratios in the southwestern willow flycatcher","docAbstract":"

Using molecular-genetic techniques, we determined the gender of 202 Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) nestlings from 95 nests sampled over a five-year period. Overall nestling sex ratio did not vary significantly from 50:50 among years, by clutch order, or by mating strategy (monogamous vs. polygamous pairings). However, we did observe significant differences among the four sites sampled, with sex ratios biased either toward males or females at the different sites. Given the small population sizes and geographic isolation of many of the endangered subspecies' breeding populations, sex-ratio differences may have localized negative impacts.

","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/104.4.877","usgsCitation":"Paxton, E.H., Sogge, M.K., McCarthey, T., and Keim, P., 2002, Nestling sex ratios in the southwestern willow flycatcher: Condor, v. 104, no. 4, p. 877-881, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.4.877.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"881","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697bea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paxton, Eben H. 0000-0001-5578-7689","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5578-7689","contributorId":19640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paxton","given":"Eben","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":5049,"text":"Pacific Islands Ecosys Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sogge, Mark K. 0000-0002-8337-5689 mark_sogge@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8337-5689","contributorId":3710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sogge","given":"Mark","email":"mark_sogge@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McCarthey, Tracy","contributorId":50119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthey","given":"Tracy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Keim, Paul","contributorId":93010,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Keim","given":"Paul","affiliations":[{"id":12698,"text":"Northern Arizona University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":323940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014936,"text":"1014936 - 2002 - Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:28:23.982555","indexId":"1014936","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife","docAbstract":"

Evidence pointing to thiamine deficiency as a primary factor in early mortality syndrome in feral salmonids from the Great Lakes and New York's Finger Lakes continues to mount. Such deficiency is believed to be the result of the consumption of nontraditional forage fish, such as alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, that contain thiaminase activity. The source of thiaminase within these forage fish has not been reported. In this study, we report finding thiaminase-positive Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus and other Paenibacillaceae that are closely related to P. thiaminolyticus in the viscera of frozen alewives. Thiaminase-positive bacteria associated with alewife viscera have not previously been reported. Because viable thiaminase-positive cultures were found in only 25% of the fish, bacteria should be considered as only one potential source of thiaminase in alewives.

","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0171:IOTPBF%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Honeyfield, D., and Hinterkopf, J.P., 2002, Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 1, p. 171-175, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0171:IOTPBF%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66716f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Honeyfield, D. C. 0000-0003-3034-2047","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-2047","contributorId":73136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honeyfield","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinterkopf, J. P.","contributorId":11145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinterkopf","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024280,"text":"70024280 - 2002 - Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024280","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls","docAbstract":"We studied the dispersal behavior of 1,475 northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) during banding and radio-telemetry studies in Oregon and Washington in 1985-1996. The sample included 324 radio-marked juveniles and 1,151 banded individuals (711 juveniles, 440 non-juveniles) that were recaptured or resighted after dispersing from the initial banding location. Juveniles typically left the nest during the last week in May and the first two weeks in June (x?? ?? SE = 8 June ?? 0.53 days, n = 320, range = 15 May-1 July), and spent an average of 103.7 days in the natal territory after leaving the nest (SE = 0.986 days, n = 137, range = 76-147 days). The estimated mean date that juveniles began to disperse was 19 September in Oregon (95% CI = 17-21 September) and 30 September in Washington (95% CI = 25 September-4 October). Mean dispersal dates did not differ between males and females or among years. Siblings dispersed independently. Dispersal was typically initiated with a series of rapid movements away from the natal site during the first few days or weeks of dispersal. Thereafter, most juveniles settled into temporary home ranges in late October or November and remained there for several months. In February-April there was a second pulse of dispersal activity, with many owls moving considerable distances before settling again in their second summer. Subsequent dispersal patterns were highly variable, with some individuals settling permanently in their second summer and others occupying a series of temporary home ranges before eventually settling on territories when they were 2-5 years old. Final dispersal distances ranged from 0.6-111.2 km for banded juveniles and 1.8-103.5 km for radio-marked juveniles. The distribution of dispersal distances was strongly skewed towards shorter distances, with only 8.7% of individuals dispersing more than 50 km. Median natal dispersal distances were 14.6 km for banded males, 13.5 km for radio-marked males, 24.5 km for banded females, and 22.9 km for radio-marked females. On average, banded males and females settled within 4.2 and 7.0 territory widths of their natal sites, respectively. Maximum and final dispersal distances were largely independent of the number of days that juveniles were tracked. Although statistical tests of dispersal direction based on all owls indicated that direction of natal dispersal was non-random, the mean angular deviations and 95% CI's associated with the samples were large, and r-values (vector length) were small. This lead us to conclude that significant test results were the result of large sample size and were not biologically meaningful. Our samples were not large enough to test whether dispersal direction from individual territories was random. In the sample of radio-marked owls, 22% of males and 44% of females were paired at 1 year of age, but only 1.5% of males and 1.6% of females were actually breeding at 1 year of age. At 2 years of age, 68% of males and 77% of females were paired, but only 5.4% of males and 2.6% of females were breeding. In contrast to the radio-marked owls, most juveniles that were banded and relocated at 1 or 2 years of age were paired, although few were breeding. Although recruitment into the territorial population typically occurred when owls were 1-5 years old, 9% of banded juveniles were not recaptured until they were > 5 years old. We suspect that our estimates of age at recruitment of banded owls are biased high because of the likelihood that some individuals were not recaptured in the first year that they entered the territorial population. A minimum of 6% of the banded, non-juvenile owls on our demographic study areas changed territories each year (breeding dispersal). The likelihood of breeding dispersal was higher for females, young owls, owls that did not have a mate in the previous year, and owls that lost their mate from the previous year through death or divorce. Mean and median distances dispersed by adults were ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Forsman, E., Anthony, R., Reid, J., Loschl, P., Sovern, S., Taylor, M., Biswell, B., Ellingson, A., Meslow, E.C., Miller, G., Swindle, K., Thrailkill, J., Wagner, F., and Seaman, D., 2002, Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls: Wildlife Monographs, no. 149, p. 1-35.","startPage":"1","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"149","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6186e4b0c8380cd719fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forsman, E.D.","contributorId":88324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsman","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reid, J.A.","contributorId":90907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loschl, P.J.","contributorId":96045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loschl","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sovern, S.G.","contributorId":21725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovern","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, M.","contributorId":97872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Biswell, B.L.","contributorId":34291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biswell","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ellingson, A.","contributorId":73371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellingson","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meslow, E. Charles","contributorId":75100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meslow","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, G.S.","contributorId":54762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Swindle, K.A.","contributorId":56414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swindle","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thrailkill, J.A.","contributorId":68067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thrailkill","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wagner, F.F.","contributorId":64840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Seaman, D.E.","contributorId":102845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seaman","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70024097,"text":"70024097 - 2002 - δ13C values of soil organic matter in semiarid grassland with mesquite (Prosopis) encroachment in southeastern Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T09:59:03","indexId":"70024097","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1760,"text":"Geoderma","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"δ13C values of soil organic matter in semiarid grassland with mesquite (Prosopis) encroachment in southeastern Arizona","docAbstract":"

Over the past century, C3 woody plants and trees have increased in abundance in many semiarid ecosystems, displacing native C4 grasses. Livestock grazing, climatic fluctuations, and fire suppression are several reasons proposed for this shift. Soil carbon isotopic signatures are an ideal technique to evaluate carbon turnover rates in such ecosystems. On the gunnery ranges of Fort Huachuca in southeastern Arizona, study sites were established on homogeneous granitic alluvium to investigate the effects of fire frequency on δ13C values in surface soil organic matter (SOM). These ranges have had no livestock grazing for 50 years and a well-documented history of fires. Prosopis velutina Woot. (mesquite) trees have altered SOM δ13C pools by the concentration of plant nutrients and the addition of isotopically light litter. These soil carbon changes do not extend beyond canopy margins. Elevated total organic carbon (TOC), plant nutrient (N and P) concentrations, and depleted SOM δ13C values are associated with C3Prosopis on an unburned plot, which enables recognition of former Prosopis-occupied sites on plots with recent fire histories. Elevated nutrient concentrations associated with former Prosopis are retained in SOM for many decades. Surface SOM δ13C values indicate the estimated minimum turnover time of C4-derived carbon beneath large mature Prosopis is about 100–300 years. In contrast, complete turnover of original C3 carbon to C4 carbon under grasslands is estimated to take a minimum of 150–500 years. Our study confirms that C4 grass cover has declined over the past 100 years, although isolated C3 trees or shrubs were not uncommon on the historic C4-dominated grasslands. We find evidence in surface soil layers for a modern C3 plant expansion reflected in the substantial shift of SOM δ13C values from C4 grasses to C3 shrublands.

","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00227-6","issn":"00167061","usgsCitation":"Biggs, T.H., Quade, J., and Webb, R., 2002, δ13C values of soil organic matter in semiarid grassland with mesquite (Prosopis) encroachment in southeastern Arizona: Geoderma, v. 110, no. 1-2, p. 109-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00227-6.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"130","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231871,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207170,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00227-6"}],"volume":"110","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5551d2c1e4b0a92fa7e93c28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biggs, Thomas H.","contributorId":7876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggs","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Webb, Robert H. rhwebb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Webb","given":"Robert H.","email":"rhwebb@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12625,"text":"School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023947,"text":"70023947 - 2002 - Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the eastern and central Alaska Range: Progressive basin development and deformation in a suture zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023947","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the eastern and central Alaska Range: Progressive basin development and deformation in a suture zone","docAbstract":"Analysis of late Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary basins, metamorphic rocks, and major faults in the eastern and central Alaska Range documents the progressive development of a suture zone that formed as a result of collision of an island-arc assemblage (the Wrangellia composite terrane) with the former North American continental margin. New basin-analysis, structural, and geochronologic data indicate the following stages in the development of the suture zone: (1) Deposition of 3-5 km of Upper Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous marine strata (the Kahiltna assemblage) recorded the initial collision of the island-arc assemblage with the continental margin. The Kahiltna assemblage exposed in the northern Talkeetna Mountains represents a Kimmeridgian-Valanginian backarc basin that was filled by northwestward-flowing submarine-fan systems that were transporting sediment derived from Mesozoic strata of the island-arc assemblage. The Kahiltna assemblage exposed in the southern Alaska Range represents a Valanginian-Cenomanian remnant ocean basin filled by west-southwestward-flowing submarine-fan systems that were transporting sediment derived from Paleozoic continental-margin strata uplifted in the along-strike suture zone. A belt of retrograde metamorphism and a regional anticlinorium developed along the continental margin from 115 to 106 Ma, roughly coeval with the end of widespread deposition in the Kahiltna sedimentary basins. (2) Metamorphism of submarine-fan deposits of the Kahiltna basin, located near the leading edge of the island-arc assemblage, occurred at ca. 74 Ma, as determined from a new U-Pb zircon age for a synkinematic sill. Coeval with metamorphism of deposits of the Kahiltna basin in the southern part of the suture zone was development of a thrust-top basin, the Cantwell basin, in the northern part of the suture zone. Geologic mapping and compositional data suggest that the 4 km of Upper Cretaceous nonmarine and marginal marine sedimentary strata in this basin record regional subaerial uplift of the suture zone. (3) Shortening and exhumation of the suture zone peaked from 65 to 60 Ma on the basis of metamorphic and geochronologic data. In the southern part of the suture zone, submarine-fan deposits of the Kahiltna basin, which had been metamorphosed to kyanite schists at ???25 km depth and ???650 ??C, were exhumed and cooled through the biotite closure temperature (???300 ??C) by ca. 62 Ma. In the northern part of the suture zone, this time period was marked by shortening, uplift, and erosion of sedimentary strata of the Cantwell basin. (4) From 60 to 54 Ma, ???3 km of volcanic strata were deposited over deformed sedimentary strata of the Cantwell basin, and several granitic plutons (the McKinley sequence) were emplaced along the suture zone. (5) Following igneous activity, strikeslip displacement occurred from ca. 54 to 24 Ma along the Denali fault system, which had developed in the existing suture zone. Late Eocene-Oligocene strike-slip displacement resulted in the formation of several small sedimentary basins along the Denali fault system. (6) Regional transpressive shortening characterized the suture zone from ca. 24 Ma to the present. Flexural subsidence, related to regional shortening, is represented by late Eocene to Holocene nonmarine deposits of the Tanana foreland basin. Regional subsidence resulted in Miocene coal seams up to 20 m thick and well-developed lacustrine deposits. Overlying the Miocene deposits are ???1.2 km of Pliocene and Holocene conglomeratic deposits. Compositional and paleocurrent data from these younger deposits record regional Neogene uplift of the suture zone and recycling of detritus from older basins to the south that had become incorporated into the uplifted suture zone. Geologic mapping of major thrust faults along the northern and southern margins of the suture zone documents Paleozoic strata thrust over both Pliocene fluvial deposits and Quaternary glacial deposits of the Tanana basin. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1480:MACTOT>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Ridgway, K., Trop, J., Nokleberg, W., Davidson, C., and Eastham, K., 2002, Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics of the eastern and central Alaska Range: Progressive basin development and deformation in a suture zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 12, p. 1480-1504, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1480:MACTOT>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1480","endPage":"1504","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207232,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1480:MACTOT>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":232013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5450e4b0c8380cd6cf49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ridgway, K.D.","contributorId":62792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ridgway","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trop, J.M.","contributorId":32329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trop","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399463,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nokleberg, W. J. 0000-0002-1574-8869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1574-8869","contributorId":68312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nokleberg","given":"W. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davidson, C.M.","contributorId":39977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davidson","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399465,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eastham, K.R.","contributorId":33885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eastham","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399464,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024726,"text":"70024726 - 2002 - Depositional history and neotectonics in Great Salt Lake, Utah, from high-resolution seismic stratigraphy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-24T13:42:47","indexId":"70024726","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Depositional history and neotectonics in Great Salt Lake, Utah, from high-resolution seismic stratigraphy","docAbstract":"High-resolution seismic-reflection data from Great Salt Lake show that the basinal sediment sequence is cut by numerous faults with N-S and NE-SW orientations. This faulting shows evidence of varied timing and relative offsets, but includes at least three events totaling about 12 m following the Bonneville phase of the lake (since about 13.5 ka). Several faults displace the uppermost sediments and the lake floor. Bioherm structures are present above some faults, which suggests that the faults served as conduits for sublacustrine discharge of fresh water. A shallow, fault-controlled ridge between Carrington Island and Promontory Point, underlain by a well-cemented pavement, separates the main lake into two basins. The pavement appears to be early Holocene in age and younger sediments lap onto it. Onlap-offlap relationships, reflection truncations, and morphology of the lake floor indicate a low lake, well below the present level, during the early Holocene, during which most of the basin was probably a playa. This low stand is represented by irregular reflections in seismic profiles from the deepest part of the basin. Other prominent reflectors in the profiles are correlated with lithologic changes in sediment cores related to the end of the Bonneville stage of the lake, a thick mirabilite layer in the northern basin, and the Mazama tephra. Reflections below those penetrated by sediment cores document earlier lacustrine cycles. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00210-X","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Colman, S.M., Kelts, K., and Dinter, D.A., 2002, Depositional history and neotectonics in Great Salt Lake, Utah, from high-resolution seismic stratigraphy: Sedimentary Geology, v. 148, no. 1-2, p. 61-78, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00210-X.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"61","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232777,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Great Salt Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": 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0000-0002-0564-9576","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0564-9576","contributorId":77482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colman","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kelts, K.R.","contributorId":42755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelts","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dinter, David A.","contributorId":104010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinter","given":"David","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014982,"text":"1014982 - 2002 - Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T16:57:43.636246","indexId":"1014982","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring","title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring","docAbstract":"

Concern for the status of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) has increased as harvest for conch and eel bait has increased and spawning habitat has decreased. In early 1999 a workshop was held at the behest of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission to design a statistically valid survey of horseshoe crab spawning in Delaware Bay. The survey that resulted was a redesign of a volunteer-based spawning survey that began in 1990, and its network of volunteers was relied on to implement the three-stage sampling design in 1999. During May and June of 1999, 163 participants surveyed during the highest of the daily high tides on 16 beaches (8 on each site of Delaware Bay). During the first half of the spawning season, spawning was associated with lunar phases, but moderated by wave height. Disproportionately more spawning occurred within 3 d of the first new and full moons, and spawning activity (measured by an index of female density) was correlated inversely to the percent of beaches with waves ≥0.3 m. Spawning was heaviest on the Delaware shore around the full moon in May in spite of low waves in New Jersey during the new and full moons in May. Number of beaches sampled was the most important factor in determining the precision of the spawning index and power to detect a decline. Explicit consideration of statistical power has been absent from the current debate on horseshoe crab status and harvest. Those who argue against harvest restrictions because of a lack of statistically significant declines take on a burden to show that the surveys they cite have high statistical power. We show the Delaware Bay spawning survey will achieve high statistical power with sufficient sampling intensity and duration. We recommend that future Delaware Bay spawning surveys sample on 3 d around each new and full moon in May and June and increase the number of beaches to ensure high statistical power to detect trends in baywide spawning activity.

","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02696055","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Pooler, P., Swan, B., Michels, S., Hall, W., Himchak, P., and Millard, M.J., 2002, Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 1, p. 115-125, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02696055.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.421142578125,\n 39.081040177486095\n ],\n [\n -75.30853271484374,\n 38.88889501576177\n ],\n [\n -75.2178955078125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -75.08880615234375,\n 38.777640223073355\n ],\n [\n -74.9761962890625,\n 38.82045110711473\n ],\n [\n -74.96246337890625,\n 38.953001345359894\n ],\n [\n -74.89654541015625,\n 39.08530414503412\n ],\n [\n -74.90203857421875,\n 39.22587043822116\n ],\n [\n -75.43762207031251,\n 39.281167913914636\n ],\n [\n -75.421142578125,\n 39.081040177486095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pooler, P.S.","contributorId":78686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pooler","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swan, B.L.","contributorId":92204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swan","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michels, S.F.","contributorId":34867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michels","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hall, W.R.","contributorId":22284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Himchak, P.J.","contributorId":90252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himchak","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Millard, M. J.","contributorId":40555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millard","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024555,"text":"70024555 - 2002 - The dynamics of subtidal poleward flows over a narrow continental shelf, Palos Verdes, CA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024555","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The dynamics of subtidal poleward flows over a narrow continental shelf, Palos Verdes, CA","docAbstract":"The Palos Verdes peninsula is a short, very narrow (< 3 km) shelf in southern California that is bracketed by two large embayments. In May 1992, arrays of up to 4 moorings and 2 benthic tripods were deployed in a yearlong study of the circulation processes over this shelf and the adjacent slope. Wind stress, coastal sea level, atmospheric pressure and wave records were obtained from offshore sites and from coastal stations surrounding Palos Verdes. Bottom stress calculated for the mid-shelf sites using a boundary-layer model and data from the above instruments indicated the bottom drag coefficient over this shelf is about 0.003 Currents flow toward the northwest along the shelf and upper slope. Speeds are generally around 20-30 cm/s. There was no obvious seasonal structure in the flow. The first EOF for subtidal alongshelf current accounted for nearly 70% of the variance at sites on the shelf and upper slope. The dominant fluctuations had periods between 5 and 20 days, periods longer than seen in the regional wind stress field. Coastal sea level and the alongshore gradient in sea level had a similar concentration of energy in the 5-20 day frequency band. About 30% of the alongshelf flow was coherent with the alongshelf pressure gradient; currents flowed down the pressure gradient with minimal phase lag. Winds accounted for only 15-20% of the variance in subtidal currents, but the measured effect of wind stress was large. A 1 dyne/cm2 wind stress was associated with a 20-30 cm/s alongshore current. Both the regional wind stress and the alongshelf pressure gradients had spatial scales much larger than found on this small shelf. Subtidal flows forced by these regional fields were set up in the adjacent, much broader basins. The currents amplified as they moved onto the narrow shelf between the basins. Hence, local wind-driven currents had anomalously large amplitudes. The momentum equations for alongshelf wind or pressure gradients did not balance because some of the measured terms were associated with regional fields, others with local process. Our observations suggest that it is more difficult to determine which measured fields reflect the local processes in regions with rapidly changing topography. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00112-1","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Noble, M., Ryan, H.F., and Wiberg, P., 2002, The dynamics of subtidal poleward flows over a narrow continental shelf, Palos Verdes, CA: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 6-7, p. 923-944, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00112-1.","startPage":"923","endPage":"944","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207712,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00112-1"},{"id":232877,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505baaebe4b08c986b322acb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Noble, M.A.","contributorId":93513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noble","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryan, H. F.","contributorId":18002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryan","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014708,"text":"1014708 - 2002 - Correlates of success for on-site releases of nuisance black bears Great Smoky Mountains National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:04","indexId":"1014708","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Correlates of success for on-site releases of nuisance black bears Great Smoky Mountains National Park","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","collaboration":"02-002/SAL","usgsCitation":"Clark, J., Van Manen, F., and Pelton, M., 2002, Correlates of success for on-site releases of nuisance black bears Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 1, p. 104-111.","productDescription":"p. 104-111","startPage":"104","endPage":"111","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129435,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db68487c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, J.E.","contributorId":66630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Van Manen, F.T.","contributorId":45241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Manen","given":"F.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pelton, M.R.","contributorId":35672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pelton","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024850,"text":"70024850 - 2002 - Eros: Shape, topography, and slope processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:45:48","indexId":"70024850","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1963,"text":"Icarus","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eros: Shape, topography, and slope processes","docAbstract":"

Stereogrammetric measurement of the shape of Eros using images obtained by NEAR's Multispectral Imager provides a survey of the major topographic features and slope processes on this asteroid. This curved asteroid has radii ranging from 3.1 to 17.7 km and a volume of 2535±20 km3. The center of figure is within 52 m of the center of mass provided by the Navigation team; this minimal difference suggests that there are only modest variations in density or porosity within the asteroid. Three large depressions 10, 8, and 5.3 km across represent different stages of degradation of large impact craters. Slopes on horizontal scales of ∼300 m are nearly all less than 35°, although locally scarps are much steeper. The area distribution of slopes is similar to those on Ida, Phobos, and Deimos. Regions that have slopes greater than 25° have distinct brighter markings and have fewer large ejecta blocks than do flatter areas. The albedo patterns that suggest downslope transport of regolith have sharper boundaries than those on Phobos, Deimos, and Gaspra. The morphology of the albedo patterns, their lack of discrete sources, and their concentration on steeper slopes suggest transport mechanisms different from those on the previously well-observed small bodies, perhaps due to a reduced relative effectiveness of impact gardening on Eros. Regolith is also transported in talus cones and in connected, sinuous paths extending as much as 2 km, with some evident as relatively darker material. Talus material in at least one area is a discrete superposed unit, a feature not resolved on other small bodies. Flat-floored craters that apparently contain ponded material also suggest discrete units that are not well mixed by impacts.

","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Icarus","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/icar.2001.6755","issn":"00191035","usgsCitation":"Thomas, P., Joseph, J., Carcich, B., Veverka, J., Clark, B., Bell, J., Byrd, A., Chomko, R., Robinson, M., Murchie, S., Prockter, L., Cheng, A., Izenberg, N., Malin, M., Chapman, C., McFadden, L., Kirk, R.L., Gaffey, M., and Lucey, P.G., 2002, Eros: Shape, topography, and slope processes: Icarus, v. 155, no. 1, p. 18-37, https://doi.org/10.1006/icar.2001.6755.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"37","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232999,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Eros","volume":"155","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0a2fe4b0c8380cd52236","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, P.C.","contributorId":32690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joseph, J.","contributorId":14555,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carcich, B.","contributorId":80461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carcich","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Veverka, J.","contributorId":71689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veverka","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Clark, B.E.","contributorId":81662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bell, J.F. III","contributorId":97612,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"J.F.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Byrd, A.W.","contributorId":104254,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Byrd","given":"A.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chomko, R.","contributorId":52755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chomko","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Robinson, M.","contributorId":50272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robinson","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Murchie, S.","contributorId":16584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murchie","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Prockter, L.","contributorId":22118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prockter","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Cheng, A.","contributorId":84950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Izenberg, N.","contributorId":56777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izenberg","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Malin, M.","contributorId":8636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malin","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Chapman, C.","contributorId":16951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"McFadden, L.A.","contributorId":35511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFadden","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Kirk, Randolph L. 0000-0003-0842-9226 rkirk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-9226","contributorId":2765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"Randolph","email":"rkirk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Gaffey, M.","contributorId":55610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaffey","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Lucey, P. G.","contributorId":72532,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lucey","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}} ,{"id":1003446,"text":"1003446 - 2002 - Chronic impacts of oil pollution in the sea: risks to vertebrate predators","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T15:01:54.703541","indexId":"1003446","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chronic impacts of oil pollution in the sea: risks to vertebrate predators","docAbstract":"

No abstract available.

","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps241235","usgsCitation":"Peterson, C.H., 2002, Chronic impacts of oil pollution in the sea: risks to vertebrate predators: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 241, p. 235-236, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps241235.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"236","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478755,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps241235","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":199338,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"241","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dde4b07f02db5e2004","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, C. H.","contributorId":105669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":113,"text":"Alaska Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":313291,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024184,"text":"70024184 - 2002 - Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70024184","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape","docAbstract":"At least 2.6 million small, artificial water bodies dot the landscape of the conterminous United States; most are in the eastern half of the country. These features account for approximately 20% of the standing water area across the United States, and their impact on hydrology, sedimentology, geochemistry, and ecology is apparently large in proportion to their area. These features locally elevate evaporation, divert and delay downstream water flow, and modify groundwater interactions. They apparently intercept about as much eroded soil as larger, better-documented reservoirs. Estimated vertical accretion rates are much higher, hence, inferred sedimentary chemical reactions must be different in the small features than in larger ones. Finally, these features substantially alter the characteristics of aquatic habitats across the landscape. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Smith, S.V., Renwick, W.H., Bartley, J., and Buddemeier, R., 2002, Distribution and significance of small, artificial water bodies across the United States landscape: Science of the Total Environment, v. 299, no. 1-3, p. 21-36, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X.","startPage":"21","endPage":"36","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207241,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00222-X"},{"id":232030,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"299","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a02a1e4b0c8380cd50132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, S. V.","contributorId":89284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Renwick, W. H.","contributorId":64794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renwick","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bartley, J.D.","contributorId":88533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartley","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000956,"text":"1000956 - 2002 - Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T09:56:38","indexId":"1000956","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","docAbstract":"
\n

Classification methods used in machine learning (e.g., artificial neural networks, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbor clustering) are rarely used with population genetic data. We compare different nonparametric machine learning techniques with parametric likelihood estimations commonly employed in population genetics for purposes of assigning individuals to their population of origin (“assignment tests”). Classifier accuracy was compared across simulated data sets representing different levels of population differentiation (low and high FST), number of loci surveyed (5 and 10), and allelic diversity (average of three or eight alleles per locus). Empirical data for the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exhibiting levels of population differentiation comparable to those used in simulations were examined to further evaluate and compare classification methods. Classification error rates associated with artificial neural networks and likelihood estimators were lower for simulated data sets compared to k-nearest neighbor and decision tree classifiers over the entire range of parameters considered. Artificial neural networks only marginally outperformed the likelihood method for simulated data (0–2.8% lower error rates). The relative performance of each machine learning classifier improved relative likelihood estimators for empirical data sets, suggesting an ability to “learn” and utilize properties of empirical genotypic arrays intrinsic to each population. Likelihood-based estimation methods provide a more accessible option for reliable assignment of individuals to the population of origin due to the intricacies in development and evaluation of artificial neural networks.

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In recent years, characterization of highly polymorphic molecular markers such as mini- and microsatellites and development of novel methods of analysis have enabled researchers to extend investigations of ecological and evolutionary processes below the population level to the level of individuals (e.g., Bowcock et al. 1994; Estoup and Angers 1998; Jarne and Lagoda 1996). Analyses of individual-based genotypic information could substantially improve our understanding of evolutionary phenomena and contribute to effective management of natural populations (review inBernatchez and Duchesne 2000). The use of individual-based methods remained largely unexplored in animal populations until recently due to a lack of highly polymorphic markers (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000;Smouse and Chevillon 1998). Traditional analytical methods in population genetics rely almost exclusively on descriptors of genetic characterizations of populations (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000) and not on individual genotypes.

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“Assignment tests” are designed to determine population membership for individuals. One particular application based on a likelihood estimate (LE) was introduced by Paetkau et al. (1995; see also Vásquez-Domínguez et al. 2001) to assign an individual to the population of origin on the basis of multilocus genotype and expectations of observing this genotype in each potential source population. The LE approach can be implemented statistically in a Bayesian framework as a convenient way to evaluate hypotheses of plausible genealogical relationships (e.g., that an individual possesses an ancestor in another population) (Dawson and Belkhir 2001;Pritchard et al. 2000; Rannala and Mountain 1997). Other studies have evaluated the confidence of the assignment (Almudevar 2000) and characteristics of genotypic data (e.g., degree of population divergence, number of loci, number of individuals, number of alleles) that lead to greater population assignment (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000; Cornuet et al. 1999; Haig et al. 1997; Shriver et al. 1997; Smouse and Chevillon 1998). Main statistical and conceptual differences between methods leading to the use of an assignment test are given in, for example,Cornuet et al. (1999) and Rosenberg et al. (2001). However, the relative power of those tests has certainly not been fully appreciated and empirical comparisons are scarce (Eldridge et al. 2001). Assignment tests can also be considered as surrogates at the individual level (sensu Hansen et al. 2001a) for other statistical tools developed earlier, such as mixed-stock analysis (e.g., Pella and Masuda 2001; Pella and Milner 1987). Detailed theoretical comparison of the interests and limitations of both methods are still lacking, but empirical studies have revealed correlations between outputs of methods (Knutsen et al. 2001; Potvin and Bernatchez 2001).

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Assignment tests have been widely used in different applications, including determination of degree of population differentiation or to establish the relationship among individuals within and among various taxonomic groupings (e.g., Bogdanowicz et al. 1997; Koskinen et al. 2001;Marshall et al. 2000; Müller 2000; Neraas and Spruell 2001; Nielsen et al. 2001b; Polzhien et al. 2000; Primmer et al. 1999; Roeder et al. 2001;Roques et al. 1999; Schulte-Hostedde et al. 2001; Sefc et al. 2000; Spidle et al. 2001; Vásquez-Domínguez et al. 2001), including hybrids (e.g.,Beaumont et al. 2001; Congiu et al. 2001; Randi et al. 2001), introgressed individuals (e.g., Martinez et al. 2001; Randi and Lucchini 2002), and ecotypes (e.g., Taylor et al. 2000). Applications of assignment tests also include [human] forensics (e.g., Evett and Weir 1998; Primmer et al. 2000), identification and/or source of dispersers (e.g., Davies et al. 1999;Eldridge et al. 2001; Galbusera et al. 2000; Petersson et al. 2001; Tsutsui et al. 2001; Vasemägi et al. 2001), phylogeographical analyses (e.g., King et al. 2001; Zeisset and Beebee 2001), and the evaluation of the contribution of stocked individuals to natural populations (e.g., Fritzner et al. 2001; Hansen et al. 2000, 2001b) and of supportive breeding programs (Nielsen et al. 2001a; Olsen et al. 2000). Fish are among the organisms that have received considerable attention using such tools (see Hansen et al. [2001a] for a review). Moreover, these techniques are now used for profiles of traits outside the limited scope of population genetics (Thorrold et al. 2001).

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Methods of classification vary widely based on several criteria (e.g., Jain et al. 2000) (Figure 1). Two basic classification processes are traditionally recognized in machine learning: supervised classifiers and unsupervisedclassifiers (Figure 1; e.g., Duda et al. 2000; Jain et al. 2000). Supervised classifiers represent a group of methods whereby individual assignment is made to predefined classes (i.e., populations of origin). Unsupervised classification classes are unknown and are defined a posteriori on the basis of the degree of difference or similarity in attributes characterized from sampled individuals. Clustering methods (e.g., multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis) are examples of unsupervised classification.

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Applications of assignment testing in population genetics first used supervised parametric likelihood-based approaches (Figure 1). Other machine learning classification methods are widely used in the physical and social sciences and in other biological disciplines (e.g. Boddy et al. 2000; Leung and Tran 2000; Manel et al. 1999; Raymer et al. 1997). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a popular technique used in machine learning (e.g., Boddy and Morris 1999; Duda et al. 2000; Lek and Guégan 2000; Ripley 1996). However, while recognized (Hansen et al. 2001a), ANN methods rarely have been employed for population genetics applications (Aurelle 1999; Aurelle et al. 1999; Cornuet et al. 1996; Curtis et al. 2001;Giraudel et al. 2000; Grigull et al. 2001; Taylor et al. 1994; Whitler et al. 1994). Other popular classification methods in machine learning, such as decision trees (e.g., Bell 1996, 1999; Duda et al. 2000; Mitchell 1997) andk-nearest neighbor analysis (k-NN; e.g., Dasarathy 1991; Duda et al. 2000) have yet to be applied in population genetics (Figure 1). Moreover, there has not been a directed effort to compare machine learning methodologies with the likelihood-based procedures widely used in population genetics. Cornuet et al. (1996) compared the relative merits of ANNs to discriminant analysis in an empirical study involving different populations and subspecies of honeybee (Apis mellifera). However, they did not compare LE and ANN supervised classifiers. Aurelle (1999) used the approach of Rannala and Mountain (1997) (Figure 1) and ANN analysis using brown trout (Salmo trutta) microsatellite data; however, he did not provide a direct comparison of classification results or accuracies. Hansen et al. (2001a) briefly presented ANNs, but rejected their use without really testing their ability to classify individuals.

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The objective of this article is to describe several of the more widely used machine learning classifiers that may have utility when used with empirical population genetics data. We compare likelihood-based “assignment tests” (Paetkau et al. 1995) with supervised machine learning classifiers including ANN, decision tree, and a k-NN clustering. Simulations were conducted which estimated and compared the assignment accuracy associated with different classifiers using ranges of parameter values (number of loci, allelic diversity, and interpopulation variance in allele frequency) typically encountered in natural populations. Comparative analyses were extended to empirical examples using lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush; Salmonidae).

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","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","doi":"10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","usgsCitation":"Guinand, B., Topchy, A., Page, K., Burnham-Curtis, M.K., Punch, W., and Scribner, K., 2002, Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification: Journal of Heredity, v. 93, no. 4, p. 260-269, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guinand, B.","contributorId":6020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guinand","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topchy, A.","contributorId":64619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topchy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, K.S.","contributorId":47332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnham-Curtis, M. K.","contributorId":39328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham-Curtis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Punch, W.F.","contributorId":38945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Punch","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024151,"text":"70024151 - 2002 - The Lisse effect revisited","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-14T16:25:46.314066","indexId":"70024151","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Lisse effect revisited","docAbstract":"The Lisse effect is a rarely noted phenomenon occurring when infiltration caused by intense rain seals the surface soil layer to airflow, trapping air in the unsaturated zone. Compression of air by the advancing front results in a pressure increase that produces a water-level rise in an observation well screened below the water table that is several times as large as the distance penetrated by the wetting front. The effect is triggered by intense rains and results in a very rapid water-level rise, followed by a recession lasting a few days. The Lisse effect was first noted and explained by Thal Larsen in 1932 from water-level observations obtained in a shallow well in the village of Lisse, Holland. The original explanation does not account for the increased air pressure pushing up on the bottom of the wetting front. Analysis of the effect of this upward pressure indicates that a negative pressure head at the base of the wetting front, ??f, analogous to that postulated by Green and Ampt (1911) to explain initially rapid infiltration rates into unsaturated soils, is involved in producing the Lisse effect. Analysis of recorded observations of the Lisse effect by Larsen and others indicates that the water-level rise, which typically ranges from 0.10 to 0.55 m, should be only slightly larger than |??f| and that the depth of penetration of the wetting front is no more than several millimeters.","language":"English","publisher":"National Groundwater Association","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02552.x","usgsCitation":"Weeks, E.P., 2002, The Lisse effect revisited: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 6, p. 652-656, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02552.x.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"652","endPage":"656","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232105,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad94e4b08c986b323ce5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, Edwin P. epweeks@usgs.gov","contributorId":2576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"Edwin","email":"epweeks@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}