{"pageNumber":"297","pageRowStart":"7400","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10458,"records":[{"id":70023310,"text":"70023310 - 2001 - An interlaboratory study to test instrument performance of hydrogen dual-inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T14:07:26.21813","indexId":"70023310","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1695,"text":"Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An interlaboratory study to test instrument performance of hydrogen dual-inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometers","docAbstract":"<p><span>An interlaboratory comparison of forty isotope-ratio mass spectrometers of different ages from several vendors has been performed to test&nbsp;</span><sup>2</sup><span>H/</span><sup>1</sup><span>H performance with hydrogen gases of three different isotopic compositions. The isotope-ratio results (unsufficiently corrected for H</span><sub>3</sub><span>&nbsp;</span><sup>+</sup><span>&nbsp;contribution to the m/z = 3 collector, uncorrected for valve leakage in the change-over valves, etc.) expressed relative to one of these three gases covered a wide range of values: –630‰ to –790‰ for the second gas and –368‰ to –462‰ for the third gas. After normalizing the isotopic abundances of these test gases (linearly adjusting the δ values so that the gases with the lowest and highest&nbsp;</span><sup>2</sup><span>H content were identical for all laboratories), the standard deviation of the 40 measurements of the intermediate gas was a remarkably low 0.85‰. It is concluded that the use of scaling factors is mandatory for providing accurate internationally comparable isotope-abundance values. Linear scaling for the isotope-ratio scales of gaseous hydrogen mass spectrometers is completely adequate.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s002160100814","usgsCitation":"Brand, W.A., and Coplen, T., 2001, An interlaboratory study to test instrument performance of hydrogen dual-inlet isotope-ratio mass spectrometers: Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry, v. 370, no. 4, p. 358-362, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002160100814.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"358","endPage":"362","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232637,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"370","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea85e4b0c8380cd48904","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brand, Willi A.","contributorId":33091,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brand","given":"Willi","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":13365,"text":"Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023049,"text":"70023049 - 2001 - Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T17:57:49.126068","indexId":"70023049","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) investigation on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) is aimed at determining (1) the composition of surface minerals, rocks, and ices; (2) the temperature and dynamics of the atmosphere; (3) the properties of the atmospheric aerosols and clouds; (4) the nature of the polar regions; and (5) the thermophysical properties of the surface materials. These objectives are met using an infrared (5.8- to 50-μm) interferometric spectrometer, along with broadband thermal (5.1- to 150-μm) and visible/near-IR (0.3- to 2.9-μm) radiometers. The MGS TES instrument weighs 14.47 kg, consumes 10.6 W when operating, and is 23.6×35.5×40.0 cm in size. The TES data are calibrated to a 1-σ precision of 2.5</span><sup>−6</sup><span>×10</span><sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;W cm</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;sr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>/cm</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, 1.6×10</span><sup>−6</sup><span>&nbsp;W cm</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;sr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and ∼0.5 K in the spectrometer, visible/near-IR bolometer, and IR bolometer, respectively. These instrument subsections are calibrated to an absolute accuracy of ∼4×10</span><sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;W cm</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;sr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>/cm</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;(0.5 K at 280 K), 1–2%, and ∼1–2 K, respectively. Global mapping of surface mineralogy at a spatial resolution of 3 km has shown the following: (1) The mineralogic composition of dark regions varies from basaltic, primarily plagioclase feldspar and clinopyroxene, in the ancient, southern highlands to andesitic, dominated by plagioclase feldspar and volcanic glass, in the younger northern plains. (2) Aqueous mineralization has produced gray, crystalline hematite in limited regions under ambient or hydrothermal conditions; these deposits are interpreted to be in-place sedimentary rock formations and indicate that liquid water was stable near the surface for a long period of time. (3) There is no evidence for large-scale (tens of kilometers) occurrences of moderate-grained (&gt;50-μm) carbonates exposed at the surface at a detection limit of ∼10%. (4) Unweathered volcanic minerals dominate the spectral properties of dark regions, and weathering products, such as clays, have not been observed anywhere above a detection limit of ∼10%; this lack of evidence for chemical weathering indicates a geologic history dominated by a cold, dry climate in which mechanical, rather than chemical, weathering was the significant form of erosion and sediment production. (5) There is no conclusive evidence for sulfate minerals at a detection limit of ∼15%. The polar region has been studied with the following major conclusions: (1) Condensed CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;has three distinct end-members, from fine-grained crystals to slab ice. (2) The growth and retreat of the polar caps observed by MGS is virtually the same as observed by Viking 12 Martian years ago. (3) Unique regions have been identified that appear to differ primarily in the grain size of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>; one south polar region appears to remain as black slab CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;ice throughout its sublimation. (4) Regional atmospheric dust is common in localized and regional dust storms around the margin and interior of the southern cap. Analysis of the thermophysical properties of the surface shows that (1) the spatial pattern of albedo has changed since Viking observations, (2) a unique cluster of surface materials with intermediate inertia and albedo occurs that is distinct from the previously identified low-inertia/bright and high-inertia/dark surfaces, and (3) localized patches of high-inertia material have been found in topographic lows and may have been formed by a unique set of aeolian, fluvial, or erosional processes or may be exposed bedrock.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001370","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Christensen, P.R., Bandfield, J., Hamilton, V., Ruff, S.W., Kieffer, H.H., Titus, T., Malin, M.C., Morris, R., Lane, M.D., Clark, R., Jakosky, B., Mellon, M.T., Pearl, J., Conrath, B., Smith, M.D., Clancy, R., Kuzmin, R., Roush, T., Mehall, G., Gorelick, N., Bender, K., Murray, K., Dason, S., Greene, E., Silverman, S., and Greenfield, M., 2001, Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 106, no. E10, p. 23823-23871, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001370.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"23823","endPage":"23871","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"106","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a520fe4b0c8380cd6c11d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, P. R.","contributorId":7819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bandfield, J. L.","contributorId":59990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bandfield","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, V.E.","contributorId":92024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruff, S. W.","contributorId":63136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruff","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kieffer, H. H.","contributorId":40725,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kieffer","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395944,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Titus, T.N.","contributorId":102615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Titus","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Malin, M. C.","contributorId":68830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Malin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morris, R.V.","contributorId":6978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lane, M. D.","contributorId":94826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lane","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Clark, R.L.","contributorId":106767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Jakosky, B. M.","contributorId":103003,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jakosky","given":"B. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mellon, M. T.","contributorId":82833,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mellon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Pearl, J.C.","contributorId":45074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pearl","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395945,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Conrath, B.J.","contributorId":34286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conrath","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395943,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Smith, M. D.","contributorId":25724,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Clancy, R.T.","contributorId":61595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clancy","given":"R.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Kuzmin, R.O.","contributorId":14932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzmin","given":"R.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Roush, T.","contributorId":76445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roush","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Mehall, G.L.","contributorId":9435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mehall","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Gorelick, N.","contributorId":78131,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gorelick","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Bender, K.","contributorId":105483,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Murray, K.","contributorId":69792,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Dason, S.","contributorId":33997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dason","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23},{"text":"Greene, E.","contributorId":19852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greene","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":24},{"text":"Silverman, S.","contributorId":17231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silverman","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":25},{"text":"Greenfield, M.","contributorId":19853,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greenfield","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":26}]}}
,{"id":70023044,"text":"70023044 - 2001 - Decreased glutathione S-transferase expression and activity and altered sex steroids in Lake Apopka brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70023044","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decreased glutathione S-transferase expression and activity and altered sex steroids in Lake Apopka brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus)","docAbstract":"A number of freshwater lakes and reclaimed agricultural sites in Central Florida have been the receiving waters for agrochemical and municipal runoff. One of these sites, Lake Apopka, is also a eutrophic system that has been the focus of several case studies reporting altered reproductive activity linked to bioaccumulation of persistent organochlorine chemicals in aquatic species. The present study was initiated to determine if brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus) from the north marsh of Lake Apopka (Lake Apopka Marsh) exhibit an altered capacity to detoxify environmental chemicals through hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST)-mediated conjugation as compared with bullheads from a nearby reference site (Lake Woodruff). We also compared plasma sex hormone concentrations (testosterone, 17-?? estradiol, and 11 keto-testosterone) in bullheads from the two sites. Female bullheads from Lake Apopka had 40% lower initial rate GST conjugative activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 50% lower activity towards p-nitrobutyl chloride (NBC), 33% lower activity toward ethacrynic acid (ECA), and 43% lower activity toward ??5-androstene-3,17-dione (??5-ADI), as compared with female bullheads from Lake Woodruff. Enzyme kinetic analyses demonstrated that female bullheads from Lake Apopka had lower GST-catalyzed CDNB clearance than did female Lake Woodruff bullheads. Western blotting studies of bullhead liver cytosolic proteins demonstrated that the reduced GST catalytic activities in female Lake Apopka bullheads were accompanied by lower expression of hepatic GST protein. No site differences were observed with respect to GST activities or GST protein expression in male bullheads. Female Lake Apopka bullheads also had elevated concentrations of plasma androgens (testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone) as compared with females from Lake Woodruff. In contrast, male Lake Apopka bullheads had elevated levels of plasma estrogen but similar levels of androgens as compared with male bullheads from Lake Woodruff. Collectively, our studies indicate the presence of reduced GST protein expression, reduced GST conjugative capacity and altered sex steroid homeostasis in female bullheads from a contaminated field site in Central Florida. The implications of these physiological alterations in terms of pollutant biotransformation and reproduction are discussed. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00158-8","issn":"0166445X","usgsCitation":"Gallagher, E., Gross, T., and Sheehy, K., 2001, Decreased glutathione S-transferase expression and activity and altered sex steroids in Lake Apopka brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus): Aquatic Toxicology, v. 55, no. 3-4, p. 223-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00158-8.","startPage":"223","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208253,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00158-8"},{"id":233874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe17e4b0c8380cd4eaff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallagher, E.P.","contributorId":70969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallagher","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheehy, K.M.","contributorId":77711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheehy","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023041,"text":"70023041 - 2001 - Predicting river travel time from hydraulic characteristics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70023041","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2338,"text":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Predicting river travel time from hydraulic characteristics","docAbstract":"Predicting the effect of a pollutant spill on downstream water quality is primarily dependent on the water velocity, longitudinal mixing, and chemical/physical reactions. Of these, velocity is the most important and difficult to predict. This paper provides guidance on extrapolating travel-time information from one within bank discharge to another. In many cases, a time series of discharge (such as provided by a U.S. Geological Survey stream gauge) will provide an excellent basis for this extrapolation. Otherwise, the accuracy of a travel time extrapolation based on a resistance equation can be greatly improved by assuming the total flow area is composed of two parts, an active and an inactive area. For 60 reaches of 12 rivers with slopes greater than about 0.0002, travel times could be predicted to within about 10% by computing the active flow area using the Manning equation with n = 0.035 and assuming a constant inactive area for each reach. The predicted travel times were not very sensitive to the assumed values of bed slope or channel width.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydraulic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:11(911)","issn":"07339429","usgsCitation":"Jobson, H., 2001, Predicting river travel time from hydraulic characteristics: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 127, no. 11, p. 911-918, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:11(911).","startPage":"911","endPage":"918","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208223,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2001)127:11(911)"},{"id":233806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a81c8e4b0c8380cd7b717","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jobson, H.E.","contributorId":44952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jobson","given":"H.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023040,"text":"70023040 - 2001 - River flow mass exponents with fractal channel networks and rainfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70023040","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":664,"text":"Advances in Water Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"River flow mass exponents with fractal channel networks and rainfall","docAbstract":"An important problem in hydrologic science is understanding how river flow is influenced by rainfall properties and drainage basin characteristics. In this paper we consider one approach, the use of mass exponents, in examining the relation of river flow to rainfall and the channel network, which provides the primary conduit for transport of water to the outlet in a large basin. Mass exponents, which characterize the power-law behavior of moments as a function of scale, are ideally suited for defining scaling behavior of processes that exhibit a high degree of variability or intermittency. The main result in this paper is an expression relating the mass exponent of flow resulting from an instantaneous burst of rainfall to the mass exponents of spatial rainfall and that of the network width function. Spatial rainfall is modeled as a random multiplicative cascade and the channel network as a recursive replacement tree; these fractal models reproduce certain types of self-similar behavior seen in actual rainfall and networks. It is shown that under these modeling assumptions the scaling behavior of flow mirrors that of rainfall if rainfall is highly variable in space, and on the other hand flow mirrors the structure of the network if rainfall is not so highly variable. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Water Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00031-8","issn":"03091708","usgsCitation":"Troutman, B., and Over, T., 2001, River flow mass exponents with fractal channel networks and rainfall: Advances in Water Resources, v. 24, no. 9-10, p. 967-989, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00031-8.","startPage":"967","endPage":"989","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208222,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(01)00031-8"},{"id":233805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"9-10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aadaee4b0c8380cd86f56","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Troutman, B.M.","contributorId":73638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Over, T.M.","contributorId":35918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Over","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023017,"text":"70023017 - 2001 - Physiological variation among native and exotic winter annual plants associated with microbiotic crusts in the Mojave Desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70023017","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3089,"text":"Plant and Soil","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Physiological variation among native and exotic winter annual plants associated with microbiotic crusts in the Mojave Desert","docAbstract":"Microbiotic crusts are important components of many aridland soils. Research on crusts typically focuses on the increase in soil fertility due to N-fixing micro-organisms, the stabilization of soils against water and wind erosion and the impact of disturbance on N-cycling. The effect of microbiotic crusts on the associated plant community has received little attention. We quantified the influence of crusts on the production, species diversity, nutrient content and water relations of winter annual plant species associated with microbiotic soil crusts in the northeast Mojave Desert. Shoot biomass of winter annuals was 37% greater and plant density was 77% greater on crusts than were biomass and density on soils lacking crust cover (=bare soils). This greater production of annuals on crusts was likely due to enhanced soil conditions including an almost two-fold increase in soil organic matter and inorganic N compared to bare soils. Crusted soils also had 53% greater volumetric water content than bare soils during November and December, the time when winter annuals become established. As plant development progressed into spring, however, soil water availability decreased: More negative plant xylem water potentials were associated with greater plant biomass on crusted soils. Plants associated with microbiotic soil crusts had lower concentrations of N in shoots (mg N g-1 dry mass). However, total shoot N (mg N m-2) was the same in plants growing on the different soil types when biomass production peaked in April. Shoots had similar patterns in their concentration and content of P. Species diversity of annuals was not statistically different between the two soil types. Yet, while native annuals comprised the greatest proportion of shoot biomass on bare soils, exotic forbs and grasses produced more biomass on crusts. Total shoot nutrient content (biomass x concentration) of the two exotic annual species examined was dramatically greater on crusts than bare soils; only one native species had greater shoot content of N and P when growing on crusts than bare soils. Microbiotic crusts appear to increase site fertility in the northeast Mojave Desert, but nutrients and water distributed within a greater biomass of annual plants growing on microbiotic crusts likely resulted in lower concentrations of nutrients in plant tissue and lower xylem pressure potentials than plants growing on bare soils. Exotic annuals growing on crusts appear to respond to the higher N availability by growing faster, potentially outcompeting native annual species.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Plant and Soil","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1010323001006","issn":"0032079X","usgsCitation":"DeFalco, L., Detling, J., Tracy, C., and Warren, S., 2001, Physiological variation among native and exotic winter annual plants associated with microbiotic crusts in the Mojave Desert: Plant and Soil, v. 234, no. 1, p. 1-14, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010323001006.","startPage":"1","endPage":"14","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208035,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010323001006"},{"id":233400,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"234","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7b2ae4b0c8380cd792b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeFalco, L.A.","contributorId":46032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFalco","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Detling, J.K.","contributorId":31703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Detling","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tracy, C.R.","contributorId":73524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tracy","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Warren, S.D.","contributorId":99932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022971,"text":"70022971 - 2001 - Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km North of Memphis, Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022971","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km North of Memphis, Tennessee","docAbstract":"Other than the Crittenden County fault zone (CCFZ), little is known about the seismic hazard from earthquake faults within 50 km of Memphis, Tennessee, a city that contains a large inventory of older buildings that are vulnerable to moderate and strong earthquake ground shaking. To address this lack of knowledge about faulting near Memphis, we acquired a 4.5 km long Mini-Sosie seismic-reflection profile across the boundary between the loess-covered bluffs and modern Mississippi River flood plain in Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park north of Memphis. We imaged a previously unknown reverse/thrust fault that displaces Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks and upwarps Tertiary deposits on the floodplain portion of the profile about 25 km north of downtown Memphis. The Paleozoic and Cretaceous rocks are vertically faulted about 70 and 40 m, respectively, in an up-to-the-west sense of displacement. The fault displacement apparently terminates in the basal portion of the Paleocene section and causes only an upwarping of the overlying deposits. The overlying Paleocene and Eocene deposits, which are probably the youngest deposits imaged, are upwarped about 50-60 m with the same sense of displacement as the underlying older units. The sense of displacement, amplitude, and appearance of the fault in the seismic data are very similar to that observed in the seismic reflection images of the CCFZ 15 km west of this profile. Although we have imaged this new fault in only one location, its proximity to Memphis and similarities to the CCFZ, leads us to speculate that it may be a parallel structure to the CCFZ and thus warrants further study. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Williams, R.A., Stephenson, W.J., Odum, J.K., and Worley, D.M., 2001, Seismic-reflection imaging of Tertiary faulting and related post-Eocene deformation 20 km North of Memphis, Tennessee: Engineering Geology, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 79-90, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7.","startPage":"79","endPage":"90","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208251,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00052-7"},{"id":233869,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8b81e4b08c986b3178a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Worley, D. M.","contributorId":98332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022960,"text":"70022960 - 2001 - Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain I. Coulomb mixture theory","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T17:38:00.878236","indexId":"70022960","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain I. Coulomb mixture theory","docAbstract":"Rock avalanches, debris flows, and related phenomena consist of grain-fluid mixtures that move across three-dimensional terrain. In all these phenomena the same basic forces, govern motion, but differing mixture compositions, initial conditions, and boundary conditions yield varied dynamics and deposits. To predict motion of diverse grain-fluid masses from initiation to deposition, we develop a depth-averaged, threedimensional mathematical model that accounts explicitly for solid- and fluid-phase forces and interactions. Model input consists of initial conditions, path topography, basal and internal friction angles of solid grains, viscosity of pore fluid, mixture density, and a mixture diffusivity that controls pore pressure dissipation. Because these properties are constrained by independent measurements, the model requires little or no calibration and yields readily testable predictions. In the limit of vanishing Coulomb friction due to persistent high fluid pressure the model equations describe motion of viscous floods, and in the limit of vanishing fluid stress they describe one-phase granular avalanches. Analysis of intermediate phenomena such as debris flows and pyroclastic flows requires use of the full mixture equations, which can simulate interaction of high-friction surge fronts with more-fluid debris that follows. Special numerical methods (described in the companion paper) are necessary to solve the full equations, but exact analytical solutions of simplified equations provide critical insight. An analytical solution for translational motion of a Coulomb mixture accelerating from rest and descending a uniform slope demonstrates that steady flow can occur only asymptotically. A solution for the asymptotic limit of steady flow in a rectangular channel explains why shear may be concentrated in narrow marginal bands that border a plug of translating debris. Solutions for static equilibrium of source areas describe conditions of incipient slope instability, and other static solutions show that nonuniform distributions of pore fluid pressure produce bluntly tapered vertical profiles at the margins of deposits. Simplified equations and solutions may apply in additional situations identified by a scaling analysis. Assessment of dimensionless scaling parameters also reveals that miniature laboratory experiments poorly simulate the dynamics of full-scale flows in which fluid effects are significant. Therefore large geophysical flows can exhibit dynamics not evident at laboratory scales.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900329","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Iverson, R., and Denlinger, R., 2001, Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain I. Coulomb mixture theory: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B1, p. 537-552, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900329.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"552","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478856,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900329","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233688,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-01-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a124ae4b0c8380cd5424f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Iverson, R.M. 0000-0002-7369-3819","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7369-3819","contributorId":16435,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Iverson","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Denlinger, R.P.","contributorId":49367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denlinger","given":"R.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023495,"text":"70023495 - 2001 - Interoperability and information discovery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T19:28:00.873662","indexId":"70023495","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2864,"text":"New Review of Information Networking","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interoperability and information discovery","docAbstract":"<p>In the context of information systems, there is interoperability when the distinctions between separate information systems are not a barrier to accomplishing a task that spans those systems. Interoperability so defined implies that there are commonalities among the systems involved and that one can exploit such commonalities to achieve interoperability. The challenge of a particular interoperability task is to identify relevant commonalities among the systems involved and to devise mechanisms that exploit those commonalities.</p><p>The present paper focuses on the particular interoperability task of information discovery. The Global Information Locator Service (GILS) is described as a policy, standards, and technology framework for addressing interoperable information discovery on a global and long‐term basis. While there are many mechanisms for people to discover and use all manner of data and information resources, GILS initiatives exploit certain key commonalities that seem to be sufficient to realize useful information discovery interoperability at a global, long‐term scale.</p><p>This paper describes ten of the specific commonalities that are key to GILS initiatives. It presents some of the practical implications for organizations in various roles: content provider, system engineer, intermediary, and searcher. The paper also provides examples of interoperable information discovery as deployed using GILS in four types of information communities: bibliographic, geographic, environmental, and government.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/13614570109516966","issn":"13614576","usgsCitation":"Christian, E., 2001, Interoperability and information discovery: New Review of Information Networking, v. 7, p. 5-26, https://doi.org/10.1080/13614570109516966.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"26","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232448,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d4ee4b0c8380cd63478","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christian, E.","contributorId":99318,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christian","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022812,"text":"70022812 - 2001 - Debris-flow generation from recently burned watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-12T15:02:18.239878","indexId":"70022812","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Debris-flow generation from recently burned watersheds","docAbstract":"Evaluation of the erosional response of 95 recently burned drainage basins in Colorado, New Mexico and southern California to storm rainfall provides information on the conditions that result in fire-related debris flows. Debris flows were produced from only 37 of 95 (~40 percent) basins examined; the remaining basins produced either sediment-laden streamflow or no discernable response. Debris flows were thus not the prevalent response of the burned basins. The debris flows that did occur were most frequently the initial response to significant rainfall events. Although some hillslopes continued to erode and supply material to channels in response to subsequent rainfall events, debris flows were produced from only one burned basin following the initial erosive event. Within individual basins, debris flows initiated through both runoff and infiltration-triggered processes. The fact that not all burned basins produced debris flows suggests that specific geologic and geomorphic conditions may control the generation of fire-related debris flows. The factors that best distinguish between debris-flow producing drainages and those that produced sediment-laden streamflow are drainage-basin morphology and lithology, and the presence or absence of water-repellent soils. Basins underlain by sedimentary rocks were most likely to produce debris flows that contain large material, and sand- and gravel-dominated flows were generated primarily from terrain underlain by decomposed granite. Basin-area and relief thresholds define the morphologic conditions under which both types of debris flows occur. Debris flows containing large material are more likely to be produced from basins without water-repellent soils than from basins with water repellency. The occurrence of sand-and gravel-dominated debris flows depends on the presence of water-repellent soils.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.2113/gseegeosci.7.4.321","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Cannon, S., 2001, Debris-flow generation from recently burned watersheds: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 7, no. 4, p. 321-341, https://doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.7.4.321.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"341","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233753,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.497802734375,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12597656249999,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.12597656249999,\n              35.764343479667176\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.497802734375,\n              35.764343479667176\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.497802734375,\n              32.491230287947594\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fdf9e4b0c8380cd4ea3c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cannon, S.H.","contributorId":38154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cannon","given":"S.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023491,"text":"70023491 - 2001 - Toward a national fuels mapping strategy: Lessons from selected mapping programs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-14T13:43:40","indexId":"70023491","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2083,"text":"International Journal of Wildland Fire","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toward a national fuels mapping strategy: Lessons from selected mapping programs","docAbstract":"<p><span>The establishment of a robust national fuels mapping program must be based on pertinent lessons from relevant national mapping programs. Many large-area mapping programs are under way in numerous Federal agencies. Each of these programs follows unique strategies to achieve mapping goals and objectives. Implementation approaches range from highly centralized programs that use tightly integrated standards and dedicated staff, to dispersed programs that permit considerable flexibility. One model facilitates national consistency, while the other allows accommodation of locally relevant conditions and issues. An examination of the programmatic strategies of four national vegetation and land cover mapping initiatives can identify the unique approaches, accomplishments, and lessons of each that should be considered in the design of a national fuel mapping program. The first three programs are the U.S. Geological Survey Gap Analysis Program, the U.S. Geological Survey National Land Cover Characterization Program, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Survey National Wetlands Inventory. A fourth program, the interagency Multiresolution Land Characterization Program, offers insights in the use of partnerships to accomplish mapping goals. Collectively, the programs provide lessons, guiding principles, and other basic concepts that can be used to design a successful national fuels mapping initiative.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"CSIRO Publishing","doi":"10.1071/WF01030","issn":"10498001","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T.R., 2001, Toward a national fuels mapping strategy: Lessons from selected mapping programs: International Journal of Wildland Fire, v. 10, no. 4, p. 289-299, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF01030.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"289","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232409,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5b0e4b08c986b326828","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":140256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397821,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70022746,"text":"70022746 - 2001 - Climate logging with a new rapid optical technique at siple dome","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70022746","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate logging with a new rapid optical technique at siple dome","docAbstract":"The dust logger design is based on a decade of experience in the use of light sources to measure optical properties of deep Antarctic ice. Light is emitted at the top of the instrument by side-directed LEDs, scattered or absorbed by dust in the ice surrounding the borehole, and collected in a downhole-pointing photomultiplier tube (PMT) a meter below. With this method the ice is sampled at ambient pressure in a much larger volume than is the case in a core study, and the entire length can be logged in one day. In ice in which scattering is dominated by bubbles, the absorption from dust impurities is perceived as a drop in signal, whereas in bubble-free ice the scattering from dust increases the light collected. We report on results obtained in Siple Dome Hole A in December 2000. The instrument measured increases in dust concentration extending over many meters during glacial maxima, as well as narrow spikes due to ??? 1 cm thick ash and dust bands of volcanic origin. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to clarify data analysis and predict the capabilities of future designs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Research Letters","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001GL013763","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Bay, R., Price, P., Clow, G., and Gow, A.J., 2001, Climate logging with a new rapid optical technique at siple dome: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 28, no. 24, p. 4635-4638, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013763.","startPage":"4635","endPage":"4638","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479012,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001gl013763","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208213,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013763"}],"volume":"28","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f652e4b0c8380cd4c6bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bay, R.C.","contributorId":103839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bay","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Price, P.B.","contributorId":59590,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Price","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clow, G.D.","contributorId":46112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gow, A. J.","contributorId":45070,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gow","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022736,"text":"70022736 - 2001 - U-Pb age of the Diana Complex and Adirondack granulite petrogenesis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-23T15:43:39.329422","indexId":"70022736","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3158,"text":"Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"U-Pb age of the Diana Complex and Adirondack granulite petrogenesis","docAbstract":"<p><span>U-Pb isotopic analyses of eight single and multi-grain zircon fractions separated from a syenite of the Diana Complex of the Adirondack Mountains do not define a single linear array, but a scatter along a chord that intersects the Concordia curve at 1145 ± 29 and 285 ± 204 Ma. For the most concordant analyses, the</span><sup>207</sup><span>Pb/</span><sup>206</sup><span>Pb ages range between 1115 and 1150 Ma. Detailed petrographic studies revealed that most grains contained at least two phases of zircon growth, either primary magmatic cores enclosed by variable thickness of metamorphic overgrowths or magmatic portions enclosing presumably older xenocrystic zircon cores. The magmatic portions are characterized by typical dipyramidal prismatic zoning and numerous black inclusions that make them quite distinct from adjacent overgrowths or cores when observed in polarizing light microscopy and in backscattered electron micrographs. Careful handpicking and analysis of the “best” magmatic grains, devoid of visible overgrowth of core material, produced two nearly concordant points that along with two of the multi-grain analyses yielded an upper-intercept age of 1118 ± 2.8 Ma and a lowerintercept age of 251 ± 13 Ma. The older age is interpreted as the crystallization age of the syenite and the younger one is consistent with late stage uplift of the Appalachian region. The 1118 Ma age for the Diana Complex, some 35 Ma younger than previously believed, is now approximately synchronous with the main Adirondack anorthosite intrusion, implying a cogenetic relationship among the various meta-igneous rocks of the Adirondacks. The retention of a high-temperature contact metamorphic aureole around Diana convincingly places the timing of Adirondack regional metamorphism as early as 1118 Ma. This result also implies that the sources of anomalous hightemperature during granulite metamorphism are the syn-metamorphic intrusions, such as the Diana Complex.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02702902","issn":"02534126","usgsCitation":"Basu, A.R., and Premo, W.R., 2001, U-Pb age of the Diana Complex and Adirondack granulite petrogenesis: Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 110, no. 4, p. 385-395, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02702902.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"385","endPage":"395","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478877,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/jess/110/04/0385-0395","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233637,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","otherGeospatial":"Adirondack Mountains, Diana Complex","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.82058255802923,\n              43.075528999901024\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.61184232365447,\n              43.34777170250618\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.45254056584179,\n              43.4036707961441\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.40310208927907,\n              43.55911795852839\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.43606107365447,\n              43.62675180037368\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.35366361271697,\n              43.777658458080936\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.37563626896657,\n              43.83315988930818\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.39760892521686,\n              43.9598266505854\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.43056790959153,\n              44.05464988620466\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.37014310490436,\n              44.208414318375276\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.30971830021647,\n              44.251711389507676\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.34267728459187,\n              44.41673448804991\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.36464994084146,\n              44.57346758184144\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.38662259709172,\n              44.7141671790304\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.59536283146647,\n              44.85841949588456\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.84255521427949,\n              44.90512661496251\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.35341947209159,\n              44.7414858061496\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.54018705021676,\n              44.59694121196955\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.67202298771696,\n              44.27531454883666\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.93569486271667,\n              43.99540312763696\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.97964017521652,\n              43.674447570355795\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.91921537052932,\n              43.45154329021935\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.72146146427902,\n              43.123660128850474\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.50173490177916,\n              43.01531188613987\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.27102201115413,\n              43.059476882639046\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.96340482365389,\n              43.0313755627551\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.82058255802923,\n              43.075528999901024\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"110","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb9c0e4b08c986b327da8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basu, A. R.","contributorId":99697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basu","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Premo, W. R. 0000-0001-9904-4801","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":22782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70022727,"text":"70022727 - 2001 - Rehabilitation of gypsum-mined lands in the Indian desert","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-16T16:15:40","indexId":"70022727","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":905,"text":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rehabilitation of gypsum-mined lands in the Indian desert","docAbstract":"The economic importance of mining in the Indian Desert is second only to agriculture. Land disturbed by mining, however, has only recently been the focus of rehabilitation efforts. This research assesses the success of rehabilitation plans used to revegetate gypsum mine spoils within the environmental constraints of the north-west Indian hot-desert ecosystem. The rehabilitation plan first examined both mined and unmined areas and established assessments of existing vegetative cover and the quality of native soils and mine spoils. Tests were made on the effect of the use, and conservation, of available water through rainwater harvesting, amendment application (for physical and chemical spoil modification), plant establishment protocols, and the selection of appropriate germ plasm. Our results show that the resulting vegetative cover is capable of perpetuating itself under natural conditions while concurrently meeting the needs of farmers. Although the mine spoils are deficient in organic matter and phosphorus, they possess adequate amounts of all other nutrients. Total boron concentrations (>5.0 mg kg-1) in both the topsail and mine spoil indicate potentially phytotoxic conditions. Electrical conductance of mine spoil is 6-10 times higher than for topsail with a near-neutral pH. Populations of spoil fungi, Azotobactor, and nitrifying bacteria are low. The soil moisture storage in rainwater harvesting plots increased by 8% over the control and 48% over the unmined area. As a result of rehabilitation efforts, mine spoils show a steady buildup in organic carbon, and P and K due to the decomposition of farmyard manure and the contribution of nitrogen fixation by the established leguminous plant species. The rehabilitation protocol used at the site appears to have been successful. Following revegetation of the area with a mixture of trees, shrubs, and grasses, native implanted species have become established. Species diversity, measured in terms of species richness, increased after one year and then gradually declined over time; the decline was the result of the loss of annual species. The study not only develops methods of gypsum mine land rehabilitation but also helps in understanding processes of rehabilitation success in arid regions and emphasizes the importance of long-term monitoring of rehabilitation success. Copyright ?? 2001 Taylor & Francis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/15324980119929","issn":"08903069","usgsCitation":"Sharma, K., Kumar, S., and Gough, L.P., 2001, Rehabilitation of gypsum-mined lands in the Indian desert: Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, v. 15, no. 1, p. 61-76, https://doi.org/10.1080/15324980119929.","startPage":"61","endPage":"76","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233487,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265777,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15324980119929"}],"volume":"15","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a601e4b0e8fec6cdc063","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sharma, K.D.","contributorId":53545,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharma","given":"K.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kumar, S.","contributorId":89843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumar","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gough, L. P.","contributorId":64198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gough","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":394682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1016191,"text":"1016191 - 2001 - Genetic and morphologic variation in Phyllodoce empetriformis and Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Ericaceae) in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T16:37:54.687018","indexId":"1016191","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1167,"text":"Canadian Journal of Botany","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Genetic and morphologic variation in <i>Phyllodoce empetriformis</i> and <i>Phyllodoce glanduliflora</i> (Ericaceae) in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","title":"Genetic and morphologic variation in Phyllodoce empetriformis and Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Ericaceae) in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington","docAbstract":"<p><span>Genetic and morphological diversity of&nbsp;</span><i>Phyllodoce empetriformis</i><span>&nbsp;(Sw.) D. Don and&nbsp;</span><i>Phyllodoce</i><span>&nbsp;</span><i>glanduliflora</i><span>&nbsp;(hook.) Cov. were surveyed in Mount Rainier National Park in the Cascade Mountains of Washington State. Paired populations at high and low elevations were sampled at three study areas between 1720- and 2451-m elevation. Allozyme analysis of four polymorphic loci indicates high levels of genetic diversity within populations (</span><i>P. empetriformis</i><span>&nbsp;= 94.2% and&nbsp;</span><i>P. glanduliflora</i><span>&nbsp;= 93.4% of total diversity) and significant differences in allele frequencies among populations and study areas. Individual populations are composed of multiple clones with high ratios of local to widespread genotypes. The proportion of distinguishable clones ranges from 32 to 83% within individual populations. Within individual populations, 18-67% of genotypes were restricted to one population. Patterns of morphologic variation, estimated through measurements of leaf width, leaf length, stem extension, and plant height paralleled those displayed by allozyme analysis. Significant differences were found in leaf width and stem length for&nbsp;</span><i>P. empetriformis</i><span>&nbsp;and among greenhouse populations for leaf width (</span><i>P. empetriformis</i><span>) and leaf length (</span><i>P. glanduliflora</i><span>). Species conservation strategies for&nbsp;</span><i>Phyllodoce</i><span>&nbsp;should concentrate on the maintenance of within-population levels of diversity, protection of adjacent populations, and protection of safe sites for recruitment of new populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/b00-147","usgsCitation":"Rochefort, R.M., and Peterson, D.L., 2001, Genetic and morphologic variation in Phyllodoce empetriformis and Phyllodoce glanduliflora (Ericaceae) in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington: Canadian Journal of Botany, v. 79, no. 2, p. 179-191, https://doi.org/10.1139/b00-147.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"191","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134459,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Mount Rainier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -121.92352294921874,\n              46.702202151643455\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4483642578125,\n              46.702202151643455\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.4483642578125,\n              47.00460694243501\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92352294921874,\n              47.00460694243501\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.92352294921874,\n              46.702202151643455\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeb94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rochefort, Regina M.","contributorId":91459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochefort","given":"Regina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. L.","contributorId":36484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1016142,"text":"1016142 - 2001 - Raptor electrocution on power lines: Current issues and outlook","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1016142","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raptor electrocution on power lines: Current issues and outlook","docAbstract":"Electrocution on power lines is one of many human-caused mortality factors that affect raptors. Cost-effective and relatively simple raptor-safe standards for power line modification and construction have been available for over 25 years. During the 1970s and early 1980s, electric industry efforts to reduce raptor electrocutions were very coordinated and proactive, but predictions about resolving the problem were overly optimistic. Today, raptors continue to be electrocuted, possibly in large numbers. The electrocution problem has not been resolved, partly because of the sheer number of potentially lethal power poles in use and partly because electrocution risks may be more pervasive and sometimes less conspicuous than once believed. Also, responses to the problem by individual utilities have not been uniform, and deregulation of the electric industry during the 1990s may have deflected attention from electrocution issues. To control raptor electrocutions in the future, the industry must increase information sharing and technology transfer, increase efforts to retrofit lethal power poles, and above all ensure that every new and replacement line constructed incorporates raptor-safe standards at all phases of development. Finally, responsibility for the electrocution problem must be shared. Federal, state, and local governments, academic institutions, the conservation community, and the consumer all can play critical roles in an effort that will, by necessity, extend well into the new century. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Lehman, R.N., 2001, Raptor electrocution on power lines: Current issues and outlook: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 29, no. 3, p. 804-813.","productDescription":"p. 804-813","startPage":"804","endPage":"813","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133231,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64938a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lehman, Robert N.","contributorId":47746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lehman","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023383,"text":"70023383 - 2001 - Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in δ<sup>18</sup>O of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-12T09:29:27","indexId":"70023383","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in δ<sup>18</sup>O of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America","docAbstract":"<p><i>Celtis</i><span>&nbsp;sp. (commonly known as &ldquo;hackberry&rdquo;) fruits were collected from 101 North American sites located in 13 states and one Canadian province between the years of 1979&ndash;1994. The biomineralized carbonate endocarp of the hackberry, which is a common botanical fossil found throughout the Quaternary sediments of the Great Plains, was analyzed for its &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value and plotted against the &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value of site environmental water to demonstrate the potential of the hackberry as a paleoclimate indicator. This correlation was reinforced by intensive studies on extracted tissue-water &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value and hackberry endocarp carbonate &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value from three trees in Sterling, Colorado. The observed correlation in the large data set between hackberry endocarp carbonate &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value and environmental water is [endocarp &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O=38.56+0.69&times;environmental water &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O] (</span><i>R</i><span>=0.88;&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span>=0.78;&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>&nbsp;value&lt;0.0001). The relation of the hackberry carbonate to temperature in the Great Plains was the following: (average daily-maximum growing season temperature [&deg;C])=6.33+0.67 (&delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O of endocarp carbonate) (</span><i>R</i><span>=0.73;&nbsp;</span><i>R</i><sup>2</sup><span>=0.54;&nbsp;</span><i>p</i><span>value=0.0133). The &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O value of early Holocene fossil hackberry carbonate in the Pintwater Cave, southern Nevada, suggested precipitation &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values more positive than today (&sim;&minus;4&permil; early Holocene vs &sim;&minus;9 to &minus;10&permil; today). This shift, combined with paleobotanical data, suggests an influx of summer monsoonal moisture to this region in the early Holocene. Alternatively, the more positive &delta;</span><sup>18</sup><span>O values could be viewed as suggestive of warmer temperatures, although the direct use of Great Plains hackberry/temperature relationships to the Great Basin is of debatable value.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/qres.2001.2259","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Jahren, A.H., Amundson, R., Kendall, C., and Wigand, P., 2001, Paleoclimatic reconstruction using the correlation in δ<sup>18</sup>O of hackberry carbonate and environmental water, North America: Quaternary Research, v. 56, no. 2, p. 252-263, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2259.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"252","endPage":"263","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232601,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207553,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2259"}],"volume":"56","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73cce4b0c8380cd77252","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jahren, A. Hope","contributorId":45490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jahren","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hope","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amundson, Ronald","contributorId":59925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Amundson","given":"Ronald","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wigand, Peter","contributorId":28777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wigand","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015218,"text":"1015218 - 2001 - Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induces rapid ecological changes in alpine lakes of Colorado Front Range (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-21T17:26:01","indexId":"1015218","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induces rapid ecological changes in alpine lakes of Colorado Front Range (USA)","docAbstract":"<p>Recent sediments from two alpine lakes (&gt; 3300 m asl) in the Colorado Front Range (USA) register marked and near-synchronous changes that are believed to represent ecological responses to enhanced atmospheric deposition of fixed nitrogen from anthropogenic sources. Directional shifts in sediment proxies include greater representations of mesotrophic diatoms and increasingly depleted δ<sup>15</sup>N values. These trends are particularly pronounced since ~ 1950, and appear to chronicle lake responses to excess N derived from agricultural and industrial sources to the east. The rate and magnitude of recent ecological changes far exceed the context of natural variability, as inferred from comparative analyses of a long core capturingthe entire 14,000-year postglacial history of one of the lakes. Nitrogen deposition to these seemingly pristine natural areas has resulted in subtle but detectable limnological changes that likely represent the beginning of a stronger response to nitrogen enrichment.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1008129509322","usgsCitation":"Wolfe, A., Baron, J., and Cornett, R., 2001, Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition induces rapid ecological changes in alpine lakes of Colorado Front Range (USA): Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 25, no. 1, p. 1-7, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008129509322.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"7","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolfe, A.P.","contributorId":46445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolfe","given":"A.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Baron, Jill 0000-0002-5902-6251 jill_baron@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5902-6251","contributorId":194124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baron","given":"Jill","email":"jill_baron@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cornett, R.J.","contributorId":69106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cornett","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023387,"text":"70023387 - 2001 - Density of basalt core from Hilo drill hole, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70023387","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Density of basalt core from Hilo drill hole, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Density measurements of 1600 samples of core from 889 to 3097 m depth below sea level in the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Program hole near Hilo, Hawaii show marked differences between the basaltic rock types and help define stratigraphy in the hole. Water-saturated densities of subaerial lava flows (occurring above 1079 m depth) have the broadest range because of the large density variation within a single lava flow. Water-saturated densities commonly range from 2.0 to 3.0 with an average of 2.55 ?? 0.24 g/cc. Dikes and sills range from 2.8 to 3.1 g/cc). Densities of hyaloclastite commonly range from 2.3 to 2.7, with an overall average of about 2.5 g/cc. The low-density of most hyaloclastite is due primarily to palagonitization of abundant glass and presence of secondary minerals in the interstices between fragments. Four principal zones of pillow lava, separated by hyaloclastite, occur in the drill core. The shallowest (1983-2136 m) is paradoxically the densest, averaging 3.01 ?? 0.10 g/cc. The second (2234-2470 m) is decidedly the lightest, averaging 2.67 ?? 0.13 g/cc. The third (2640-2790 m) and fourth (2918-bottom at 3097 m) are high, averaging 2.89 ?? 0.17 and 2.97 ?? 0.08 g/cc, respectively. The first pillow zone includes degassed pillows i.e. lava erupted on land that flowed into the sea. These pillows are poor in vesicles, because the subaerial, one-atmosphere vesicles were compressed when the flow descended to deeper water and higher pressure. The second (low-density, non-degassed) pillow zone is the most vesicle-rich, apparently because it was erupted subaqueously at a shallow depth. The higher densities of the third and fourth zones result from a low vesicularity of only a few percent and an olivine content averaging more than 5% for the third zone and about 10% for the fourth zone. The uppermost hyaloclastite extending about 400 m below the bottom of the subaerial basalt is poorly cemented and absorbs up to 6 wt% of water when immersed. Progressing downward the hyaloclastite absorbs less water and becomes better cemented. This change is apparently due to palagonitization of glass and addition of secondary minerals in the deeper older hyaloclastite, a process favored by the increase of temperature with depth. The cementation is largely complete at 1800 m depth where the temperature attains about 20??C. The zone of freshest, uncemented hyaloclastite represents the weakest rock in the drill hole and is a likely level for tectonic or landslide disruption. ?? 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00242-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Moore, J., 2001, Density of basalt core from Hilo drill hole, Hawaii: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 112, no. 1-4, p. 221-230, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00242-6.","startPage":"221","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207579,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00242-6"},{"id":232643,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"112","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fea8e4b0c8380cd4ee58","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, J.G.","contributorId":67496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023445,"text":"70023445 - 2001 - Identifying determinants of nations' wetland management programs using structural equation modeling: An exploratory analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70023445","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying determinants of nations' wetland management programs using structural equation modeling: An exploratory analysis","docAbstract":"Integrated management and policy models suggest that solutions to environmental issues may be linked to the socioeconomic and political Characteristics of a nation. In this study, we empirically explore these suggestions by applying them to the wetland management activities of nations. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate a model of national wetland management effort and one of national wetland protection. Using five predictor variables of social capital, economic capital, environmental and political characteristics, and land-use pressure, the multivariate models were able to explain 60% of the variation in nations' wetland protection efforts based on data from 90 nations, as defined by level of participation, in the international wetland convention. Social capital had the largest direct effect on wetland protection efforts, suggesting that increased social development may eventually lead to better wetland protection. In contrast, increasing economic development had a negative linear relationship with wetland protection efforts, suggesting the need for explicit wetland protection programs as nations continue to focus on economic development. Government, environmental characteristics, and land-use pressure also had a positive direct effect on wetland protection, and mediated the effect of social capital on wetland protection. Explicit wetland protection policies, combined with a focus on social development, would lead to better wetland protection at the national level.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s002670010194","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"La Peyre, M., Mendelssohn, I., Reams, M., Templet, P., and Grace, J., 2001, Identifying determinants of nations' wetland management programs using structural equation modeling: An exploratory analysis: Environmental Management, v. 27, no. 6, p. 859-868, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010194.","startPage":"859","endPage":"868","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207404,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002670010194"},{"id":232327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a384be4b0c8380cd614ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"La Peyre, M.K. 0000-0001-9936-2252","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9936-2252","contributorId":102239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"La Peyre","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mendelssohn, I.A.","contributorId":24317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mendelssohn","given":"I.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reams, M.A.","contributorId":102240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reams","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Templet, P.H.","contributorId":14609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Templet","given":"P.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Grace, J.B. 0000-0001-6374-4726","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-4726","contributorId":38938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grace","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1003749,"text":"1003749 - 2001 - Experimental infection of nontarget species of rodents and birds with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-20T18:27:54.681602","indexId":"1003749","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Experimental infection of nontarget species of rodents and birds with <i>Brucella abortus</i> strain RB51 vaccine","title":"Experimental infection of nontarget species of rodents and birds with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine","docAbstract":"<p><span>The&nbsp;</span><i>Brucella abortus</i><span>&nbsp;vaccine strain RB51 (SRB51) is being considered for use in the management of brucellosis in wild bison (</span><i>Bison bison</i><span>) and elk (</span><i>Cervus elaphus</i><span>) populations in the Greater Yellowstone Area (USA). Evaluation of the vaccine's safety in non-target species was considered necessary prior to field use. Between June 1998 and December 1999, ground squirrels (</span><i>Spermophilus richardsonii</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 21), deer mice (</span><i>Peromyscus maniculatus</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 14), prairie voles (</span><i>Microtus ochrogaster</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 21), and ravens (</span><i>Corvus corax</i><span>,&nbsp;</span><i>n</i><span>&nbsp;= 13) were orally inoculated with SRB51 or physiologic saline. Oral and rectal swabs and blood samples were collected for bacteriologic evaluation. Rodents were necropsied at 8 to 10 wk and 12 to 21 wk post inoculation (PI), and ravens at 7 and 11 wk PI. Spleen, liver and reproductive tissues were collected for bacteriologic and histopathologic evaluation. No differences in clinical signs, appetite, weight loss or gain, or activity were observed between saline- and SRB51-inoculated animals in all four species. Oral and rectal swabs from all species were negative throughout the study. In tissues obtained from SRB51-inoculated animals, the organism was isolated from six of seven (86%) ground squirrels, one of six (17%) deer mice, none of seven voles, and one of five (20%) ravens necropsied at 8, 8, 10, and 7 wk PI, respectively. Tissues from four of seven (57%) SRB51-inoculated ground squirrels were culture positive for the organism 12 wk PI; SRB51 was not recovered from deer mice, voles, or ravens necropsied 12, 21, or 11 wk, respectively, PI. SRB51 was not recovered from saline-inoculated ground squirrels, deer mice, or voles at any time but was recovered from one saline-inoculated raven at necropsy, 7 wk PI, likely attributable to contact with SRB51-inoculated ravens in an adjacent aviary room. Spleen was the primary tissue site of colonization in ground squirrels, followed by the liver and reproductive organs. The results indicate oral exposure to SRB51 does not produce morbibity or mortality in ravens, ground squirrels, deer mice, or prairie voles.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.532","usgsCitation":"Januszewski, M., Olsen, S., McLean, R.G., Clark, L., and Rhyan, J.C., 2001, Experimental infection of nontarget species of rodents and birds with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 37, no. 3, p. 532-537, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.532.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"532","endPage":"537","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478870,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.532","text":"Publisher Index 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,{"id":1015015,"text":"1015015 - 2001 - Utility of splenic macrophage aggregates as an indicator of fish exposure to degraded environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T15:43:43.021139","indexId":"1015015","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Utility of splenic macrophage aggregates as an indicator of fish exposure to degraded environments","docAbstract":"<p><span>The utility of splenic macrophage aggregates (MAs) as an indicator of fish exposure to degraded environments was evaluated in several species of estuarine fishes as part of the Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program–Estuaries (EMAP-E). Using image analysis, we measured the number and mean size of MAs per square millimeter on tissue sections of spleen from 983 fishes representing seven species from 266 stations scattered across coastal estuaries of the Gulf of Mexico. At 16 stations, at least one fish exhibited a high density of MAs (&gt;40 MAs/mm</span><sup>2</sup><span>). Densities of MAs that exceeded 40/mm</span><sup>2</sup><span>&nbsp;correlated with exposure to either hypoxic conditions or sediment contamination. Fisher's exact test showed that the observed frequencies of joint occurrence between high numbers of MAs and both high sediment contaminants and low dissolved oxygen were significantly greater than the expected background frequencies. For all 16 sites where MAs were greater than 40/mm</span><sup>2</sup><span>, sediments displayed at least one contaminant at a concentration in the highest 5% of those observed for all Gulf of Mexico stations. Additionally, comparison of subjective visual analyses with the image analysis measurements showed a strong correlation, indicating that similar analyses can be performed without computer image analysis. This study demonstrates that splenic MAs are effective biotic indicators for discriminating between fish exposed to degraded and nondegraded environments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0105:UOSMAA>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Fournie, J., Summers, J., Courtney, L., Engle, V., and Blazer, V., 2001, Utility of splenic macrophage aggregates as an indicator of fish exposure to degraded environments: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 13, no. 2, p. 105-116, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0105:UOSMAA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"116","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Anclote Key, Gulf of 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,{"id":70174411,"text":"70174411 - 2001 - Ancient blue oaks reveal human impact on San Francisco Bay salinity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-13T15:59:37.350556","indexId":"70174411","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1578,"text":"Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union","onlineIssn":"2324-9250","printIssn":"0096-394","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient blue oaks reveal human impact on San Francisco Bay salinity","docAbstract":"<p><span>San Francisco Bay is one of the most important estuaries on the west coast of the Americas. Its water quality is controlled primarily by streamflow from the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. In fact, freshwater inflow from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta explains 86% of the salinity variability at the mouth of the San Francisco Bay estuary [</span><i>Peterson et al</i><span>., 1989]. The massive diversion of streamflow by the California State Water Project and the Central Valley Project, part of the largest manmade water control system on Earth [</span><i>Reisner</i><span>, 1988], has raised salinity in the estuary on daily, seasonal, and annual timescales [</span><i>Nichols</i><span>&nbsp;et al., 1986;&nbsp;</span><i>Peterson</i><span>&nbsp;et al., 1989].</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"AGU Publications","doi":"10.1029/EO082i012p00141","usgsCitation":"Stahle, D.W., Therrell, M.D., Cleaveland, M.K., Cayan, D.R., Dettinger, M., and Knowles, N., 2001, Ancient blue oaks reveal human impact on San Francisco Bay salinity: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 82, no. 12, p. 141-145, https://doi.org/10.1029/EO082i012p00141.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"141","endPage":"145","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325060,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.98645019531249,\n              37.98317483351337\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.871337890625,\n              37.22595454983972\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.56372070312499,\n              38.0091482264894\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.33276367187499,\n              38.36750215395045\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.98645019531249,\n              37.98317483351337\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"82","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5784c335e4b0e02680be58fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stahle, David W.","contributorId":172809,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stahle","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Therrell, Matthew D.","contributorId":172810,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Therrell","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cleaveland, Malcolm K.","contributorId":172811,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cleaveland","given":"Malcolm","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel R. 0000-0002-2719-6811 drcayan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2719-6811","contributorId":1494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":146383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael D.","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":642152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Knowles, Noah 0000-0001-5652-1049 nknowles@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-1049","contributorId":1380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Noah","email":"nknowles@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":642153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024046,"text":"70024046 - 2001 - Huge, CO2-charged debris-flow deposits and tectonic sagging in the northern plains of Mars","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-14T17:47:09.69735","indexId":"70024046","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Huge, CO<sub>2</sub>-charged debris-flow deposits and tectonic sagging in the northern plains of Mars","title":"Huge, CO2-charged debris-flow deposits and tectonic sagging in the northern plains of Mars","docAbstract":"<p><span>The northern plains of Mars contain a vast deposit, covering one-sixth of the planet, that apparently resulted in extensive lithospheric deformation. The center of the deposit may be as much as 2–3 km thick. The deposit has lobate margins consistent with the flow of fluidized debris for hundreds to thousands of kilometers derived from highland and high-plains sources. The deposit surface lowers inward by ∼900 m in places and is locally bordered by a bulge ∼300 m high. Similar deformation accompanied development of Pleistocene ice sheets on Earth. The lack of burial of a large inlier of older terrain and the response time of the mantle to the loading require that the deposit was emplaced in &lt;1000 yr, assuming that the deposit was originally flat. We account for what may have been the largest catastrophic erosional and/or depositional event in solar system history by invoking pore-filling subsurface CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;as an active agent in the processes of source-rock collapse and debris flow.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0427:HCCDFD>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Tanaka, K.L., Banerdt, W., Kargel, J., and Hoffman, N., 2001, Huge, CO2-charged debris-flow deposits and tectonic sagging in the northern plains of Mars: Geology, v. 29, no. 5, p. 427-430, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0427:HCCDFD>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"427","endPage":"430","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"29","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3275e4b0c8380cd5e806","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tanaka, K. L.","contributorId":31394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tanaka","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Banerdt, W.B.","contributorId":36684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Banerdt","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kargel, J.S.","contributorId":88096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kargel","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, N.","contributorId":68922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023777,"text":"70023777 - 2001 - Evidence that coded-wire-tagging procedures can enhance transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum in chinook salmon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-21T15:20:26","indexId":"70023777","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence that coded-wire-tagging procedures can enhance transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum in chinook salmon","docAbstract":"<p>Binary coded wire tags (CWTs) are used extensively for identification and management of anadromous salmonid populations. A study of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in two brood year groups of hatchery-reared spring chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha provided strong evidence that horizontal transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of BKD, might be enhanced by CWT-marking procedures. About 4 months after CWTs were implanted in the snouts of juvenile fish, 14-16 different tissues were sampled from each of 60 fish per brood year group for histological analysis. Of the fish that were positive for R. salmoninarum by histological examination, 41% (7 of 17) of the 1988 brood year fish and 24% (10 of 42) of the 1989 brood year fish had BKD lesions confined to the head near the site of tag implantation. These lesions often resulted in the destruction of tissues of one or both olfactory organs. No focal snout infections were observed in fish that had not been marked with CWTs. Further data obtained from tissue analyses by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a fluorescent antibody test for detection of R. salmoninarum supported the hypothesis that infections of R. salmoninarum can be initiated in the snout tissues of CWT-marked fish and then spread to other organs. The tagging procedures might promote transmission of the pathogen among fish via contaminated tagging needles, by facilitating the entry of pathogens through the injection wound, or both. Limited evidence from this study suggested that implantation of passive integrated transponder tags in the peritoneal cavities of fish might also promote the transmission of R. salmoninarum or exacerbate existing infections. The results indicated a need for strict sanitary procedures during the tagging of fish in populations positive for R. salmoninarum to reduce the probability of enhanced horizontal transmission of the pathogen.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0181:ETCWTP>2.0.CO;2","issn":"08997659","usgsCitation":"Elliott, D., and Pascho, R., 2001, Evidence that coded-wire-tagging procedures can enhance transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarum in chinook salmon: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 13, no. 3, p. 181-193, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0181:ETCWTP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"181","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"13","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232467,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207480,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0181:ETCWTP>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d71e4b0c8380cd5300b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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