{"pageNumber":"297","pageRowStart":"7400","pageSize":"25","recordCount":11004,"records":[{"id":22026,"text":"ofr95824 - 1995 - Preliminary analysis of integrated stratigraphic data from the Phred #1 corehole, Indian River County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T07:00:04","indexId":"ofr95824","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-824","title":"Preliminary analysis of integrated stratigraphic data from the Phred #1 corehole, Indian River County, Florida","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95824","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Weedman, S., Scott, T., Edwards, L.E., Brewster-Wingard, G., and Libarkin, J., 1995, Preliminary analysis of integrated stratigraphic data from the Phred #1 corehole, Indian River County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-824, ii, 63 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95824.","productDescription":"ii, 63 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152971,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0824/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51492,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0824/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Indian River County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-80.4447,27.8616],[-80.4475,27.86],[-80.4461,27.8606],[-80.3808,27.7344],[-80.3581,27.6655],[-80.348,27.6257],[-80.3302,27.5957],[-80.3216,27.5587],[-80.3328,27.5574],[-80.3336,27.56],[-80.335,27.5556],[-80.3375,27.5578],[-80.3367,27.5619],[-80.3319,27.5628],[-80.3383,27.5683],[-80.3339,27.5731],[-80.3383,27.5816],[-80.3369,27.5825],[-80.3411,27.5825],[-80.3449,27.5906],[-80.3434,27.5927],[-80.3375,27.5939],[-80.3432,27.5958],[-80.3461,27.5944],[-80.3411,27.5986],[-80.3504,27.6135],[-80.3533,27.6153],[-80.3542,27.6197],[-80.3565,27.6174],[-80.3594,27.6233],[-80.3581,27.6281],[-80.3635,27.632],[-80.3632,27.6367],[-80.3603,27.6394],[-80.3644,27.6392],[-80.3657,27.6451],[-80.3727,27.6526],[-80.3703,27.6561],[-80.3708,27.6642],[-80.3675,27.6653],[-80.3703,27.6661],[-80.3701,27.6684],[-80.3655,27.6686],[-80.3711,27.6706],[-80.3767,27.6758],[-80.3683,27.6789],[-80.3699,27.6814],[-80.3726,27.6785],[-80.3806,27.6783],[-80.3792,27.6823],[-80.3831,27.6849],[-80.3841,27.6889],[-80.3811,27.6908],[-80.3842,27.69],[-80.3843,27.6932],[-80.3867,27.6944],[-80.3858,27.6982],[-80.3978,27.7217],[-80.3867,27.7239],[-80.3876,27.7188],[-80.3833,27.6992],[-80.3847,27.7231],[-80.3875,27.7256],[-80.3931,27.725],[-80.396,27.7393],[-80.4005,27.7458],[-80.4033,27.7575],[-80.4147,27.7614],[-80.419,27.7687],[-80.4183,27.7724],[-80.4158,27.7717],[-80.4183,27.7742],[-80.4244,27.7967],[-80.4411,27.8044],[-80.4417,27.8069],[-80.4389,27.8112],[-80.4319,27.8081],[-80.4322,27.8103],[-80.4386,27.8122],[-80.4403,27.8186],[-80.4389,27.82],[-80.4272,27.8139],[-80.4297,27.8172],[-80.4284,27.8206],[-80.4311,27.8204],[-80.4307,27.8235],[-80.4415,27.8453],[-80.4505,27.8484],[-80.4522,27.8508],[-80.4564,27.8489],[-80.4468,27.8626],[-80.4447,27.8616]]],[[[-80.4733,27.8292],[-80.4556,27.7964],[-80.4428,27.7791],[-80.4319,27.7572],[-80.4288,27.7542],[-80.4264,27.7544],[-80.428,27.7522],[-80.4243,27.7442],[-80.3946,27.6967],[-80.3826,27.6665],[-80.3773,27.6585],[-80.375,27.6506],[-80.3748,27.6339],[-80.3708,27.6329],[-80.3698,27.6347],[-80.3675,27.6326],[-80.3747,27.6311],[-80.3745,27.6214],[-80.3678,27.6088],[-80.3639,27.5952],[-80.3642,27.5825],[-80.3558,27.5573],[-80.7774,27.5586],[-80.7783,27.6434],[-80.8732,27.6425],[-80.8736,27.731],[-80.874,27.7338],[-80.8807,27.734],[-80.882,27.8225],[-80.7669,27.8241],[-80.5095,27.8223],[-80.5092,27.8297],[-80.497,27.8461],[-80.4981,27.8397],[-80.5028,27.8369],[-80.505,27.8336],[-80.5025,27.8344],[-80.5019,27.8325],[-80.5053,27.83],[-80.4942,27.8394],[-80.49,27.8531],[-80.4811,27.8438],[-80.4733,27.8292]]],[[[-80.4197,27.7636],[-80.4122,27.7572],[-80.4064,27.7578],[-80.4039,27.7556],[-80.4023,27.7449],[-80.3958,27.7352],[-80.3972,27.7248],[-80.4091,27.7327],[-80.4158,27.7433],[-80.4182,27.7478],[-80.4053,27.7419],[-80.4097,27.7469],[-80.4069,27.7494],[-80.4114,27.7483],[-80.4117,27.755],[-80.4225,27.7561],[-80.4197,27.7636]]],[[[-80.4247,27.795],[-80.4244,27.7875],[-80.4199,27.7753],[-80.4206,27.7681],[-80.4222,27.7675],[-80.4292,27.7733],[-80.43,27.7792],[-80.4336,27.7833],[-80.4311,27.7846],[-80.4322,27.7911],[-80.4274,27.7908],[-80.4272,27.7858],[-80.4256,27.7947],[-80.4278,27.7933],[-80.4283,27.7953],[-80.4261,27.7969],[-80.4247,27.795]]],[[[-80.38,27.6758],[-80.3783,27.6761],[-80.3717,27.6686],[-80.3728,27.6644],[-80.3758,27.6628],[-80.3808,27.6675],[-80.3803,27.6725],[-80.3822,27.6764],[-80.38,27.6758]]],[[[-80.4057,27.7272],[-80.4018,27.7235],[-80.4004,27.716],[-80.4051,27.7185],[-80.4093,27.7247],[-80.4057,27.7272]]],[[[-80.4372,27.7917],[-80.4391,27.7886],[-80.4361,27.7869],[-80.4402,27.7886],[-80.4407,27.791],[-80.4372,27.7917]]],[[[-80.4442,27.8069],[-80.445,27.8097],[-80.4403,27.8139],[-80.4406,27.8106],[-80.4442,27.8069]]],[[[-80.3733,27.6614],[-80.3714,27.6558],[-80.3728,27.6541],[-80.3761,27.6586],[-80.3742,27.6628],[-80.3733,27.6614]]],[[[-80.3932,27.7092],[-80.3954,27.7067],[-80.3949,27.7097],[-80.3932,27.7092]]],[[[-80.3688,27.6439],[-80.3696,27.64],[-80.3707,27.6419],[-80.3688,27.6439]]],[[[-80.3952,27.7108],[-80.396,27.7139],[-80.3941,27.7133],[-80.3952,27.7108]]],[[[-80.4554,27.8142],[-80.456,27.8131],[-80.4574,27.8153],[-80.4554,27.8142]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Indian River\",\"state\":\"FL\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acae4b07f02db67cd5f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Weedman, S.D.","contributorId":23961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weedman","given":"S.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scott, T.M.","contributorId":66694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Edwards, Lucy E. 0000-0003-4075-3317 leedward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4075-3317","contributorId":2647,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Lucy","email":"leedward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":186753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brewster-Wingard, G. L.","contributorId":102508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brewster-Wingard","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Libarkin, J.C.","contributorId":87973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Libarkin","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":186756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":25575,"text":"wri954139 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-09T22:03:28.347265","indexId":"wri954139","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4139","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, The Ohio State University, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture to describe the hydrology, water quality, and geochemical factors controlling water quality at the Ohio Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA). The Ohio MSEA is located on a 650-acre farm in the Scioto River Valley in Pike County, south-central Ohio. The farm is underlain by an incised bedrock valley filled with about 70 feet of sand and gravel outwash deposits that are covered by a veneer of silty clay alluvium and silty loam and sandy loam soils. Outwash sediment are composed predominantly of dolomite, quartz, and calcite, and have a median organic carbon concentration of 0.39 weight percent. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sediment based on results of multiple-well aquifer tests ranges from 400 to 560 feet per day. Ground-water flow is from east to west-southwest at an average velocity of 1.5 to 2.5 feet per day. Ground water and surface water at the site are highly interconnected. Big Beaver Creek recharges the outwash aquifer along the eastern edge of the study area, and ground water discharges to the Scioto River at the western edge of the study area. High-stage events on the Scioto River cause frequent flow reversals in the aquifer that allow streamwater to travel a maximum observed distance of 190 feet inland. A zone of oxidizing waters (characterized by high dissolved oxygen concentration and Eh) is found in shallow ground water for several hundred feet adjacent to Big Beaver Creek and the Scioto River. This zone of oxidizing ground water is caused by the periodic inflow of surface waters to the aquifer. A ground-water budget for the study area indicates that the aquifer received 17.7 inches of recharge during water year 1992; of this amount, 72 percent originated as infiltrating precipitation, 28 percent as infiltration of surface water from Big Beaver Creek, and 0.2 percent as leakage from bedrock. Areal variation in water quality is caused by areal differences in the relative importance of these three recharge sources. The effects of bedrock leakage are evident only in the northeast corner of the study area. Here, deep outwash waters are transitional in composition between the calcium magnesium bicarbonate waters found elsewhere in the outwash aquifer and the calcium sodium chloride waters of the bedrock aquifer. Mixing calculations indicate that these deep outwash waters are composed of as much as 26 percent bedrock water. In the southern part of the MSEA, ground water is diluted by surface water from Big Beaver Creek as it recharges the aquifer through a sand and gravel streambed. At the northeast corner of the MSEA, however, Big Beaver Creek flows across a shale streambed through which no infiltration occurs. Redox reactions in the outwash aquifer control variations in aquifer chemistry with depth. From the water table to about 40 feet below land surface, oxidizing conditions are characterized by the presence of dissolved oxygen and nitrates in ground water, Eh greater than 200 millivolts, ferrihydrite coatings on sediment grains, and the absence of dissolved iron and manganese. From about 40 feet below land surface to the base of the aquifer, reducing conditions are characterized by dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2 mg/L, Eh less than 200 millivolts, and the presence of dissolved iron and manganese. Denitrification in the reducing zone naturally remediates anthropogenic nitrate contamination of the aquifer while oxidizing pyrite in the aquifer sediment.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954139","usgsCitation":"Jagucki, M.L., Finton, C.D., Springer, A.E., and Bair, E., 1995, Hydrogeology and water quality at the management systems evaluation area near Piketon, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4139, vii, 117 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954139.","productDescription":"vii, 117 p.","costCenters":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411594,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48239.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":124878,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4139/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54294,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4139/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Ohio","city":"Piketon","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.02476524225692,\n              39.05708700203755\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.06035253063361,\n              39.05708700203755\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.06035253063361,\n              39.01848388151214\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.02476524225692,\n              39.01848388151214\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.02476524225692,\n              39.05708700203755\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6251e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jagucki, Martha L. 0000-0003-3798-8393 mjagucki@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3798-8393","contributorId":1794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jagucki","given":"Martha","email":"mjagucki@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":513,"text":"Ohio Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Finton, Christopher D.","contributorId":97145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finton","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Springer, Abraham E.","contributorId":76278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Springer","given":"Abraham","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bair, E. Scott","contributorId":73231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bair","given":"E. Scott","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":28229,"text":"wri954024 - 1995 - Ground-water quality in agricultural areas, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota, 1984-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-08T13:07:04","indexId":"wri954024","displayToPublicDate":"1996-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4024","title":"Ground-water quality in agricultural areas, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota, 1984-90","docAbstract":"<p>Ground-water quality in the Anoka Sand Plain aquifer was studied as part of the multiscale Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) study by collecting water samples from shallow wells during August through November 1990. The sampling was conducted to: (1) aid in selection of the MSEA research area; (2) facilitate comparison of results at the MSEA research area to the regional scale; and (3) evaluate changes in ground-water quality in the Anoka Sand Plain aquifer since a previous study during 1984 through 1987. Samples were collected from 34 wells screened in the upper 6 meters of the surficial aquifer and located in cultivated agricultural areas. Water temperature, pH, specific conductance, and presence or absence of triazine herbicides were determined at all sites and samples from selected wells were analyzed for concentrations of dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, major cations and anions, nutrients, and selected herbicides and herbicide metabolites. The results of the study indicate that the water-quality of some shallow ground water in areas of predominantly agricultural land use has been affected by applications of nitrogen fertilizers and the herbicide atrazine.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen (nitrate-N) in 19 samples ranged from less than the detection limit of 0.1 to 21 milligrams per liter (mg/L) with a median of 10 mg/L. Concentrations of nitrate-N were not significantly correlated with depth below the water table or dissolved oxygen but were significantly correlated with concentrations of chloride. Concentrations of nitrate-N during 1990 were generally similar to concentrations measured during 1984 through 1987. Changes in concentrations of nitrate-N during 1984 through 1990 were likely related to variations in recharge or other site-specific factors.</p>\n<p>Immunoassay analyses were used as screening tools to detect the presence of triazine herbicides. All samples in which triazine herbicides were detected by immunoassay, and selected samples in which triazine herbicides were not detected by immunoassay, were analyzed for selected herbicides and herbicide metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). There was an excellent correspondence between concentrations of triazine herbicides indicated by immunoassay and concentrations of atrazine measured by GC/MS, indicating that the immunoassay method was a valuable qualitative to semi-quantitative tool for evaluating the presence and approximate concentration of atrazine.</p>\n<p>The combined results of immunoassay and GC/MS analyses indicate that atrazine was detected in 11 of the 34 wells with a median concentration less than the immunoassay detection limit of 0.1 micrograms per liter (<span>&mu;</span>g/L). Atrazine was detected in 11 of the 17 samples analyzed by GC/MS at concentrations ranging from the detection limit of 0.05 to 0.81 <span>&mu;</span>g/L with a median of 0.09 <span>&mu;</span>g/L. Atrazine metabolite de-ethylatrazine (DEA) was the most frequently detected herbicide or herbicide metabolite and generally was present at the greatest concentrations. There were detections of DEA in 13 of the 17 samples analyzed at concentrations ranging from the detection limit of 0.05 to 1.12 <span>&mu;</span>g/L with a median of 0.15 <span>&mu;</span>g/L. Concentrations of DEA were significantly correlated with concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and specific conductance. The atrazine metabolite de-isopropylatrazine and the herbicide metolachlor both were detected in 1 of the 17 wells. The frequency of detection and the concentrations of atrazine in shallow ground water during 1990 were very similar to results of sampling conducted in 1984.</p>\n<p>Concentrations of atrazine and DEA generally were greater near the water table and decreased or were not detected in deeper wells. All of the samples in which atrazine and DEA were detected also had increased (greater than 3 mg/L) nitrate-N concentrations. However, not all samples with increased concentrations of nitrate-N had detections of atrazine or DEA. This likely indicates either that there were sources of nitrate-N other than cultivated fields on which both atrazine and nitrogen were applied or that nitrate-N reached ground water more readily than atrazine or DEA.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri954024","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the University of Minnesota Department of Soil Science and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","usgsCitation":"Landon, M., and Delin, G., 1995, Ground-water quality in agricultural areas, Anoka Sand Plain Aquifer, east-central Minnesota, 1984-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4024, iv, 25 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954024.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4024/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57060,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4024/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Anoka Sand Plain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.11712646484375, 45.80487122128867 ], [ -94.3121337890625, 45.80104178221643 ], [ -94.31625366210936, 45.78093290857323 ], [ -94.31625366210936, 45.766564985445 ], [ -94.35195922851562, 45.74548533557156 ], [ -94.39178466796875, 45.744526980468436 ], [ -94.41787719726561, 45.72823242650626 ], [ -94.43023681640625, 45.69946573221641 ], [ -94.45083618164062, 45.67548217560647 ], [ -94.48791503906249, 45.65724779513408 ], [ -94.51126098632811, 45.61980072095501 ], [ -94.48516845703125, 45.61115553441939 ], [ -94.449462890625, 45.616919140196046 ], [ -94.42611694335938, 45.60539133629575 ], [ -94.37805175781249, 45.593861162997335 ], [ -94.3560791015625, 45.58136746810096 ], [ -94.39453125, 45.553486897157995 ], [ -94.39453125, 45.52847875806646 ], [ -94.39041137695312, 45.511158914823035 ], [ -94.39041137695312, 45.4947963896697 ], [ -94.40689086914062, 45.48420633926945 ], [ -94.42886352539062, 45.471688258104614 ], [ -94.44808959960936, 45.453387598510474 ], [ -94.45770263671875, 45.43893551313961 ], [ -94.449462890625, 45.42833496400944 ], [ -94.42611694335938, 45.44278976460039 ], [ -94.4000244140625, 45.4553142634779 ], [ -94.3560791015625, 45.45435093922207 ], [ -94.3560791015625, 45.43411732855592 ], [ -94.36019897460938, 45.42062422307843 ], [ -94.36843872070312, 45.403271205260644 ], [ -94.37118530273438, 45.3868773482704 ], [ -94.37805175781249, 45.369513963007414 ], [ -94.3670654296875, 45.34538930478674 ], [ -94.36019897460938, 45.335736561593784 ], [ -94.35745239257812, 45.322219956396964 ], [ -94.33822631835938, 45.30676845797069 ], [ -94.30389404296875, 45.30580259943578 ], [ -94.29840087890625, 45.28744816045666 ], [ -94.28878784179688, 45.26135531683856 ], [ -94.26406860351562, 45.2574886900362 ], [ -94.23385620117188, 45.27102073184515 ], [ -94.19952392578124, 45.28744816045666 ], [ -94.17068481445312, 45.295177069395706 ], [ -94.1748046875, 45.310631727541534 ], [ -94.15969848632811, 45.336701909968106 ], [ -94.13909912109375, 45.35890038054416 ], [ -94.11849975585938, 45.38591285563495 ], [ -94.10476684570312, 45.398449976304086 ], [ -94.0704345703125, 45.40230699238177 ], [ -94.05807495117188, 45.39169956460275 ], [ -94.0594482421875, 45.37337295384522 ], [ -94.06631469726561, 45.3569704243434 ], [ -94.05670166015625, 45.3444241045224 ], [ -94.04159545898438, 45.3617951914213 ], [ -94.031982421875, 45.37144349133922 ], [ -94.01412963867188, 45.38012555423912 ], [ -93.98529052734375, 45.37530235052552 ], [ -93.97842407226562, 45.35214524585177 ], [ -93.96194458007812, 45.322219956396964 ], [ -93.96194458007812, 45.29324494090279 ], [ -93.93585205078125, 45.27778554315251 ], [ -93.90838623046875, 45.25265503624703 ], [ -93.89328002929688, 45.22751340428297 ], [ -93.87954711914061, 45.21493841637806 ], [ -93.8726806640625, 45.20429586962517 ], [ -93.8397216796875, 45.225578971789766 ], [ -93.81637573242188, 45.24105258851866 ], [ -93.7847900390625, 45.25458854713424 ], [ -93.75045776367188, 45.269087780500755 ], [ -93.71475219726562, 45.28648197278284 ], [ -93.68316650390625, 45.28648197278284 ], [ -93.64059448242188, 45.27875187893957 ], [ -93.603515625, 45.2623219323963 ], [ -93.57467651367188, 45.24395342262324 ], [ -93.56643676757812, 45.229447770946926 ], [ -93.55133056640625, 45.213003555993964 ], [ -93.53347778320312, 45.19171574701543 ], [ -93.50326538085938, 45.17913284309501 ], [ -93.49090576171875, 45.18397275067566 ], [ -93.44970703125, 45.16945179362033 ], [ -93.43460083007811, 45.15202175726355 ], [ -93.42498779296875, 45.13846137581871 ], [ -93.42636108398438, 45.12199086176226 ], [ -93.42910766601562, 45.11423838585088 ], [ -93.41262817382812, 45.11326925230233 ], [ -93.394775390625, 45.09873027414909 ], [ -93.37142944335938, 45.08127861241874 ], [ -93.34259033203125, 45.06770141120143 ], [ -93.32748413085938, 45.06091160094602 ], [ -93.30963134765625, 45.047329561139506 ], [ -93.26980590820312, 45.04053733158769 ], [ -93.24920654296875, 45.058001435398296 ], [ -93.20388793945312, 45.072550781936116 ], [ -93.17092895507812, 45.090005109822684 ], [ -93.15994262695312, 45.11326925230233 ], [ -93.14620971679686, 45.125866704733575 ], [ -93.10775756835936, 45.14717913418674 ], [ -93.07617187499999, 45.15299023250611 ], [ -93.06106567382811, 45.1830048020745 ], [ -93.05282592773436, 45.20236064717846 ], [ -93.03771972656249, 45.22170990931555 ], [ -93.02398681640625, 45.24201954967743 ], [ -92.999267578125, 45.24975464648731 ], [ -92.97866821289062, 45.25072145953108 ], [ -92.95669555664062, 45.269087780500755 ], [ -92.9718017578125, 45.30097305990777 ], [ -92.97317504882812, 45.32028874948921 ], [ -92.94845581054688, 45.335736561593784 ], [ -92.92922973632812, 45.3627600954673 ], [ -92.90451049804686, 45.39555704145536 ], [ -92.8948974609375, 45.403271205260644 ], [ -92.87979125976562, 45.4186963732853 ], [ -92.8564453125, 45.43700828867389 ], [ -92.8399658203125, 45.43508099838452 ], [ -92.80014038085938, 45.44278976460039 ], [ -92.77679443359375, 45.45627757127799 ], [ -92.77679443359375, 45.471688258104614 ], [ -92.81387329101562, 45.47072521359533 ], [ -92.84957885742188, 45.46205707250824 ], [ -92.89077758789062, 45.460130637921004 ], [ -92.91961669921875, 45.46302026511832 ], [ -92.94296264648438, 45.499609390726846 ], [ -92.94021606445312, 45.51500822962093 ], [ -92.98553466796875, 45.51693278828882 ], [ -92.99240112304688, 45.49287107405929 ], [ -93.00338745117188, 45.474577292898964 ], [ -93.03634643554688, 45.46687287100197 ], [ -93.0487060546875, 45.47650323381732 ], [ -93.0706787109375, 45.468799075209894 ], [ -93.1036376953125, 45.463983441272745 ], [ -93.12423706054688, 45.44086267178177 ], [ -93.16131591796875, 45.4379719091347 ], [ -93.19976806640625, 45.42833496400944 ], [ -93.21624755859374, 45.4476072086695 ], [ -93.20938110351561, 45.48324350868221 ], [ -93.1915283203125, 45.497684239670036 ], [ -93.16131591796875, 45.51308360513238 ], [ -93.14346313476562, 45.53040285599187 ], [ -93.13385009765625, 45.54386969851347 ], [ -93.10226440429688, 45.563102450326866 ], [ -93.08578491210938, 45.57944511437787 ], [ -93.0816650390625, 45.60346980528809 ], [ -93.07891845703125, 45.61499800408666 ], [ -93.06930541992188, 45.65052836822275 ], [ -93.08990478515625, 45.655328041141374 ], [ -93.12149047851562, 45.65820764745017 ], [ -93.1146240234375, 45.68123916702059 ], [ -93.11050415039062, 45.69850658738848 ], [ -93.07754516601562, 45.7176863579072 ], [ -93.11050415039062, 45.719603972998634 ], [ -93.14071655273438, 45.70713829853578 ], [ -93.14895629882812, 45.693710616454496 ], [ -93.14895629882812, 45.67260345778067 ], [ -93.14208984375, 45.65628792636447 ], [ -93.1585693359375, 45.64380813508572 ], [ -93.1915283203125, 45.644768217751924 ], [ -93.24371337890625, 45.645728283964466 ], [ -93.30001831054688, 45.65052836822275 ], [ -93.3123779296875, 45.63516665067313 ], [ -93.3453369140625, 45.618840210489346 ], [ -93.36044311523438, 45.615958580368364 ], [ -93.3892822265625, 45.60154820846373 ], [ -93.40850830078125, 45.577522694836915 ], [ -93.43185424804688, 45.556371735883125 ], [ -93.46206665039062, 45.55252525134013 ], [ -93.49639892578125, 45.556371735883125 ], [ -93.52249145507812, 45.56021795715051 ], [ -93.54721069335938, 45.56021795715051 ], [ -93.57192993164062, 45.55156358906749 ], [ -93.62411499023438, 45.553486897157995 ], [ -93.67218017578125, 45.54483149242463 ], [ -93.70101928710938, 45.539060482134495 ], [ -93.73397827148438, 45.52944081525666 ], [ -93.75732421875, 45.51885728113613 ], [ -93.79989624023438, 45.51308360513238 ], [ -93.82049560546875, 45.525592487765635 ], [ -93.8287353515625, 45.54194606132654 ], [ -93.84521484375, 45.56214096905609 ], [ -93.85208129882812, 45.57079370812673 ], [ -93.834228515625, 45.58136746810096 ], [ -93.81500244140625, 45.59578302308946 ], [ -93.8397216796875, 45.612116176517304 ], [ -93.87405395507812, 45.59290020826985 ], [ -93.89465332031249, 45.57367765830108 ], [ -93.92623901367186, 45.58521197809401 ], [ -93.97018432617188, 45.60250901510302 ], [ -94.02236938476562, 45.60539133629575 ], [ -94.02786254882811, 45.63132556313632 ], [ -94.03472900390625, 45.65436813946473 ], [ -94.0594482421875, 45.65820764745017 ], [ -94.05532836914062, 45.63420640346962 ], [ -94.053955078125, 45.613076802161146 ], [ -94.06631469726561, 45.6073128014868 ], [ -94.11712646484375, 45.6073128014868 ], [ -94.14596557617188, 45.6082735094011 ], [ -94.1693115234375, 45.627484212338246 ], [ -94.17617797851561, 45.64668833372338 ], [ -94.130859375, 45.678360745353004 ], [ -94.11026000976562, 45.70713829853578 ], [ -94.10751342773438, 45.72823242650626 ], [ -94.11026000976562, 45.766564985445 ], [ -94.11575317382812, 45.77997516219392 ], [ -94.11712646484375, 45.80487122128867 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db69792d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":26008,"text":"wri924192 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Merrimack River basin, south-central New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri924192","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4192","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Merrimack River basin, south-central New Hampshire","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the State of New Hampshire, Department of Environmental Services, Water Resources Division has assessed the geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Merrimack River basin in south-central New Hampshire. The middle Merrimack River basin drains 469 square miles; 98 square miles is underlain by stratified-drift aquifers. Saturated thickness of stratified drift within the study area is generally less than 40 feet but locally greater than 100 feet. Transmissivity of stratified-drift aquifers is generally less than 2,000 feet squared per day but locally exceeds 6, 000 feet squared per day. At present (1990), ground-water withdrawals from stratified drift for public supply are about 0.4 million gallons per day within the basin. Many of the stratified-drift aquifers within the study area are not developed to their fullest potential. The geohydrology of stratified-drift aquifers was investigated by focusing on basic aquifer properties, including aquifer boundaries; recharge, discharge, and direction of ground-water flow; saturated thickness and storage; and transmissivity. Surficial geologic mapping assisted in the determination of aquifer boundaries. Data from 757 wells and test borings were used to produce maps of water-table altitude, saturated thickness, and transmissivity of stratified drift. More than 10 miles of seismic-refraction profiling and 14 miles of seismic-reflection profiling were also used to construct the water table and saturated-thickness maps. Stratified-drift aquifers in the southern, western, and central parts of the study area are typically small and discontinuous, whereas aquifers in the eastern part along the Merrimack River valley are continuous. The Merrimack River valley aquifers formed in glacial Lakes Merrimack and Hooksett. Many other smaller discontinuous aquifers formed in small temporary ponds during deglaciation. A stratified-drift aquifer in Goffstown was analyzed for aquifer yield by use of a two-dimensional, finite-difference ground-water-flow model. Yield of the Goffstown aquifer was estimated to be 2.5 million gallons per day. Sensitivity analysis showed that the estimate of aquifer yield was most sensitive to changes in hydraulic conductivity. The amount of water induced into the aquifer from the Piscataquog River was most affected by changes in estimates of streambed conductance. Results of analysis of water samples from 10 test wells indicate that, with some exceptions, water in the stratified-drift aquifers generally meets U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary and secondary drinking-water regulations. Water from two wells had elevated sodium concentrations, waterfront two wells had elevated concentrations of dissolved iron, and waterfront seven wells had elevated concentrations of manganese. Known areas of contamination were avoided during water-quality sampling.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S. Geological Survey, Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri924192","usgsCitation":"Ayotte, J., and Toppin, K.W., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of stratified-drift aquifers in the middle Merrimack River basin, south-central New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4192, 1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.;  PGS - 149 p., 4 over-size sheets, scale 1:24,000, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924192.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) :ill., maps (some col.) ;28 cm.;  PGS - 149 p., 4 over-size sheets, scale 1:24,000","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":2007,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri924192/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":123655,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_92_4192.jpg"},{"id":54767,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54768,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54769,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54770,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54771,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54772,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-6.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54773,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-7.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54774,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4192/plate-8.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ayotte, Joseph D. jayotte@usgs.gov","contributorId":1802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayotte","given":"Joseph D.","email":"jayotte@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":195634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Toppin, Kenneth W. ktoppin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toppin","given":"Kenneth","email":"ktoppin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":28047,"text":"wri954055 - 1995 - Methods to estimate annual mean spring discharge to the Snake River between Milner Dam and King Hill, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T13:14:41","indexId":"wri954055","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4055","title":"Methods to estimate annual mean spring discharge to the Snake River between Milner Dam and King Hill, Idaho","docAbstract":"Many individual springs and groups of springs discharge water from volcanic rocks that form the north canyon wall of the Snake River between Milner Dam and King Hill. Previous estimates of annual mean discharge from these springs have been used to understand the hydrology of the eastern part of the Snake River Plain. Four methods that were used in previous studies or developed to estimate annual mean discharge since 1902 were (1) water-budget analysis of the Snake River; (2) correlation of water-budget estimates with discharge from 10 index springs; (3) determination of the combined discharge from individual springs or groups of springs by using annual discharge measurements of 8 springs, gaging-station records of 4 springs and 3 sites on the Malad River, and regression equations developed from 5 of the measured springs; and (4) a single regression equation that correlates gaging-station records of 2 springs with historical water-budget estimates. Comparisons made among the four methods of estimating annual mean spring discharges from 1951 to 1959 and 1963 to 1980 indicated that differences were about equivalent to a measurement error of 2 to 3 percent. The method that best demonstrates the response of annual mean spring discharge to changes in ground-water recharge and discharge is method 3, which combines the measurements and regression estimates of discharge from individual springs.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954055","usgsCitation":"Kjelstrom, L., 1995, Methods to estimate annual mean spring discharge to the Snake River between Milner Dam and King Hill, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4055, iv, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954055.","productDescription":"iv, 9 p.","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123596,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4055/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56885,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4055/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Snake River","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.25,42.0 ], [ -115.25,43.0 ], [ -114.0,43.0 ], [ -114.0,42.0 ], [ -115.25,42.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a55e4b07f02db62d060","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kjelstrom, L.C.","contributorId":89104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kjelstrom","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25945,"text":"wri954180 - 1995 - Evaluation of ground-water resources From available data, 1992, East Molokai Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-13T21:44:17.179935","indexId":"wri954180","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4180","title":"Evaluation of ground-water resources From available data, 1992, East Molokai Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Available ground-water data for East Molokai Volcano consist of well-construction information and records of ground-water pumpage, water levels, and chloride concentrations. Ground-water pumpage records are available for ten wells. Seventeen long-term (10 years or more) records of water-level and/or chloride concentration are available for eleven wells; however, only seven of these records are for observation wells. None of the available data show significant long-term changes in water level or chloride concentration; however, short-term changes due to variations in the quantity of water pumped, and rainfall are evident.\r\n\r\nEvaluation of the historical distribution and rates of ground-water pumpage, and variations in water levels and chloride concentrations is constrained by the scanty distribution of spatial and temporal data. Data show a range in water levels from greater than 850 feet above mean sea level in wells located in the windward valley of Waikolu to about 10 feet in wells located east of Kualapuu to 1 to 5 feet in the wells located along the south shore of East Molokai Volcano. An accurate contour map of water levels and chloride concentrations at the surface of the basal-water body cannot be constructed for any time period. Because water-level and chloride data are not collected at regular time intervals, many long-term records are incomplete. Information on the variation in chloride concentration with depth through the freshwater part of the basal-water body and into the zone of transition between freshwater and saltwater does not exist.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954180","usgsCitation":"Anthony, S., 1995, Evaluation of ground-water resources From available data, 1992, East Molokai Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4180, iii, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954180.","productDescription":"iii, 32 p.","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":411926,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48271.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":54699,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4180/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123846,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4180/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"East Molokai Volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -156.7968576402636,\n              21.17324374217698\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.98726313422551,\n              21.17324374217698\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.98726313422551,\n              21.059916232762532\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.7968576402636,\n              21.059916232762532\n            ],\n            [\n              -156.7968576402636,\n              21.17324374217698\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cbe4b07f02db543b21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anthony, Stephen S. santhony@usgs.gov","contributorId":2507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"Stephen S.","email":"santhony@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":195525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27608,"text":"wri954098 - 1995 - Water-quality characteristics of selected public recreational lakes and ponds in Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:42","indexId":"wri954098","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4098","title":"Water-quality characteristics of selected public recreational lakes and ponds in Connecticut","docAbstract":"Reconnaissance limnological and lakebed-sediment surveys were conducted in Connecticut during 1989-91 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protec- tion, to evaluate water-quality characteristics of selected public recreational lakes and ponds in the State. Limnological surveys were conducted on 49 lakes and ponds selected from a list of 105 publicly owned waterbodies that qualified for water- quality assessments under Section 314 of the Federal Clean Water Act. Lakebed-sediment surveys were conducted in 9 river impoundments and 1 riverine lake below industrial areas and 2 headwater lakes in relatively pristine areas. The limnological surveys consisted of two sampling events--during spring turnover and during the summer stratifi- cation. Each sampling event included depth profiles of water temperature, specific conductance, hydrogen-ion activity, and dissolved oxygen concen- trations; measurements of Secchi disc transparency; and the collection of samples for the analyses of alkalinity, chlorophyll, phosphorus, and nitrogen concentrations. Areal extent and population density of the dominant aquatic macrophytes were qualita- tively noted during the summer sampling event. These water-quality data were used to determine the trophic classification and acidification status of the 49 lakes. The trophic classification yielded the following results: 2 oligotrophic, 8 early mesotrophic, 13 mesotrophic, 5 late mesotrophic, 10 eutrophic, and 11 highly eutrophic lakes. In terms of acidification status, 7 lakes were classified as acid threatened and 42 as not threatened. A Wilcoxon two-tailed signed rank test was used to compare data for 13 lakes and ponds from the present survey with data from the 1973-75 or 1978-79 surveys conducted by the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station and Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. The test showed no significant difference at the 90 percent confidence level for spring nitrogen and summer chlorophyll-a concen- trations, a significant increase at the 90 percent confidence level in summer phosphorus concentra- tions, and a significant decrease at the 95 percent confidence level in summer transparency. For the lakebed-sediment surveys, composite-grab samples were collected from the deepest part of each lake. Samples were analyzed for arsenic, cyanide, organic and inorganic carbon, selected metals, and methylene-extractable, synthetic organic compounds classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as semi-volatile priority pollutants. Hanover Pond, Eagleville Lake, and West Thompson Lake had three of the four highest concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and cyanide. The four lakes with the highest concentrations of arsenic (Aspinook Pond, Fitchville Pond, Mashapaug Pond, and West Thompson Lake) are located in the eastern part of Connecticut. The three samples with the highest mercury concentrations were from Lake Lillinonah and Lake Zoar. There appears to be a positive correlation between the concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and cyanide. Only 15 of the 54 synthetic organic compounds analyzed for were detected in 9 of the 12 lakes sampled. Of these 15 compounds, 14 are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the 15th is a phthalate ester. Hanover Pond had the most compounds detected (9), and phenanthrene was the compound detected in the most lakes (8).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954098","usgsCitation":"Healy, D.F., and Kulp, K., 1995, Water-quality characteristics of selected public recreational lakes and ponds in Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4098, ix, 277 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954098.","productDescription":"ix, 277 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":159026,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4098/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56474,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4098/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fafec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, D. F.","contributorId":97120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kulp, K.P.","contributorId":49791,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kulp","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":22782,"text":"ofr95441 - 1995 - Similar agricultural areas, different ground-water quality, Red River of the North Basin, 1993-95","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-12T10:18:40","indexId":"ofr95441","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-441","title":"Similar agricultural areas, different ground-water quality, Red River of the North Basin, 1993-95","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey has studied the ground-water quality within two areas of the Red River of the North Basin in southeastern North Dakota and west-central Minnesota. Although both areas are underlain by sandy surficial aquifers over which intensive irrigated agriculture dominates the land use, their ground-water quality differs. Ground water from the eastern study area has significantly higher concentrations of nitrate and agricultural herbicides than does ground water from the western area. Major differences in rainfall and minor differences in soils, depth to ground water, and agricultural practices between these two areas can account for the differences measured in ground-water quality. These same factors may indicate changes in ground-water quality from agricultural land uses in other surficial aquifers in the Red River of the North Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/ofr95441","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Cowdery, T., 1995, Similar agricultural areas, different ground-water quality, Red River of the North Basin, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-441, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95441.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":155833,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0441/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":52211,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0441/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Red River of the North Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ], [ -99.99755859375, 48.99463598353408 ], [ -99.964599609375, 48.915279853443806 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.88639177703194 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.719961222646276 ], [ -99.86572265625, 48.61112192003074 ], [ -99.755859375, 48.46563710044979 ], [ -99.68994140625, 48.356249029540706 ], [ -99.6240234375, 48.22467264956519 ], [ -99.700927734375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -99.82177734375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -99.99755859375, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.338134765625, 47.98256841921402 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.879512933970496 ], [ -100.21728515624999, 47.82053186746053 ], [ -100.294189453125, 47.7097615426664 ], [ -100.4150390625, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -100.51391601562499, 47.53203824675999 ], [ -100.250244140625, 47.42065432071321 ], [ -100.01953125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -99.84374999999999, 47.4355191531953 ], [ -99.766845703125, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -99.6240234375, 47.71715357016648 ], [ -99.393310546875, 47.73193447949174 ], [ -99.140625, 47.746711194756 ], [ -98.76708984374999, 47.68757916850813 ], [ -98.602294921875, 47.62097541515849 ], [ -98.4814453125, 47.47266286861342 ], [ -98.536376953125, 47.30903424774781 ], [ -98.58032226562499, 47.15236927446393 ], [ -98.45947265625, 46.965259400349275 ], [ -98.32763671875, 46.7549166192819 ], [ -98.118896484375, 46.626806395355175 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.55886030311719 ], [ -98.19580078125, 46.430285240839964 ], [ -98.15185546874999, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -98.052978515625, 46.05036097561633 ], [ -97.943115234375, 45.91294412737392 ], [ -97.701416015625, 45.85176048817254 ], [ -97.31689453125, 45.836454050187726 ], [ -97.152099609375, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.96533203125, 45.897654534346884 ], [ -96.88842773437499, 45.78284835197676 ], [ -96.767578125, 45.71385093029221 ], [ -96.45996093749999, 45.67548217560647 ], [ -96.43798828125, 45.61403741135093 ], [ -96.40502929687499, 45.54483149242463 ], [ -96.15234375, 45.60635207711834 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.805828539928356 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 45.92822950933618 ], [ -95.92163085937499, 46.13417004624326 ], [ -95.833740234375, 46.195042108660154 ], [ -95.723876953125, 46.07323062540838 ], [ -95.49316406249999, 46.126556302418514 ], [ -95.526123046875, 46.255846818480336 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.31658418182218 ], [ -95.284423828125, 46.52863469527167 ], [ -95.33935546875, 46.702202151643455 ], [ -95.2734375, 46.875213396722685 ], [ -95.29541015625, 47.08508535995384 ], [ -95.2734375, 47.19717795172789 ], [ -95.284423828125, 47.35371061951363 ], [ -95.25146484374999, 47.44294999517949 ], [ -95.086669921875, 47.56170075451973 ], [ -94.95483398437499, 47.60616304386874 ], [ -94.58129882812499, 47.65058757118734 ], [ -94.3505859375, 47.76148371616669 ], [ -94.19677734375, 47.857402894658236 ], [ -93.9990234375, 48.004625021133904 ], [ -94.02099609375, 48.122101028190805 ], [ -94.19677734375, 48.23199134320962 ], [ -94.33959960937499, 48.32703913063476 ], [ -94.625244140625, 48.31973404047173 ], [ -95.00976562499999, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.34894812401375 ], [ -95.1416015625, 48.45106561953216 ], [ -95.07568359375, 48.596592251456705 ], [ -95.185546875, 48.61838518688487 ], [ -95.350341796875, 48.65468584817256 ], [ -95.372314453125, 48.741700879765396 ], [ -95.3173828125, 48.821332549646634 ], [ -95.33935546875, 48.90805939965008 ], [ -95.4052734375, 49.001843917978526 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3b6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cowdery, T.K.","contributorId":92658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cowdery","given":"T.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":188868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25832,"text":"wri954163 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Results of investigations of surface-water quality, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:37:05.905512","indexId":"wri954163","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4163","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Results of investigations of surface-water quality, 1987-90","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated the water quality of the Kentucky River Basin in Kentucky as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. Data collected during 1987-90 were used to describe the spatial and temporal variability of water-quality constituents including metals and trace elements, nutrients, sediments, pesticides, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-coliform bacteria. Oil-production activities were the source of barium, bromide, chloride, magnesium, and sodium in several watersheds. High concentrations of aluminum, iron, and zinc were related to surface mining in the Eastern Coal Field Region. High concentrations of lead and zinc occurred in streambed sediments in urban areas, whereas concentrations of arsenic, strontium, and uranium were associated with natural geologic sources. Concentrations of phosphorus were significantly correlated with urban and agricultural land use. The high phosphorus content of Bluegrass Region soils was an important source of phosphorus in streams. At many sites in urban areas, most of the stream nitrogen load was attributable to wastewater-treatment-plant effluent. Average suspended-sediment concentrations were positively correlated with discharge. There was a downward trend in suspended-sediment concentrations downstream in the Kentucky River main stem during the study. The most frequently detected herbicides in water samples were atrazine, 2,4-D, alachlor, metolachlor, and dicamba. Diazinon, malathion, and parathion were the most frequently detected organophosphate insecticides in water samples. Detectable concentrations of aldrin, chlordane, DDT, DDE, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, heptachlor, and lindane were found in streambed-sediment samples. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were sometimes below the minimum concentration needed to sustain aquatic life. At some sites, high concentrations of fecal-indicator bacteria were found and water samples did not meet sanitary water-quality criteria.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954163","usgsCitation":"Haag, K.H., Garcia, R., Jarrett, G., and Porter, S.D., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Results of investigations of surface-water quality, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4163, viii, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954163.","productDescription":"viii, 70 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":393476,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48258.htm"},{"id":54580,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123681,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -85.1667,\n              36.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6667,\n              36.9\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.6667,\n              38.733\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.1667,\n              38.733\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.1667,\n              36.9\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67adf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haag, K. H.","contributorId":67925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haag","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garcia, Rene","contributorId":106089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"Rene","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jarrett, G. L.","contributorId":83963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jarrett","given":"G. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Porter, S. D.","contributorId":8882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":25523,"text":"wri944237 - 1995 - Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-15T06:53:59","indexId":"wri944237","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4237","title":"Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut","docAbstract":"Contaminated ground water is widespread and persistent beneath the Durham Center area in the town of Durham, Conn. Most of the contaminants are organic halides, usually trichloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and tetrachloroethene. Less extensive chemical contamination of surface water, soil, and glacial sediments also has been detected. Two manufacturing companies, located at the northern and southern ends of this largely residential area, are believed to be the principal sources of the organic compounds detected in ground water. The contamination of water in the bedrock, the primary source of drinking water throughout the area, is the major environmental concern. Maximum concentrations of trichloroethene in three bed- rock wells range from 4,500 to about 5,500 mg/L (micrograms per liter). Concentrations of trichloroethene greater than 5 mg/L, the maximum contaminant level established for drinking water by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency, have regularly been detected in water samples from many other bedrock wells for at least 9 years. The geohydrology of the area is highly complex. Compact lodgment till that is up to 30 feet thick and probably fractured, overlies the bedrock. The bedrock is lithologically heterogeneous, and con- sists mostly of red fluvial sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate; it is locally interbedded with black lacustrine shales and gray sandstones. Lithology and stratigraphy interpreted from borehole-geophysical logs at Durham Center are consistent with the Portland Formation subfacies described in earlier geologic studies. Beds strike nearly north-south and dip gently eastward. At least one high-angle normal fault transects the bedrock; it strikes northeast and dips northwest. Acoustic televiewer logs, measurements at out-crops, and azimuthal, square-array, resistivity data indicate a dominance of northeast-striking fractures that dip steeply northwest and southeast. Less prevalent strike directions are north to east-north-east. The till and sedimentary bedrock are dual-porosity, dual-permeability media. The hydraulic conductivity of the bulk mass of till is believed to be on the order of tenths of a foot per day to about 2.5 feet per day, with a total porosity of about 25 percent and an estimated average fracture porosity of less than 1 percent. The reported transmissivities of the bedrock range from less than 1 to about 17,000 feet squared per day and storativity is generally about 10-4, but the accuracy of these values is uncertain. The intergranular porosity of the sandstone units is estimated to average 5 percent, and estimates of fracture porosity from square-array, resistivity soundings at two sites were 1.1 and 2.7 percent. The bedrock has characteristics of both a single aquifer and a multi-unit, artesian or leaky aquifer system. A local ground-water-flow system that includes the upper part of the bedrock is unconfined. A large- scale flow system in deeper parts of the bedrock has transported organic compounds across topographic drainage divides. Borehole-geophysical logs and head measurements indicate that the natural ground- water-flow system in the bedrock has been altered by drilled wells that connect fractures and by with- drawals from wells. A conceptual model of the movement and fate of organic contaminants suggests that (1) nonaqueous phase organic halides are retained near their source; (2) flow is primarily through fractures in the till and through fractures and bedding-plane openings in the sedimentary rocks; (3) retardation of contaminants occurs primarily by diffusion from fractures into the aquifer matrix; and (4) transport directions of dissolved organic halides are controlled by a combination of natural hydraulic gradients, hydraulic gradients produced by the cyclical pumping of wells, and by the strike directions of bedrock faults, fractures, and bedding planes.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri944237","usgsCitation":"Melvin, R., Stone, J.R., Craft, P.A., Lane, J., and Davies, B., 1995, Geohydrology and water quality of the Durham Center Area, Durham, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4237, v, 97 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944237.","productDescription":"v, 97 p.","costCenters":[{"id":493,"text":"Office of Ground Water","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54239,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4237/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut","county":"Middlesex County","city":"Durham","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-72.5051,41.6471],[-72.4817,41.6081],[-72.4768,41.6003],[-72.4664,41.5844],[-72.4431,41.5436],[-72.4302,41.5245],[-72.3744,41.5299],[-72.3597,41.5313],[-72.3585,41.5317],[-72.3486,41.5326],[-72.3443,41.5326],[-72.3235,41.5344],[-72.3229,41.519],[-72.315,41.4786],[-72.312,41.4786],[-72.3054,41.4363],[-72.3593,41.431],[-72.4034,41.4251],[-72.4279,41.4233],[-72.434,41.4242],[-72.4254,41.4119],[-72.4248,41.4024],[-72.4267,41.3979],[-72.4248,41.3938],[-72.4163,41.3893],[-72.4016,41.3888],[-72.3857,41.3861],[-72.3722,41.3697],[-72.3735,41.3624],[-72.3704,41.3547],[-72.368,41.3525],[-72.3655,41.3488],[-72.3613,41.3475],[-72.3558,41.3465],[-72.3521,41.3447],[-72.3435,41.3388],[-72.3405,41.3297],[-72.3436,41.3193],[-72.3454,41.3116],[-72.3442,41.3048],[-72.3393,41.3011],[-72.3375,41.2975],[-72.3338,41.2971],[-72.3314,41.2943],[-72.3302,41.293],[-72.3278,41.2916],[-72.3265,41.2902],[-72.3259,41.288],[-72.3253,41.2862],[-72.3247,41.2839],[-72.3244,41.2815],[-72.3247,41.2811],[-72.325,41.2811],[-72.3267,41.2806],[-72.3269,41.2803],[-72.3275,41.2803],[-72.3278,41.28],[-72.3281,41.2803],[-72.3289,41.2803],[-72.3292,41.2806],[-72.3297,41.2806],[-72.3342,41.2836],[-72.3342,41.2839],[-72.335,41.285],[-72.3356,41.2856],[-72.3356,41.2858],[-72.3378,41.2878],[-72.3378,41.2881],[-72.3392,41.2911],[-72.3397,41.2917],[-72.3397,41.2922],[-72.34,41.2925],[-72.3417,41.2956],[-72.3417,41.2961],[-72.3422,41.2967],[-72.3422,41.2969],[-72.3403,41.2975],[-72.3397,41.2969],[-72.3394,41.2969],[-72.3367,41.2964],[-72.3372,41.2969],[-72.3375,41.2969],[-72.3381,41.2975],[-72.3383,41.2975],[-72.3389,41.2981],[-72.3392,41.2981],[-72.3397,41.2986],[-72.34,41.2986],[-72.3406,41.2992],[-72.3408,41.2992],[-72.3422,41.3008],[-72.3428,41.3014],[-72.3433,41.3031],[-72.3436,41.3033],[-72.3447,41.3044],[-72.3447,41.3047],[-72.3453,41.3053],[-72.3453,41.3058],[-72.3456,41.3061],[-72.3456,41.3081],[-72.3453,41.3083],[-72.3456,41.3086],[-72.3464,41.3097],[-72.3469,41.3097],[-72.3472,41.31],[-72.3478,41.31],[-72.3481,41.3103],[-72.3514,41.3103],[-72.3517,41.3106],[-72.3531,41.3106],[-72.3541,41.3099],[-72.354,41.3089],[-72.3544,41.3085],[-72.3542,41.3075],[-72.3544,41.3072],[-72.3544,41.3061],[-72.3542,41.3058],[-72.3547,41.305],[-72.3547,41.3047],[-72.3553,41.3042],[-72.3553,41.3039],[-72.3556,41.3028],[-72.3558,41.3025],[-72.3556,41.3022],[-72.3561,41.3017],[-72.3561,41.3014],[-72.3567,41.3008],[-72.3567,41.3],[-72.3569,41.2997],[-72.3569,41.2989],[-72.3572,41.2986],[-72.3572,41.2981],[-72.3575,41.2978],[-72.3578,41.2964],[-72.3581,41.2961],[-72.3581,41.2953],[-72.3578,41.2939],[-72.3578,41.2922],[-72.36,41.2922],[-72.36,41.2925],[-72.3608,41.2928],[-72.3611,41.2931],[-72.3619,41.2925],[-72.3622,41.2925],[-72.3628,41.2931],[-72.3631,41.2931],[-72.3639,41.2939],[-72.3636,41.2942],[-72.3636,41.295],[-72.3631,41.2956],[-72.3635,41.296],[-72.3653,41.2972],[-72.3658,41.2972],[-72.3661,41.2969],[-72.3669,41.2953],[-72.3669,41.295],[-72.3675,41.2947],[-72.3678,41.2928],[-72.3672,41.2925],[-72.3667,41.292],[-72.3667,41.2914],[-72.3672,41.2897],[-72.3672,41.2892],[-72.3669,41.2889],[-72.3669,41.2883],[-72.3667,41.2881],[-72.3667,41.2875],[-72.3664,41.2872],[-72.3664,41.2864],[-72.3656,41.2856],[-72.3653,41.2856],[-72.3639,41.2864],[-72.3636,41.2864],[-72.3628,41.2872],[-72.3619,41.2872],[-72.3617,41.2875],[-72.3604,41.2877],[-72.3578,41.2889],[-72.3578,41.2892],[-72.3569,41.29],[-72.3567,41.29],[-72.355,41.2897],[-72.355,41.2894],[-72.3539,41.2894],[-72.3536,41.2892],[-72.3528,41.2892],[-72.352,41.2884],[-72.3503,41.2867],[-72.3503,41.2864],[-72.35,41.285],[-72.3497,41.2847],[-72.3497,41.2842],[-72.3489,41.2833],[-72.3486,41.2831],[-72.3486,41.2824],[-72.3492,41.2817],[-72.3494,41.2814],[-72.3511,41.2811],[-72.3517,41.2806],[-72.3519,41.2806],[-72.3525,41.2806],[-72.3538,41.2811],[-72.3558,41.2806],[-72.3561,41.2803],[-72.3567,41.2803],[-72.3569,41.28],[-72.3594,41.2803],[-72.3597,41.2806],[-72.3606,41.2811],[-72.3608,41.2814],[-72.3619,41.2811],[-72.3622,41.2808],[-72.3628,41.2809],[-72.3631,41.2806],[-72.3644,41.2803],[-72.365,41.2808],[-72.3653,41.2806],[-72.3664,41.2808],[-72.3667,41.2811],[-72.3675,41.2811],[-72.3678,41.2808],[-72.3692,41.28],[-72.3692,41.2797],[-72.3697,41.2792],[-72.37,41.2792],[-72.3706,41.2786],[-72.3711,41.2781],[-72.3708,41.2781],[-72.3719,41.2767],[-72.3728,41.2758],[-72.3725,41.2756],[-72.3728,41.2753],[-72.3725,41.2739],[-72.3725,41.2731],[-72.3719,41.2728],[-72.3719,41.2722],[-72.3711,41.2719],[-72.3711,41.2717],[-72.3686,41.2717],[-72.3686,41.2719],[-72.365,41.2725],[-72.3636,41.2725],[-72.3633,41.2722],[-72.3628,41.2722],[-72.3625,41.2719],[-72.3619,41.2719],[-72.3617,41.2722],[-72.3606,41.2731],[-72.3603,41.2731],[-72.3597,41.2736],[-72.3594,41.2736],[-72.3583,41.2739],[-72.3581,41.2742],[-72.357,41.2751],[-72.3567,41.275],[-72.3547,41.2744],[-72.3544,41.2742],[-72.3519,41.2742],[-72.3517,41.2739],[-72.35,41.2744],[-72.3492,41.2747],[-72.348,41.2753],[-72.3475,41.2758],[-72.3461,41.2758],[-72.3461,41.2756],[-72.3458,41.2744],[-72.3453,41.2731],[-72.3453,41.2728],[-72.3445,41.2726],[-72.3439,41.2722],[-72.3431,41.2719],[-72.3431,41.2717],[-72.3433,41.2706],[-72.3436,41.2703],[-72.3435,41.27],[-72.3439,41.2689],[-72.3461,41.2694],[-72.3464,41.2697],[-72.3467,41.2694],[-72.3483,41.2699],[-72.3506,41.2698],[-72.3522,41.2697],[-72.3547,41.2686],[-72.3555,41.2686],[-72.3575,41.2683],[-72.3586,41.2683],[-72.3589,41.2681],[-72.36,41.2672],[-72.3606,41.2672],[-72.3608,41.2669],[-72.3617,41.2664],[-72.3622,41.2664],[-72.3625,41.2661],[-72.3633,41.2661],[-72.3642,41.2653],[-72.3644,41.2653],[-72.3683,41.2639],[-72.3686,41.2636],[-72.3692,41.2633],[-72.3694,41.2636],[-72.3706,41.2636],[-72.3708,41.2639],[-72.3725,41.2639],[-72.3726,41.264],[-72.3744,41.2639],[-72.3747,41.2642],[-72.3761,41.265],[-72.3783,41.265],[-72.3789,41.2644],[-72.3797,41.2645],[-72.38,41.2642],[-72.3806,41.2642],[-72.3808,41.2639],[-72.3817,41.2636],[-72.3819,41.2633],[-72.3822,41.2633],[-72.3831,41.2628],[-72.3839,41.2628],[-72.3842,41.2625],[-72.3847,41.2625],[-72.385,41.2622],[-72.3853,41.2623],[-72.3858,41.2617],[-72.3861,41.2617],[-72.3864,41.2614],[-72.3867,41.2614],[-72.3869,41.2611],[-72.3872,41.2611],[-72.3875,41.2608],[-72.3881,41.2608],[-72.3889,41.2617],[-72.3892,41.2617],[-72.3894,41.2629],[-72.3906,41.2644],[-72.3906,41.2647],[-72.3908,41.2653],[-72.3912,41.2655],[-72.3911,41.2658],[-72.3917,41.2664],[-72.3917,41.2667],[-72.3931,41.2683],[-72.3939,41.2692],[-72.3939,41.2694],[-72.3944,41.27],[-72.3958,41.2731],[-72.3958,41.2736],[-72.3961,41.2739],[-72.3975,41.2756],[-72.3983,41.2778],[-72.3986,41.2781],[-72.3994,41.2783],[-72.3997,41.2786],[-72.4008,41.2786],[-72.401,41.2784],[-72.4014,41.2778],[-72.4031,41.2778],[-72.4033,41.2775],[-72.4069,41.2767],[-72.4075,41.2772],[-72.4083,41.2772],[-72.4089,41.2778],[-72.4117,41.2783],[-72.4122,41.2786],[-72.4128,41.2786],[-72.4131,41.2783],[-72.4133,41.2786],[-72.4156,41.2786],[-72.4156,41.2787],[-72.4178,41.2789],[-72.4183,41.2783],[-72.4183,41.2781],[-72.4192,41.2778],[-72.4197,41.2772],[-72.4203,41.2769],[-72.4203,41.2767],[-72.4211,41.2758],[-72.4211,41.2753],[-72.4217,41.2747],[-72.4222,41.2747],[-72.4225,41.2744],[-72.4231,41.2744],[-72.4233,41.2742],[-72.4247,41.2739],[-72.425,41.2742],[-72.4256,41.2742],[-72.4258,41.2744],[-72.4264,41.2739],[-72.4275,41.2742],[-72.4278,41.2742],[-72.4303,41.2753],[-72.4311,41.2761],[-72.4314,41.2761],[-72.4322,41.2769],[-72.4328,41.2769],[-72.4331,41.2772],[-72.4372,41.2783],[-72.4389,41.2783],[-72.4392,41.2786],[-72.4403,41.2786],[-72.4422,41.2783],[-72.4425,41.2786],[-72.4436,41.2789],[-72.4442,41.2792],[-72.4467,41.2794],[-72.4469,41.2792],[-72.4497,41.2791],[-72.45,41.2794],[-72.4506,41.2794],[-72.4508,41.2792],[-72.4533,41.2789],[-72.4536,41.2786],[-72.4542,41.2786],[-72.4544,41.2783],[-72.4556,41.2781],[-72.4558,41.2778],[-72.4583,41.2769],[-72.4589,41.2764],[-72.4594,41.2764],[-72.46,41.2758],[-72.4603,41.2758],[-72.4619,41.2742],[-72.4625,41.2742],[-72.4633,41.2733],[-72.4642,41.2733],[-72.4647,41.2728],[-72.4653,41.2728],[-72.4667,41.2714],[-72.4667,41.2711],[-72.468,41.2695],[-72.4683,41.2694],[-72.4695,41.2695],[-72.4703,41.2697],[-72.4711,41.2697],[-72.4714,41.27],[-72.4719,41.2706],[-72.4733,41.2697],[-72.4781,41.2703],[-72.4794,41.2706],[-72.4828,41.2712],[-72.4841,41.2711],[-72.4856,41.2711],[-72.4872,41.2708],[-72.4878,41.2703],[-72.4892,41.27],[-72.4892,41.2697],[-72.4903,41.2694],[-72.4906,41.2692],[-72.4936,41.2683],[-72.4953,41.2681],[-72.4958,41.2678],[-72.4964,41.2678],[-72.497,41.2672],[-72.4975,41.267],[-72.4978,41.2667],[-72.4992,41.2662],[-72.4994,41.2658],[-72.4998,41.2658],[-72.5026,41.2639],[-72.5031,41.2633],[-72.5033,41.2633],[-72.5042,41.2625],[-72.5044,41.2622],[-72.505,41.2622],[-72.5053,41.2619],[-72.5069,41.26],[-72.5069,41.2597],[-72.5072,41.2594],[-72.5072,41.2589],[-72.5069,41.2586],[-72.5069,41.2578],[-72.5067,41.2575],[-72.5072,41.2564],[-72.5075,41.2564],[-72.5097,41.2567],[-72.51,41.2569],[-72.5114,41.257],[-72.5117,41.2569],[-72.512,41.2571],[-72.5131,41.2575],[-72.5147,41.258],[-72.515,41.2583],[-72.5153,41.2583],[-72.5167,41.2581],[-72.5169,41.2578],[-72.5172,41.2578],[-72.5178,41.2572],[-72.5183,41.2572],[-72.5189,41.2578],[-72.5192,41.2578],[-72.5192,41.2581],[-72.5189,41.2583],[-72.5189,41.2606],[-72.5192,41.2608],[-72.5192,41.2611],[-72.5194,41.2631],[-72.5197,41.2633],[-72.5197,41.2639],[-72.52,41.2642],[-72.5203,41.2653],[-72.5206,41.2656],[-72.5206,41.2661],[-72.5203,41.2661],[-72.5203,41.2672],[-72.5206,41.2675],[-72.5211,41.2683],[-72.5212,41.2692],[-72.5214,41.2694],[-72.5219,41.2694],[-72.5228,41.2703],[-72.5233,41.2697],[-72.5256,41.2689],[-72.5258,41.2686],[-72.5261,41.2689],[-72.5272,41.2689],[-72.5275,41.2686],[-72.5292,41.2686],[-72.5294,41.2683],[-72.5297,41.2686],[-72.5311,41.2683],[-72.5314,41.2681],[-72.5319,41.2681],[-72.5322,41.2678],[-72.5336,41.2675],[-72.5339,41.2672],[-72.5353,41.2675],[-72.5367,41.2672],[-72.5372,41.2672],[-72.5375,41.2669],[-72.5381,41.2669],[-72.539,41.2667],[-72.5395,41.2664],[-72.5418,41.2646],[-72.5424,41.2645],[-72.5425,41.2643],[-72.5458,41.2631],[-72.5461,41.2633],[-72.5478,41.2645],[-72.546,41.2681],[-72.5448,41.2736],[-72.5448,41.2754],[-72.5466,41.2804],[-72.549,41.2817],[-72.5545,41.2808],[-72.5576,41.2822],[-72.5588,41.2849],[-72.5613,41.2881],[-72.5656,41.2926],[-72.5717,41.298],[-72.5766,41.3026],[-72.5808,41.3053],[-72.5857,41.3098],[-72.5851,41.313],[-72.5851,41.3144],[-72.5858,41.3244],[-72.5913,41.323],[-72.5968,41.3289],[-72.6053,41.328],[-72.6121,41.328],[-72.6127,41.3298],[-72.6139,41.3407],[-72.6115,41.3434],[-72.6127,41.3606],[-72.6091,41.3656],[-72.6078,41.3679],[-72.6091,41.3738],[-72.614,41.3811],[-72.6122,41.3865],[-72.6177,41.391],[-72.6256,41.3974],[-72.6293,41.4015],[-72.6318,41.4124],[-72.6373,41.4128],[-72.6447,41.4151],[-72.6471,41.416],[-72.6496,41.4182],[-72.649,41.4223],[-72.6422,41.4296],[-72.6453,41.4314],[-72.649,41.4359],[-72.6527,41.435],[-72.6545,41.4387],[-72.7402,41.4245],[-72.7464,41.4235],[-72.7391,41.4385],[-72.7337,41.4857],[-72.7435,41.4835],[-72.7524,41.5792],[-72.7525,41.5928],[-72.7316,41.5961],[-72.7304,41.602],[-72.7157,41.6056],[-72.7145,41.6092],[-72.7114,41.6179],[-72.7157,41.6242],[-72.7139,41.6278],[-72.6857,41.632],[-72.6279,41.6407],[-72.6304,41.6334],[-72.5051,41.6471]]],[[[-72.5353,41.26],[-72.5361,41.2599],[-72.5367,41.2597],[-72.5375,41.2593],[-72.5384,41.2579],[-72.5384,41.2572],[-72.5385,41.2568],[-72.5432,41.2596],[-72.5428,41.26],[-72.5417,41.26],[-72.5414,41.2603],[-72.5403,41.2603],[-72.54,41.26],[-72.5394,41.26],[-72.5375,41.2608],[-72.5372,41.2608],[-72.5367,41.2614],[-72.5364,41.2614],[-72.5358,41.2619],[-72.5358,41.2625],[-72.535,41.2633],[-72.535,41.2636],[-72.5339,41.2631],[-72.5339,41.2619],[-72.5342,41.2617],[-72.5342,41.2614],[-72.5347,41.2608],[-72.5347,41.2606],[-72.5353,41.26]]],[[[-72.525,41.2661],[-72.5247,41.2658],[-72.5258,41.2647],[-72.5264,41.2648],[-72.5267,41.2644],[-72.527,41.2644],[-72.5286,41.2644],[-72.5286,41.2642],[-72.5289,41.2642],[-72.5292,41.2639],[-72.5297,41.2639],[-72.53,41.2642],[-72.53,41.2647],[-72.5294,41.2653],[-72.5292,41.2653],[-72.5283,41.2661],[-72.5281,41.2658],[-72.5278,41.2661],[-72.5267,41.2664],[-72.5264,41.2667],[-72.5253,41.2669],[-72.525,41.2669],[-72.525,41.2667],[-72.5247,41.2664],[-72.525,41.2661]]],[[[-72.4736,41.2558],[-72.4742,41.2553],[-72.4753,41.2553],[-72.4756,41.2556],[-72.4758,41.2556],[-72.4761,41.2558],[-72.4764,41.2558],[-72.4769,41.2564],[-72.4761,41.2572],[-72.4761,41.2578],[-72.4758,41.2581],[-72.4756,41.2594],[-72.4756,41.26],[-72.4753,41.2603],[-72.4747,41.2597],[-72.4747,41.2594],[-72.4744,41.2572],[-72.4742,41.2569],[-72.4742,41.2567],[-72.4736,41.2561],[-72.4736,41.2558]]],[[[-72.4633,41.2622],[-72.4636,41.2622],[-72.4648,41.263],[-72.4649,41.2634],[-72.4651,41.2637],[-72.4654,41.264],[-72.4654,41.2642],[-72.4655,41.2647],[-72.4652,41.2649],[-72.465,41.2649],[-72.4642,41.2644],[-72.4635,41.2635],[-72.4633,41.2625],[-72.4633,41.2622]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Middlesex\",\"state\":\"CT\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b61","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Melvin, R.L.","contributorId":50497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melvin","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, J. R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Craft, P. A.","contributorId":102105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Craft","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lane, J.W. Jr.","contributorId":66723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"J.W.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Davies, B.S. III","contributorId":72413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davies","given":"B.S.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":27410,"text":"wri944110 - 1995 - Water levels in the Calumet aquifer and their relation to surface-water levels in northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-24T10:55:16","indexId":"wri944110","displayToPublicDate":"1996-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4110","title":"Water levels in the Calumet aquifer and their relation to surface-water levels in northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92","docAbstract":"<p>The U.S. Geological Survey made 2,328 water-level measurements at a total of 96 ground-water and surface-water sites in northern Lake County, Indiana, from August 1985 through September 1992. This report lists and summarizes the significance of the measurements. Northern Lake County is on the southern shore of Lake Michigan and includes the cities of East Chicago, Gary, Hammond, and Whiting. The study area is underlain by the unconfined Calumet aquifer and receives about 36 inches of precipitation per year.</p>\n<p>The U.S. Geological Survey investigated ground-water levels and flow in the Calumet aquifer and the effect of Lake Michigan levels on ground-water and surface-water levels throughout the study area. Summary statistics of the water-level data were computed for each site.</p>\n<p>Ground-water levels annually reach a maximum in June or July and a minimum in September or October. Measured groundwater fluctuations in the Calumet aquifer during the study period ranged from 0.40 to 5.01 feet, and the mean ground-water fluctuation was about 2.3 feet The largest surface-water fluctuations were affected by record setting Lake Michigan levels. Midmonth daily averages for the data-collection period show that Lake Michigan fluctuated 4.14 feet Water-level fluctuations on the Grand Calumet River were from 1.06 to 2.45 feet.</p>\n<p>Analysis of water-level data indicates that the 1988 drought did not substantially affect water levels in the Calumet aquifer, but the deficit in precipitation reversed vertical flow gradients in ground water at three paired deep and shallow wells. High water levels in Lake Michigan during 1985-87 created long-term backwater effects on the Grand Calumet River as far as 11.0 miles upstream from Lake Michigan.</p>\n<p>Analysis of water-level data from the data-collection network indicates that the water table normally slopes toward streams, ditches, sewers, the Indiana Harbor Canal, and Lake Michigan. The slope of the water table toward the Grand Calumet River is greatest in the winter and can decrease to being almost horizontal in the summer. Wells near streams respond quickly to nearby surface-water-level changes. Water-table maps indicate that sewers and dewatering systems are lowering ground-water levels in large areas. Ditches, the Grand Calumet River, and the Indiana Harbor Canal connect the Lake Michigan water level to large parts of the study area. The surface-water stage in the Indiana Harbor Canal, which functions as a ditch, can equal Lake Michigan's stage up to 3.75 miles inland from the lakeshore. Human activity, the stage of Lake Michigan, and the storage capacity of the Calumet aquifer combine to reduce vertical changes in the water table in the study area.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Indianapolis, IN","doi":"10.3133/wri944110","collaboration":"Indiana Department of Environmental Management","usgsCitation":"Greeman, T.K., 1995, Water levels in the Calumet aquifer and their relation to surface-water levels in northern Lake County, Indiana, 1985-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4110, v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944110.","productDescription":"v, 61 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","startPage":"1","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"67","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":346,"text":"Indiana Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":158683,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4110/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56269,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4110/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","county":"Lake","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-87.2223,41.6248],[-87.2222,41.6152],[-87.2221,41.6039],[-87.2218,41.5698],[-87.22,41.4632],[-87.2198,41.3747],[-87.2196,41.3601],[-87.22,41.3388],[-87.2198,41.3188],[-87.2197,41.3043],[-87.2189,41.2893],[-87.2187,41.2744],[-87.2193,41.2671],[-87.219,41.2426],[-87.2184,41.2417],[-87.2263,41.2353],[-87.2762,41.2187],[-87.2859,41.2154],[-87.3241,41.1862],[-87.3313,41.1829],[-87.3405,41.1824],[-87.3448,41.1824],[-87.38,41.1726],[-87.394,41.1625],[-87.4,41.1625],[-87.4055,41.1625],[-87.4147,41.1619],[-87.4411,41.1731],[-87.4466,41.174],[-87.4484,41.1744],[-87.4587,41.1702],[-87.4801,41.1701],[-87.5263,41.1661],[-87.5261,41.267],[-87.5265,41.2983],[-87.527,41.4086],[-87.5265,41.4712],[-87.5255,41.5516],[-87.5239,41.6941],[-87.524,41.7135],[-87.5234,41.7131],[-87.5134,41.7054],[-87.5158,41.7027],[-87.5133,41.7004],[-87.4997,41.6914],[-87.4922,41.6865],[-87.4848,41.6843],[-87.4829,41.6811],[-87.4768,41.6789],[-87.4712,41.6753],[-87.4613,41.6718],[-87.4503,41.6741],[-87.4397,41.6647],[-87.436,41.6656],[-87.4355,41.6729],[-87.4245,41.6802],[-87.4177,41.6753],[-87.4396,41.6565],[-87.4228,41.6439],[-87.4167,41.6439],[-87.4099,41.644],[-87.4087,41.644],[-87.4044,41.6413],[-87.392,41.6382],[-87.3748,41.6329],[-87.3711,41.6315],[-87.3538,41.6285],[-87.3384,41.6259],[-87.3274,41.6259],[-87.3218,41.6219],[-87.315,41.6201],[-87.3101,41.6201],[-87.3058,41.6202],[-87.3003,41.6202],[-87.296,41.6198],[-87.2831,41.6203],[-87.2702,41.6208],[-87.2223,41.6248]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Lake\",\"state\":\"IN\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5f9d21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Greeman, Theodore K.","contributorId":30655,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeman","given":"Theodore","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28467,"text":"wri954049 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-25T16:45:56","indexId":"wri954049","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4049","title":"Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994","docAbstract":"<p>A study of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, was conducted to evaluate ground-water flow and water quality using data collected from June 1992 through June 1994. The study area included approximately 80 square miles in parts of Muscatine and Louisa Counties in Iowa and Rock Island and Mercer Counties in Illinois.</p>\n<p>A steady-state, ground-water flow model was constructed using February 1993 hydrologic conditions. Model results indicate that drawdown in the lower alluvium caused by the pumping centers in Iowa extends beneath the Muscatine Slough in the northwest part of the study area and beneath the Mississippi River in the central and northern parts of the area. The primary sources of ground water in the alluvium are recharge from precipitation, leakage from the Mississippi River, and infiltration of upland runoff. The bedrock is not a major contributor of ground water to the alluvium.</p>\n<p>The areal distribution of selected water-quality properties and constituents in ground water results from several factors. Localized large chloride and nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen concentrations could be indicative of contamination from human activity. Specific conductance and calcium, magnesium, and sulfate concentrations are larger in ground water near the boundary between the river valley and upland area and could result from infiltration of upland runoff or lithologic differences in the alluvium. Large iron or manganese concentrations occur in the ground water near the Mississippi River and Muscatine Slough that result from microbial processes and the presence of dissolved organic carbon.</p>\n<p>Temporal variations of concentrations for selected water-quality constituents in groundwater samples attest to the dynamic nature of the ground-water system as it responds to natural and human-induced changes in water quality. Leakage from the Mississippi River affects ground-water quality in the alluvium adjacent to the river. Temporal variations in water quality of the Mississippi River can be caused by seasonally, amount of discharge, or upstream human activities.</p>\n<p>The quality of ground water induced from discrete zones of the alluvium by the pumping centers in Iowa has implications for the entire ground-water resource. The ground-water flow model calculated that 10 percent of the water that enters the zone of active pumping on the Iowa side of the Mississippi River originates from the zone west and north of Muscatine Slough, and that 5.2 percent originates from the zone on the Illinois side of the Mississippi River east of the center of the river channel.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/wri954049","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Muscatine Power and Water, Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Lucey, K., Kuzniar, R., and Caldwell, J., 1995, Hydrogeology and water quality of the Mississippi River alluvium near Muscatine, Iowa, June 1992 through June 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4049, Report: vi, 74 p.; 1 plate: 30.39 x 40.43 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954049.","productDescription":"Report: vi, 74 p.; 1 plate: 30.39 x 40.43 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57269,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":355976,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4049/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -91.19270324707031,\n              41.22876543240588\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.19270324707031,\n              41.44118219439961\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.99014282226562,\n              41.44118219439961\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.99014282226562,\n              41.22876543240588\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.19270324707031,\n              41.22876543240588\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adae4b07f02db685325","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucey, K.J.","contributorId":70002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kuzniar, R.L.","contributorId":44558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzniar","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caldwell, J.P.","contributorId":83496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":25533,"text":"wri954027 - 1995 - Geohydrology, water quality, and conceptual model of the hydrologic system Saco Landfill area, Saco, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-27T19:55:47.173605","indexId":"wri954027","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4027","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and conceptual model of the hydrologic system Saco Landfill area, Saco, Maine","docAbstract":"<p>A geohydrologic study of the Saco Municipal Landfill in Saco, Maine, was done during 1993-94 to provide a preliminary interpretation of the geology and hydrology needed to guide additional studies at the landfill as part of the Superfund Program. The Saco Landfill, which was active from the early 1960's until 1986, includes three disposal areas on a 90-acre parcel. Sandy Brook, a small perennial stream, flows from north to south through the land-fill between the disposal areas. Discharge of leachate from the disposal areas to aquifers and streams has been documented since 1974. The landfill was declared a Superfund site in 1990 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Multiple lines of evidence are used in this study to indicate areas of ground-water contamination and sources of water flow in Sandy Brook. The geohydrologic system on the east side of Sandy Brook consists of an upper water-table aquifer and a lower aquifer, separated by a thick sequence of glaciomarine silt and clay. Depths to bedrock range from 60 to more than 200 ft (feet), on the basis of data from seismic-refraction studies and drilling. The upper aquifer, which is generally less than 15 ft thick, consists of fine-to medium-grained sand deposited in a shallow postglacial marine environment. The lower aquifer, which was deposited as a series of glaciomarine fans, contains two sediment types: Well-sorted sand and gravel and unsorted sediments called diamict sediments. East of Sandy Brook, the thickness of the lower aquifer ranges from 25 to 100 ft, based on drilling at the landfill. The glaciomarine silts and clays (known as the presumpscot Formation) range from 50 to more than 100 ft thick. West of Sandy Brook, the glaciomarine silt and clay is largely absent, and fractured bedrock is very close to land surface under one of the disposal areas in the northwestern part of the property. The lower aquifer is unconfined in the southwestern side of the study area; bedrock slopes towards the south, and the aquifer thickens to 100 ft at the southwestern end of the study area. Preliminary estimates of mean annual streamflow in Sandy Brook, based on a partial year of continuous record, indicate that runoff increases from approximately 2.1 ft3/s (cubic feet per second) upstream from the landfill to 2.7 ft3/s downstream from the landfill, although the drainage area down-stream is only 11 percent greater than the drainage area upstream. A water-budget estimate based on available streamflow and climatic data indicates that Sandy Brook below the landfill gains about 80 million gallons per year from sources outside the drainage-basin boundary. Possible sources include the lower aquifer north or west of the landfill area and the fractured bedrock northwest of Sandy Brook. Specific conductance of water in Sandy Brook increases downstream from the landfill. In September 1993, specific conductance was 184 liS/cm (microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius) upstream from the landfill and 496 uS/cm downstream from the landfill. Continuous monitoring of specific conductance in Sandy Brook shows that the downstream increase is less during periods of stormflow because of dilution. Electromagnetic terrain-conductivity surveys, results of ground-water chemical analyses, and changes in streamwater quality have been used to identify areas of likely ground-water contamination. The specific conductance of ground water exceeds 2,000 uS/cm in some areas near the landfills. This compares to specific conductances of less than 200 uS/cm in water from most shallow wells that are considered to represent background water quality. Ground water in the upper aquifer east of Sandy Brook and in the lower aquifer west of Sandy Brook has been affected by leachate flowing from the landfill areas. The extent of contamination in bedrock, if any, is unknown. Water levels measured in 16 wells were used to help determine the direction of ground-water flow. The electromagnetic terrain-conduct <span>surveys and stream specific-conductance data sup</span><span>port the interpretation that water in the upper aqui</span><span>fer flows radially away from the two disposal areas </span><span>east of Sandy Brook towards Sandy Brook and </span><span>other small surface-water bodies in the area. West </span><span>of Sandy Brook, ground water under the third dis</span><span>posal area moves in the lower aquifer northeast and </span><span>southeast towards Sandy Brook, where it </span><span>discharges to the stream. </span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri954027","usgsCitation":"Nielsen, M., Stone, J.R., Hansen, B.P., and Nielsen, J., 1995, Geohydrology, water quality, and conceptual model of the hydrologic system Saco Landfill area, Saco, Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4027, v, 94 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954027.","productDescription":"v, 94 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":382724,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4027/report.pdf"},{"id":157697,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4027/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Saco","otherGeospatial":"Saco Landfill area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.46356201171875,\n              43.496518702067206\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.41996002197266,\n              43.496518702067206\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.41996002197266,\n              43.50872101129684\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.46356201171875,\n              43.50872101129684\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.46356201171875,\n              43.496518702067206\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a877c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielsen, M.G.","contributorId":103635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stone, J. R.","contributorId":87964,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hansen, B. P.","contributorId":45332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nielsen, J.P.","contributorId":76355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielsen","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":21717,"text":"ofr95650 - 1995 - Data report for onshore-offshore wide-angle seismic recordings in the Bering-Chukchi Sea, Western Alaska and eastern Siberia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-02T12:32:57","indexId":"ofr95650","displayToPublicDate":"1996-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-650","title":"Data report for onshore-offshore wide-angle seismic recordings in the Bering-Chukchi Sea, Western Alaska and eastern Siberia","docAbstract":"<p>This report presents fourteen deep-crustal wide-angle seismic reflection and refraction profiles recorded onland in western Alaska and eastern Siberia from marine air gun sources in the Bering-Chukchi Seas. During a 20-day period in August, 1994, the R/V Ewing acquired two long (a total of 3754 km) deep-crustal seismic-reflection profiles on the continental shelf of the Bering and Chukchi Seas, in a collaborative project between Stanford University and the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The Ewing's 137.7 liter (8355 cu. in.) air gun array was the source for both the multichannel reflection and the wide-angle seismic data. The Ewing, operated by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, steamed northward from Nunivak Island to Barrow, and returned, firing the air gun array at intervals of either 50 m or 75 m. About 37,700 air gun shots were fired along the northward directed Lines 1 and 2, and more than 40,000 air gun shots were fired along the southward directed Line 3. The USGS and the University of Alaska, Fairbanks (UAF), deployed an array of twelve 3-component REFTEK and PDAS recorders in western Alaska and eastern Siberia which continuously recorded the air gun signals fired during the northward bound Lines 1 and 2. Seven of these recorders also continuously recorded the southward bound Line 3. These wide-angle seismic data were acquired to: (1) image reflectors in the upper to lower crust, (2) determine crustal and upper mantle refraction velocities, and (3) provide important constraints on the geometry of the Moho along the seismic lines. In this report, we describe the land recording of wide-angle data conducted by the USGS and the UAF, describe in detail how the wide-angle REFTEK and PDAS data were reduced to common receiver gather seismic sections, and illustrate the wide-angle seismic data obtained by the REFTEKs and PDAS's. Air gun signals were observed to ranges in excess of 400 km, and crustal and upper /mantle refractions indicate substantial variation in the crustal thickness along the transect.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95650","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T.M., Allen, R.M., Stone, D.B., Wolf, L.W., and Galloway, B.K., 1995, Data report for onshore-offshore wide-angle seismic recordings in the Bering-Chukchi Sea, Western Alaska and eastern Siberia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-650, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95650.","productDescription":"57 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0650/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":51244,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0650/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"13.89.MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -175,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -158,\n              64\n            ],\n            [\n              -158,\n              72\n            ],\n            [\n              -175,\n              72\n            ],\n            [\n              -175,\n              64\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac5e4b07f02db679d9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":185395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allen, Richard M.","contributorId":139575,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6609,"text":"UC Berkeley","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":185393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, David B.","contributorId":193572,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stone","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolf, Lorraine W.","contributorId":72817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wolf","given":"Lorraine","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Galloway, Brian K.","contributorId":63418,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Galloway","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":22201,"text":"ofr9596 - 1995 - The surface of crystalline basement, Great Valley and Sierra Nevada, California: A digital map database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-02T10:34:02","indexId":"ofr9596","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-96","title":"The surface of crystalline basement, Great Valley and Sierra Nevada, California: A digital map database","docAbstract":"Crystalline basement in central California extends westward from the exposed Sierra Nevada beneath the sedimentary fill of the Great Valley and under the eastern edge of the Coast Ranges at mid-crustal depth. The surface of this basement is defined from three types of control: in the Sierra Nevada from the topography itself, beneath the eastern two thirds of the Great Valley in considerable detail from numerous wells drilled for oil and gas, and beneath the western San Joaquin Valley in less detail from seismic reflection and refraction profiles. Together, these data demonstrate that the surface of crystalline rock is continuous from the exposed rock in the mountains to the top of high-velocity rock buried deep beneath the eastern front of the southern Coast Ranges. This report presents a compilation of data through 1985 that define the surface of this crystalline basement, a contour map of the surface, and the lithology of the basement rock sampled by many of the wells. The compilation was begun as part of the investigation of the 1983 Coalinga earthquake, and was subsequently converted to digital form and extended to the whole of the Great Valley and Sierra Nevada. The main purpose was to explore and document the shape and continuity of the basement surface and to determine the relation of the surface to the tectonic wedge hypothesis (Wentworth and others, 1984; Wentworth and Zoback, 1989). Available basement samples from wells - principally the thin-section collection of May and Hewitt (1948) preserved by the California Academy of Sciences - were also reexamined by cooperating petrologists in an effort to distinguish wells that bottomed in ophiolitic rocks.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9596","issn":"0094-9140","usgsCitation":"Wentworth, C.M., Fisher, G., Levine, P., and Jachens, R.C., 1995, The surface of crystalline basement, Great Valley and Sierra Nevada, California: A digital map database (Version 1.1; Version 1.11, Revised June 2012): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-96, 18 p.; Figure 1 JPEG; ReadMe TXT File; Digital Database Package Zip File, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9596.","productDescription":"18 p.; Figure 1 JPEG; ReadMe TXT File; Digital Database Package Zip File","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"1985-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":156563,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/ofr_95_96.jpg"},{"id":10462,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/96/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Coast Ranges;Great Valley;Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -124.4,32.5 ], [ -124.4,42 ], [ -114.13333333333334,42 ], [ -114.13333333333334,32.5 ], [ -124.4,32.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.1; Version 1.11, Revised June 2012","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65da72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wentworth, Carl M. 0000-0003-2569-569X cwent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2569-569X","contributorId":1178,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wentworth","given":"Carl","email":"cwent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, G. Reid","contributorId":42618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"G. Reid","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Levine, Paia","contributorId":23154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levine","given":"Paia","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":187589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jachens, Robert C. jachens@usgs.gov","contributorId":1180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"Robert","email":"jachens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":187588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":44879,"text":"wri954000 - 1995 - Potentiometric surface of the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern Arkansas, April through July 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-09-12T17:16:23","indexId":"wri954000","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T01:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4000","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern Arkansas, April through July 1993","docAbstract":"A water-level map of the Sparta and Memphis aquifers for 1993 is presented in this map report. The Sparta-Memphis aquifer, consisting of sands of Eocene age, is present in much of southern and eastern Arkansas. The potentiometric surface map and long-term hydrographs illustrate the effects of large withdrawals for industrial and public supply and, to a lesser extent, agricultural use, on water levels in the aquifer. Three cones of depression, centered in Columbia, Jefferson, and Union Counties, occur in the potentiometric surface.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954000","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Arkansas Geological Commission","usgsCitation":"Westerfield, P.W., 1995, Potentiometric surface of the Sparta and Memphis aquifers in eastern Arkansas, April through July 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4000, 1 map: 46 x 36 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954000.","productDescription":"1 map: 46 x 36 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":134790,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":261842,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4000/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"Memphis Aquifer;Sparta Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -94.16666666666667,33 ], [ -94.16666666666667,36.5 ], [ -89.68333333333334,36.5 ], [ -89.68333333333334,33 ], [ -94.16666666666667,33 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682edb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Westerfield, Paul W.","contributorId":30599,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Westerfield","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":16981,"text":"ofr95595 - 1995 - Coal geology of the Paleocene-Eocene Calvert Bluff Formation (Wilcox Group) and the Eocene Manning Formation (Jackson Group) in east-central Texas: Field trip guidebook for the Society for Organic Petrology, Twelfth Annual Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, August 30, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-06T20:55:25.394489","indexId":"ofr95595","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-595","title":"Coal geology of the Paleocene-Eocene Calvert Bluff Formation (Wilcox Group) and the Eocene Manning Formation (Jackson Group) in east-central Texas: Field trip guidebook for the Society for Organic Petrology, Twelfth Annual Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, August 30, 1995","docAbstract":"The Jackson and Wilcox Groups of eastern Texas (fig. 1) are the major lignite producing intervals in the Gulf Region. Within these groups, the major lignite-producing formations are the Paleocene-Eocene Calvert Bluff Formation (Wilcox) and the Eocene Manning Formation (Jackson). According to the Keystone Coal Industry Manual (Maclean Hunter Publishing Company, 1994), the Gulf Coast basin produces about 57 million short tons of lignite annually. The state of Texas ranks number 6 in coal production in the United States. Most of the lignite is used for electric power generation in mine-mouth power plant facilities. In recent years, particular interest has been given to lignite quality and the distribution and concentration of about a dozen trace elements that have been identified as potential hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. As pointed out by Oman and Finkelman (1994), Gulf Coast lignite deposits have elevated concentrations of many of the HAPs elements (Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mn, Se, U) on a as-received gm/mmBtu basis when compared to other United States coal deposits used for fuel in thermo-electric power plants. Although regulations have not yet been established for acceptable emissions of the HAPs elements during coal burning, considerable research effort has been given to the characterization of these elements in coal feed stocks. The general purpose of the present field trip and of the accompanying collection of papers is to investigate how various aspects of east Texas lignite geology might collectively influence the quality of the lignite fuel. We hope that this collection of papers will help future researchers understand the complex, multifaceted interrelations of coal geology, petrology, palynology and coal quality, and that this introduction to the geology of the lignite deposits of east Texas might serve as a stimulus for new ideas to be applied to other coal basins in the U.S. and abroad.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95595","usgsCitation":"Warwick, P.D., and Crowley, S.S., 1995, Coal geology of the Paleocene-Eocene Calvert Bluff Formation (Wilcox Group) and the Eocene Manning Formation (Jackson Group) in east-central Texas: Field trip guidebook for the Society for Organic Petrology, Twelfth Annual Meeting, The Woodlands, Texas, August 30, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-595, v, 86 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95595.","productDescription":"v, 86 p.","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":1017,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-595/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":149486,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":401826,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18521.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -97,\n              29.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -95,\n              29.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -95,\n              31.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -97,\n              31.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -97,\n              29.5\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49b3e4b07f02db5ca176","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":174440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crowley, Sharon S.","contributorId":78325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crowley","given":"Sharon","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":174441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":21792,"text":"ofr95381 - 1995 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":21792,"text":"ofr95381 - 1995 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"ofr95381","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":54,"text":"wsp2463 - 1996 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2463","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":54,"text":"wsp2463 - 1996 - Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","indexId":"wsp2463","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts"},"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-07T10:51:22","indexId":"ofr95381","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-381","title":"Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts","docAbstract":"The disposal of secondarily treated sewage onto rapid infiltration sand beds at the Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, has created a sewage plume in the underlying sand and gravel aquifer; the part of the\\x11sewage plume that contains dissolved phosphorus extends about 2,500 feet downgradient of the sewage-disposal beds. A part of the plume that\\x11contains nearly 2 milligrams per liter of phosphorus currently (1993) discharges into Ashumet Pond along about 700 feet of shoreline. The sewage plume discharges from about 59 to about 76 kilograms of phosphorus per year into the pond. Hydraulic-head measurements indicate that the north end of Ashumet Pond is a ground-water sink and an increased component of ground-water discharge and phosphorus flux into\\x11the pond occurs at higher water levels. Phosphorus was mobile in ground water in two distinct geochemical environments-an anoxic zone that contains no dissolved oxygen and as much as 25\\x11milligrams per liter of dissolved iron, and a more areally extensive suboxic zone that contains little or no iron, low but detectable dissolved oxygen, and as much as 12 milligrams per liter of dissolved manganese. Dissolved phosphorus is mobile in the suboxic geochemical environment because continued phosphorus loading has filled available sorption sites in the aquifer. Continued disposal of sewage since 1936 has created a large reservoir of sorbed phosphorus that is much greater than the mass of dissolved phosphorus in the ground water; the average ratio of sorbed to dissolved phosphorus in the anoxic and suboxic parts of the sewage plume were 31:1 and 155:1, respectively. Column experiments indicate that phosphorus in the anoxic core of the plume containing dissolved iron may be immobilized within 17 years by sorption and coprecipitation with new iron oxyhydroxides following the cessation of sewage disposal and the introduction of uncontaminated oxygenated ground water into the aquifer in December 1995. Residual oxygen demand associated with sorbed organic compounds and ammonia could retard the movement of oxygenated water into the aquifer. Sorbed phosphorus in the suboxic zone of the aquifer will continue to desorb into the ground water and will remain mobile in the ground water for perhaps hundreds of years. Also, the introduction of uncontaminated water into the aquifer may cause dissolved-phosphorus concentrations in the suboxic zone of the aquifer to increase sharply and remain higher than precessation levels for many years due to the desorption of loosely bound phosphorus. Data from three sampling sites, located along the eastern and western boundaries of the sewage plume and downgradient of abandoned sewage-disposal beds, indicate that ground-water mixing and phosphorus desorption may already be occurring in the aquifer in response to the introduction of uncontaminated recharge water into previously contaminated parts of the aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95381","issn":"0566-8174","usgsCitation":"Walter, D.A., Rea, B., Stollenwerk, K., and Savoie, J., 1995, Geochemical and hydrologic controls on phosphorus transport in a sewage-contaminated sand and gravel aquifer near Ashumet Pond, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-381, vi, 89 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95381.","productDescription":"vi, 89 p.","costCenters":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":153672,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0381/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":275690,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0381/report.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod ","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.80413818359375,\n              41.679066225164114\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.9224853515625,\n              41.679066225164114\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.9224853515625,\n              42.116561350389006\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.80413818359375,\n              42.116561350389006\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.80413818359375,\n              41.679066225164114\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ae2fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walter, D. A.","contributorId":75179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walter","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rea, B.A.","contributorId":39008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stollenwerk, K.G.","contributorId":71199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stollenwerk","given":"K.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":185698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Savoie, Jennifer G. jsavoie@usgs.gov","contributorId":1691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savoie","given":"Jennifer G.","email":"jsavoie@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":185696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":30109,"text":"wri954026 - 1995 - Ground-water flow and water quality in the sand aquifer of Long Beach Peninsula, Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:11:35","indexId":"wri954026","displayToPublicDate":"1996-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4026","title":"Ground-water flow and water quality in the sand aquifer of Long Beach Peninsula, Washington","docAbstract":"<p>This report describes an investigation of ground-water flow and water quality in the sand aquifer of the Long Beach Peninsula. The peninsula is located in the southwestern corner of the State of Washington, is about 27 miles long, and has an average width of about 1.5 miles. It is surrounded by seawater, by the Pacific Ocean on the west and Willapa Bay on the east. Water supplies on the peninsula are derived mostly from a local water-table aquifer composed largely of sand.</p><p>The recent growth of population on the peninsula and the projected future growth have created concerns about the quantity and quality of the ground-water resource. Some issues include declining ground-water levels from increased pumpage, and ground-water contamination from seawater intrusion, pesticides or fertilizers from cranberrygrowing areas, and septic-system effluent.</p><p>The ground-water system of the Long Beach Peninsula consists of a sand aquifer with some lenses of silt and clay that may act as confining beds in local areas. Data are lacking or inconsistent to define a confining bed that extends throughout the peninsula. Hydraulic conductivity calculated from slug tests in 58 shallow wells ranged from 10 to 37 feet per day with a median of 22 feet per day.</p><p>Average annual ground-water recharge by infiltration and percolation of precipitation is estimated to be about 58 inches or 111,000 acre-feet, which is 72 percent of the average annual precipitation of 80 inches. Average annual ground-water discharge is estimated to be about 30,200 acre-feet to the Pacific Ocean, 56,000 acre-feet to Willapa Bay, and 24,800 acre-feet to surface-water drainage channels.</p><p>Ground-water movement is generally perpendicular to the spine of the peninsula. A ground-water divide occurs along a north-south line and ground water flows west or east from the divide toward the Pacific Ocean or Willapa Bay. There does not appear to have been any long-term decline of the water table of the sand aquifer from 1974-92. Ground-water levels measured at three east-west cross sections in 1974-75 were at about the same altitude as water levels measured in 1992.</p><p>Relatively accurate individual regression relations were developed at 45 wells with ground-water altitude as a response variable and cumulative precipitation for 4 months as an explanatory variable. The average coefficient of determination for all individual relations was 0.77, with a range of 0.11 to 0.89.</p><p>Some empirical frequency or probability relations for precipitation and ground-water levels were used to estimate how often the maximum water levels measured in this study would be expected to occur in the future. These water levels reflected the lower-than-average precipitation that occurred during the study. Assuming that the annual maximum precipitation for 4 consecutive months is random and independent, the historical record of precipitation is representative of the future distribution of precipitation, and the relation between precipitation and water levels is accurate and stationary; a probability analysis of the historical record indicates that in any one year in the future there is a probability of 70 percent that the maximum water levels measured in wells during the winter of 1991-92 would be equaled or exceeded.</p><p>The shallow ground water had generally low dissolved-solids concentrations in July 1992, with a median concentration of 92 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and a range of 56 to 218 mg/L. Sodium was the dominant cation and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. The distribution of hardness of the water samples was 84 percent with soft water and 16 percent with moderately hard water.</p><p>The water quality of the shallow ground water was generally good, with a few small to moderate problems. A natural problem is locally high concentrations of dissolved iron. About 30 percent of the water samples had dissolved-iron concentrations of greater than 0.3 mg/L, which is the secondary maximum contaminant level established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.</p><p>No appreciable amount of seawater has intruded into the sand aquifer. The samples of shallow ground water collected in July 1992 had a median chloride concentration of 15 mg/L and a maximum concentration of 52 mg/L. The heavy average annual precipitation of about 80 inches, large average annual ground-water recharge of about 58 inches or 111,000 acre-feet, and small ground-water withdrawal rate (about 780 acre-feet per year in 1992) combine to maintain a thick freshwater lens of ground water that prevents seawater intrusion throughout the year.</p><p>Agricultural activities do not appear to have appreciably affected the quality of shallow ground water on the Long Beach Peninsula. The concentration of nitrate in ground water was not significantly higher near cranberry-growing areas, and no sample of ground water or surface water had concentrations of selected pesticides or associated compounds that were above the analytical detection limits. Of the seven ground-water samples in which bacteria were detected, only one sample appeared to be related to agriculture; that sample was from a well located in an area where cattle graze for part of the year.</p><p>Septic systems probably caused an increase in the concentration of nitrate in shallow ground water in areas of higher population density. Concentrations of nitrate were significantly related to population density. However, the concentrations were not generally high; median concentrations of nitrate increased from less than 0.05 mg/L in areas of low population density to 0.74 mg/L in areas of high density. Septic systems did not cause regional bacterial contamination of the ground water. Bacteria were detected in seven ground-water samples; however, only two of those samples were from wells that are close to septic systems.</p><p>A limited amount of historical water-quality data is available for the peninsula; therefore, it is difficult to assess long-term changes. From 1968-92, chloride concentrations and values of specific conductance appear to have remained stable. Likewise, it appears that nitrate concentrations did not change from 1987-92. </p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954026","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Pacific County Department of Community Development and Washington State Department of Ecology","usgsCitation":"Thomas, B.E., 1995, Ground-water flow and water quality in the sand aquifer of Long Beach Peninsula, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4026, v, 168 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954026.","productDescription":"v, 168 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":359401,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4026/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160060,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4026/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Long Beach Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -124.05899047851561,\n              46.65273554711876\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06929016113281,\n              46.64189395892872\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06929016113281,\n              46.63717954716511\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06997680664062,\n              46.630107159317205\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07272338867188,\n              46.628221033128646\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06929016113281,\n              46.61218630685355\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06723022460938,\n              46.59190029349218\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06448364257814,\n              46.569246469250054\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06242370605467,\n              46.53713734839792\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06105041503905,\n              46.50831741322259\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0583038330078,\n              46.48893804576338\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.05899047851561,\n              46.47191632087041\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06105041503905,\n              46.44637374854379\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06105041503905,\n              46.426499019253\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06105041503905,\n              46.409457767475764\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06105041503905,\n              46.39193759774166\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06173706054686,\n              46.375833022025546\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06242370605467,\n              46.35593257526045\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06654357910156,\n              46.34455763640945\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06585693359375,\n              46.33318033024091\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.068603515625,\n              46.32369743336783\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07066345214844,\n              46.306149740069664\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07684326171874,\n              46.3023549043942\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07752990722655,\n              46.29761098988109\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07890319824217,\n              46.29476444388206\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07958984375001,\n              46.288596419933334\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07821655273436,\n              46.28052949433555\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.08164978027344,\n              46.266290845476426\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.07546997070311,\n              46.268189545732\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.06379699707033,\n              46.27483447871404\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.05418395996094,\n              46.27673288302042\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0411376953125,\n              46.27056282856689\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.04182434082031,\n              46.275783689088\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.04525756835936,\n              46.28432584258847\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0473175048828,\n              46.28954539190777\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.04663085937499,\n              46.30093177319756\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03427124023438,\n              46.30093177319756\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02740478515624,\n              46.308047059262954\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01023864746094,\n              46.31326434795617\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.00611877441406,\n              46.3767804815184\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01092529296875,\n              46.379622761364125\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01504516601561,\n              46.38956957573262\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.01779174804689,\n              46.413245172571244\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0191650390625,\n              46.435017647984154\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02397155761719,\n              46.44637374854379\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02603149414062,\n              46.464349400461124\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02740478515624,\n              46.47428076777367\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0308380126953,\n              46.48704700597017\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02946472167967,\n              46.49839225859763\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02671813964844,\n              46.50500922967828\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02328491210938,\n              46.51540570001737\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02534484863281,\n              46.53194144077854\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.024658203125,\n              46.551777686138884\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02259826660156,\n              46.57443880666016\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.02397155761719,\n              46.58718152732907\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03221130371092,\n              46.59661864884465\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03907775878906,\n              46.60322365618339\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.04457092285155,\n              46.61029955626745\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.05281066894531,\n              46.62020426357956\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0521240234375,\n              46.62774949131197\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.05349731445312,\n              46.63529366744315\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.0473175048828,\n              46.63387921452026\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.04251098632811,\n              46.62963563393178\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03495788574219,\n              46.62916410443853\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.03976440429688,\n              46.63670808339624\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.05418395996094,\n              46.64472240881699\n            ],\n            [\n              -124.05899047851561,\n              46.65273554711876\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cddf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thomas, Blakemore E.","contributorId":93871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Blakemore","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":28532,"text":"wri954186 - 1995 - Geology and hydrology of the Edwards Aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T15:35:48","indexId":"wri954186","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4186","title":"Geology and hydrology of the Edwards Aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>The Edwards aquifer, which is the sole source of water for the city of San Antonio, is one of the most permeable and productive carbonate aquifers in the United States. The aquifer is composed of extensively faulted, fractured, and cavernous limestone and dolomite of Early Cretaceous age lying within the Balcones fault zone a series of normal en echelon strike faults that separate the Edwards Plateau from the Gulf Coastal Plain in south Texas. Along segments of some faults, the entire thickness of the aquifer is displaced vertically, and these faults then act as barriers to downdip ground-water flow.</p>\n<p>The large porosity and exceptional permeability of the unconfined part of the Edwards aquifer result from the dissolution of limestone by circulating ground water and development of a cavernous network along fractures. The large porosity and permeability of the freshwater part of the confined Edwards aquifer result primarily from dedolomitization. The small permeability of the saline-water part of the confined aquifer is caused by the limited interconnection between the pores in the rock matrix and by the lack of substantial dissolution along fractures.</p>\n<p>The large transmissivity of the Edwards aquifer is indicated by the hundreds of highyielding wells, small hydraulic gradients, and large spring discharges. The determined transmissivity throughout most of the confined freshwater aquifer ranges from 430,000 to 2,200,000 feet squared per day; the determined transmissivity of the unconfined aquifer generally is less than 430,000 feet squared per day. Faulting causes the aquifer to be highly anisotropic, and simulation indicates anisotropy ratios ranging from 0.0:1 to 1:1.</p>\n<p>The ground-water-flow system of the Edwards aquifer includes several components. These include a catchment area on the Edwards Plateau where the unconfined aquifer receives direct recharge, an area of confining beds crossed by streams draining the Edwards Plateau, a major recharge area within the Balcones fault zone where streams lose flow directly into the unconfined Edwards aquifer, and the confined Edwards aquifer that consists of the freshwater and salinewater zones.</p>\n<p>Water entering the Edwards aquifer in the Balcones fault zone moves downdip in a generally southeasterly direction into the confined parts of the aquifer. In the confined aquifer, flow is toward the east and northeast under low hydraulic gradients through fractured, highly transmissive limestone and ultimately discharges at large springs and wells. All of the base flow and some of the storm runoff of streams crossing the recharge area infiltrates to the unconfined aquifer. On the basis of streamflow losses, the average annual recharge for 1934-88 was 635,500 acre-feet.</p>\n<p>Freshwater discharges from the Edwards aquifer primarily from wells, springs, and seeps. Beginning in 1968, annual discharge from the aquifer has consistently exceeded average annual recharge largely because of a doubling of well pumpage. However, total springflow also increased because of greater-than-average recharge during most years since the late 1960's.</p>\n<p>The total volume of circulating freshwater in the Edwards aquifer is about 45 million acrefeet. Long-term hydrographs at San Antonio indicate no net decline in ground-water levels during 1911-87; thus, there was no net loss of water from storage in the freshwater zone of the Edwards aquifer during that long-term period, assuming the&nbsp;San Antonio hydrograph represents the entire aquifer. However, short-term changes in water levels result largely from the variability of precipitation as indicated by severe declines during the drought of the late 1940's to middle 1950's and by rises to record highs during the abnormally wet years in the 1970's and 1980's.</p>\n<p>The principal components of the groundwater budget (recharge, springflow, and pumpage) have varied greatly over 55 years (1934-88) of pertinent hydrologic records. Annual recharge varied from about 44,000 to 2,000,000 acre-feet. Annual springflow varied from about 70,000 acrefeet to about 580,000 acre-feet. Pumpage increased from about 100,000 acre-feet annually in the early 1930's to more than 500,000 acre-feet annually during some years in the 1980's. However, the average annual recharge of 635,500 acrefeet is about equal to the sum of the average annual springflow (359,500 acre-feet) and average annual pumpage (273,000 acre-feet), indicating no longterm decrease in ground-water storage because of springflow and pumpage.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri954186","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the San Antonio Water System","usgsCitation":"Maclay, R.W., 1995, Geology and hydrology of the Edwards Aquifer in the San Antonio area, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4186, Document: v, 64 p.; 12 Plates: 28.00 x 19.39 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954186.","productDescription":"Document: v, 64 p.; 12 Plates: 28.00 x 19.39 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":57339,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-05.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57340,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-06.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57341,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-07.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57342,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-08.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57343,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-09.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57344,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-10.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57345,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-11.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57346,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-12.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57347,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57335,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-01.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57336,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-02.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57337,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-03.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":57338,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4186/plate-04.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Edwards Aquifer","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db68527d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maclay, Robert W.","contributorId":13210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maclay","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":27797,"text":"wri954075 - 1995 - Ground-water flow and the possible effects of remedial actions at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:36","indexId":"wri954075","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4075","title":"Ground-water flow and the possible effects of remedial actions at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland","docAbstract":"J-Field, located in the Edgewood Area of Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md, has been used since World War II to test and dispose of explosives, chemical warfare agents, and industrial chemicals resulting in ground-water, surface-water, and soil contami- nation. The U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference model was used to better understand ground-water flow at the site and to simulate the effects of remedial actions. A surficial aquifer and a confined aquifer were simulated with the model. A confining unit separates these units and is represented by leakance between the layers. The area modeled is 3.65 mi2; the model was constructed with a variably spaced 40 X 38 grid. The horizontal and lower boundaries of the model are all no-flow boundaries. Steady-state conditions were used. Ground water at the areas under investigation flows from disposal pit areas toward discharge areas in adjacent estuaries or wetlands. Simulations indicate that capping disposal areas with an impermeable cover effectively slows advective ground water flow by 0.7 to 0.5 times. Barriers to lateral ground-water flow were simulated and effectively prevented the movement of ground water toward discharge areas. Extraction wells were simulated as a way to contain ground-water contamination and to extract ground water for treatment. Two wells pumping 5 gallons per minute each at the toxic-materials disposal area and a single well pumping 2.5 gallons per minute at the riot-control-agent disposal area effectively contained contamination at these sites. A combi- nation of barriers to horizontal flow east and south of the toxic-materials disposal area, and a single extraction well pumping at 5 gallons per minute can extract contaminated ground water and prevent pumpage of marsh water.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri954075","usgsCitation":"Hughes, W., 1995, Ground-water flow and the possible effects of remedial actions at J-Field, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4075, iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954075.","productDescription":"iv, 39 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4075/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56634,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4075/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cd3d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hughes, W.B.","contributorId":92263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44712,"text":"wri944087 - 1995 - Depth to water, 1991, in the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho; Spokane River valley, Washington; Moscow-Lewiston-Grangeville area, Idaho; and selected intermontane valleys, east-central Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-03T23:06:48.272606","indexId":"wri944087","displayToPublicDate":"1996-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4087","title":"Depth to water, 1991, in the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho; Spokane River valley, Washington; Moscow-Lewiston-Grangeville area, Idaho; and selected intermontane valleys, east-central Idaho","docAbstract":"This map report illustrates digitally generated depth-to-water zones for the Rathdrum Prairie in Idaho; part of the Spokane River Valley in eastern Washington; and the intermontane valleys of the upper Big Wood, Big Lost, Pahsimeroi, Little Lost, and Lemhi Rivers and Birch Creek in Idaho. Depth to water is 400 to 500 feet below land surface in the northern part of Rathdrum Prairie, 100 to 200 feet below land surface at the Idaho-Washington State line, and 0 to 250 feet below land surface in the Spokane area. Depth to water in the intermontane valleys in east-central Idaho is least (usually less than 50 feet) near streams and increases toward valley margins where mountain-front alluvial fans have formed. Depths to water shown in the Moscow-Lewiston-Grangeville area in Idaho are limited to point data at individual wells because most of the water levels measured were not representative of levels in the uppermost aquifer but of levels in deeper aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944087","usgsCitation":"Berenbrock, C.E., Bassick, M.D., Rogers, T.L., and Garcia, S.P., 1995, Depth to water, 1991, in the Rathdrum Prairie, Idaho; Spokane River valley, Washington; Moscow-Lewiston-Grangeville area, Idaho; and selected intermontane valleys, east-central Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4087, Report: 1 p.; 2 Plates: 30.06 x 27.02 inches and 24.84 x 35.03 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944087.","productDescription":"Report: 1 p.; 2 Plates: 30.06 x 27.02 inches and 24.84 x 35.03 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411312,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47980.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":258700,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4087/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":258699,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4087/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258698,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4087/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":258697,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4087/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -115.13714126200279,\n              48.279709292533\n            ],\n            [\n              -119,\n              48.279709292533\n            ],\n            [\n              -119,\n              46.390549134745584\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.13714126200279,\n              46.390549134745584\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.13714126200279,\n              48.279709292533\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ab1e4b07f02db66dea4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Berenbrock, Charles E. ceberenb@usgs.gov","contributorId":857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berenbrock","given":"Charles","email":"ceberenb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bassick, M. D.","contributorId":28249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassick","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rogers, T. L.","contributorId":73239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogers","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garcia, S. P.","contributorId":55496,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garcia","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":38239,"text":"pp1538S - 1995 - Broadband seismology and small regional seismic networks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:51","indexId":"pp1538S","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"S","title":"Broadband seismology and small regional seismic networks","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538S","usgsCitation":"Herrmann, R., 1995, Broadband seismology and small regional seismic networks: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. S1-S15, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538S.","productDescription":"p. S1-S15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122501,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538s/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64606,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538s/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb324","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Herrmann, Robert B.","contributorId":80255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Herrmann","given":"Robert B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":33256,"text":"b2145 - 1995 - Geologic, geochemical, and isotopic studies of a carbonate- and siliciclastic-hosted Pb-Zn deposit at Lion Hill, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-23T20:51:19.582722","indexId":"b2145","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2145","title":"Geologic, geochemical, and isotopic studies of a carbonate- and siliciclastic-hosted Pb-Zn deposit at Lion Hill, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>Zn-, Pb-, Cu-, and Fe-bearing rocks of the Lion Hill area in western Vermont formed during the Early Cambrian by syngenetic sedimentary-exhalative and diagenetic replacement processes. Sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and, locally, magnetite form stratabound and broadly stratiform lenticular zones, -300 meters long and 25-50 meters thick, which are uneconomic at the present time. The lenses are structurally disrupted and metamorphosed to greenschist facies, probably due to the Taconic orogeny. Textural evidence suggests that mineralizing fluids permeated the sediments prior to lithification and that a dilatant fracture zone, possibly a feeder zone, contains some of the discordant veins at Lion Hill. The veins may have formed when the sediments were in a plastic, semiconsolidated state. The association of layered iron formation containing base-metal sulfide minerals provides possible lithologic evidence for syngenetic mineralization by submarine exhalative activity. Sand bars and tidal channels present in the sedimentary section could have acted as permeable pathways for movement of mineralizing fluids. The complex interlayering in the sedimentary sequence of carbonate and siliciclastic rock types having widely varying permeabilities created numerous fluid traps.</p>\n<p>Homogenization temperatures of primary and secondary inclusions in vein sphalerite range from 152&deg;C to 196&deg;C; salinities range from 11.5 to 14.0 equivalent weight percent NaCl. &delta;<sup>34</sup>S values of sulfides from Lion Hill vary from -25.9 to +10.0 per mil, and fall within the expected range for sulfide produced from bacteriogenic reduction of sulfate with &delta;<sup>34</sup>S&nbsp;values of 25 to 30 per mil. In addition, some pyrite probably formed from sulfate in trapped pore fluid that resulted in heavier isotopic values characteristic of more closed-system behavior. Three sphalerite samples that have heavier sulfur isotopic values may reflect a change in the source of sulfur during a later episode of mineralization, perhaps a change to a deep-seated source. Lead isotopic compositions of galenas from mineralized zones at Lion Hill range from 18.351 to 18.632 for <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb, from 15.546 to 15.618 for <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb, and from 38.126 to 38.496 for <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb. The lead isotopic compositions of galena from Lion Hill and fluid inclusion and sulfur isotopic values for the Lion Hill sulfides are more like those of Pb-Zn-Ag deposits of Ireland than those of MVT or Appalachian-type Zn deposits.</p>\n<p>The prospect of an Irish-type sedimentary-exhalative origin for stratabound Pb-Zn deposits of the Paleozoic shelf of North America is of considerable importance to understanding the timing of mineralization relative to platform evolution and for evaluating the mineral resource potential of the region. Our study of the Lion Hill deposit indicates a potential for Irish-type Pb-Zn deposits in platform rocks of western Vermont; however, at Lion Hill they contain enrichments of Pb, Zn, and Cu rather than a Pb, Zn, and Ag association.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/b2145","usgsCitation":"Foley, N.K., Clark, S.H., Woodruff, L.G., and Mosier, E.L., 1995, Geologic, geochemical, and isotopic studies of a carbonate- and siliciclastic-hosted Pb-Zn deposit at Lion Hill, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2145, iv, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/b2145.","productDescription":"iv, 31 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":414661,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22431.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":61032,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2145/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":160987,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2145/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Lion Hill","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -73.089,\n              43.829\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.089,\n              43.843\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.077,\n              43.843\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.077,\n              43.829\n            ],\n            [\n              -73.089,\n              43.829\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688086","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clark, Sandra H. B.","contributorId":88706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mosier, Elwin L.","contributorId":70374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mosier","given":"Elwin","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":33290,"text":"b2095 - 1995 - Geology of the Waterford quadrangle, Virginia and Maryland, and the Virginia part of the Point of Rocks quadrangle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-30T18:32:20.499221","indexId":"b2095","displayToPublicDate":"1996-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2095","title":"Geology of the Waterford quadrangle, Virginia and Maryland, and the Virginia part of the Point of Rocks quadrangle","docAbstract":"<p><span>The bedrock geology of the Waterford quadrangle and of the Virginia part of the Point of Rocks quadrangle consists of a portion of the Middle Proterozoic basement core and its cover sequence on the eastern limb of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium and the adjacent early Mesozoic Culpeper basin. The three major rock associations in this area are: 1) Middle Proterozoic gneisses intruded by late Proterozoic metadiabase dikes, 2) unconformably overlying late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks, and 3) Upper Triassic sedimentary strata intruded by early Jurassic diabase. The Triassic and Jurassic rocks are separated from the older rocks by a major normal fault, the Bull Run fault. Late Cenozoic surficial deposits of three major types unconformably overlie the bedrock: colluvium derived from Catoctin Mountain, terrace deposits of the Potomac River, and flood plain alluvium of the Potomac River and its tributaries. -from Authors</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2095","usgsCitation":"Burton, W.C., Froelich, A., Pomeroy, J.S., and Lee, K.Y., 1995, Geology of the Waterford quadrangle, Virginia and Maryland, and the Virginia part of the Point of Rocks quadrangle: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2095, Report: iv, 35 p.; 2 Plates: 26.50 × 19.00 inches and 40.00 × 30.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2095.","productDescription":"Report: iv, 35 p.; 2 Plates: 26.50 × 19.00 inches and 40.00 × 30.00 inches","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":61075,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2095/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":61076,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2095/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":397888,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_22396.htm"},{"id":164186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2095/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Point of Rocks quadrangle, Waterford quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.625,\n              39.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5,\n              39.125\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.5,\n              39.307\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.625,\n              39.307\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.625,\n              39.125\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c9f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":210364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froelich, A.J.","contributorId":13593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froelich","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pomeroy, J. S.","contributorId":16807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pomeroy","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, K. Y.","contributorId":74351,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":210367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
]}