Ground-water flow in the karst-terrane aquifers of southeastern Minnesota is not well defined. Variable fracture patterns in the bedrock affect permeability. Techniques to predict the effects of fracture patterns on ground-water flow in the karst-terrane aquifers of southeastern Minnesota are unavailable. The use of such techniques may be useful to officials responsible for the management and protection of ground water in these aquifers, which have a high susceptibility to contamination. The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources, investigated fracture patterns, anisotropic transmissivity, and seepage to streams from the Prairie du Chien Group, which is the karst portion of the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer, to improve the understanding of ground-water flow through karst-terrane aquifers in southeastern Minnesota.
\nThis report presents the results of testing hypotheses that (1) the major axes of linear terrain features correlate with the major axes of subsurface fractures in the Prairie du Chien Group, and that (2) the major axes of subsurface fractures in the Prairie du Chien Group correlate with seepage from the Prairie du Chien Group.
\nThe first hypothesis was tested by comparison of linear terrain features to fracture orientation measurements. Fracture orientations in 10 exposures of the Prairie du Chien Group at quarries, road cuts, and natural outcrops showed statistically significant directional trends at 8 of 10 sites. Directional trends of linear terrain features identified from 1:80,000 aerial photographs were significant in four of the ten 60-square mile areas that surround these sites. The fracture orientation measurements correlate with the local linear terrain features in 2 of the 10 sites.
\nThe second hypothesis was tested by analyzing the correlation between seepage rates into streams hydraulically connected to the Prairie du Chien Group and surrounding linear terrain features that were mapped in approximately 300 square mile areas. Data from Riceford Creek support this hypothesis; data from Crow Creek and Middle Fork of the Whitewater River and from Duschee Creek are inconclusive. This hypothesis could not be tested by the data from the Middle Fork of the Zumbro River, the South Branch of the Root River, and the South Branch of the Middle Fork of the Zumbro River because the surrounding linear terrain features lack directional trends.
\nThe transmissivity of the karst portion of the St. Peter-Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer is anisotropic at an aquifertest site in the study area. Results of the aquifer test indicate that the major axis of transmissivity is along a line N95°E. The aquifer-test results indicate that the principal axis of joint fractures at the test site is slightly clockwise from an east-west line because this axis is assumed to correlate with the major axis of horizontal transmissivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944146","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1995, Relation of fracture orientation to linear terrain features, anisotropic transmissivity, and seepage to streams in the karst Prairie du Chien Group, southeastern Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4146, vi, 42 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944146.","productDescription":"vi, 42 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58298,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4146/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4146/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":390819,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48029.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Prairie du Chien Group","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.80975341796875,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -91.900634765625,\n 44.270771508583536\n ],\n [\n -91.88140869140625,\n 44.21764696919354\n ],\n [\n -91.84844970703125,\n 44.188112606916484\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 44.156592967556605\n ],\n [\n -91.75506591796875,\n 44.14476875978378\n ],\n [\n -91.71112060546875,\n 44.13097085672744\n ],\n [\n -91.6973876953125,\n 44.109281923355645\n ],\n [\n -91.6644287109375,\n 44.08363928284644\n ],\n [\n -91.62322998046875,\n 44.05995928349327\n ],\n [\n -91.5985107421875,\n 44.03232064275084\n ],\n [\n -91.53533935546875,\n 44.02047156335411\n ],\n [\n -91.47216796875,\n 44.01257086123087\n ],\n [\n -91.42547607421875,\n 43.992814500489914\n ],\n [\n -91.351318359375,\n 43.92559366355069\n ],\n [\n -91.3238525390625,\n 43.89393401411192\n ],\n [\n -91.27716064453125,\n 43.84839376489157\n ],\n [\n -91.263427734375,\n 43.8028187190472\n ],\n [\n -91.24420166015624,\n 43.77307711737606\n ],\n [\n -91.263427734375,\n 43.72148995228582\n ],\n [\n -91.27716064453125,\n 43.67581809328344\n ],\n [\n -91.263427734375,\n 43.65594991256823\n ],\n [\n -91.27166748046875,\n 43.620170616189924\n ],\n [\n -91.241455078125,\n 43.58834891179792\n ],\n [\n -91.2249755859375,\n 43.55850077671243\n ],\n [\n -91.23870849609375,\n 43.54655738051152\n ],\n [\n -91.219482421875,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -91.219482421875,\n 43.49876012743523\n ],\n [\n -92.8289794921875,\n 43.50274467820439\n ],\n [\n -92.83447265624999,\n 44.276671273775186\n ],\n [\n -92.80975341796875,\n 44.276671273775186\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61206e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28376,"text":"wri944204 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and ground-water flow of the drift and Platteville aquifer system, St. Louis Park, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-03T19:18:32.546241","indexId":"wri944204","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4204","title":"Hydrogeology and ground-water flow of the drift and Platteville aquifer system, St. Louis Park, Minnesota","docAbstract":"Three aquifers and two confining units have been delineated within the drift underlying the area near the site of a former coal-tar distillation and wood-preserving plant in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. The hydrogeologic units of the drift, in descending order, are the upper drift aquifer, the upper drift confining unit, the middle drift aquifer, the lower drift confining unit. and the lower drift aquifer. A contamination plume consisting of coal-tar derivatives exists in the drift aquifers and in the Platteville aquifer underlying the southern part of the plant site and areas to the south and east of the plant site.
\nThe upper drift aquifer has a maximum saturated thickness of about 25 feet. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities of the upper drift aquifer range from less than 1 to about 25 feet per day in peat areas and from about 50 to 400 feet per day in sand and gravel areas. The upper drift confining unit generally is less than 20 feet thick, with a maximum thickness of 62 feet. The saturated thickness of the middle drift aquifer generally is 20 to 30 feet in areas where the aquifer is both overlain and underlain by a confining unit. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the middle drift aquifer ranges from about 50 to 500 feet per day. The lower drift confining unit is as much as 50 feet thick. Model-computed vertical hydraulic conductivities for the upper and lower drift confining units ranged from 0.0002 to 5 feet per day. The lower drift aquifer consists of discontinuous sand and gravel deposits overlying Platteville Formation bedrock and has a maximum thickness of 20 feet where it is overlain by the lower drift confining unit.
\nWater in the drift aquifers and in the Platteville aquifer generally flows from the northwest to the southeast under a hydraulic gradient of about 10 feet per mile. The drift confining units and the Glenwood confining unit. when present, control the vertical movement of water through the aquifers. Discontinuities in these confining units greatly influence patterns of ground-water flow.
\nA numerical cross-sectional ground-water-flow model was used to test concepts of flow of ground water through the drift aquifers and the Platteville aquifer. particularly the effects of confining units and bedrock valleys on vertical flow. The model has eight layers representing, in descending order: ( 1) the upper drift aquifer. (2) the upper drift confining unit, (3) the middle drift aquifer, (4) the upper part of the lower drift confining unit, (5) the lower part of the lower drift confining unit and lower drift aquifer, (6) the Platteville aquifer and bedrock valley deposits, (7) the St. Peter aquifer, and (8) the Prairie du Chien-Jordan aquifer. A sensitivity analysis indicated that model-calculated hydraulic heads in the drift aquifers and in the Platteville aquifer were most sensitive to variations in: (1) the horizontal hydraulic conductivities of the middle drift aquifer, (2) the transmissivities of the Platteville and St. Peter aquifers, (3) the vertical hydraulic conductivities of the lower drift confining unit and the drift material filling the bedrock valley, and (4) the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the basal St. Peter confining unit.
\nThe model-calculated water budget indicated that recharge from infiltration of precipitation to the upper and middle drift aquifers and the upper drift confining unit accounts for about 41 percent of the total sources of water. The remaining 59 percent is from subsurface inflow from the west (through specified-head cells). About 70 percent of the outflow from the eastern model boundary was simulated as discharge from the model layers representing the Platteville aquifer and bedrock valley deposits and the St. Peter aquifer. The calibrated simulation indicated that about 99 percent of the total leakage of water from the drift aquifers and from the Platteville aquifer to the underlying St. Peter aquifer occurs through areas where the Glenwood confining unit is absent or discontinuous.
\nHypothetical changes of the hydraulic properties and the extent of confining units were simulated using the calibrated steady-state model. Increasing the vertical hydraulic conductivity of model layer 4, representing the upper part of the lower drift confining unit, by a factor of 100 in the western part of the cross section resulted in decreased model-calculated leakage to the St. Peter aquifer through the bedrock valley represented in the eastern part of the cross-sectional model. A hypothetical extension of vertical hydraulic conductivities representing the Glenwood confining unit along the entire cross-sectional model resulted in a 98 percent reduction in the model-calculated amount of water leaking from the Platteville aquifer and bedrock valley deposits to the underlying St. Peter aquifer.
\nModel simulations indicate that vertical ground-water flow from the drift aquifers and from the Platteville aquifer to underlying bedrock aquifers is greatest through bedrock valleys. The convergence of flow paths near bedrock valleys and the greater volume of water moving through the valleys would likely result in both increased concentrations and greater vertical movement of contaminants in areas underlain by bedrock valleys as compared to areas not underlain by bedrock valleys. Model results also indicate that field measurements of hydraulic head might not help locate discontinuities in confining units and additional test drilling to locate discontinuities might be necessary.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944204","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","usgsCitation":"Lindgren, R.J., 1995, Hydrogeology and ground-water flow of the drift and Platteville aquifer system, St. Louis Park, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4204, vi, 79 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944204.","productDescription":"vi, 79 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":395393,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48074.htm"},{"id":57178,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4204/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126393,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4204/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","city":"St. Louis Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.4,\n 44.9625\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 44.916667\n ],\n [\n -93.308333,\n 44.916667\n ],\n [\n -93.308333,\n 44.9625\n ],\n [\n -93.4,\n 44.9625\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db545fda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindgren, R. J.","contributorId":70808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindgren","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":28702,"text":"wri934158 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals for citrus irrigation, Hardee and De Soto counties, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:46","indexId":"wri934158","displayToPublicDate":"1995-12-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4158","title":"Hydrogeology and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals for citrus irrigation, Hardee and De Soto counties, Florida","docAbstract":"The hydrogeology of Hardee and De Soto Counties in west-central Florida was evaluated, and a ground-water flow model was developed to simulate the effects of expected increases in ground-water withdrawals for citrus irrigation on the potentiometric surfaces of the intermediate aquifer system and the Upper Floridan aquifer. In 1988, total citrus acreage in Hardee and De Soto Counties was 89,041 acres. By the year 2020, citrus acreage is projected to increase to 130,000 acres. Ground water is the major source of water supply in the study area, and 94 percent of the ground-water withdrawn in the area is used for irrigation purposes. The principal sources of ground water in the study area are the surficial aquifer, the intermediate aquifer system, and upper water-yielding units of the Floridan aquifer system, commonly referred to as the Upper Floridan aquifer. The surficial aquifer is a permeable hydrogeo1ogic unit contiguous with land surface that is comprised predominately of surficial quartz sand deposits that generally are less than 100 feet thick. The intermediate aquifer system is a somewhat less permeable hydrogeologic unit that lies between and retards the exchange of water between the overlying surficial aquifer and the underlying Upper Floridan aquifer. Thickness of the intermediate aquifer system ranges from about 200 to 500 feet and transmissivity ranges from 400 to 7,000 feet squared per day. The highly productive Upper Floridan aquifer consists of 1,200 to 1,400 feet of solution-riddled and fractured limestone and dolomite. Transmissivity values for this aquifer range from 71,000 to 850,000 feet squared per day. Wells open to the Upper Floridan aquifer. the major source of water in the area, can yield as much as 2,500 gallons of water per minute. The potential effects of projected increases in water withdrawals for citrus irrigation on groundwater heads were evaluated by the use of a quasi-three-dimensional, finite-difference, ground-water flow model. The model was calibrated under steady-state conditions to simulate September 1988 heads and under transient conditions to simulate head fluctuations between September 1988 and September 1989. The calibrated model was then used to simulate hydraulic heads for the years 2000 and 2020 that might result from projected increases in pumpage for citrus irrigation. The model simulation indicated that increased pumpage might be expected to result in: A maximum decline of more than 10 feet in theintermediate aquifer system at a proposed grove in eastern De Soto County and an average decline of more than 2 feet in much of the study area. An increase in downward leakage to the intermediate aquifer system from the overlying surficial aquifer system from 178 to 183 million gallons per day. A decrease in upward leakage from the intermediate aquifer system to the surficial aquifer from 1.58 to 1.47 million gallons per day. A maximum decline of about 5 feet in the Upper Floridan aquifer at a proposed grove in eastern De Soto County and a decline of more than 2 feet in much of the model area. An increase in downward leakage to the Upper Floridan aquifer from the intermediate aquifer system from 180 to 183 million gallons per day. A decrease in upward leakage from the Upper Floridan aquifer to the intermediate aquifer system from 4.32 million gallons per day in 1989 to 3.89 million gallons per day in the year 2,000. but an increase in upward leakage to 5.10 million gallons per day by the year 2020, reflecting a change in hydraulic gradient.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934158","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., 1995, Hydrogeology and simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals for citrus irrigation, Hardee and De Soto counties, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4158, vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934158.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123760,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4158/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":57542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4158/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4af4e4b07f02db691fa6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, P. A.","contributorId":68706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":200257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1001146,"text":"1001146 - 1995 - Climate response among growth increments of fish and trees","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-20T16:54:20.348869","indexId":"1001146","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-03T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate response among growth increments of fish and trees","docAbstract":"Significant correlations were found among the annual growth increments of stream fish, trees, and climate variables in the Ozark region of the United States. The variation in annual growth increments of rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) from the Jacks Fork River was significantly correlated over 22 years with the ring width of four tree species: white oak (Quercus alba), post oak (Quercus stellata), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana). Rock bass growth and tree growth were both significantly correlated with July rainfall and stream discharge. Variations in annual growth of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) from four streams were significantly correlated over 29 years (1939–1968) with mean May maximum air temperature but not with tree growth. The magnitude and significance of correlations among growth increments from fish and trees imply that conditions such as topography, stream gradient, organism age, and the distribution of a population relative to its geographic range can influence the climatic response of an organism. The timing and intensity of climatic variables may produce different responses among closely related species.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF00328361","usgsCitation":"Guyette, R.P., and Rabeni, C.F., 1995, Climate response among growth increments of fish and trees: Oecologia, v. 104, no. 3, p. 272-279, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00328361.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"272","endPage":"279","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133900,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas, Missouri","otherGeospatial":"Ozark region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.69689697692189,\n 38.44744532390001\n ],\n [\n -92.69689697692189,\n 35.714906269677016\n ],\n [\n -90.60335957582157,\n 35.714906269677016\n ],\n [\n -90.60335957582157,\n 38.44744532390001\n ],\n [\n -92.69689697692189,\n 38.44744532390001\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a5fe4b07f02db634457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guyette, Richard P.","contributorId":176595,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Guyette","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rabeni, Charles F.","contributorId":34804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rabeni","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19130,"text":"ofr95597 - 1995 - Geologic map of the Hayward fault zone, Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties, California: A digital database","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T14:31:01.871103","indexId":"ofr95597","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-597","title":"Geologic map of the Hayward fault zone, Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties, California: A digital database","docAbstract":"The Hayward is one of three major fault zones of the San Andreas system that have produced large historic earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay Area (the others being the San Andreas and Calaveras). Severe earthquakes were generated by this fault zone in 1836 and in 1868, and several large earthquakes have been recorded since 1868. The Hayward fault zone is considered to be the most probable source of a major earthquake in the San Francisco Bay Area, as much as 28% chance for a magnitude 7 earthquake before the year 2021 (Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities, 1990).
\nThe Hayward fault zone, as described in this work, is a zone of highly deformed rocks, trending north 30 degrees west and ranging in width from about 2 to 10 kilometers. The historic earthquake generating activity has been concentrated in the western portion of the zone, but the zone as a whole reflects deformation derived from oblique right-lateral and compressive tectonic stress along a significant upper crustal discontinuity for the past 10 million or more years.
\nThe Hayward fault zone is bounded on the east by a series of faults that demarcate the beginning of one or more structural blocks containing rocks and structures unrelated to the Hayward fault zone. The eastern bounding faults are, from the south, the Calaveras, Stonybrook, Palomares, Miller Creek, and Moraga faults. These faults are not considered to be part of the Hayward fault zone, although they are shown on the map to demarcate its boundary. The western boundary of the zone is less clearly defined, because the alluvium of the San Francisco Bay and Santa Clara Valley basins obscures bedrock and structural relationships. Although several of the westernmost faults in the zone clearly project under or through the alluvium, the western boundary of the fault is generally considered to be the westernmost mapped fault, which corresponds more or less with the margin of thick unconsolidated surficial deposits. The Hayward fault zone is truncated to the south by the Calaveras fault, which trends about north 10 west, and so forms an oblique east and south boundary. All of the faults within the southern part of the zone probably splay into the Calaveras fault. The northern margin of the zone as dealt with herein is San Pablo Bay, but the zone of deformation undoubtedly continues north of the Bay through the area bounded by the Rodgers Creek and Tolay faults.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95597","usgsCitation":"Graymer, R., Jones, D.L., and Brabb, E.E., 1995, Geologic map of the Hayward fault zone, Contra Costa, Alameda, and Santa Clara counties, California: A digital database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-597, Pamphlet: 10 p.; 4 Sheets: 34.0 x 45.0 inches or smaller; Readme; Database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95597.","productDescription":"Pamphlet: 10 p.; 4 Sheets: 34.0 x 45.0 inches or smaller; Readme; Database","numberOfPages":"10","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":152520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":284040,"rank":9,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hfnplt.pdf"},{"id":284042,"rank":7,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/images/hfmap.jpg"},{"id":284039,"rank":10,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/hf_g1.ReadMe"},{"id":284045,"rank":3,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/hfps.tar.Z"},{"id":7863,"rank":11,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284043,"rank":6,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hf-fplt.pdf"},{"id":284044,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/hf_g1.tar.Z"},{"id":284047,"rank":2,"type":{"id":2,"text":"Additional Report Piece"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hfgeo.pdf"},{"id":284046,"rank":5,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hfdb.pdf"},{"id":284041,"rank":8,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/of95-597/pdf/hfsplt.pdf"}],"scale":"50000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Alameda County, Contra Costa County, Santa Clara County","otherGeospatial":"Hayward Fault Zone, San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -122.4976,37.0004 ], [ -122.4976,38.1151 ], [ -121.4951,38.1151 ], [ -121.4951,37.0004 ], [ -122.4976,37.0004 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db6983a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graymer, R. W.","contributorId":21174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graymer","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jones, D. L.","contributorId":65045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brabb, E. E.","contributorId":43780,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brabb","given":"E.","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":180361,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31733,"text":"ofr95559 - 1995 - Geologic map of the Littlefield Quadrangle, northern Mohave County, Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-31T13:50:18","indexId":"ofr95559","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-559","title":"Geologic map of the Littlefield Quadrangle, northern Mohave County, Arizona","docAbstract":"The Littlefield 7.5' quadrangle lies in the extreme northwestern corner of Mohave County, Arizona (fig. 1). Elevations range from about 536.5 m (1,760 ft) at the Virgin River (south-central edge of quadrangle) to 975 m (3,200 ft) in the Beaver Dam Mountains (northeastern corner of quadrangle). Interstate Arizona Highway 15 and U.S. Highway 91 provides a general access to the quadrangle while several unimproved dirt roads lead to remote areas of the quadrangle. The community of Littlefield, Arizona is just southeast of Interstate 15 along the west bank of the Virgin River, and the community of Beaver Dam, Arizona is just northwest of Interstate 15 in the valley of Beaver Dam Wash (fig. 1). Population of both communities is about 300 people. The environment, topography, and geography is typical of the Mohave Desert of Nevada and California.
There are about 9 sections of private land in the quadrangle and 5 sections belonging to the state of Arizona. The balance is public land administrated by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, Arizona Strip District in St. George, Utah. The area supports sparse growth of desert shrubs, mainly creosote bush and cactus. Dense growths of tamerisk (Salt Cedar), cottonwood, and willow trees thrive along the alluvial terraces and banks of the Virgin River. A variety of water loving plants thrive in warm spring waters on the east side of the Virgin River near the Interstate 15 bridge, and in Beaver Dam Wash, northwest corner of the quadrangle.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95559","usgsCitation":"Billingsley, G.H., 1995, Geologic map of the Littlefield Quadrangle, northern Mohave County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-559, Report: 15 p.; 1 Plate: 21.54 x 28.15 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95559.","productDescription":"Report: 15 p.; 1 Plate: 21.54 x 28.15 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":19542,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0559/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":108952,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18510.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18510"},{"id":164006,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0559/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":357007,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0559/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","county":"Mohave County","otherGeospatial":"Littlefield Quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -114,\n 36.675\n ],\n [\n -113.675,\n 36.675\n ],\n [\n -113.675,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -114,\n 36.675\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696e34","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Billingsley, George H.","contributorId":20711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billingsley","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":30000,"text":"wri954013 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and analysis of ground-water withdrawal in the Mendenhall-D'Lo area, Simpson County, Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-13T21:34:23.912594","indexId":"wri954013","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4013","title":"Hydrogeology and analysis of ground-water withdrawal in the Mendenhall-D'Lo area, Simpson County, Mississippi","docAbstract":"The cities of Mendenhall and D'Lo, located in Simpson County, rely on ground water for their public supply and industrial needs. Most of the ground water comes from an aquifer of Miocene age. A study began in 1991 to describe the hydrogeology, analyze effects of ground-water withdrawal by making a drawdown map, and estimate the effects increased ground-water withdrawal might have on water levels in the Miocene age aquifer in the Mendenhall-D'Lo area. The most significant withdrawals of ground water in the study area are from 10 wells screened in the lower sand of the Catahoula Formation of Miocene age. Analysis of the effect of withdrawals from the 10 wells was made using the Theis non- equilibrium equation and applying the principle of superposition. Analysis of 1994 conditions was based on the pumpage history and aquifer properties deter- mined for each well. The drawdown surface resulting from the analysis indicates three general cones of depression. One cone is in the northwestern D'Lo area, one in the south-central Mendenhall area, and one about 1-1/2 miles east of Mendenhall. Calculated drawdown ranges from 21 to 47 feet. Potential drawdown-surface maps were made for 10 years and 20 years beyond 1994 using a constant pumpage. The map made for 10 years beyond 1994 indicates an average total increase in drawdown of about 5.3 feet. The map made for 20 years beyond 1994 indicates an average total increase in drawdown of about 7.3 feet.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954013","usgsCitation":"Strom, E.W., and Oakley, W.T., 1995, Hydrogeology and analysis of ground-water withdrawal in the Mendenhall-D'Lo area, Simpson County, Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4013, vi, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954013.","productDescription":"vi, 18 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":414060,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48133.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":58807,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4013/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123833,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4013/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","county":"Simpson County","otherGeospatial":"Mendenhall-D'Lo area","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.91665537388819,\n 31.99923073538514\n ],\n [\n -89.91665537388819,\n 31.91558099719944\n ],\n [\n -89.79388911460462,\n 31.91558099719944\n ],\n [\n -89.79388911460462,\n 31.99923073538514\n ],\n [\n -89.91665537388819,\n 31.99923073538514\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ce4b07f02db626af9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strom, E. W.","contributorId":90776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oakley, W. T.","contributorId":76331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oakley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28574,"text":"wri954006 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Summary of aquatic biological data for surface water through 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T20:53:07.085002","indexId":"wri954006","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4006","title":"Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Summary of aquatic biological data for surface water through 1992","docAbstract":"The 35,800-square-mile upper Snake River Basin in eastern Idaho and western Wyoming was one of 20 areas selected for water-quality study under the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. As part of the initial phase of the study, data were compiled to describe the current (1992) and historical aquatic biological conditions of surface water in the basin. This description of natural and human environmental factors that affect aquatic life provides the framework for evaluating the status and trends of aquatic biological conditions in streams of the basins. Water resource development and stream alterations, irrigated agriculture, grazing, aquaculture, and species introductions have affected stream biota in the upper Snake River Basin. Cumulative effects of these activities have greatly altered cold-water habitat and aquatic life in the middle Snake River reach (Milner Dam to King Hill). Most of the aquatic Species of Special Concern in the basin , consisting of eight native mollusks and three native fish species, are in this reach of the Snake River. Selected long-term studies, including comprehensive monitoring on Rock Creek, have shown reduced pollutant loadings as a result of implementing practice on cropland; however, aquatic life remains affected by agricultural land use. Community level biological data are lacking for most of the streams in the basin, especially for large river. Aquatic life used to assess water quality of the basin includes primarily macroinvertebrate and fish communities. At least 26 different macroinvertebrate and fish community metrics have been utilized to assess water quality of the basin. Eight species of macroinvertebrates and fish are recognized as Species of Special Concern. The native fish faunas of the basin are composed primarily of cold-water species representing 5 families and 26 species. An additional 13 fish species have been introduced to the basin. Concentrations of synthetic organic compounds and trace-element contaminants in whole fish collected in the basin during 1970-90 generally did not exceed National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering concentration guidelines or the 1980-81 geometric mean concentrations from samples collected as part of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program. Currently, there are no State fish consumption advisories on any streams in the basin, The organochlorine compounds DDT and PCB's were the most frequently detected fish tissue contaminant. Selected long-term data on DDT, its metabolites, and PCB's indicate decreasing concentrations of these compounds. Arsenic, mercury, and selenium were slightly elevated compared with nationwide baseline concentrations and may indicate bioaccumularion in the food chain. Concentrations of most other trace elements in fish tissue were below levels of concerns for the protection of humans and wildlife.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri954006","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Summary of aquatic biological data for surface water through 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4006, vii, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri954006.","productDescription":"vii, 59 p.","numberOfPages":"64","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393018,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48129.htm"},{"id":57400,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4006/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1995/4006/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.0833,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 41.6667\n ],\n [\n -110,\n 44.5833\n ],\n [\n -115.0833,\n 44.5833\n ],\n [\n -115.0833,\n 41.6667\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e695b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25913,"text":"wri944061 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley study unit, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas -- Analysis of selected nutrient, suspended-sediment, and pesticide data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:59:56.517691","indexId":"wri944061","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4061","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley study unit, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas -- Analysis of selected nutrient, suspended-sediment, and pesticide data","docAbstract":"This report contains a summary of data compiled from sources throughout the Rio Grande Valley study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment program. Information presented includes the sources and types of water-quality data available, the utility of water-quality data for statistical analysis, and a description of recent water-quality conditions and trends and their relation to natural and human factors. Water-quality data are limited to concentrations of selected nutrient species in surface water and ground water, concentrations of suspended sediment and suspended solids in surface water, and pesticides in surface water, ground water, and biota.
The Rio Grande Valley study unit includes about 45,900 square miles in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas upstream from the streamflow-monitoring station Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas. The area also includes the San Luis Closed Basin and the surface-water closed basins east of the Continental Divide and north of the United States-Mexico international border. The Rio Grande drains about 29,300 square miles in these States; the remainder of the study unit area is in closed basins.
Concentrations of all nutrients found in surface-water samples collected from the Rio Grande, with the exception of phosphorus, generally remained nearly constant from the northernmost station in the study unit to Rio Grande near Isleta, where concentrations were larger by an order of magnitude. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads increased downstream between Lobatos, Colorado, and Albuquerque, New Mexico. Nutrient concentrations remained elevated with slight variations until downstream from Elephant Butte Reservoir, where nutrient concentrations were lower. Nutrient concentrations then increased downstream from the reservoir, as evidenced by elevated concentrations at Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas.
Suspended-sediment concentrations were similar at stations upstream from Otowi Bridge near San Ildefonso, New Mexico. The concentration and estimated load were nearly two orders of magnitude larger at this station relative to upstream stations. Cochiti Lake allows suspended sediment to settle, thus the resulting concentration is substantially lower downstream from the reservoir. Downstream from Cochiti Lake, concentrations again increased due to inflow from tributaries, other ephemeral streams and arroyos, and agricultural and urban areas. Two ephemeral tributaries (Rio Puerco and Rio Salado, which are south of Albuquerque) contribute substantial amounts of suspended sediment to the Rio Grande. Suspended-sediment concentrations in the Rio Grande just downstream from Elephant Butte Dam decreased by nearly three orders of magnitude due to settling in the reservoir. Concentrations then increased due to agricultural and urban impacts downstream from the reservoir.
Nutrients in ground water in the study unit do not appear to be a widespread problem. However, localized areas that have elevated nitrate concentrations have been documented. The largest median nitrate concentration was found in water from wells located in the Basin and Range-mountains-urban data stratum (3.0 milligrams per liter) and the smallest median nitrate concentration was found in water from wells located in the Southern Rocky Mountainsmountains-forest data stratum (0.08 milligram per liter). Few (3 percent) nitrate concentrations in water from wells in all data strata were greater than 10 milligrams per liter, and most (82 percent) were less than 2 milligrams per liter. Comparison of nitrate concentrations in water from wells located in specific land-use settings across all hydrogeologic settings, with the exception of the Colorado Plateau, indicated that the largest median nitrate concentration was associated with rangeland land use and that larger nitrate concentrations were found in water from shallow wells. Water from wells located in areas of rangeland land use consistently had larger median nutrient concentrations than water from wells in areas of other land uses.
The largest median ammonia concentration was in water from wells located in the Colorado Plateau-San Juan Basin-rangeland data stratum (0.27 milligram per liter). Most median ammonia concentrations were less than 0.03 milligram per liter, indicating that elevated ammonia concentrations are not a major issue in the study unit.
The largest median orthophosphate concentration was found in water from wells located in the Southern Rocky Mountains-mountains-forest data stratum (0.15 milligram per liter) and the smallest was found in water from wells located in the Basin and Range-mountains-urban data stratum (0.02 milligram per liter). Most orthophosphate concentrations (85 percent) sampled were less than 0.2 milligram per liter, indicating that elevated orthophosphate concentrations are not a major issue in the study unit.
Pesticide analyses were available for only 38 ground-water sampling sites in the Rio Grande Valley study unit. Diazinon, at a concentration of 0.01 microgram per liter, was the only pesticide detected and it was detected at only one site. More study is needed to determine if pesticides are affecting ground-water quality in the Rio Grande Valley study unit.
Surface-water biological pesticide data were inadequate for in-depth analysis. The primary sources of data were the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Geological Survey. In the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study p,p'-DDE, a degradation product of DDT, was detected most frequently; highest concentrations were found at Stahman Farms in carp (6.3 micrograms per gram wet-weight) and at Hatch in Western kingbird (5.1 micrograms per gram wet-weight). In the U.S. Geological Survey study of Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge no detectable organochlorine concentrations were found in plants, but detectable levels of p,p'-DDE were found in coot and carp, with a maximum concentration of 0.12 microgram per gram wet-weight found in coot.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944061","usgsCitation":"Anderholm, S., Radell, M., and Richey, S.F., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Rio Grande Valley study unit, Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas -- Analysis of selected nutrient, suspended-sediment, and pesticide data: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4061, Report: xiv, 203 p.; 3 Plates: 22.90 x 32.26 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944061.","productDescription":"Report: xiv, 203 p.; 3 Plates: 22.90 x 32.26 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392989,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47961.htm"},{"id":54674,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4061/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":352277,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4061/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":352276,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4061/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":352275,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4061/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158427,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4061/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico, Texas","otherGeospatial":"Rio Grande Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.5,\n 31.5\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 31.5\n ],\n [\n -105,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -108.5,\n 31.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cde4b07f02db54470e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderholm, S. K.","contributorId":69149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderholm","given":"S. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radell, M.J.","contributorId":95104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radell","given":"M.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richey, S. F.","contributorId":98740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richey","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31736,"text":"ofr95598 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Little Piute Mountains, San Bernardino County, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-12T18:55:21.235382","indexId":"ofr95598","displayToPublicDate":"1995-11-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-598","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Little Piute Mountains, San Bernardino County, California","docAbstract":"Introduction \r\n\r\nThe Little Piute Mountains in the eastern Mojave Desert expose a series of folds and thrust faults involving metamorphosed Paleozoic strata (Miller and others, 1982; Stone and others, 1983). Detailed mapping of these structures was undertaken to help elucidate regional Mesozoic structural evolution. Earlier geologic maps were prepared by Cooksley (1960a,b,c,d, generalized by Bishop, 1964) and Stone and others (1983). \r\n\r\nDeformed and metamorphosed Paleozoic and Triassic rocks form a stratal \r\nsuccession that was originally deposited in shallow seas on the North American craton. Based on lithologic sequence the units are correlated with unmetamorphosed equivalents 200 km to the northeast in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, and 35-50 km to the west in the Marble, Ship, and Providence Mountains, California (Stone and others, 1983). The Paleozoic sequence rests nonconformably on a heterogeneous basement of polydeformed Early Proterozoic gneiss (Miller and others, 1982; Wooden and Miller, 1990). Triassic and older rocks were deformed, metamorphosed to staurolite or andalusite grade, and intruded concordantly at their base by Late Cretaceous granodiorite (Miller and others, 1982).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95598","usgsCitation":"Howard, K.A., Dennis, M.L., Karlstrom, K.E., and Phelps, G., 1995, Preliminary geologic map of the Little Piute Mountains, San Bernardino County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-598, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95598.","productDescription":"18 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":108957,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18523.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"18523"},{"id":59955,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0598/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":164087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0598/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"10000","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"San Bernardino County","otherGeospatial":"Little Piute Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.083,\n 34.6580\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 34.6580\n ],\n [\n -115,\n 34.6880\n ],\n [\n -115.083,\n 34.6880\n ],\n [\n -115.083,\n 34.6580\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e6b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Howard, Keith A. 0000-0002-6462-2947 khoward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-2947","contributorId":3439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howard","given":"Keith","email":"khoward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":206841,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dennis, Michael L.","contributorId":42265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennis","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karlstrom, Karl E.","contributorId":75597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlstrom","given":"Karl","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Phelps, Geoffrey A.","contributorId":17262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phelps","given":"Geoffrey A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58544,"text":"mf2268 - 1995 - Maps showing gas-hydrate distribution off the east coast of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T20:17:45.255439","indexId":"mf2268","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2268","title":"Maps showing gas-hydrate distribution off the east coast of the United States","docAbstract":"These maps present the inferred distribution of natural-gas hydrate within the sediments of the eastern United States continental margin (Exclusive Economic Zone) in the offshore region from Georgia to New Jersey (fig. 1). The maps, which were created on the basis of seismic interpretations, represent the first attempt to map volume estimates for gas hydrate. Gas hydrate forms a large reservoir for methane in oceanic sediments. Therefore it potentially may represent a future source of energy and it may influence climate change because methane is a very effective greenhouse gas. Hydrate breakdown probably is a controlling factor for sea-floor landslides, and its presence has significant effect on the acoustic velocity of sea-floor sediments.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2268","usgsCitation":"Dillon, W.P., Fehlhaber, K.L., Coleman, D.F., Lee, M.W., and Hutchinson, D.R., 1995, Maps showing gas-hydrate distribution off the east coast of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2268, 2 Plates: 57.98 x 41.35 inches and 40.25 x 57.24 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2268.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 57.98 x 41.35 inches and 40.25 x 57.24 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490326,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5889.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":284466,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2268/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":284467,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2268/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":181057,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2268.png"}],"scale":"2000000","projection":"Albers Equal-Area Projection","country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"East Coast","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -78.0,31.0 ], [ -78.0,39.0 ], [ -70.0,39.0 ], [ -70.0,31.0 ], [ -78.0,31.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6629e4b0b29085100910","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dillon, William P. bdillon@usgs.gov","contributorId":79820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dillon","given":"William","email":"bdillon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":259693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fehlhaber, Kristen L.","contributorId":42090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fehlhaber","given":"Kristen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, Dwight F.","contributorId":46361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"Dwight","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lee, Myung W. mlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","email":"mlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":259691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hutchinson, Deborah R. 0000-0002-2544-5466 dhutchinson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-5466","contributorId":521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutchinson","given":"Deborah","email":"dhutchinson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":259690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":38218,"text":"pp1538Q - 1995 - Structure of the Reelfoot-Rough Creek rift system, Fluorspar area fault complex, and Hicks Dome, southern Illinois and western Kentucky; new constraints from regional seismic reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:02","indexId":"pp1538Q","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"Q","title":"Structure of the Reelfoot-Rough Creek rift system, Fluorspar area fault complex, and Hicks Dome, southern Illinois and western Kentucky; new constraints from regional seismic reflection data","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Mo. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/pp1538Q","usgsCitation":"Potter, C., Goldhaber, M., Heigold, P., and Drahovzal, J.A., 1995, Structure of the Reelfoot-Rough Creek rift system, Fluorspar area fault complex, and Hicks Dome, southern Illinois and western Kentucky; new constraints from regional seismic reflection data: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. Q1-Q19; 1 plate in pocket *Missing pages 16 and 17*, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538Q.","productDescription":"p. Q1-Q19; 1 plate in pocket *Missing pages 16 and 17*","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538q/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64545,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538q/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64546,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538q/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a331","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Potter, C. J. 0000-0002-2300-6670","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2300-6670","contributorId":89925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219359,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldhaber, M. B. 0000-0002-1785-4243","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1785-4243","contributorId":103280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldhaber","given":"M. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Heigold, P.C.","contributorId":26734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heigold","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Drahovzal, James A.","contributorId":74772,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Drahovzal","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219358,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":25873,"text":"wri944257 - 1995 - Analysis of steady-state flow and advective transport in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:31","indexId":"wri944257","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4257","title":"Analysis of steady-state flow and advective transport in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system, Idaho","docAbstract":"Quantitative estimates of ground-water flow directions and traveltimes for advective flow were developed for the regional aquifer system of the eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. The work included: (1) descriptions of compartments in the aquifer that function as intermediate and regional flow systems, (2) descriptions of pathlines for flow originating at or near the water table, and (3) quantitative estimates of traveltimes for advective transport originating at or near the water table. A particle-tracking postprocessing program was used to compute pathlines on the basis of output from an existing three-dimensional steady-state flow model. The flow model uses 1980 conditions to approximate average annual conditions for 1950-80. The advective transport model required additional information about the nature of flow across model boundaries, aquifer thickness, and porosity. Porosity of two types of basalt strata has been reported for more than 1,500 individual cores from test holes, wells, and outcrops near the south side of the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. The central 80 percent of samples had porosities of 0.08 to 0.25, the central 50 percent of samples, O. 11 to 0.21. Calibration of the model involved choosing a value for porosity that yielded the best solution. Two radiologic contaminants, iodine-129 and tritium, both introduced to the flow system about 40 years ago, are relatively conservative tracers. Iodine- 129 was considered to be more useful because of a lower analytical detection limit, longer half-life, and longer flow path. The calibration value for porosity was 0.21. Most flow in the aquifer is contained within a regional-scale compartment and follows paths that discharge to the Snake River downstream from Milner Dam. Two intermediate-scale compartments exist along the southeast side of the aquifer and near Mud Lake.One intermediate-scale compartment along the southeast side of the aquifer discharges to the Snake River near American Fails Reservoir and covers an area of nearly 1,000 square miles. This compartment, which receives recharge from an area of intensive surface-water irrigation, is apparently fairly stable. The other intermediate-scale compartment near Mud Lake covers an area of 300 square miles. The stability and size of this compartment are uncertain, but are assumed to be in a state of change. Traveltimes for advective flow from the water table to discharge points in the regional compartment ranged from 12 to 350 years for 80 percent of the particles; in the intermediate-scale flow compartment near American Falls Reservoir, from 7 to 60 years for 80 percent of the particles; and in the intermediate-scale compartment near Mud Lake, from 25 to 100 years for 80 percent of the particles. Traveltimes are sensitive to porosity and assumptions regarding the importance of the strength of internal sinks, which represent ground-water pumpage. A decrease in porosity results in shorter traveltimes but not a uniform decrease in traveltime, because the porosity and thickness is different in each model layer. Most flow was horizontal and occurred in the top 500 feet of the aquifer. An important limitation of the model is the assumption of steady-state flow. The most recent trend in the flow system has been a decrease in recharge since 1987 because of an extended drought and changes in land use. A decrease in flow through the system will result in longer traveltimes than those predicted for a greater flow. Because the interpretation of the model was limited to flow on a larger scale, and did not consider individual wells or well fields, the interpretations were not seriously limited by the discretization of well discharge. The interpretations made from this model also were limited by the discretization of the major discharge areas. Near discharge areas, pathlines might not be representative at the resolution of the grid. Most \t improvement in the estimates of ground-waterflow directions and travelt","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944257","usgsCitation":"Ackerman, D.J., 1995, Analysis of steady-state flow and advective transport in the eastern Snake River Plain aquifer system, Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4257, iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944257.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":119122,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4257/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54625,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4257/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acfe4b07f02db6801c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ackerman, D. J.","contributorId":53380,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ackerman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":195404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25766,"text":"wri944131 - 1995 - Simulated ground-water flow and sources of water in the Killbuck Creek Valley near Wooster, Wayne County, Ohio","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:13","indexId":"wri944131","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4131","title":"Simulated ground-water flow and sources of water in the Killbuck Creek Valley near Wooster, Wayne County, Ohio","docAbstract":"The stratified-drift aquifer in the 3,000-ft (feet)-wide and 100-ft-deep buried valley of Killbuck Creek near Wooster in northeastern Ohio was studied. The stratified drift with adjacent sandstone and shale bedrock produce a system of ground-water flow representative of the western part of the glaciated north-eastern United States. The stratified-drift aquifer is an excellent source of water for municipal and industrial wells. The aquifer is recharged locally by water from precipitation on the valley floor and uplands, by infiltration from streams, and by lateral flow to the valley from the uplands. As a result, the aquifer is vulnerable to surface or subsurface spills of contaminants in the valley or the adjacent uplands. Quality of water in the stratified drift is affected by influx of water from bedrock lateral to or beneath the valley. This influx is controlled, in part, by the pumping stress placed on the stratified-drift aquifer.\r\n\r\nHydrogeologic and aqueous-geochemical data were analyzed to establish the framework necessary for stead-state and transient simulations of ground-water flow in stratified drift and bedrock with a three-layer ground-water-flow model. A new model routine, the Variable-Recharge procedure, was developed to simulate areal recharge and the contribution of the uplands to the drift system. This procedure allows for water applied to land surface to infiltrate or to be rejected. Rejected recharge and ground water discharged when the water table is at land surface form surface runoff-this excess upland water can be redirected as runoff to other parts of the model.\r\n\r\nInfiltration of streamwater, areal recharge to uplands and valley, and lateral subsurface flow from the uplands to the valley are sources of water to the stratufued0druft aquifer. Water is removed from the stratified-drift aquifer at Wooster primarily by production wells pumping at a rate of approximately 8.5 ft3/s (cubic feet per second). The ground-water budget resulting from two types of simulations of ground-water flow in this study indicates the primary sources of water to the wells are recharge at or near land surface and lateral subsurface flow from the shale and sandstone bedrock. Components of recharge at land surface include induced infiltration from streams, precipitation on the valley floor, and infiltration of unchanneled upland runoff that reaches the valley floor.\r\n\r\nThe steady-state simulation was designed to represent conditions during the fall of 1984. The transient simulation was designed to represent an 11-day snowmelt event, 23 February to 5 March 1985, that caused water levels to rise significantly throughout the valley. Areal recharge to the valley and flow from the uplands to the valley were determined through the Variable-Recharge procedure. The total steady-state recharge to the valley was 12.5 ft3/s. Upland sources, areal valley recharge, and induced infiltration from Killnuck Creek accounted for 63, 23, and 8 percent, respectively, of the valley recharge.\r\n\r\nAn analysis of the simulated vertical flow to the buried stratified drift through surficial slit, clay, and fine sand indicates that about 75 percent of the total recharge to the buried deposits is the sum of areally extensive, relatively small flows less than about 0.01 ft? /s per model node), whereas about 25 percent of the recharge results from a really restricted, relatively large flows (greater than about 0.01 ft? /s per model node). The large-magnitude flows are located primarily beneath Clear and Little Killbuck Creeks where seepage provides abundant recharge and the surficial sediments grade into coarser alluvial-fan deposits.\r\n\r\nChemical and isotopic studies of ground water and streamwater combined with measurements of stream infiltration provide independent support for the conclusions derived from computer simulation of ground-water flow. In addition, the chemical and isotopic studies helped quantity the rate and pathways of infiltrating water from ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944131","usgsCitation":"Breen, K.J., Kontis, A., Rowe, G., and Haefner, R., 1995, Simulated ground-water flow and sources of water in the Killbuck Creek Valley near Wooster, Wayne County, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4131, vi, 104 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944131.","productDescription":"vi, 104 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":157014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4131/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54522,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4131/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f332a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Breen, K. J.","contributorId":44176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breen","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kontis, A.L.","contributorId":69542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kontis","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rowe, G.L.","contributorId":23978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rowe","given":"G.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Haefner, R.J.","contributorId":72393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haefner","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":27460,"text":"wri944227 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River basin, Kentucky: Nutrients, sediments, and pesticides in streams, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-13T21:35:39.270042","indexId":"wri944227","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4227","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River basin, Kentucky: Nutrients, sediments, and pesticides in streams, 1987-90","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey investigated the water quality of the Kentucky River Basin in Kentucky as part of the National Water Quality Assessment program. Data collected during 1987-90 were used to describe the spatial and temporal variability of nutrients, suspended sediment, and pesticides in streams. Concentrations of phosphorus were signifi- cantly correlated with urban and agricultural land use. The high phosphorus content of Bluegrass Region soils was an important source of phosphorus in streams. At many sites in urban areas, all of the stream nitrogen load was attributable to wastewater- treatment-plant effluent. Tributary streams affected by agricultural sources of nutrients contained higher densities of phytoplankton than streams that drained forested areas. Data indicate that a consid- erable percentage of total nitrogen was transported as algal biomass during periods of low discharge. Average suspended-sediment concentrations for the study period were positively correlated with dis- charge. There was a downward trend in suspended- sediment concentrations downstream in the Kentucky River main stem during the study. Although a large amount of suspended sediment originates in the Eastern Coal Field Region, contributions of suspended sediment from the Red River and other tributary streams of the Knobs Region also are important. The most frequently detected herbicides in water samples were atrazine, 2,4-D, alachlor, metolachlor, and dicamba. Diazinon, malathion, and parathion were the most frequently detected organo- phosphate insecticides in water samples. Detectable concentrations of aldrin, chlordane, DDT, DDE, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, and lindane were found in streambed- sediment samples.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944227","usgsCitation":"Haag, K.H., and Porter, S.D., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River basin, Kentucky: Nutrients, sediments, and pesticides in streams, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4227, ix, 135 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944227.","productDescription":"ix, 135 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":410402,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48094.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56319,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4227/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":157954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4227/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.1667,\n 38.3\n ],\n [\n -85.1667,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 36.9\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 38.3\n ],\n [\n -85.1667,\n 38.3\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67adeb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haag, K. H.","contributorId":67925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haag","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Porter, S. D.","contributorId":8882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":25669,"text":"wri944229 - 1995 - Methods for assessing channel conditions related to scour-critical conditions at bridges in Tennessee","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:24","indexId":"wri944229","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4229","title":"Methods for assessing channel conditions related to scour-critical conditions at bridges in Tennessee","docAbstract":"The ability to assess quickly the potential for scour at a bridge site, to evaluate those bridges with the greatest potential for significant amounts of scour, and to then identify scour-critical structures is important for public protection and bridge maintenance planning. A bridge-scour assessment information form was developed for collecting data describing the bridge site; the hydraulic geomorphic, and vegetation characteristics of the channel. Information from site assessments of 3,964 bridges in Tennessee was used to develop indexes of potential scour characteristics over broad geographic areas, such as counties, regions, or drainage basins. Channel instability charac- teristics differ from region to region. In west Tennessee counties, channel instability has progressed from valley bottoms into the uplands through headward degradation. In middle and east counties of Tennessee, channel widening is a dominant process, but widespread degradation has been prevented by stream beds being lines with erosion-resistant bedrock, boulder, cobble, and gravel, and by the absence of channelization. Neither quantifiable headcutting nor degradation in bedrock channels was noted at any site in the State. However, potential for lateral scour is prevalent in Middle and East Tennessee.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nEarth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri944229","usgsCitation":"Bryan, B., Simon, A., Outlaw, G., and Thomas, R., 1995, Methods for assessing channel conditions related to scour-critical conditions at bridges in Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4229, iv, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944229.","productDescription":"iv, 54 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122476,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4229/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54439,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4229/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a13b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bryan, B.A.","contributorId":95080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Simon, Andrew","contributorId":78334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"Andrew","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Outlaw, G.S.","contributorId":51330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outlaw","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thomas, Randy rthomas@usgs.gov","contributorId":3650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"Randy","email":"rthomas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":39849,"text":"b2063 - 1995 - Mineral and energy resources of the Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-28T09:33:00","indexId":"b2063","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2063","title":"Mineral and energy resources of the Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico","docAbstract":"The sedimentary formations of the Roswell Resource Area have significant mineral and energy resources. Some of the pre-Pennsylvanian sequences in the Northwestern Shelf of the Permian Basin are oil and gas reservoirs, and Pennsylvanian rocks in Tucumcari Basin are reservoirs of oil and gas as well as source rocks for oil and gas in Triassic rocks. Pre-Permian rocks also contain minor deposits of uranium and vanadium, limestone, and gases. Hydrocarbon reservoirs in Permian rocks include associated gases such as carbon dioxide, helium, and nitrogen. Permian rocks are mineralized adjacent to the Lincoln County porphyry belt, and include deposits of copper, uranium, manganese, iron, polymetallic veins, and Mississippi-Valley-type lead-zinc. Industrial minerals in Permian rocks include fluorite, barite, potash, halite, polyhalite, gypsum, anhydrite, sulfur, limestone, dolomite, brine deposits (iodine and bromine), aggregate (sand), and dimension stone. Doubly terminated quartz crystals, called 'Pecos diamonds' and collected as mineral specimens, occur in Permian rocks along the Pecos River. Mesozoic sedimentary rocks are hosts for copper, uranium, and small quantities of gold-silver-tellurium veins, as well as significant deposits of oil and gas, carbon dioxide, asphalt, coal, and dimension stone. Mesozoic rocks contain limited amounts of limestone, gypsum, petrified wood, and clay. Tertiary rocks host ore deposits commonly associated with intrusive rocks, including platinum-group elements, iron skarns, manganese, uranium and vanadium, molybdenum, polymetallic vein deposits, gold-silver-tellurium veins, and thorium-rare-earth veins. Museum-quality quartz crystals are associated with Tertiary intrusive rocks. Industrial minerals in Tertiary rocks include fluorite, vein- and bedded-barite, caliche, limestone, and aggregate. Tertiary and Quaternary sediments host important placer deposits of gold and titanium, and occurrences of silver and uranium. Important industrial commodities include caliche, limestone and dolomite, and aggregate. Quaternary basalt contains sub-ore-grade uranium, scoria, and clay deposits.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/b2063","usgsCitation":"1995, Mineral and energy resources of the Roswell Resource Area, East-Central New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2063, Report: xii, 145 p.; 15 Plates, https://doi.org/10.3133/b2063.","productDescription":"Report: xii, 145 p.; 15 Plates","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":67721,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-05.pdf","text":"Plate 4 (Sheet 2 of 2)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67722,"rank":405,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-06.pdf","text":"Plate 5","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67723,"rank":406,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-07.pdf","text":"Plate 6","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67724,"rank":407,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-08.pdf","text":"Plate 7","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67720,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-04.pdf","text":"Plate 4 (Sheet 1 of 2)","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67725,"rank":408,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-09.pdf","text":"Plate 8","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67726,"rank":409,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-10.pdf","text":"Plate 9","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":109057,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19737.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"19737"},{"id":173507,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67728,"rank":411,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-12.pdf","text":"Plate 11","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67718,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-02.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67719,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-03.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67727,"rank":410,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-11.pdf","text":"Plate 10","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67729,"rank":412,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-13.pdf","text":"Plate 12","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67730,"rank":413,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-14.pdf","text":"Plate 13","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67731,"rank":414,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-15.pdf","text":"Plate 14","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67732,"rank":415,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-16.pdf","text":"Plate 15","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67733,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":67717,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2063/plate-01.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","projection":"Lambert Conformal Conic","country":"United States","state":"New Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Roswell Resource Area","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.5,32.75 ], [ -106.5,36 ], [ -103,36 ], [ -103,32.75 ], [ -106.5,32.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db6357e9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Bartsch-Winkler, Susan B.","contributorId":97069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartsch-Winkler","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726069,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Donatich, Alessandro J.","contributorId":47857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donatich","given":"Alessandro","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726070,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":28614,"text":"wri944221 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Environmental setting, 1980-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T20:48:16.613157","indexId":"wri944221","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4221","title":"Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Environmental setting, 1980-92","docAbstract":"The 35,800-square-mile upper Snake River \nBasin is one of 20 areas studied as part of the \nNational Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) \nProgram of the U.S. Geological Survey. Objectives of NAWQA are to study ground- and \nsurface-water quality, biology, and their relations \nto land-use activities. Major land and water uses \nthat affect water quality in the basin are irrigated \nagriculture, grazing, aquaculture, food processing, \nand wastewater treatment. Data summarized in \nthis report are used in companion reports to help \ndefine the relations among land use, water use, \nwater quality, and biological conditions.\nThe upper Snake River Basin is located in \nsoutheastern Idaho and northwestern Wyoming \nand includes small parts of Nevada and Utah. Total \npopulation in the basin was about 425,000 in 1990. \nMajor urban areas are Idaho Falls, Pocatello, \nRexburg, and Twin Falls, Idaho, which make up \n10, 11,3, and 6 percent of the total population, \nrespectively. Climate in the basin is mostly \nsemiarid and mean annual precipitation ranges \nfrom 8 to more than 60 inches. The eastern Snake \nRiver Plain is the major geologic feature in the \nbasin and is delineated mostly by Quaternary and \nTertiary basalt flows. It is about 55 to 62 miles \nwide and 320 miles long and bisects the basin in a \nnortheast-southwest direction.\nThe Snake River is the dominant surface-water \nfeature and flows about 453 miles from the \nsouthern border of Yellowstone National Park in \nWyoming to King Hill, Idaho, where it leaves the \nbasin. The Snake River flows through five reservoirs that provide a total storage capacity of more \nthan 4 million acre-feet. Gravity-flow diversions\nare predominant in the upper part of the basin and \ntotaled 8.8 million.acre-feet in 1980. Pumped \ndiversions occur mainly in the lower part of the \nbasin and totaled 408,500 acre-feet in 1980.\nThe Snake River Plain aquifer is the predominant ground-water feature in the upper Snake \nRiver Basin and underlies the eastern Snake River \nPlain. The upper 500 feet of the aquifer may store \n200 to 300 million acre-feet of water. Ground-water resources that supply agricultural lands are \nsustained by recharge from surface-water irrigation, precipitation, and tributary inflow. Major \nground-water discharges are at springs and seeps \nor from ground-water pumpage for irrigation.\nWater use in the basin is dominated by irrigated agriculture, which is the largest consumptive \nwater use in the basin. Major crops in the basin \ninclude potatoes, wheat, sugar beets, hay, and \nbarley. Most irrigation needs are supplied from \nsurface-water sources through a series of canals \nand laterals. In 1990, about 2.5 million acres were \nirrigated with more than 14.2 million acre-feet of \nsurface and ground water. About 21 percent of the \nbasin is agricultural land and 50 percent is \nrangeland.\nIdaho leads the Nation in trout production \nfor commercial sale. Combined mean annual \ndischarges from 12 aquacultural facilities in the \nbasin (1985-90) were about 787,000 acre-feet. \nThese facilities are clustered in a reach of the \nSnake River between Milner Dam and King Hill \nwhere ground-water discharge is from many seeps \nand springs that provide sufficient quantities of \ngood-quality water. Other facilities that release \neffluent to the Snake River include 13 municipal \nwastewater treatment plants and 3 industrial facilities.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944221","usgsCitation":"Maupin, M.A., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the upper Snake River Basin, Idaho and western Wyoming — Environmental setting, 1980-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4221, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944221.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","numberOfPages":"39","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"1992-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":393017,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48088.htm"},{"id":57437,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4221/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4221/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"upper Snake River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.3167,\n 41.4833\n ],\n [\n -109.9167,\n 41.4833\n ],\n [\n -109.9167,\n 44.6667\n ],\n [\n -115.3167,\n 44.6667\n ],\n [\n -115.3167,\n 41.4833\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ae32","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maupin, Molly A. 0000-0002-2695-5505 mamaupin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2695-5505","contributorId":951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maupin","given":"Molly","email":"mamaupin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":200119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":17429,"text":"ofr95163 - 1995 - National Water-Quality Assessment Program, western Lake Michigan drainages: Summaries of liaison committee meeting, Green Bay, Wisconsin, March 28-29, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-10-16T15:05:16","indexId":"ofr95163","displayToPublicDate":"1995-10-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-163","title":"National Water-Quality Assessment Program, western Lake Michigan drainages: Summaries of liaison committee meeting, Green Bay, Wisconsin, March 28-29, 1995","docAbstract":"The Western Lake Michigan Drainages (WMIC) study unit, under investigation since 1991, drains 20,000 square miles (mi2) in eastern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan (fig. 1). The major water-quality issues in the WMIC study unit are: (1) nonpoint-source contamination of surface and ground water by agricultural chemicals, (2) contamination in bottom sediments of rivers and harbors by toxic substances, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's), other synthetic organic compounds, and trace elements, (3) nutrient enrichment of rivers and lakes resulting from nonpoint- and point-source discharges, and (4) acidification and mercury contamination of lakes in poorly buffered watersheds in the northwestern part of the study unit.
\nA study-unit liaison committee, which includes representatives of Federal, State, university, and private and citizen organizations, has met annually since 1991 to review plans and results and guide the investigators toward policy-relevant efforts. The results of research conducted in the WMIC study unit by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and non-USGS researchers were presented at the liaison committee meeting held in Green Bay, Wis., on March 28-29, 1995. This report contains summaries of the oral presentations given at the WMIC 1995 liaison committee meeting.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95163","usgsCitation":"Peters, C.A., 1995, National Water-Quality Assessment Program, western Lake Michigan drainages: Summaries of liaison committee meeting, Green Bay, Wisconsin, March 28-29, 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-163, vi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95163.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p.","numberOfPages":"51","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":46571,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0163/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149305,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0163/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Lake Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.98169518512228\n ],\n [\n -85.97900390625,\n 46.51351558059737\n ],\n [\n -86.6162109375,\n 46.437856895024225\n ],\n [\n -87.38525390624999,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -88.0224609375,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -88.87939453125,\n 46.27103747280261\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 45.5679096098613\n ],\n [\n -89.89013671875,\n 45.042478050891546\n ],\n [\n -89.93408203124999,\n 44.512176171071054\n ],\n [\n -89.8681640625,\n 43.94537239244209\n ],\n [\n -89.9560546875,\n 43.43696596521823\n ],\n [\n -89.89013671875,\n 43.1811470593997\n ],\n [\n -89.31884765624999,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -88.681640625,\n 42.84375132629021\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -87.8466796875,\n 42.553080288955826\n ],\n [\n -87.802734375,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -87.5390625,\n 44.071800467511565\n ],\n [\n -87.29736328125,\n 44.574817404670306\n ],\n [\n -86.94580078125,\n 45.01141864227728\n ],\n [\n -86.63818359375,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -86.484375,\n 45.62940492064501\n ],\n [\n -86.044921875,\n 45.98169518512228\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c72b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peters, Charles A. capeters@usgs.gov","contributorId":214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"Charles","email":"capeters@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":176360,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70069190,"text":"70069190 - 1995 - Soil-solution chemistry in a low-elevation spruce-fir ecosystem, Howland, Maine","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-01-13T15:53:09","indexId":"70069190","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T15:37:39","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Soil-solution chemistry in a low-elevation spruce-fir ecosystem, Howland, Maine","docAbstract":"Soil solutions were collected monthly by tension and zero-tension lysimeters in a low-elevation red spruce stand in east-central Maine from May 1987 through December 1992. Soil solutions collected by Oa tension lysimeters had higher concentrations of most constituents than the Oa zero-tension lysimeters. In Oa horizon soil solutions growing season concentrations for SO4, Ca, and Mg averaged 57, 43, and 30 μmol L−1 in tension lysimeters, and 43, 28, and 19 μmol L−1 in zero-tension lysimeters, respectively. Because tension lysimeters remove water held by the soil at tensions up to 10 kPa, solutions are assumed to have more time to react with the soil compared to freely draining solutions collected by zero-tension lysimeters. Solutions collected in the Bs horizon by both types of collectors were similar which was attributed to the frequency of time periods when the water table was above the Bs lysimeters. Concentrations of SO4 and NO3 at this site were lower than concentrations reported for most other eastern U.S. spruce-fir sites, but base cation concentrations fell in the same range. Aluminum concentrations in this study were also lower than reported for other sites in the eastern U.S. and Ca/Al ratios did not suggest inhibition of Ca uptake by roots. Concentrations of SO4, Ca, K, and Cl decreased significantly in both the Oa and Bs horizons over the 56-month sampling period, which could reflect decreasing deposition rates for sulfur and base cations, climatic influences, or natural variation. A longer record of measured fluxes will be needed to adequately define temporal trends in solution chemistry and their causes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF00479593","usgsCitation":"Fernandez, I.J., Lawrence, G.B., and Son, Y., 1995, Soil-solution chemistry in a low-elevation spruce-fir ecosystem, Howland, Maine: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 84, no. 1-2, p. 129-145, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00479593.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"145","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":280925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":280922,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00479593"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maine","city":"Howland","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -68.8055,45.0946 ], [ -68.8055,45.3553 ], [ -68.5152,45.3553 ], [ -68.5152,45.0946 ], [ -68.8055,45.0946 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"84","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd7332e4b0b29085108c99","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fernandez, Ivan J.","contributorId":80174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fernandez","given":"Ivan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lawrence, Gregory B. 0000-0002-8035-2350 glawrenc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8035-2350","contributorId":867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawrence","given":"Gregory","email":"glawrenc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":488232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Son, Yowhan","contributorId":47287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Son","given":"Yowhan","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70195998,"text":"70195998 - 1995 - The interaction of groundwater with prairie pothole wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota 1979-1990","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-28T14:26:10.398652","indexId":"70195998","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The interaction of groundwater with prairie pothole wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota 1979-1990","docAbstract":"The interaction of ground water with prairie wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area has been the focus of research by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service since 1977. During this time, climatic conditions at the site ranged from near the driest to near the wettest of the century. Water levels in wetlands and in water-table wells throughout the study area responded to these changing climate conditions in a variety of ways. The topographically highest wetlands recharged ground water whenever they received water from precipitation. The wetland of principal interest, Wetland P1, which is at an intermediate altitude, received ground-water discharge much of the time, but it also had transpiration-induced seepage from it along parts of its perimeter during all but the wettest year. The large fluctuations of the water table in response to recharge and transpiration reflect the ease with which water moves vertically through the fractured till. Lateral movement of ground water is much slower; pore-water moves vertically through the fractured till. Lateral movement of ground water is much slower; pore-water velocities are generally less than 3 m yr−1. The water supply to the wetlands is largely from precipitation during fall, winter, and spring. During these periods, precipitation either falls directly on the wetland, or precipitation that falls on the upland runs over frozen soils or saturated soils into the wetland. The average ratio of stage rise to total overwinter precipitation was 2.59 for the 12-year study period. After plants leaf out, precipitation generally results in much lower rises of the wetland water level. The average ratio of stage rise to over-summer precipitation was less than 1.0.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1007/BF03160700","usgsCitation":"Winter, T.C., and Rosenberry, D.O., 1995, The interaction of groundwater with prairie pothole wetlands in the Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota 1979-1990: Wetlands, v. 15, no. 3, p. 193-211, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160700.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"211","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":352430,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Dakota","otherGeospatial":"Cottonwood Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -100.79449016470934,\n 46.78519489556359\n ],\n [\n -100.79449016470934,\n 46.76599669842659\n ],\n [\n -100.7706816672288,\n 46.76599669842659\n ],\n [\n -100.7706816672288,\n 46.78519489556359\n ],\n [\n -100.79449016470934,\n 46.78519489556359\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"15","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff20d0e4b0da30c1bfd5e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":730867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosenberry, Donald O. 0000-0003-0681-5641 rosenber@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":1312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"Donald","email":"rosenber@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":730868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":29193,"text":"wri944134 - 1995 - Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-27T21:26:18.030303","indexId":"wri944134","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4134","title":"Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program is designed to provide a nationally consistent description of the current status of water quality, to define water-quality trends, and to relate past and present water-quality conditions to natural features, uses of land and water, and other water-quality effects from human activities. The Kentucky River Basin is one of four NAWQA pilot projects that focused primarily on the quality of surface water. Water, sediment, and bedrock samples were collected in the Kentucky River Basin during 1987-90 for the purpose of (1) describing the spatial distribution, transport, and temporal variability of metals and other trace elements in streams of the basin; (2) estimating mean annual loads, yields, and trends of constituent concentrations and identifying potential causes (or sources) of spatial patterns; (3) providing baseline information for concentrations of metals in streambed and suspended sediments; (4) identifying stream reaches in the Kentucky River Basin with chronic water-quality problems; and (5) evaluating the merits of the NAWQA pilot study-approach for the assessment of metals and other trace elements in a river system.
The spatial distribution of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments of the Kentucky River Basin is associated with regional differences of geology, land use and cover, and the results of human activities. Median concentrations of constituents differed significantly among physiographic regions of the basin because of relations to bedrock geochemistry and land disturbance. Concentrations of potentially toxic metals were large in urban and industrial areas of the basin. Elevated concentrations of certain metals were also found in streambed sediments of the Knobs Region because of the presence of Devonian shale bedrock. Elevated concentrations of lead and zinc found in streambed sediments of the Bluegrass Region are likely associated with urban stormwater runoff, point-source discharges, and waste-management practices. Concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and silver were elevated in streambed sediments downstream from wastewater-treatment plant discharges. Streambed-sediment concentrations of barium, chromium, and lithium were elevated in streams that receive brine discharges from oil production. Elevated concentrations of antimony, arsenic, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, uranium, and vanadium in streambed sediments of the Kentucky River Basin were generally associated with natural sources.
Concentrations of metals and other trace elements in water samples from fixed stations (stations where water-quality samples were collected for 3.5 years) in the Kentucky River Basin were generally related to stream discharge and the concentration of suspended sediment, whereas constituent concentrations in the suspended-sediment matrix were indicative of natural and human sources. Estimated mean annual loads and yields for most metals and other trace elements were associated with the transport of suspended sediment. Land disturbance, such as surface mining and agriculture, contribute to increased transport of sediment in streams, thereby increasing concentrations of metals in water samples during periods of intense or prolonged rainfall and increased stream discharge. Concentrations of many metals and trace elements were reduced during low streamflow. Although total-recoverable and dissolved concentrations of certain metals and trace elements were large in streams affected by land disturbance, concentrations of constituents in the suspendedsediment matrix were commonly large in streams in the Knobs and Eastern Coal Field Regions (because of relations with bedrock geochemistry) and in streams that receive wastewater or oil-well-brine discharges. Concentrations and mean annual load estimates for aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, and mercury were larger than those obtained from data collected by a State agency, probably because of differences in sample-collection methodology, the range of discharge associated with water-quality samples, and laboratory analytical procedures. However, concentrations, loads, and yields of arsenic, barium, and zinc were similar to those determined from the State data.
Significant upward trends in the concentrations of aluminum, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc were indicated at one or more fixed stations in the Kentucky River Basin during the past 10 to 15 years. Upward trends for concentrations of aluminum, iron, and manganese were found at sites that receive drainage from coal mines in the upper Kentucky River Basin, whereas upward trends for zinc may be associated with urban sources. Water-quality criteria established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or the State of Kentucky for concentrations of aluminum, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, silver, and zinc were exceeded at one or more fixed stations in the Kentucky River Basin. On a qualitative basis, dissolved concentrations of certain metals and trace elements were large during low streamflow at sites where (1) concentrations of these constituents in underlying streambed sediments were large, or (2) dissolvedoxygen concentrations were small. Concentrations of barium, lithium, and strontium were large during low streamflow, which indicates the influence of ground-water baseflows on the quality of surface water during low flow.
The effects of point-source discharges, landfills, and other wastemanagement practices are somewhat localized in the Kentucky River Basin and are best indicated by the spatial distribution of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments and in the suspended-sediment fraction of water samples at stream locations near the source. It was not possible to quantify the contribution of point sources to the total transport of metals and other trace elements at fixed stations because data were not available for wastewater effluents. Quantification of baseline concentrations of metals and other trace elements in streambed sediments provides a basis for the detection of water-quality changes that may result from improvements in wastewater treatment or the implementation of best-management practices for controlling contamination from nonpoint sources in the Kentucky River Basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944134","usgsCitation":"Porter, S.D., White, K., and Clark, J.R., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Kentucky River Basin, Kentucky: Distribution of metals and other trace elements in sediment and water, 1987-90: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4134, Report: xi, 184 p.; 1 Plate: 24.13 x 26.62 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944134.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 184 p.; 1 Plate: 24.13 x 26.62 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58056,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":393475,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_36776.htm"},{"id":159417,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":354987,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4134/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"500000","country":"United States","state":"Kentucky","otherGeospatial":"Kentucky River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.4022216796875,\n 36.82247761166621\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 36.82247761166621\n ],\n [\n -82.77099609375,\n 38.929502416386605\n ],\n [\n -85.4022216796875,\n 38.929502416386605\n ],\n [\n -85.4022216796875,\n 36.82247761166621\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67ade7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Porter, Stephen D.","contributorId":16429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Kevin D.","contributorId":81887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Kevin D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, J. R.","contributorId":55764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30002,"text":"wri944223 - 1995 - Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Eutaw-McShan aquifer and in the Tuscaloosa aquifer system in northeastern Mississippi","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-14T18:33:38.551861","indexId":"wri944223","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4223","title":"Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Eutaw-McShan aquifer and in the Tuscaloosa aquifer system in northeastern Mississippi","docAbstract":"The Eutaw-McShan aquifer and Tuscaloosa aquifer system in northeastern Mississippi were investi- gated to better understand the hydrogeology and the ground-water flow in and between the aquifers. A numerical model was developed to simulate ground- water flow for prepumping and pumping conditions, and model simulatons projected the possible effects of increased ground-water withdrawals. The five aquifers studied, from youngest to oldest, are the Eutaw-McShan, Gordo, Coker, massive sand, and the Lower Cretaceous aquifers. The finite-difference computer code MODFLOW was used to represent the flow system. The model grid covers 33,440 square miles, primarily in northeastern Mississippi, but includes parts of northwestern Alabama, southwestern Tennessee, and eastern Arkansas. A comparison of the simulated predevelopment and 1992 potentiometric surfaces for the aquifers shows an overall water- level decline. Simulated water levels declined an average of 53 and 44 feet in the confined parts of the Eutaw-McShan and Gordo aquifers, respectively. However, the area near Tupelo had a significant rise in water levels due to decreased pumpage from the Eutaw-McShan and Gordo aquifers compared to the simulated potentiometric surface for 1978.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944223","usgsCitation":"Strom, E.W., and Mallory, M.J., 1995, Hydrogeology and simulation of ground-water flow in the Eutaw-McShan aquifer and in the Tuscaloosa aquifer system in northeastern Mississippi: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4223, vi, 83 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944223.","productDescription":"vi, 83 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58808,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4223/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":121828,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4223/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":414116,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_48090.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Eutaw-McShan aquifer, Tuscaloosa aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.6436,\n 34.9133\n ],\n [\n -89.6436,\n 32.4958\n ],\n [\n -87.7056,\n 32.4958\n ],\n [\n -87.7056,\n 34.9133\n ],\n [\n -89.6436,\n 34.9133\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db6252dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strom, E. W.","contributorId":90776,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strom","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mallory, M. J.","contributorId":10398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mallory","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":18748,"text":"ofr95286 - 1995 - Effects of two contrasting agricultural land uses on shallow groundwater quality in the San Joaquin Valley, California; design and preliminary interpretation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-01-27T17:23:33.088008","indexId":"ofr95286","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-286","title":"Effects of two contrasting agricultural land uses on shallow groundwater quality in the San Joaquin Valley, California; design and preliminary interpretation","docAbstract":"From 1992 through 1994, the San Joaquin-Tulare Basins Study team of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment program investigated the occurrence and distribution of water quality constituents in shallow groundwater underlying two areas of different agricultural land uses: almond orchards and vineyards. The study was restricted to the alluvial fans of the eastern San Joaquin Valley, the area of most groundwater use in the valley. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to delineate the distribution of the two target land uses, to evaluate ancillary data, and to select candidate wells that fit prescribed criteria. Twenty domestic water supply wells were sampled in each of the two areas. In addition, pairs of observation wells were installed and sampled at five of the sites in each area to evaluate whether the water quality in the domestic wells reflects that of the shallow groundwater underlying the target land use. A preliminary evaluation of the results shows that nitrate concentrations in the shallow groundwater are significantly higher in the almond orchard areas than in the vineyard area (p=0.005). In contrast, concentrations of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) were higher in the vineyard area than in the almond orchard area (p=0.032). The most frequently detected pesticides in groundwater underlying both areas were simazine, atrazine, and desethylatrazine (an atrazine degradation product). These observations are explained, in part, by differences in chemical application and hydrogeologic factors.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr95286","usgsCitation":"Dubrovsky, N., Burow, K.R., and Gronberg, J., 1995, Effects of two contrasting agricultural land uses on shallow groundwater quality in the San Joaquin Valley, California; design and preliminary interpretation: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-286, v, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95286.","productDescription":"v, 8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":150975,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0286/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":382691,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0286/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Joaquin Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.70678710937499,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -117.05932617187499,\n 34.79576153473033\n ],\n [\n -117.05932617187499,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -120.70678710937499,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -120.70678710937499,\n 34.79576153473033\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a27e4b07f02db610028","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dubrovsky, N. M.","contributorId":48199,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dubrovsky","given":"N. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burow, Karen R. 0000-0001-6006-6667 krburow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6006-6667","contributorId":1504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burow","given":"Karen","email":"krburow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":179668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gronberg, Jo Ann M.","contributorId":18342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"Jo Ann M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":179669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":31751,"text":"ofr95115 - 1995 - Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, September 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-21T18:50:20.299836","indexId":"ofr95115","displayToPublicDate":"1995-09-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-115","title":"Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, September 1994","docAbstract":"This map depicts the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity for September 1994. The map is based on water-level measurements made at more than 900 wells and springs. Ninety-two new wells were added to the September 1994 map--42 in southern Georgia and 50 in Florida. Data on the map were contoured using 5-foot contour intervals in most areas. The potentiometric surface of this karstic aquifer generally reflects land surface topography. Potentiometric-surface highs often correspond to topographic highs, which are areas of surficial recharge to the Upper Floridan aquifer. Springs within topographic lows along with areas of more diffuse upward leakage are natural zones of discharge. Municipal, agricultural, and industrial withdrawals have lowered the potentiometric surface in some areas. The potentiometric surface ranged from 131 feet above sea lvel in Polk County to 86 feet below sea level in southern Georgia near the St. Marys River. With the additon of new wells in southern Georgia, water level data now indicate two distinct depressions at industrial well fields near the St. Marys River in southern Georgia and eastern Nassau County where previously there was only one depression indicated. Water levels measured in September 1994 generally were about 0 to 4 feet higher than those measured in September 1993, except in Seminole County, where increases of 1 to 7 feet above September 1993 levels were recorded at most wells. Generally, September 1994 water levels were 1 to to 5 feet higher than levels in May 1994 except in Union, Gradford, Alachua, Levy, and western Marion Counties where levels remained nearly unchanged, and in Seminole and northwestern Orange Counties where water levels generally were 3 to 12 feet higher than levels in May 1994.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr95115","usgsCitation":"Knowles, L., 1995, Potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity, Florida, September 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-115, 1 Plate: 30.00 × 50.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr95115.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 30.00 × 50.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160176,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":390756,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_18401.htm"},{"id":19545,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0115/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Upper Floridan aquifer in the St. Johns River Water Management District and vicinity","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 26.5\n ],\n [\n -80,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 31\n ],\n [\n -83,\n 26.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682dfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, Leel","contributorId":62252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"Leel","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}