{"pageNumber":"2970","pageRowStart":"74225","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70024195,"text":"70024195 - 2002 - A tectonic earthquake sequence preceding the April-May 1999 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70024195","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A tectonic earthquake sequence preceding the April-May 1999 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska","docAbstract":"On 4 March 1999, a shallow ML 5.2 earthquake occurred beneath Unimak Island in the Aleutian Arc. This earthquake was located 10-15 km west of Shishaldin Volcano, a large, frequently active basaltic-andesite stratovolcano. A Strombolian eruption began at Shishaldin roughly 1 month after the mainshock, culminating in a large explosive eruption on 19 April. We address the question of whether or not the eruption caused the mainshock by computing the Coulomb stress change caused by an inflating dike on fault planes oriented parallel to the mainshock focal mechanism. We found Coulomb stress increases of ???0.1 MPa in the region of the mainshock, suggesting that magma intrusion prior to the eruption could have caused the mainshock. Satellite and seismic data indicate that magma was moving upwards beneath Shishaldin well before the mainshock. indicating that, in an overall sense, the mainshock cannot be said to have caused the eruption. However, observations of changes at the volcano following the mainshock and several large aftershocks suggest that the earthquakes may, in turn, have influenced the course of the eruption.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00445-002-0226-1","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Moran, S., Stihler, S., and Power, J., 2002, A tectonic earthquake sequence preceding the April-May 1999 eruption of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 64, no. 8, p. 520-524, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-002-0226-1.","startPage":"520","endPage":"524","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207058,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-002-0226-1"},{"id":231644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5f2e4b0c8380cd47050","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moran, S.C. 0000-0001-7308-9649","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7308-9649","contributorId":78896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moran","given":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stihler, S.D.","contributorId":42616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stihler","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, J.A.","contributorId":20765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024293,"text":"70024293 - 2002 - Undrained poroelastic response of sandstones to deviatoric stress change","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T16:00:23.177564","indexId":"70024293","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Undrained poroelastic response of sandstones to deviatoric stress change","docAbstract":"Deformation of porous crustal rock through diagenesis, tectonic loading, or other processes can change pore volume and affect fluid pressure. The largest stress-induced pore pressure changes occur when fluid is trapped in pores in an “undrained” condition. We have measured the undrained poroelastic response of two sandstones to changes in mean and deviatoric stress. Pore pressure was found to respond to mean stress σm in the usual manner: Δp = BΔσm (B ranging from 0.4 to 0.7), nearly independent of the ambient deviatoric stress state. However, variations in deviatoric stress (σd = (σ1 − σ3)/2) at constant mean stress were also found to induce a reversible (elastic) pore pressure response to stress levels up to and exceeding 80% failure stress (i.e., Δp = ![\"image\"](\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/cms/asset/5598fe28-61b6-4865-8b44-a5eea3d516bd/jgrb13299-math-0001.gif\")
= const.). The coefficient η became more negative with increasing deviatoric stress level in sandstone and Ottawa sand samples. That is, η represents a dilatant response where increased deviatoric stress causes a decrease in pore pressure. The poroelastic response to deviatoric stress is explained in terms of anisotropic matrix stiffening due to closure of crack-like pore space or flattening of grain contacts at high ambient stress levels and can be important in calculations of earthquake stress transfer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB001460","usgsCitation":"Lockner, D., and Stanchits, S.A., 2002, Undrained poroelastic response of sandstones to deviatoric stress change: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ETG 13-1-ETG 13-14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001460.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"ETG 13-1","endPage":"ETG 13-14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231994,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbc74e4b08c986b328c2b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lockner, D.A. 0000-0001-8630-6833","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8630-6833","contributorId":85603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lockner","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanchits, S. A.","contributorId":102235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanchits","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003900,"text":"1003900 - 2002 - What are parasitologists doing in the United States Geological Survey?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-18T11:49:32","indexId":"1003900","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1298,"text":"Comparative Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What are parasitologists doing in the United States Geological Survey?","docAbstract":"The United States Geological Survey (USGS) was formed in 1879 as the nation's primary natural science and information agency. The mission of the agency is to provide scientific information to a??describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life.a?? Prior to 1996, the USGS comprised 3 divisions or disciplines: geology, mapping, and water. Historically, the agency was most noted for cartographic products that were used widely by both government and private sector. With the inclusion of the National Biological Service into the USGS in 1996 as the Biological Resource Discipline (BRD), a living resources dimension was added to the earth sciences character of the USGS. With the addition of BRD, the bureau is able now to contribute both the physical and biological sciences to address the nation's resource management problems.
","language":"English","publisher":"The Helminthological Society of Washington","doi":"10.1654/1525-2647(2002)069[0132:WAPDIT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.A., 2002, What are parasitologists doing in the United States Geological Survey?: Comparative Parasitology, v. 69, no. 2, p. 132-134, https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647(2002)069[0132:WAPDIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -125.15625000000001,\n 48.45835188280866\n ],\n [\n 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,{"id":50719,"text":"ofr2002448 - 2002 - Potentiometric Surface of the Lower Patapsco Aquifer in Southern Maryland, September 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-10T13:22:03.033546","indexId":"ofr2002448","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-448","title":"Potentiometric Surface of the Lower Patapsco Aquifer in Southern Maryland, September 2001","docAbstract":"This report presents a map showing the potentiometric surface of the Lower Patapsco aquifer in the Patapsco Formation of Cretaceous age in Southern Maryland during September 2001. The map is based on water-level measurements in 65 wells. The potentiometric surface was as high as 110 feet above sea level near the northwestern boundary and outcrop area of the aquifer in northern Anne Arundel County. From this area, the potentiometric surface declined towards large well fields at Severndale, Arnold, and Annapolis. The ground-water levels declined to 78 feet below sea level at Severndale, 38 feet below sea level at Arnold, and 31 feet below sea level a few miles west of Annapolis. There was also a cone of depression covering a large area in Charles County that includes Waldorf, LaPlata, Indian Head, and the Morgantown power plant. The ground-water levels were as low as 173 feet below sea level at Waldorf, 126 feet below sea level at LaPlata, 112 feet below sea level at Indian Head, and 92 feet below sea level at the Morgantown power plant.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr2002448","usgsCitation":"Curtin, S.E., Andreasen, D., and Wheeler, J.C., 2002, Potentiometric Surface of the Lower Patapsco Aquifer in Southern Maryland, September 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-448, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr2002448.","productDescription":"1 p.","temporalStart":"2001-09-01","temporalEnd":"2001-09-30","costCenters":[{"id":41514,"text":"Maryland-Delaware-District of Columbia Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":9036,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ofr02-448/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":176536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -77.33333333333333,38 ], [ -77.33333333333333,39.5 ], [ -76,39.5 ], [ -76,38 ], [ -77.33333333333333,38 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db6832c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtin, Stephen E. securtin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Stephen","email":"securtin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andreasen, David C.","contributorId":59003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"David C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wheeler, Judith C.","contributorId":13620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024181,"text":"70024181 - 2002 - Temporal variations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in sea otter skull tissue in the North Pacific Ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-04T16:57:57","indexId":"70024181","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2263,"text":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temporal variations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in sea otter skull tissue in the North Pacific Ocean","docAbstract":"Marine mammals being among the top predators in the food web tend to accumulate organic and inorganic contaminants from the environment. The body burden of contaminants in these species could reflect their foods and thus contaminant levels could serve as proxies on the changes of ecosystem. A pilot study was carried out to investigate the possibility of radionuclide leakage at Amchitka using a suite of sea otter (Enhydra lutris) skulls collected near Amchitka nuclear test-sites before (1950s) and after the testing (1990s), and at Adak, another Aleutian Island, about 300 km from Amchitka, where the potential impact of radionuclide leakage from Amchitka is expected to be negligible. In addition, the naturally occurring and anthropogenic radionuclide content on the sea otter skull was also utilized to investigate if there was any significant ecosystem changes in the environment.
Concentration of 210Pb in sea otter bones collected during the 1950s was significantly higher than those collected in the 1990s. We propose that among the various factors that could cause this higher enrichment in 210Pb, changes in the sea otter prey is the most likely one. Comparison of the 137Cs, 90Sr, 239,240Pu concentrations appear not to be significantly higher in sea otter skulls collected in 1990s from Amchitka where the underground tests in 1965–71 than those from Adak, although significant differences were detected among different groups collected at various times.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00036-X","usgsCitation":"Baskaran, M., Hong, G., Dayton, S., Bodkin, J.L., and Kelley, J., 2002, Temporal variations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in sea otter skull tissue in the North Pacific Ocean: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, v. 64, no. 1, p. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00036-X.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"18","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231988,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba52fe4b08c986b320895","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baskaran, M.","contributorId":96627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskaran","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hong, G.-H.","contributorId":46456,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hong","given":"G.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dayton, S.","contributorId":57401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dayton","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kelley, J.J.","contributorId":98075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024283,"text":"70024283 - 2002 - Cycling of beryllium and carbon through hillslope soils in Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024283","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cycling of beryllium and carbon through hillslope soils in Iowa","docAbstract":"Isotopes of Be and C were used to reconstruct loess accumulation, hillslope evolution, and agricultural modification in soils of western Iowa. While both elements are derived from additions by the atmosphere (via plants in the case of carbon), the differences in element cycling allow erosional and depositional processes to be separated from biochemical processing. Based on 10Be, loess accumulation likely occurred simultaneously with hillslope degradation. Rates of loess accumulation declined five-fold between early stages (late Pleistocene and early Holocene) and later stages (late Holocene) of accumulation, but the absolute timing of accumulation requires independent dating methods. Based on 14C measurements, plant inputs and decomposition are significant near the surface, but below 1-1.5 m carbon inputs are minimal and decomposition is nearly arrested. The amount of carbon below 1.5 m is constant (0.1%) and is composed of soil organic matter that was buried by loess. Agricultural modification results in a dramatic redistribution of 10Be through soil erosion and deposition. By contrast, the redistribution of soil organic matter is masked by the rapid cycling of C through the topsoil as it continually decomposes and is replaced by plant inputs.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1020308729553","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Harden, J., Fries, T.L., and Pavich, M., 2002, Cycling of beryllium and carbon through hillslope soils in Iowa: Biogeochemistry, v. 60, no. 3, p. 317-336, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020308729553.","startPage":"317","endPage":"336","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207158,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020308729553"},{"id":231846,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fd26e4b0c8380cd4e673","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harden, J.W. 0000-0002-6570-8259","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6570-8259","contributorId":38585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harden","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fries, T. L.","contributorId":12053,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fries","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pavich, M.J.","contributorId":70788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024295,"text":"70024295 - 2002 - A strategy for estimating the rates of recent United States land-cover changes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:12:59","indexId":"70024295","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3052,"text":"Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A strategy for estimating the rates of recent United States land-cover changes","docAbstract":"Information on the rates of land-use and land-cover change is important in addressing issues ranging from the health of aquatic resources to climate change. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information on land-use and land-cover change except at very local levels. We describe a strategy for estimating land-cover change across the conterminous United States over the past 30 years. Change rates are estimated for 84 ecoregions using a sampling procedure and five dates of Landsat imagery. We have applied this methodology to six eastern U.S. ecoregions. Results show very high rates of change in the Plains ecoregions, high to moderate rates in the Piedmont ecoregions, and moderate to low rates in the Appalachian ecoregions. This indicates that ecoregions are appropriate strata for capturing unique patterns of land-cover change. The results of the study are being applied as we undertake the mapping of the rest of the conterminous United States.","language":"English","issn":"00991112","usgsCitation":"Loveland, T., Sohl, T.L., Stehman, S., Gallant, A.L., Sayler, K., and Napton, D., 2002, A strategy for estimating the rates of recent United States land-cover changes: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v. 68, no. 10, p. 1091-1099.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1091","endPage":"1099","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"68","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e5b5e4b0c8380cd46f1f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":106125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","affiliations":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohl, Terry L. 0000-0002-9771-4231","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9771-4231","contributorId":76419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohl","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stehman, S.V.","contributorId":91974,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stehman","given":"S.V.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27852,"text":"State University of New York, Syracuse","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gallant, Alisa L. 0000-0002-3029-6637","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3029-6637","contributorId":23508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallant","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sayler, K. L. 0000-0003-2514-242X sayler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2514-242X","contributorId":88122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sayler","given":"K. L.","email":"sayler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Napton, D.E.","contributorId":23720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Napton","given":"D.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1003903,"text":"1003903 - 2002 - Book review: Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia: a guide to their identification and ecology by D. O. Øvstedal, R. I. Lewis-Smith","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T16:27:19.666077","indexId":"1003903","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia: a guide to their identification and ecology by D. O. Øvstedal, R. I. Lewis-Smith","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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,{"id":1004111,"text":"1004111 - 2002 - Fatal spirochetosis due to a relapsing fever-like Borrelia sp. in northern spotted owl","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-23T14:58:10","indexId":"1004111","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fatal spirochetosis due to a relapsing fever-like Borrelia sp. in northern spotted owl","docAbstract":"Acute septicemic spirochetosis was diagnosed in an adult male northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) found dead in Kittitas County, Washington, USA. Gross necropsy findings included marked enlargement of the liver and spleen and serofibrinous deposits on the serous membranes lining the body cavities and the pericardial and perihepatic sacs. Microscopic observations included macrophage infiltration in the liver and spleen with mild thrombosis and multifocal necrosis, as well as hemorrhage and acute inflammation in the choroid plexus of the brain. No viruses or pathogenic bacteria were isolated from brain, liver, or spleen, and no parasites were found in blood smears or impression smears of the liver. Chlamydial culture attempts were unsuccessful and no chlamydial antibodies were detected in serum. In silver-stained microscopic sections and by transmission electron microscopy of liver, numerous long, thin, spiral-shaped bacteria were seen in the liver, spleen, cerebral ventricles, and within blood vessels in many organs. The organism was identified as a member of the Borrelia genus by sequence analysis of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene. The most closely related species is B. hermsii, an agent of relapsing fever in humans in the western United States. This is the first report of a relapsing fever-related Borrelia in a wild bird.
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,{"id":70186887,"text":"70186887 - 2002 - Persistent organic pollutants in murre eggs from the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T21:51:45","indexId":"70186887","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Persistent organic pollutants in murre eggs from the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings: 22nd international symposium on halogenated environmental organic pollutants and persistent organic pollutants (POPs)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Dioxin 2002: 22nd International Symposium on Halogenated Environmental Organic Pollutants and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)","conferenceDate":"August 11-16, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Barcelona, Spain","language":"English","publisher":"Dioxin 20XX","isbn":"8460751821","usgsCitation":"Kucklick, J.R., Vander Pol, S.S., Becker, P., Pugh, R.S., Simac, K.S., York, G., and Rosenau, D., 2002, Persistent organic pollutants in murre eggs from the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea, in Proceedings: 22nd international symposium on halogenated environmental organic pollutants and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), Barcelona, Spain, August 11-16, 2002, p. 13-16.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"13","endPage":"16","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339676,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339675,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dioxin20xx.org/history.htm"}],"otherGeospatial":"Bering Sea, Gulf of Alaska","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58f08e63e4b06911a29fa868","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kucklick, John R.","contributorId":103519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucklick","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":25356,"text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":690852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vander Pol, Stacy S.","contributorId":38776,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vander Pol","given":"Stacy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":25356,"text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":690853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becker, P.R.","contributorId":101035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pugh, Rebecca S.","contributorId":11826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pugh","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":25356,"text":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":690855,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Simac, Kristin S. 0000-0002-4072-1940 ksimac@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4072-1940","contributorId":131096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simac","given":"Kristin","email":"ksimac@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":690856,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"York, G.W.","contributorId":105474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"York","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690857,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosenau, D.G.","contributorId":190841,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rosenau","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690858,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70024256,"text":"70024256 - 2002 - Movements of Florida apple snails in relation to water levels and drying events","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T16:25:54.935926","indexId":"70024256","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movements of Florida apple snails in relation to water levels and drying events","docAbstract":"Florida apple snails (Pomacea paludosa) apparently have only a limited tolerance to wetland drying events (although little direct evidence exists), but their populations routinely face dry downs under natural and managed water regimes. In this paper, we address speculation that apple snails respond to decreasing water levels and potential drying events by moving toward refugia that remain inundated. We monitored the movements of apple snails in central Florida, USA during drying events at the Blue Cypress Marsh (BC) and at Lake Kissimmee (LK). We monitored the weekly movements of 47 BC snails and 31 LK snails using radio-telemetry. Snails tended to stop moving when water depths were <10 cm; however, there was no apparent effect of water depth on distance traveled in water depths >10 cm. Snails moved along the greatest positive depth gradient (i.e., towards deeper water) when they encountered water depths between 10 and 20 cm. Snails tended to move toward shallower water in water depths ≥50 cm, suggesting that snails were avoiding deep water areas such as canals and sloughs. Of the 11 BC snails originally located in the area that eventually went dry, three (27%) were found in deep water refugia by the end of the study. Only one of the 31 LK snails escaped the drying event by moving to deeper water. Our results indicate that some snails may opportunistically escape drying events through movement. The tendency to move toward deeper water was statistically significant and indicates that this behavioral trait might enhance survival when the spatial extent of a dry down is limited. However, as water level falls below 10 cm, snails stop moving and become stranded. As the spatial extent of a dry down increases, we predict that the number of snails stranded would increase proportionally. Stranded Pomacea paludosa must contend with dry marsh conditions, possibly by aestivation. Little more than anecdotal information has been published on P. paludosa aestivation, but it is a common adaptation among other apple snails (Caenogastropoda: Ampullaridae).
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0489:MOFASI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Darby, P.C., Bennetts, R.E., Miller, S.J., and Percival, H.F., 2002, Movements of Florida apple snails in relation to water levels and drying events: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 3, p. 489-498, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0489:MOFASI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"489","endPage":"498","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Indian River County, Osceola County","otherGeospatial":"Blue Cypress Water Management Area, Lake Kissimmee","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -80.85525512695312,\n 27.67136654093232\n ],\n [\n -80.71037292480469,\n 27.67136654093232\n ],\n [\n -80.71037292480469,\n 27.79595810758908\n ],\n [\n -80.85525512695312,\n 27.79595810758908\n ],\n [\n -80.85525512695312,\n 27.67136654093232\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 27.803246856878463\n ],\n [\n -81.18003845214844,\n 27.803246856878463\n ],\n [\n -81.18003845214844,\n 28.00107054313365\n ],\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 28.00107054313365\n ],\n [\n -81.36474609375,\n 27.803246856878463\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f68e4b0c8380cd70f31","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Darby, Philip C.","contributorId":213752,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Darby","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":16703,"text":"University of West Florida","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bennetts, Robert E.","contributorId":62508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennetts","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, Steven J.","contributorId":93836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Percival, H. Franklin percivalf@usgs.gov","contributorId":2424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Percival","given":"H.","email":"percivalf@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Franklin","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":400591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1004047,"text":"1004047 - 2002 - National Wildlife Health Center's Quarterly Mortality Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-01-26T14:20:15","indexId":"1004047","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3499,"text":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"National Wildlife Health Center's Quarterly Mortality Report","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Converse, K.A., Sohn, R., McLaughlin, G., and Lemanksi, C., 2002, National Wildlife Health Center's Quarterly Mortality Report: Supplement to the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 38, no. 4, 3 p.","productDescription":"3 p.","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 72.71190310803662\n ],\n [\n -65.7421875,\n 17.14079039331665\n ],\n [\n -180.17578125,\n 17.14079039331665\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b01e4b07f02db698449","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Converse, K. A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sohn, R.","contributorId":8042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sohn","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McLaughlin, G.","contributorId":38506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lemanksi, C.","contributorId":76687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemanksi","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":315039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024334,"text":"70024334 - 2002 - Draped aeromagnetic survey in Transantarctic Mountains over the area of the Butcher Ridge igneous complex showing extent of underlying mafic intrusion","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:51:36.730433","indexId":"70024334","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Draped aeromagnetic survey in Transantarctic Mountains over the area of the Butcher Ridge igneous complex showing extent of underlying mafic intrusion","docAbstract":"A draped aeromagnetic survey over the area surrounding the Butcher Ridge igneous complex (BRIC), Transantarctic Mountains, was acquired in 1997–1998 as part of a larger Transantarctic Mountains Aerogeophysical Research Activity survey. The BRIC is a sill-like hypoabyssal intrusion ranging in composition from tholeiitic basalt to rhyolite. An 40Ar/39Ar age of 174 Ma and the chemical character of the basaltic rocks show the BRIC to be part of the widespread Jurassic Ferrar suite of continental tholeiitic rocks, that extends for 3500 km across Antarctica. The aeromagnetic survey shows a horseshoe-shaped pattern of anomalies reaching amplitudes as great as 1900 nT generally associated with the bedrock topography where it is exposed. It is apparent that the high-amplitude anomaly pattern is more extensive than the 10-km-long exposed outcrop, first crossed by a single 1990 aeromagnetic profile. The highest-amplitude anomalies appear south of the profile acquired in 1990 and extend out of the survey area. The new aeromagnetic data allow determination of the extent of the interpreted Butcher mafic(?) intrusion beneath exposures of Beacon sedimentary rock and ice in the area covered, as well as beneath the small BRIC exposure. The magnetic anomalies show a minimum area of 3000 km2, a much greater extent than previously inferred. Magnetic models indicate a minimum thickness of ∼1–2 km for a horizontal intrusion. However, nonunique models with magnetic layers decreasing in apparent susceptibility with depth are consistent with of a 4- to 8-km-thick layered intrusion. These magnetic models indicate progressively deeper erosion of the interpreted mafic-layered body from the south to north. The erosion has removed more magnetic upper layers that mask the magnetic effects of the lower less magnetic layers. The probable minimum volume of the intrusion in the area of the survey is ∼6000 km3. An alternate, but less likely, interpretation of a series of dikes can also fit the observed magnetic anomalies.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000376","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Damaske, D., Finn, C., Kyle, P., and Wilson, T.J., 2002, Draped aeromagnetic survey in Transantarctic Mountains over the area of the Butcher Ridge igneous complex showing extent of underlying mafic intrusion: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B8, p. EPM 3-1-EPM 3-10, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000376.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"EPM 3-1","endPage":"EPM 3-10","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478708,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000376","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231962,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Transantarctic Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 154,\n -80\n ],\n [\n 158,\n -80\n ],\n [\n 158,\n -78\n ],\n [\n 154,\n -78\n ],\n [\n 154,\n -80\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03d6e4b0c8380cd5068f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400881,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Damaske, D.","contributorId":66771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Damaske","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400883,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finn, C. A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":93917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400884,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kyle, P.","contributorId":15763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kyle","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wilson, T. J.","contributorId":31942,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wilson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400882,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":2001205,"text":"2001205 - 2002 - A field guide to amphibian larvae and eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T18:17:17.908055","indexId":"2001205","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"USGS/BRD/ITR-2002-0004","title":"A field guide to amphibian larvae and eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa","docAbstract":"Apparent worldwide declines in amphibian populations (Pechmann and Wake 1997) have stimulated interest in amphibians as bioindicators of the health of ecosystems. Because we have little information on the population status of many species, there is interest by public and private land management agencies in monitoring amphibian populations. Amphibian egg and larval surveys are established methods of surveying pond-breeding amphibians. Adults may be widely dispersed across the landscape, but eggs and larvae are confined to the breeding site during a specific season of the year. Also, observations of late-stage larvae or metamorphs are evidence of successful reproduction, which is an important indicator of the viability of the population. The goal of this guide is to help students, natural resources personnel, and biologists identify eggs and larval stages of amphibians in the field without the aid of a microscope.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Parmelee, J., Knutson, M.G., and Lyon, J., 2002, A field guide to amphibian larvae and eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa: Information and Technology Report USGS/BRD/ITR-2002-0004, 48 p.","productDescription":"48 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311071,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2002/0004/itr20020004.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":197646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, 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","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aec98","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parmelee, J.R.","contributorId":64215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parmelee","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knutson, M. G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyon, J.E.","contributorId":46649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70175032,"text":"70175032 - 2002 - Continuous monitoring of suspended sediment in rivers by use of optical backscatterance sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T13:43:06","indexId":"70175032","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Continuous monitoring of suspended sediment in rivers by use of optical backscatterance sensors","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oslo Symposium, 2002, Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement in Rivers : Technological and Methodological Advances","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement in Rivers : Technological and Methodological Advances","conferenceDate":"June 19-21, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Oslo, Norway","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., and Wright, S., 2002, Continuous monitoring of suspended sediment in rivers by use of optical backscatterance sensors, in Oslo Symposium, 2002, Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement in Rivers : Technological and Methodological Advances, Oslo, Norway, June 19-21, 2002, p. 28-36.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db40e4b0589fa1c7e791","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, S.A.","contributorId":90080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70175706,"text":"70175706 - 2002 - The influence of sylvatic plague on North American wildlife at the landscape level, with special emphasis on black-footed ferret and prairie dog conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-18T11:35:36","indexId":"70175706","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"The influence of sylvatic plague on North American wildlife at the landscape level, with special emphasis on black-footed ferret and prairie dog conservation","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions of the 67th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"67th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference","conferenceLocation":"Dallas, TX","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Management Institute","usgsCitation":"Antolin, M., Gober, P., Luce, B., Biggins, D.E., van Pelt, W., Seery, D., Lockhart, M., and Ball, M., 2002, The influence of sylvatic plague on North American wildlife at the landscape level, with special emphasis on black-footed ferret and prairie dog conservation, in Transactions of the 67th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, Dallas, TX, p. 104-127.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"104","endPage":"127","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":326812,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57b6dc70e4b03fd6b7d94c9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Antolin, M.F.","contributorId":101450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Antolin","given":"M.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646129,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gober, P.","contributorId":173826,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gober","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646130,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Luce, Bob","contributorId":19733,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luce","given":"Bob","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646131,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Biggins, D. E.","contributorId":8781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"van Pelt, W.E.","contributorId":73013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Pelt","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Seery, D.B.","contributorId":83480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seery","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646134,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lockhart, M.","contributorId":173828,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lockhart","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ball, M.","contributorId":173830,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ball","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":646136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70175040,"text":"70175040 - 2002 - The effects of decreasing trace metal concentrations on benthic community structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T14:10:15","indexId":"70175040","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"The effects of decreasing trace metal concentrations on benthic community structure","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco State University","usgsCitation":"Shouse, M., 2002, The effects of decreasing trace metal concentrations on benthic community structure, 177 p.","productDescription":"177 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db7ee4b0589fa1c7eb63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shouse, M. K.","contributorId":173205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shouse","given":"M. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":96913,"text":"96913 - 2002 - Monitoring reptiles and amphibians at long-term biodiversity monitoring stations: the Puente-Chino Hills","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96913","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Monitoring reptiles and amphibians at long-term biodiversity monitoring stations: the Puente-Chino Hills","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Haas, C., Backlin, R., Rochester, C., and Fisher, R., 2002, Monitoring reptiles and amphibians at long-term biodiversity monitoring stations: the Puente-Chino Hills, 62 p.","productDescription":"62 p.","startPage":"62","numberOfPages":"62","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127046,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db699099","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haas, C.D.","contributorId":84209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haas","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Backlin, R.A.","contributorId":64506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Backlin","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rochester, C.J.","contributorId":93851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rochester","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fisher, Robert N. 0000-0002-2956-3240","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2956-3240","contributorId":51675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Robert N.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024153,"text":"70024153 - 2002 - An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-11-19T13:27:07","indexId":"70024153","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1324,"text":"Conservation Genetics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples","docAbstract":"Relatively few large-scale faecal DNA studies have been initiated due to difficulties in amplifying low quality and quantity DNA template. To improve brown bear faecal DNA PCR amplification success rates and to determine post collection sample longevity, five preservation methods were evaluated: 90% ethanol, DETs buffer, silica-dried, oven-dried stored at room temperature, and oven-dried stored at -20??C. Preservation effectiveness was evaluated for 50 faecal samples by PCR amplification of a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) locus (???146 bp) and a nuclear DNA (nDNA) locus (???200 bp) at time points of one week, one month, three months and six months. Preservation method and storage time significantly impacted mtDNA and nDNA amplification success rates. For mtDNA, all preservation methods had ??? 75% success at one week, but storage time had a significant impact on the effectiveness of the silica preservation method. Ethanol preserved samples had the highest success rates for both mtDNA (86.5%) and nDNA (84%). Nuclear DNA amplification success rates ranged from 26-88%, and storage time had a significant impact on all methods but ethanol. Preservation method and storage time should be important considerations for researchers planning projects utilizing faecal DNA. We recommend preservation of faecal samples in 90% ethanol when feasible, although when collecting in remote field conditions or for both DNA and hormone assays a dry collection method may be advantageous.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1020503330767","issn":"15660621","usgsCitation":"Murphy, M., Waits, L., Kendall, K., Wasser, S., Higbee, J., and Bogden, R., 2002, An evaluation of long-term preservation methods for brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal DNA samples: Conservation Genetics, v. 3, no. 4, p. 435-440, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020503330767.","productDescription":"6 p","startPage":"435","endPage":"440","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207002,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020503330767"}],"volume":"3","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea4ce4b0c8380cd4877b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murphy, M.A.","contributorId":65214,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murphy","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waits, L.P.","contributorId":58987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waits","given":"L.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kendall, K.C.","contributorId":39716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wasser, S.K.","contributorId":26476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wasser","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Higbee, J.A.","contributorId":30399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higbee","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bogden, R.","contributorId":9805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogden","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70025066,"text":"70025066 - 2002 - Interactions of an insecticide with competition and pond drying in amphibian communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-28T16:38:45.19935","indexId":"70025066","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions of an insecticide with competition and pond drying in amphibian communities","docAbstract":"Amphibian populations are often imbedded in agricultural landscapes. Therefore the potential for contamination of their habitat is considerable. Our study examined the effects of an insecticide (carbaryl, a neurotoxin), on larval amphibian communities experiencing natural stresses of competition for resources, predation, and pond drying. In a set of experimental ponds, tadpoles of three anuran species (southern leopard frog [Rana sphenocephala], plains leopard frog [R. blairi], and the Woodhouse's toad [Bufo woodhousii]) were added to 1000-L ponds containing leaf litter, plankton, two newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), and four overwintered green frog (R. clamitans) tadpoles. We manipulated the overall tadpole density (low or high), pond hydroperiod (constant or drying), and chemical exposure (0, 3.5, 5.0, or 7.0 mg/L carbaryl) of the ponds. We measured mass, time, and survival to metamorphosis to determine treatment effects. Carbaryl positively affected Woodhouse's toad survival, although it had a negligible effect on both leopard frog species. Tadpole density interacted with the chemical treatment: Proportionately more Woodhouse's toads survived to metamorphosis in high-density environments than in low-density or control environments. Greater survival may be an indirect effect of increased algal food resources from carbaryl exposure. Most newts lost mass over the course of the experiment, although ponds with drying hydroperiods and high anuran density were the least favorable environments. Overwintered green frogs exposed to carbaryl had longer larval periods on average than did green frogs in control ponds. Our study demonstrated that even sublethal, short-lived contaminants can alter natural communities in ways that cannot be predicted from simple, one-factor studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3061155","usgsCitation":"Boone, M., and Semlitsch, R.D., 2002, Interactions of an insecticide with competition and pond drying in amphibian communities: Ecological Applications, v. 12, no. 1, p. 307-316, https://doi.org/10.2307/3061155.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"307","endPage":"316","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236243,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","county":"Boone County","city":"Columbia","otherGeospatial":"University of Missouri-Columbia Research Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.34832763671875,\n 38.93003656944158\n ],\n [\n -92.32086181640625,\n 38.93003656944158\n ],\n [\n -92.32086181640625,\n 38.94285503599089\n ],\n [\n -92.34832763671875,\n 38.94285503599089\n ],\n [\n -92.34832763671875,\n 38.93003656944158\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc9e4b0c8380cd63040","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boone, M.D.","contributorId":31157,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boone","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Semlitsch, R. D.","contributorId":22522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Semlitsch","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1014995,"text":"1014995 - 2002 - Attraction of preSpawning male shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum to the odor of preSpawning females","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:16","indexId":"1014995","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2347,"text":"Journal of Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Attraction of preSpawning male shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum to the odor of preSpawning females","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ichthyology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"02-027/TF","usgsCitation":"Kynard, B., and Horgan, M., 2002, Attraction of preSpawning male shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum to the odor of preSpawning females: Journal of Ichthyology, v. 42, no. 2, p. 205-209.","productDescription":"p. 205-209","startPage":"205","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db669390","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horgan, Martin","contributorId":23492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horgan","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024627,"text":"70024627 - 2002 - Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024627","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China","docAbstract":"The Carlin-type gold deposits in China lie mostly near the margins of the Proterozoic Yangtze and Aba cratons. Submicron-sized gold in micron-sized arsenian pyrite is disseminated in fractured Cambrian through Triassic carbonaceous shale and carbonate rocks, and is associated with anomalous Hg, Sb, As, U, and Tl. Alteration typically includes silicification, argilization, and sulfidation. Aqueous fluid inclusions contain CO2, have relatively low temperatures of homogenization (250-150 ??C), and salinities (8-2 wt% equiv. NaCl) that typically decrease from early to later stages. The indicated pressures of 105-330x105 Pa correspond to depths in excess of 1.0 to 3.0 km, assuming hydrostatic conditions. The ??D values of fluid inclusions (-87 to -47%) and the calculated ??18 values for water in ore fluids (-2.1 to 16.2%) reflect interactions between meteoric water and sedimentary rocks. The ??13C values of calcite (-9 to 2%) and ??34S values of sulfides (-24 to 17%) suggest that C and S were derived from marine carbonate (and organic carbon) and diagenetic sulfides (and organic sulfur) in the vicinity of the deposits. Geologic relationships and geochronologic evidence indicate the deposits formed during a late phase of the Yanshanian orogeny (140-75 Ma). These gold deposits share much in common with the Carlin-type gold deposits in Nevada, USA. Both occur in carbonaceous, pyritic, sedimentary rocks deposited on extended margins of Precambrian cratons. The smaller Chinese deposits are generally in more siliceous rocks and the larger Nevada deposits in more calcareous rocks. In both countries, the host rocks prior to mineralization were affected by contractional deformation that produced many of the ore-controlling structures and the deposits do not show consistent spatial or genetic relationships with epizonal plutons. However, the Nevada deposits show broad spatial and temporal relationships with shifting patterns of calc-alkaline magmatism. The ore and alteration mineral assemblages, residence of gold, geochemical signatures, paragenetic sequence, and fluid inclusions are remarkably similar, which indicates that the deposits formed from low salinity, moderately acidic, CO2 and H2S-rich in the crust similar processes at relatively shallow levels in the crust (<5 km). However, the deposits in China are associated with large Hg, Sb, As, U, and Tl deposits, which may reflect higher background abundances of these elements. Stable isotopic data suggest meteoric water evolved to become ore fluids through interactions with sedimentary rocks, although contributions of volatiles or metals from deeper levels are present in some deposits in Nevada. In both countries, the deposits appear to have formed in an area of high paleothermal gradients after a change in stress regime during the later phases of orogenic activity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mineralium Deposita","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00126-001-0242-7","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Rui-Zhong, H., Wen-Chao, S., Xian-Wu, B., Guang-Zhi, T., and Hofstra, A., 2002, Geology and geochemistry of Carlin-type gold deposits in China: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, no. 3-4, p. 378-392, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0242-7.","startPage":"378","endPage":"392","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207737,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0242-7"},{"id":232917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a22d7e4b0c8380cd573a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rui-Zhong, H.","contributorId":20512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rui-Zhong","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wen-Chao, S.","contributorId":96050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wen-Chao","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xian-Wu, B.","contributorId":11800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xian-Wu","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guang-Zhi, T.","contributorId":86936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guang-Zhi","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hofstra, A. 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,{"id":1000956,"text":"1000956 - 2002 - Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T09:56:38","indexId":"1000956","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2333,"text":"Journal of Heredity","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification","docAbstract":"\n
Classification methods used in machine learning (e.g., artificial neural networks, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbor clustering) are rarely used with population genetic data. We compare different nonparametric machine learning techniques with parametric likelihood estimations commonly employed in population genetics for purposes of assigning individuals to their population of origin (“assignment tests”). Classifier accuracy was compared across simulated data sets representing different levels of population differentiation (low and high FST), number of loci surveyed (5 and 10), and allelic diversity (average of three or eight alleles per locus). Empirical data for the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) exhibiting levels of population differentiation comparable to those used in simulations were examined to further evaluate and compare classification methods. Classification error rates associated with artificial neural networks and likelihood estimators were lower for simulated data sets compared to k-nearest neighbor and decision tree classifiers over the entire range of parameters considered. Artificial neural networks only marginally outperformed the likelihood method for simulated data (0–2.8% lower error rates). The relative performance of each machine learning classifier improved relative likelihood estimators for empirical data sets, suggesting an ability to “learn” and utilize properties of empirical genotypic arrays intrinsic to each population. Likelihood-based estimation methods provide a more accessible option for reliable assignment of individuals to the population of origin due to the intricacies in development and evaluation of artificial neural networks.
\n
In recent years, characterization of highly polymorphic molecular markers such as mini- and microsatellites and development of novel methods of analysis have enabled researchers to extend investigations of ecological and evolutionary processes below the population level to the level of individuals (e.g., Bowcock et al. 1994; Estoup and Angers 1998; Jarne and Lagoda 1996). Analyses of individual-based genotypic information could substantially improve our understanding of evolutionary phenomena and contribute to effective management of natural populations (review inBernatchez and Duchesne 2000). The use of individual-based methods remained largely unexplored in animal populations until recently due to a lack of highly polymorphic markers (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000;Smouse and Chevillon 1998). Traditional analytical methods in population genetics rely almost exclusively on descriptors of genetic characterizations of populations (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000) and not on individual genotypes.
\n“Assignment tests” are designed to determine population membership for individuals. One particular application based on a likelihood estimate (LE) was introduced by Paetkau et al. (1995; see also Vásquez-Domínguez et al. 2001) to assign an individual to the population of origin on the basis of multilocus genotype and expectations of observing this genotype in each potential source population. The LE approach can be implemented statistically in a Bayesian framework as a convenient way to evaluate hypotheses of plausible genealogical relationships (e.g., that an individual possesses an ancestor in another population) (Dawson and Belkhir 2001;Pritchard et al. 2000; Rannala and Mountain 1997). Other studies have evaluated the confidence of the assignment (Almudevar 2000) and characteristics of genotypic data (e.g., degree of population divergence, number of loci, number of individuals, number of alleles) that lead to greater population assignment (Bernatchez and Duchesne 2000; Cornuet et al. 1999; Haig et al. 1997; Shriver et al. 1997; Smouse and Chevillon 1998). Main statistical and conceptual differences between methods leading to the use of an assignment test are given in, for example,Cornuet et al. (1999) and Rosenberg et al. (2001). However, the relative power of those tests has certainly not been fully appreciated and empirical comparisons are scarce (Eldridge et al. 2001). Assignment tests can also be considered as surrogates at the individual level (sensu Hansen et al. 2001a) for other statistical tools developed earlier, such as mixed-stock analysis (e.g., Pella and Masuda 2001; Pella and Milner 1987). Detailed theoretical comparison of the interests and limitations of both methods are still lacking, but empirical studies have revealed correlations between outputs of methods (Knutsen et al. 2001; Potvin and Bernatchez 2001).
\nAssignment tests have been widely used in different applications, including determination of degree of population differentiation or to establish the relationship among individuals within and among various taxonomic groupings (e.g., Bogdanowicz et al. 1997; Koskinen et al. 2001;Marshall et al. 2000; Müller 2000; Neraas and Spruell 2001; Nielsen et al. 2001b; Polzhien et al. 2000; Primmer et al. 1999; Roeder et al. 2001;Roques et al. 1999; Schulte-Hostedde et al. 2001; Sefc et al. 2000; Spidle et al. 2001; Vásquez-Domínguez et al. 2001), including hybrids (e.g.,Beaumont et al. 2001; Congiu et al. 2001; Randi et al. 2001), introgressed individuals (e.g., Martinez et al. 2001; Randi and Lucchini 2002), and ecotypes (e.g., Taylor et al. 2000). Applications of assignment tests also include [human] forensics (e.g., Evett and Weir 1998; Primmer et al. 2000), identification and/or source of dispersers (e.g., Davies et al. 1999;Eldridge et al. 2001; Galbusera et al. 2000; Petersson et al. 2001; Tsutsui et al. 2001; Vasemägi et al. 2001), phylogeographical analyses (e.g., King et al. 2001; Zeisset and Beebee 2001), and the evaluation of the contribution of stocked individuals to natural populations (e.g., Fritzner et al. 2001; Hansen et al. 2000, 2001b) and of supportive breeding programs (Nielsen et al. 2001a; Olsen et al. 2000). Fish are among the organisms that have received considerable attention using such tools (see Hansen et al. [2001a] for a review). Moreover, these techniques are now used for profiles of traits outside the limited scope of population genetics (Thorrold et al. 2001).
\nMethods of classification vary widely based on several criteria (e.g., Jain et al. 2000) (Figure 1). Two basic classification processes are traditionally recognized in machine learning: supervised classifiers and unsupervisedclassifiers (Figure 1; e.g., Duda et al. 2000; Jain et al. 2000). Supervised classifiers represent a group of methods whereby individual assignment is made to predefined classes (i.e., populations of origin). Unsupervised classification classes are unknown and are defined a posteriori on the basis of the degree of difference or similarity in attributes characterized from sampled individuals. Clustering methods (e.g., multidimensional scaling, principal component analysis) are examples of unsupervised classification.
\nApplications of assignment testing in population genetics first used supervised parametric likelihood-based approaches (Figure 1). Other machine learning classification methods are widely used in the physical and social sciences and in other biological disciplines (e.g. Boddy et al. 2000; Leung and Tran 2000; Manel et al. 1999; Raymer et al. 1997). Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are a popular technique used in machine learning (e.g., Boddy and Morris 1999; Duda et al. 2000; Lek and Guégan 2000; Ripley 1996). However, while recognized (Hansen et al. 2001a), ANN methods rarely have been employed for population genetics applications (Aurelle 1999; Aurelle et al. 1999; Cornuet et al. 1996; Curtis et al. 2001;Giraudel et al. 2000; Grigull et al. 2001; Taylor et al. 1994; Whitler et al. 1994). Other popular classification methods in machine learning, such as decision trees (e.g., Bell 1996, 1999; Duda et al. 2000; Mitchell 1997) andk-nearest neighbor analysis (k-NN; e.g., Dasarathy 1991; Duda et al. 2000) have yet to be applied in population genetics (Figure 1). Moreover, there has not been a directed effort to compare machine learning methodologies with the likelihood-based procedures widely used in population genetics. Cornuet et al. (1996) compared the relative merits of ANNs to discriminant analysis in an empirical study involving different populations and subspecies of honeybee (Apis mellifera). However, they did not compare LE and ANN supervised classifiers. Aurelle (1999) used the approach of Rannala and Mountain (1997) (Figure 1) and ANN analysis using brown trout (Salmo trutta) microsatellite data; however, he did not provide a direct comparison of classification results or accuracies. Hansen et al. (2001a) briefly presented ANNs, but rejected their use without really testing their ability to classify individuals.
\nThe objective of this article is to describe several of the more widely used machine learning classifiers that may have utility when used with empirical population genetics data. We compare likelihood-based “assignment tests” (Paetkau et al. 1995) with supervised machine learning classifiers including ANN, decision tree, and a k-NN clustering. Simulations were conducted which estimated and compared the assignment accuracy associated with different classifiers using ranges of parameter values (number of loci, allelic diversity, and interpopulation variance in allele frequency) typically encountered in natural populations. Comparative analyses were extended to empirical examples using lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush; Salmonidae).
\n
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Journals","doi":"10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","usgsCitation":"Guinand, B., Topchy, A., Page, K., Burnham-Curtis, M.K., Punch, W., and Scribner, K., 2002, Comparisons of likelihood and machine learning methods of individual classification: Journal of Heredity, v. 93, no. 4, p. 260-269, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"260","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478681,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jhered/93.4.260","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":133619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"93","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa690","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Guinand, B.","contributorId":6020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guinand","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topchy, A.","contributorId":64619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Topchy","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309984,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Page, K.S.","contributorId":47332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Burnham-Curtis, M. K.","contributorId":39328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham-Curtis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Punch, W.F.","contributorId":38945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Punch","given":"W.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Scribner, K.T.","contributorId":97033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scribner","given":"K.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024140,"text":"70024140 - 2002 - Groundwater vulnerability: Interactions of chemical and site properties","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:57:07","indexId":"70024140","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater vulnerability: Interactions of chemical and site properties","docAbstract":"This study brings together extensive, multi-annual groundwater monitoring datasets from the UK and Midwestern US to test the relative importance of site (e.g. land use, soil and aquifer type) and chemical factors (e.g. solubility in water) and between and within year variations in controlling groundwater contamination by pesticides. ANOVA (general linear modelling) was used to test the significance and proportion of variation explained by each factor and their interactions. Results from both the UK and US datasets show that: (i) Chemical and site factors both have a statistically significant influence on groundwater pollution; (ii) Site factors on their own explain a greater proportion of data variance than chemical factors on their own; (iii) Interaction between site and chemical factors represents the most important control on the occurrence of pesticides in groundwater; (iv) Variation within the year was slight but still significant while there was no significant difference between data from consecutive years. The combination of factors analysed in this study were sufficient to explain the majority of the variation in the data save for that ascribable to the analytical detection limit. The results provide statistical evidence that it is viable to develop both molecular methods and groundwater vulnerability as tools to understanding pollution, but that a greater emphasis should be placed on their interaction to fully understand pesticide contamination.
\n
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00270-X","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Worrall, F., Besien, T., and Kolpin, D., 2002, Groundwater vulnerability: Interactions of chemical and site properties: Science of the Total Environment, v. 299, no. 1-3, p. 131-143, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00270-X.","productDescription":"13p. 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,{"id":97015,"text":"97015 - 2002 - Distribution, abundance, and breeding activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. 2001 Annual Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"97015","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Distribution, abundance, and breeding activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. 2001 Annual Report","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., and Ferree, K., 2002, Distribution, abundance, and breeding activities of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. 2001 Annual Report.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6be4b07f02db63da06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferree, K.","contributorId":54529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferree","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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