{"pageNumber":"298","pageRowStart":"7425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":16446,"records":[{"id":70026583,"text":"70026583 - 2004 - Evaluating the source of streamwater nitrate using δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T10:12:29","indexId":"70026583","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the source of streamwater nitrate using δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA","docAbstract":"<p>The natural abundance of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in nitrate can be a powerful tool for identifying the source of nitrate in streamwater in forested watersheds, because the two main sources of nitrate, atmospheric deposition and microbial nitrification, have distinct &delta;<sup>18</sup>O values. Using a simple mixing model, we estimated the relative fractions in streamwater derived from these sources for two forested watersheds with markedly different streamwater nitrate outputs. In this study, we monitored &delta;<sup>15</sup>N and &delta;<sup>18</sup>O of nitrate biweekly in atmospheric deposition and in streamwater for 20 months at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA (moderate nitrogen export), and monthly in streamwater at the Bowl Research Natural Area, New Hampshire, USA (high nitrogen export). For rain, &delta;<sup>18</sup>O values ranged from +47 to +77&permil; (mean: +58&permil;) and &delta;<sup>15</sup>N from &minus;5 to +1&permil; (mean: &minus;3&permil;); for snow, &delta;<sup>18</sup>O values ranged from +52 to +75&permil; (mean: +67&permil;) and &delta;<sup>15</sup>N from &minus;3 to +2&permil; (mean: &minus;1&permil;). Streamwater nitrate, in contrast to deposition, had &delta;<sup>18</sup>O values between +12 and +33&permil; (mean: +18&permil;) and &delta;<sup>15</sup>N between &minus;3 and +6&permil; (mean: 0&permil;). Since nitrate produced by nitrification typically has &delta;<sup>18</sup>O values ranging from &minus;5 to +15&permil;, our field data suggest that most of the nitrate lost from the watersheds in streamflow was nitrified within the catchment. Our results confirm the importance of microbial nitrogen transformations in regulating nitrogen losses from forested ecosystems and suggest that hydrologic storage may be a factor in controlling catchment nitrate losses.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5576","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Pardo, L.H., Kendall, C., Pett-Ridge, J., and Chang, C.C., 2004, Evaluating the source of streamwater nitrate using δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 18, no. 14, p. 2699-2712, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5576.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2699","endPage":"2712","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208536,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5576"}],"volume":"18","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c00e4b0c8380cd529b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pardo, Linda H.","contributorId":53243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardo","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":410099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pett-Ridge, Jennifer","contributorId":6726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pett-Ridge","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026923,"text":"70026923 - 2004 - Improved spatial resolution for U-series dating of opal at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, using ion-microprobe and microdigestion methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70026923","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Improved spatial resolution for U-series dating of opal at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, using ion-microprobe and microdigestion methods","docAbstract":"Two novel methods of in situ isotope analysis, ion microprobe and microdigestion, were used for 230Th/U and 234U/238U dating of finely laminated opal hemispheres formed in unsaturated felsic tuff at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, proposed site for a high-level radioactive waste repository. Both methods allow analysis of layers as many as several orders of magnitude thinner than standard methods using total hemisphere digestion that were reported previously. Average growth rates calculated from data at this improved spatial resolution verified that opal grew at extremely slow rates over the last million years. Growth rates of 0.58 and 0.69 mm/m.y. were obtained for the outer 305 and 740 ??m of two opal hemispheres analyzed by ion microprobe, and 0.68 mm/m.y. for the outer 22 ??m of one of these same hemispheres analyzed by sequential microdigestion. These Pleistocene growth rates are 2 to 10 times slower than those calculated for older secondary calcite and silica mineral coatings deposited over the last 5 to 10 m.y. dated by the U-Pb method and may reflect differences between Miocene and Pleistocene seepage flux. The microdigestion data also imply that opal growth rates may have varied over the last 40 k.y. These data are the first indication that growth rates and associated seepage in the proposed repository horizon may correlate with changes in late Pleistocene climate, involving faster growth during wetter, cooler climates (glacial maximum), slower growth during transition climates, and no growth during the most arid climate (modern). Data collected at this refined spatial scale may lead to a better understanding of the hydrologic variability expected within the thick unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain over the time scale of interest for radioactive waste isolation. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.022","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Paces, J., Neymark, L., Wooden, J.L., and Persing, H., 2004, Improved spatial resolution for U-series dating of opal at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, USA, using ion-microprobe and microdigestion methods: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 68, no. 7, p. 1591-1606, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.022.","startPage":"1591","endPage":"1606","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235184,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209018,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2003.08.022"}],"volume":"68","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3965e4b0c8380cd618e8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, J.B. 0000-0002-9809-8493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":27482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Neymark, L.A. 0000-0003-4190-0278","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4190-0278","contributorId":56673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neymark","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, J. L.","contributorId":58678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Persing, H.M.","contributorId":108275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Persing","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026903,"text":"70026903 - 2004 - Tire-wear particles as a source of zinc to the environment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:45:28","indexId":"70026903","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tire-wear particles as a source of zinc to the environment","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div id=\"abstractBox\"><p class=\"articleBody_abstractText\">Tire-tread material has a zinc (Zn) content of about 1 wt %. The quantity of tread material lost to road surfaces by abrasion has not been well characterized. Two approaches were used to assess the magnitude of this nonpoint source of Zn in the U.S. for the period 1936−1999. In the first approach, tread-wear rates from the automotive engineering literature were used in conjunction with vehicle distance-driven data from the U.S. Department of Transportation to determine Zn releases. A second approach calculated this source term from the volume of tread lost during lifetime tire wear. These analyses showed that the quantity of Zn released by tire wear in the mid-1990s was of the same magnitude as that released from waste incineration. For 1999, the quantity of Zn released by tire wear in the U.S. is estimated to be 10 000−11 000 metric tons. A specific case study focused on Zn sources and sinks in an urban−suburban watershed (Lake Anne) in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area for a time period of the late 1990s. The atmospheric flux of total Zn (wet deposition) to the watershed was 2 μg/cm<sup>2</sup>/yr. The flux of Zn to the watershed estimated from tire wear was 42 μg/cm<sup>2</sup>/yr. The measured accumulation rate of total Zn in age-dated sediment cores from Lake Anne was 27 μg/cm<sup>2</sup>/yr. These data suggest that tire-wear Zn inputs to urban−suburban watersheds can be significantly greater than atmospheric inputs, although the watershed appears to retain appreciable quantities of vehicular Zn inputs.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es034631f","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Councell, T., Duckenfield, K., Landa, E.R., and Callender, E., 2004, Tire-wear particles as a source of zinc to the environment: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 15, p. 4206-4214, https://doi.org/10.1021/es034631f.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"4206","endPage":"4214","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209190,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es034631f"},{"id":235433,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb410e4b08c986b326165","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Councell, T.B.","contributorId":44187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Councell","given":"T.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Duckenfield, K.U.","contributorId":59218,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duckenfield","given":"K.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Callender, E.","contributorId":72528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Callender","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026618,"text":"70026618 - 2004 - Denitrification and hydrologic transient storage in a glacial meltwater stream, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:11:33","indexId":"70026618","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Denitrification and hydrologic transient storage in a glacial meltwater stream, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>In extreme environments, retention of nutrients within stream ecosystems contributes to the persistence of aquatic biota and continuity of ecosystem function. In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, many glacial meltwater streams flow for only 5–12 weeks a year and yet support extensive benthic microbial communities. We investigated NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>uptake and denitrification in Green Creek by analyzing small‐scale microbial mat dynamics in mesocosms and reach‐scale nutrient cycling in two whole‐stream NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>enrichment experiments. Nitrate uptake results indicated that microbial mats were nitrogen (N)‐limited, with NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>uptake rates as high as 16 nmol N cm<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>h<sup>−1</sup>. Denitrification potentials associated with microbial mats were also as high as 16 nmol N cm<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>h<sup>−1</sup>. During two whole‐stream NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>−enrichment experiments, a simultaneous pulse of NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>was observed in the stream water. The one‐dimensional solute transport model with inflow and storage was modified to simulate two storage zones: one to account for short time scale hydrologic exchange of stream water into and out of the benthic microbial mat, the other to account for longer time scale hydrologic exchange with the hyporheic zone. Simulations indicate that injected NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>was removed both in the microbial mat and in the hyporheic zone and that as much as 20% of the NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>that entered the microbial mat and hyporheic zone was transformed to NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>by dissimilatory reduction. Because of the rapid hydrologic exchange in microbial mats, it is likely that denitrification is limited either by biotic assimilation, reductase limitation, or transport limitation (reduced NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>is transported away from reducing microbes).</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lo.2004.49.5.1884","issn":"00243590","usgsCitation":"Gooseff, M., McKnight, D.M., Runkel, R., and Duff, J., 2004, Denitrification and hydrologic transient storage in a glacial meltwater stream, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 49, no. 5, p. 1884-1895, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.5.1884.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"1884","endPage":"1895","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478143,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.5.1884","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":234242,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":265984,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.2004.49.5.1884"}],"otherGeospatial":"McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica ","volume":"49","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-09-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe97e4b0c8380cd4edef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gooseff, M.N.","contributorId":21668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gooseff","given":"M.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":410215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Runkel, R.L.","contributorId":97529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runkel","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duff, J.H.","contributorId":60377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026670,"text":"70026670 - 2004 - Sorption of <SUP>99m</SUP>Tc radiopharmaceutical compounds by soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T12:52:00","indexId":"70026670","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1884,"text":"Health Physics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sorption of <SUP>99m</SUP>Tc radiopharmaceutical compounds by soils","docAbstract":"Study of the sorption of 99mTc radiopharmaceutical compounds by soils has assessed the fate of these compounds in the event of a surface spill and examined the potential of these compounds as hydrologic tracers. Sorption from deionized water, filtered Missouri River water, and artificial seawater by five surface soils was investigated. For all water types, the Tc radiopharmaceutical compounds showed greater sorption than the uncomplexed pertechnetate. The most lipophilic complexes showed the highest sorption on soils.","language":"English","publisher":"OVID","doi":"10.1097/01.HP.0000128583.33124.7d","issn":"00179078","usgsCitation":"Jurisson, S., Gawenis, J., and Landa, E.R., 2004, Sorption of <SUP>99m</SUP>Tc radiopharmaceutical compounds by soils: Health Physics, v. 87, no. 4, p. 423-428, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.HP.0000128583.33124.7d.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"423","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234492,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9311e4b08c986b31a283","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jurisson, S.","contributorId":66455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jurisson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gawenis, J.","contributorId":56425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gawenis","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026901,"text":"70026901 - 2004 - Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:38:42","indexId":"70026901","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions","docAbstract":"<p>During 2001, 76 water samples were collected upstream and downstream of select towns and cities in Iowa during high-, normal- and low-flow conditions to determine the contribution of urban centers to concentrations of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) in streams under varying flow conditions. The towns ranged in population from approximately 2000 to 200 000. Overall, one or more OWCs were detected in 98.7% of the samples collected, with 62 of the 105 compounds being found. The most frequently detected compounds were metolachlor (pesticide), cholesterol (plant and animal sterol), caffeine (stimulant), &beta;-sitosterol (plant sterol) and 1,7-dimethylxanthine (caffeine degradate). The number of OWCs detected decreased as streamflow increased from low- (51 compounds detected) to normal- (28) to high-flow (24) conditions. Antibiotics and other prescription drugs were only frequently detected during low-flow conditions. During low-flow conditions, 15 compounds (out of the 23) and ten compound groups (out of 11) detected in more than 10% of the streams sampled had significantly greater concentrations in samples collected downstream than in those collected upstream of the urban centers. Conversely, no significant differences in the concentrations were found during high-flow conditions. Thus, the urban contribution of OWCs to streams became progressively muted as streamflow increased.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.015","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D., Skopec, M., Meyer, M.T., Furlong, E., and Zaugg, S., 2004, Urban contribution of pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants to streams during differing flow conditions: Science of the Total Environment, v. 328, no. 1-3, p. 119-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.015.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"130","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235395,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209162,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.015"}],"country":"United 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,{"id":1008087,"text":"1008087 - 2004 - Benefits and impacts of road removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:43:59","indexId":"1008087","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1701,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Benefits and impacts of road removal","docAbstract":"<p><span>Road removal is being used to mitigate the physical and ecological impacts of roads and to restore both public and private lands. Although many federal and state agencies and private landowners have created protocols for road removal and priorities for restoration, research has not kept pace with the rate of removal. Some research has been conducted on hydrologic and geomorphic restoration following road removal, but no studies have directly addressed restoring wildlife habitat. Road removal creates a short-term disturbance which may temporarily increase sediment loss. However, long-term monitoring and initial research have shown that road removal reduces chronic erosion and the risk of landslides. We review the hydrologic, geomorphic, and ecological benefits and impacts of three methods of road removal, identify knowledge gaps, and propose questions for future research, which is urgently needed to quantify how effectively road removal restores terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic habitat and other ecosystem processes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0021:BAIORR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Switalski, T., Bissonette, J., DeLuca, T., Luce, C., and Madej, M.A., 2004, Benefits and impacts of road removal: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 2, no. 1, p. 21-28, https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0021:BAIORR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b715","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Switalski, T.A.","contributorId":12418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Switalski","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bissonette, J.A.","contributorId":21498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bissonette","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeLuca, T.H.","contributorId":106061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLuca","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luce, C.H.","contributorId":81057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luce","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1002907,"text":"1002907 - 2004 - Hydrologic and hydraulic factors affecting passage of paddlefish through dams in the Upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-27T18:12:51.18457","indexId":"1002907","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic and hydraulic factors affecting passage of paddlefish through dams in the Upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"<p>Populations of paddlefish <i>Polyodon spathula</i> have been adversely affected by dams that can block their movements. Unlike high-head dams that preclude fish passage (unless they are equipped with fishways), the dams on the upper Mississippi River are typically low-head dams with bottom release gates that may allow fish passage under certain conditions. We evaluated the relation of dam head and river discharge to the passage of radio-tagged paddlefish through dams in the upper Mississippi River. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted into 71 paddlefish from Navigation Pools 5A and 8 of the upper Mississippi River and from two tributary rivers during fall 1994 through fall 1996. We tracked paddlefish through September 1997 and documented 53 passages through dams, 20 upstream and 33 downstream. Passages occurred mostly during spring (71%) but also occurred sporadically during summer and fall (29%). Spring passages varied among years in response to hydrologic conditions. We evaluated patterns in upstream and downstream passages with Cox proportional hazard regression models. Model results indicated that dam head height strongly affected the upstream passage of paddlefish but not the downstream passage. Several paddlefish, however, passed upstream through a dam during periods when the minimum head at the dam was substantial (<span>≥1 m</span>). In these cases, we hypothesize that paddlefish moved upstream through the lock chamber.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/T02-161","usgsCitation":"Zigler, S.J., Dewey, M.R., Knights, B., Runstrom, A., and Steingraeber, M., 2004, Hydrologic and hydraulic factors affecting passage of paddlefish through dams in the Upper Mississippi River: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 133, no. 1, p. 160-172, https://doi.org/10.1577/T02-161.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"172","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -92.98828125,\n              44.68427737181225\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.58203125,\n              43.389081939117496\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.703125,\n              42.16340342422401\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.4501953125,\n              40.68063802521456\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.3955078125,\n              40.97989806962013\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.8681640625,\n              42.06560675405716\n            ],\n            [\n              -90.52734374999999,\n              43.03677585761058\n            ],\n            [\n              -91.58203125,\n              44.59046718130883\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.94433593749999,\n              45.27488643704891\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.63671874999997,\n              45.82879925192134\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.98828125,\n              44.68427737181225\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"133","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db61180c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zigler, S. J.","contributorId":21513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zigler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dewey, M. R.","contributorId":48908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knights, B.C. 0000-0001-8526-8468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-8468","contributorId":42937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knights","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runstrom, A.L.","contributorId":87206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runstrom","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steingraeber, M.T.","contributorId":106192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steingraeber","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026685,"text":"70026685 - 2004 - Food web pathway determines how selenium affects aquatic ecosystems: A San francisco Bay case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T07:42:40","indexId":"70026685","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Food web pathway determines how selenium affects aquatic ecosystems: A San francisco Bay case study","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chemical contaminants disrupt ecosystems, but specific effects may be under-appreciated when poorly known processes such as uptake mechanisms, uptake via diet, food preferences, and food web dynamics are influential. Here we show that a combination of food web structure and the physiology of trace element accumulation explain why some species in San Francisco Bay are threatened by a relatively low level of selenium contamination and some are not. Bivalves and crustacean zooplankton form the base of two dominant food webs in estuaries. The dominant bivalve&nbsp;</span><i>Potamocorbula amurensis</i><span>&nbsp;has a 10-fold slower rate constant of loss for selenium than do common crustaceans such as copepods and the mysid&nbsp;</span><i>Neomysis mercedis</i><span>&nbsp;(rate constant of loss,&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><sub>e</sub><span>&nbsp;= 0.025, 0.155, and 0.25 d</span><sup>-1</sup><span>, respectively). The result is much higher selenium concentrations in the bivalve than in the crustaceans. Stable isotope analyses show that this difference is propagated up the respective food webs in San Francisco Bay. Several predators of bivalves have tissue concentrations of selenium that exceed thresholds thought to be associated with teratogenesis or reproductive failure (liver Se &gt;15 μg g</span><sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup><span>&nbsp;dry weight). Deformities typical of selenium-induced teratogenesis were observed in one of these species. Concentrations of selenium in tissues of predators of zooplankton are less than the thresholds. Basic physiological and ecological processes can drive wide differences in exposure and effects among species, but such processes are rarely considered in traditional evaluations of contaminant impacts.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es0499647","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Stewart, A., Luoma, S., Schlekat, C., Doblin, M., and Hieb, K., 2004, Food web pathway determines how selenium affects aquatic ecosystems: A San francisco Bay case study: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 17, p. 4519-4526, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0499647.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"4519","endPage":"4526","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234178,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208435,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0499647"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.64862060546875,\n              37.391981943533544\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74362182617188,\n              37.391981943533544\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.74362182617188,\n              38.238180119798635\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.64862060546875,\n              38.238180119798635\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.64862060546875,\n              37.391981943533544\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12e6e4b0c8380cd54438","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, A.R.","contributorId":20470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Luoma, S. N.","contributorId":86353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luoma","given":"S. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410481,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schlekat, C.E.","contributorId":89683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlekat","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410482,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Doblin, M.A.","contributorId":19345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doblin","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hieb, K.A.","contributorId":40771,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hieb","given":"K.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026722,"text":"70026722 - 2004 - Linear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026722","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data","docAbstract":"The stable isotope of oxygen, 18O, is used as a naturally occurring ground-water tracer. Time-series data for ??18O are analyzed to model the distinct responses and relative proportions of the conduit, intermediate, and diffuse flow components in karst aquifers. This analysis also describes mathematically the dynamics of the transient fluid interchange between conduits and diffusive networks. Conduit and intermediate flow are described by linear-systems methods, whereas diffuse flow is described by mass-balance methods. An automated optimization process estimates parameters of lognormal, Pearson type III, and gamma distributions, which are used as transfer functions in linear-systems analysis. Diffuse flow and mixing parameters also are estimated by these optimization methods. Results indicate the relative proximity of a well to a main conduit flowpath and can help to predict the movement and residence times of potential contaminants. The three-component linear model is applied to five wells, which respond to changes in the isotopic composition of point recharge water from a sinking stream in the Madison aquifer in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Flow velocities as much as 540 m/d and system memories of as much as 71 years are estimated by this method. Also, the mean, median, and standard deviation of traveltimes; time to peak response; and the relative fraction of flow for each of the three components are determined for these wells. This analysis infers that flow may branch apart and rejoin as a result of an anastomotic (or channeled) karst network.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.023","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Long, A., and Putnam, L., 2004, Linear model describing three components of flow in karst aquifers using 18O data: Journal of Hydrology, v. 296, no. 1-4, p. 254-270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.023.","startPage":"254","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208566,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.023"},{"id":234390,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"296","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a47c3e4b0c8380cd67963","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Long, Andrew J.","contributorId":80023,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Long","given":"Andrew J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Putnam, L.D.","contributorId":47417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Putnam","given":"L.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026789,"text":"70026789 - 2004 - Biotransformation of tributyltin to tin in freshwater river-bed sediments contaminated by an organotin release","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:11:44","indexId":"70026789","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biotransformation of tributyltin to tin in freshwater river-bed sediments contaminated by an organotin release","docAbstract":"The largest documented release of organotin compounds to a freshwater river system in the United States occurred in early 2000 in central South Carolina. The release consisted of an unknown volume of various organotin compounds such tetrabutyltin (TTBT), tributyltin (TBT), tetraoctyltin (TTOT), and trioctyl tin (TOT) and resulted in a massive fish kill and the permanent closures of a municipal wastewater treatment plant and a local city's only drinking-water intake. Initial sampling events in 2000 and 2001 indicated that concentrations of the ecologically toxic TTBT and TBT were each greater than 10 000 ??g/kg in surface-water bed sediments in depositional areas, such as lakes and beaver ponds downstream of the release. Bed-sediment samples collected between 2001 and 2003, however, revealed a substantial decrease in bed-sediment organotin concentrations and an increase in concentrations of degradation intermediate compounds. For example, in bed sediments of a representative beaver pond located about 1.6 km downstream of the release, total organotin concentrations [the sum of TTBT, TBT, and the TBT degradation intermediates dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT)] decreased from 38 670 to 298 ??g/kg. In Crystal Lake, a large lake about 0.4 km downstream from the beaver pond, total organotin concentrations decreased from 28 300 to less than 5 ??g/kg during the same time period. Moreover, bed-sediment inorganic tin concentrations increased from pre-release levels of less than 800 to 32 700 ??g/kg during this time. These field data suggest that the released organotin compounds, such as TBT, are being transformed into inorganic tin by bed-sediment microbial processes. Microcosms were created in the laboratory that contained bed sediment from the two sites and were amended with tributyltin (as tributyltin chloride) under an ambient air headspace and sacrificially analyzed periodically for TBT, the biodegradation intermediates DBT and MBT, and tin. TBT concentrations decreased faster [half-life (t1/2) = 28 d] in the organic-rich sediments (21.5%) that characterized the beaver pond as compared to the slower (t1/2 = 78 d) degradation rate in the sandy, organic-poor, sediments (0.43%) of Crystal Lake. Moreover, the concentration of inorganic tin increased in microcosms containing bed sediments from both locations. These field and laboratory results suggest that biotransformation of the released organotins, in particular the ecologically detrimental TBT, does occur in this fresh surface-water system impacted with high concentrations of neat organotin compounds.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es030697z","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Landmeyer, J., Tanner, T., and Watt, B., 2004, Biotransformation of tributyltin to tin in freshwater river-bed sediments contaminated by an organotin release: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 15, p. 4106-4112, https://doi.org/10.1021/es030697z.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4106","endPage":"4112","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":209135,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es030697z"},{"id":235349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1a4e4b0c8380cd4ad6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landmeyer, J. E.","contributorId":91140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landmeyer","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tanner, T.L.","contributorId":62809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tanner","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watt, B.E.","contributorId":96844,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watt","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026792,"text":"70026792 - 2004 - Importance of storm events in controlling ecosystem structure and function in a Florida Gulf Coast estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-14T14:33:34.806018","indexId":"70026792","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of storm events in controlling ecosystem structure and function in a Florida Gulf Coast estuary","docAbstract":"From 8/95 to 2/01, we investigated the ecological effects of intra- and inter-annual variability in freshwater flow through Taylor Creek in southeastern Everglades National Park. Continuous monitoring and intensive sampling studies overlapped with an array of pulsed weather events that impacted physical, chemical, and biological attributes of this region. We quantified the effects of three events representing a range of characteristics (duration, amount of precipitation, storm intensity, wind direction) on the hydraulic connectivity, nutrient and sediment dynamics, and vegetation structure of the SE Everglades estuarine ecotone. These events included a strong winter storm in November 1996, Tropical Storm Harvey in September 1999, and Hurricane Irene in October 1999. Continuous hydrologic and daily water sample data were used to examine the effects of these events on the physical forcing and quality of water in Taylor Creek. A high resolution, flow-through sampling and mapping approach was used to characterize water quality in the adjacent bay. To understand the effects of these events on vegetation communities, we measured mangrove litter production and estimated seagrass cover in the bay at monthly intervals. We also quantified sediment deposition associated with Hurricane Irene's flood surge along the Buttonwood Ridge. These three events resulted in dramatic changes in surface water movement and chemistry in Taylor Creek and adjacent regions of Florida Bay as well as increased mangrove litterfall and flood surge scouring of seagrass beds. Up to 5 cm of bay-derived mud was deposited along the ridge adjacent to the creek in this single pulsed event. These short-term events can account for a substantial proportion of the annual flux of freshwater and materials between the mangrove zone and Florida Bay. Our findings shed light on the capacity of these storm events, especially when in succession, to have far reaching and long lasting effects on coastal ecosystems such as the estuarine ecotone of the SE Everglades.","language":"English","publisher":"Coastal Education & Research Foundation","doi":"10.2112/03-0072R.1","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Davis, S.E., Cable, J., Childers, D., Coronado-Molina, C., Day, J., Hittle, C., Madden, C., Reyes, E., Rudnick, D., and Sklar, F., 2004, Importance of storm events in controlling ecosystem structure and function in a Florida Gulf Coast estuary: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 20, no. 4, p. 1198-1208, https://doi.org/10.2112/03-0072R.1.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"1198","endPage":"1208","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235388,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3944e4b0c8380cd61879","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Stephen E","contributorId":213386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"E","affiliations":[{"id":17761,"text":"Everglades Foundation","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":411095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cable, J.E.","contributorId":25963,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cable","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Childers, D.L.","contributorId":44334,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Childers","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coronado-Molina, C.","contributorId":90271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coronado-Molina","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Day, J.W.","contributorId":27417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Day","given":"J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hittle, C.D.","contributorId":90798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hittle","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Madden, C.J.","contributorId":101065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madden","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Reyes, E.","contributorId":83886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reyes","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Rudnick, D.","contributorId":23710,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rudnick","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sklar, F.","contributorId":61618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sklar","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":411094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":1001035,"text":"1001035 - 2004 - Implications of hydrologic variability on the succession of plants in Great Lakes wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T15:55:34","indexId":"1001035","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of hydrologic variability on the succession of plants in Great Lakes wetlands","docAbstract":"<p>Primary succession of plant communities directed toward a climax is not a typical occurrence in wetlands because these ecological systems are inherently dependent on hydrology, and temporal hydrologic variability often causes reversals or setbacks in succession. Wetlands of the Great Lakes provide good examples for demonstrating the implications of hydrology in driving successional processes and for illustrating potential misinterpretations of apparent successional sequences. Most Great Lakes coastal wetlands follow cyclic patterns in which emergent communities are reduced in area or eliminated by high lake levels and then regenerated from the seed bank during low lake levels. Thus, succession never proceeds for long. Wetlands also develop in ridge and swale terrains in many large embayments of the Great Lakes. These formations contain sequences of wetlands of similar origin but different age that can be several thousand years old, with older wetlands always further from the lake. Analyses of plant communities across a sequence of wetlands at the south end of Lake Michigan showed an apparent successional pattern from submersed to floating to emergent plants as water depth decreased with wetland age. However, paleoecological analyses showed that the observed vegetation changes were driven largely by disturbances associated with increased human settlement in the area. Climate-induced hydrologic changes were also shown to have greater effects on plant-community change than autogenic processes. Other terms, such as zonation, maturation, fluctuations, continuum concept, functional guilds, centrifugal organization, pulse stability, and hump-back models provide additional means of describing organization and changes in vegetation; some of them overlap with succession in describing vegetation processes in Great Lakes wetlands, but each must be used in the proper context with regard to short- and long-term hydrologic variability.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980490461579","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, D.A., 2004, Implications of hydrologic variability on the succession of plants in Great Lakes wetlands: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 7, no. 2, p. 223-231, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980490461579.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"231","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478283,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2296","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f6017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026573,"text":"70026573 - 2004 - Field investigation into unsaturated flow and transport in a fault: Model analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026573","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field investigation into unsaturated flow and transport in a fault: Model analyses","docAbstract":"Results of a fault test performed in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, were analyzed using a three-dimensional numerical model. The fault was explicitly represented as a discrete feature and the surrounding rock was treated as a dual-continuum (fracture-matrix) system. Model calibration against seepage and water-travel-velocity data suggests that lithophysal cavities connected to fractures can considerably enhance the effective fracture porosity and therefore retard water flow in fractures. Comparisons between simulation results and tracer concentration data also indicate that matrix diffusion is an important mechanism for solute transport in unsaturated fractured rock. We found that an increased fault-matrix and fracture-matrix interface areas were needed to match the observed tracer data, which is consistent with previous studies. The study results suggest that the current site-scale model for the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain may underestimate radionuclide transport time within the unsaturated zone, because an increased fracture-matrix interface area and the increased effective fracture porosity arising from lithophysal cavities are not considered in the current site-scale model. ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.02.004","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Liu, H., Salve, R., Wang, J., Bodvarsson, G., and Hudson, D., 2004, Field investigation into unsaturated flow and transport in a fault: Model analyses: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 74, no. 1-4, p. 39-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.02.004.","startPage":"39","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478070,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3hq2q80m","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208429,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.02.004"},{"id":234170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fc1e4b0c8380cd539e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, H.-H.","contributorId":14618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"H.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Salve, R.","contributorId":37516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salve","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, J.-S.","contributorId":67297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"J.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodvarsson, G.S.","contributorId":98045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodvarsson","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudson, D.","contributorId":101064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026311,"text":"70026311 - 2004 - An integrated geospatial approach to monitoring the Bering Glacier system, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:24","indexId":"70026311","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"An integrated geospatial approach to monitoring the Bering Glacier system, Alaska","docAbstract":"The Bering Glacier is the largest and longest glacier in continental North America, with an area of approximately 5,175 km2, and a length of 190 km. It is also the largest surging glacier in America, having surged at least five times during the twentieth century. The last surge of the Bering Glacier occurred in 1993-1995, since then, the glacier has undergone constant and significant retreat thereby expanding the boundaries of Vitus Lake and creating a highly dynamic system, both ecologically and hydrologically. This study utilized GIS to integrate remote sensing observations, with detailed bathymetric, hydrographic and in situ water quality measurements of the rapidly expanding Vitus Lake. Vitus Lake has nearly doubled in surface area from 58.4 km2 to 108.8 km2, with a corresponding increase in water volume from 6.1 km3 to 10.5 km3 over the same period. The remote sensing observations were used to direct a systematic bathymetric, hydrographic and water quality measurement survey in Vitus Lake which revealed a complex three dimensional structure that is the result of sea water inflow, convection generated by ice melting and the injection of fresh water from beneath the glacier.","largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","conferenceTitle":"2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium Proceedings: Science for Society: Exploring and Managing a Changing Planet. IGARSS 2004","conferenceDate":"20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004","conferenceLocation":"Anchorage, AK","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Josberger, E., Payne, J., Savage, S., Shuchman, R., and Meadows, G., 2004, An integrated geospatial approach to monitoring the Bering Glacier system, Alaska, <i>in</i> International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), v. 2, Anchorage, AK, 20 September 2004 through 24 September 2004, p. 1140-1143.","startPage":"1140","endPage":"1143","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234469,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea80e4b0c8380cd488e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Payne, J.","contributorId":37126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Savage, S.","contributorId":103049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shuchman, R.","contributorId":44719,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuchman","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Meadows, G.","contributorId":38439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meadows","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":408957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026357,"text":"70026357 - 2004 - Baseflow contribution to nitrate-nitrogen export from a large, agricultural watershed, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70026357","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Baseflow contribution to nitrate-nitrogen export from a large, agricultural watershed, USA","docAbstract":"Nitrate-nitrogen export from the Raccoon River watershed in west-central Iowa is among the highest in the United State and contributes to impairment of downstream water quality. We examined a rare long-term record of streamflow and nitrate concentration data (1972-2000) to evaluate annual and seasonal patterns of nitrate losses in streamflow and baseflow from the Raccoon River. Combining hydrograph separation with a load estimation program, we estimated that baseflow contributes approximately two-thirds (17.3 kg/ha) of the mean annual nitrate export (26.1 kg/ha). Baseflow transport was greatest in spring and late fall when baseflow contributed more than 80% of the total export. Herein we propose a 'baseflow enrichment ratio' (BER) to describe the relation of baseflow water with baseflow nitrate loads. The long-term ratio of 1.23 for the Raccoon River suggests preferential leaching of nitrate to baseflow. Seasonal patterns of the BER identified the strong link between the baseflow nitrate loads and seasonal crop nitrogen requirements. Study results demonstrate the utility of assessing the baseflow contribution to nitrate loads to identify appropriate control strategies for reducing baseflow delivery of nitrate. ?? 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.010","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K., and Zhang, Y., 2004, Baseflow contribution to nitrate-nitrogen export from a large, agricultural watershed, USA: Journal of Hydrology, v. 295, no. 1-4, p. 305-316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.010.","startPage":"305","endPage":"316","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208392,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.03.010"},{"id":234120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"295","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efd5e4b0c8380cd4a48f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K.","contributorId":101423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Y.-K.","contributorId":44309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70026416,"text":"70026416 - 2004 - Influence of management history and landscape variables on soil organic carbon and soil redistribution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026416","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of management history and landscape variables on soil organic carbon and soil redistribution","docAbstract":"Controlled studies to investigate the interaction between crop growth, soil properties, hydrology, and management practices are common in agronomy. These sites (much as with real world farmland) often have complex management histories and topographic variability that must be considered. In 1993 an interdisiplinary study was started for a 20-ha site in Beltsville, MD. Soil cores (271) were collected in 1999 in a 30-m grid (with 5-m nesting) and analyzed as part of the site characterization. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and 137Cesium (137Cs) were measured. Analysis of aerial photography from 1992 and of farm management records revealed that part of the site had been maintained as a swine pasture and the other portion as cropped land. Soil properties, particularly soil redistribution and SOC, show large differences in mean values between the two areas. Mass C is 0.8 kg m -2 greater in the pasture area than in the cropped portion. The pasture area is primarily a deposition site, whereas the crop area is dominated by erosion. Management influence is suggested, but topographic variability confounds interpretation. Soil organic carbon is spatially structured, with a regionalized variable of 120 m. 137Cs activity lacks spatial structure, suggesting disturbance of the profile by animal activity and past structures such as swine shelters and roads. Neither SOC nor 137Cs were strongly correlated to terrain parameters, crop yields, or a seasonal soil moisture index predicted from crop yields. SOC and 137Cs were weakly correlated (r2 ???0.2, F-test P-value 0.001), suggesting that soil transport controls, in part, SOC distribution. The study illustrates the importance of past site history when interpreting the landscape distribution of soil properties, especially those strongly influenced by human activity. Confounding variables, complex soil hydrology, and incomplete documentation of land use history make definitive interpretations of the processes behind the spatial distributions difficult. Such complexity may limit the accuracy of scaling approaches to mapping SOC and soil redistribution.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Soil Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1097/01.ss.0000148742.75369.55","issn":"0038075X","usgsCitation":"Venteris, E., McCarty, G., Ritchie, J., and Gish, T., 2004, Influence of management history and landscape variables on soil organic carbon and soil redistribution: Soil Science, v. 169, no. 11, p. 787-795, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000148742.75369.55.","startPage":"787","endPage":"795","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208287,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000148742.75369.55"},{"id":233939,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"169","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b50e4b0c8380cd62407","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Venteris, E.R.","contributorId":13017,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Venteris","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCarty, G.W.","contributorId":24533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarty","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ritchie, J.C.","contributorId":89299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ritchie","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gish, T.","contributorId":56009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gish","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70026418,"text":"70026418 - 2004 - Delineation and evaluation of hydrologic-landscape regions in the United States using geographic information system tools and multivariate statistical analyses.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T16:33:51","indexId":"70026418","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation and evaluation of hydrologic-landscape regions in the United States using geographic information system tools and multivariate statistical analyses.","docAbstract":"<p><span>Hydrologic-landscape regions in the United States were delineated by using geographic information system (GIS) tools combined with principal components and cluster analyses. The GIS and statistical analyses were applied to land-surface form, geologic texture (permeability of the soil and bedrock), and climate variables that describe the physical and climatic setting of 43,931 small (approximately 200 km</span><sup>2</sup><span>) watersheds in the United States. (The term “watersheds” is defined in this paper as the drainage areas of tributary streams, headwater streams, and stream segments lying between two confluences.) The analyses grouped the watersheds into 20 noncontiguous regions based on similarities in land-surface form, geologic texture, and climate characteristics. The percentage of explained variance (R-squared value) in an analysis of variance was used to compare the hydrologic-landscape regions to 19 square geometric regions and the 21 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency level-II ecoregions. Hydrologic-landscape regions generally were better than ecoregions at delineating regions of distinct land-surface form and geologic texture. Hydrologic-landscape regions and ecoregions were equally effective at defining regions in terms of climate, land cover, and water-quality characteristics. For about half of the landscape, climate, and water-quality characteristics, the R-squared values of square geometric regions were as high as hydrologic-landscape regions or ecoregions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-003-5077-9","issn":"0364152X","usgsCitation":"Wolock, D.M., Winter, T.C., and McMahon, G., 2004, Delineation and evaluation of hydrologic-landscape regions in the United States using geographic information system tools and multivariate statistical analyses.: Environmental Management, v. 34, p. S71-S88, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-5077-9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"S71","endPage":"S88","costCenters":[{"id":478,"text":"North Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":34685,"text":"Dakota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233974,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269301,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-003-5077-9"}],"volume":"34","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe64e4b0c8380cd4ecf7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wolock, David M. 0000-0002-6209-938X dwolock@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"David","email":"dwolock@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":503,"text":"Office of Water Quality","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":451,"text":"National Water Quality Assessment Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":353,"text":"Kansas Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":27111,"text":"National Water Quality Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winter, Thomas C.","contributorId":84736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, Gerard 0000-0001-7675-777X gmcmahon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-777X","contributorId":191488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"Gerard","email":"gmcmahon@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":565,"text":"Southeast Climate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":409427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026467,"text":"70026467 - 2004 - Decomposition and organic matter quality in continental peatlands: The ghost of permafrost past","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026467","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposition and organic matter quality in continental peatlands: The ghost of permafrost past","docAbstract":"Permafrost patterning in boreal peatlands contributes to landscape heterogeneity, as peat plateaus, palsas, and localized permafrost mounds are interspersed among unfrozen bogs and fens. The degradation of localized permafrost in peatlands alters local topography, hydrology, thermal regimes, and plant communities, and creates unique peatland features called \"internal lawns.\" I used laboratory incubations to quantify carbon dioxide (CO 2) production in peat formed under different permafrost regimes (with permafrost, without permafrost, melted permafrost), and explored the relationships among proximate organic matter fractions, nutrient concentrations, and decomposition. Peat within each feature (internal lawn, bog, permafrost mound) is more chemically similar than peat collected within the same province (Alberta, Saskatchewan) or within depth intervals (surface, deep). Internal lawn peat produces more CO2 than the other peatland types. Across peatland features, acid-insoluble material (AIM) and AIM/nitrogen are significant predictors of decomposition. However, within each peatland feature, soluble proximate fractions are better predictors of CO2 production. Permafrost stability in peatlands influences plant and soil environments, which control litter inputs, organic matter quality, and decomposition rates. Spatial patterns of permafrost, as well as ecosystem processes within various permafrost features, should be considered when assessing the fate of soil carbon in northern ecosystems. ?? 2004 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10021-004-0247-z","issn":"14329840","usgsCitation":"Turetsky, M., 2004, Decomposition and organic matter quality in continental peatlands: The ghost of permafrost past: Ecosystems, v. 7, no. 7, p. 740-750, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0247-z.","startPage":"740","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208449,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0247-z"}],"volume":"7","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe13e4b0c8380cd4eae0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turetsky, M.R.","contributorId":107470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70026505,"text":"70026505 - 2004 - Geochemistry, radiocarbon ages, and paleorecharge conditions along a transect in the central High Plains aquifer, southwestern Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:18:38","indexId":"70026505","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemistry, radiocarbon ages, and paleorecharge conditions along a transect in the central High Plains aquifer, southwestern Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Water samples from short-screen monitoring wells installed along a 90-km transect in southwestern Kansas were analyzed for major ions, trace elements, isotopes (H, B, C, N, O, S, Sr), and dissolved gases (He, Ne, N</span><sub>2</sub><span>, Ar, O</span><sub>2</sub><span>, CH</span><sub>4</sub><span>) to evaluate the geochemistry, radiocarbon ages, and paleorecharge conditions in the unconfined central High Plains aquifer. The primary reactions controlling water chemistry were dedolomitization, cation exchange, feldspar weathering, and O</span><sub>2</sub><span> reduction and denitrification. Radiocarbon ages adjusted for C mass transfers ranged from &lt;2.6 ka (</span><sup>14</sup><span>C) B.P. near the water table to 12.8&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.9 ka (</span><sup>14</sup><span>C) B.P. at the base of the aquifer, indicating the unconfined central High Plains aquifer contained a stratified sequence of ground water spanning Holocene time. A cross-sectional model of steady-state ground-water flow, calibrated using radiocarbon ages, is consistent with recharge rates ranging from 0.8 mm/a in areas overlain by loess to 8 mm/a in areas overlain by dune sand. Paleorecharge temperatures ranged from an average of 15.2&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.7 °C for the most recently recharged waters to 11.6&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.4 °C for the oldest waters. The temperature difference between Early and Late Holocene recharge was estimated to be 2.4&nbsp;±&nbsp;0.7 °C, after taking into account variable recharge elevations. Nitrogen isotope data indicate NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> in paleorecharge (average concentration=193 μM) was derived from a relatively uniform source such as soil N, whereas NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> in recent recharge (average concentration=885 μM) contained N from varying proportions of fertilizer, manure, and soil N. Deep water samples contained components of N</span><sub>2</sub><span> derived from atmospheric, denitrification, and deep natural gas sources. Denitrification rates in the aquifer were slow (5&nbsp;±&nbsp;2×&nbsp;10</span><sup>−3</sup><span> μmol N&nbsp;L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;a</span><sup>−1</sup><span>), indicating this process would require &gt;10 ka to reduce the average NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> concentration in recent recharge to the Holocene background concentration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.003","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., Böhlke, J., and Christenson, S.C., 2004, Geochemistry, radiocarbon ages, and paleorecharge conditions along a transect in the central High Plains aquifer, southwestern Kansas, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, no. 11, p. 1655-1686, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.003.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"1655","endPage":"1686","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208451,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.003"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"High Plains Aquifer","volume":"19","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a172de4b0c8380cd553f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christenson, S. C.","contributorId":98320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026527,"text":"70026527 - 2004 - Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T07:35:41","indexId":"70026527","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells","docAbstract":"<p>A neural network analysis of agrichemical occurrence in groundwater was conducted using data from a pilot study of 192 small-diameter drilled and driven wells and 115 dug and bored wells in Illinois, a regional reconnaissance network of 303 wells across 12 Midwestern states, and a study of 687 domestic wells across Iowa. Potential factors contributing to well contamination (e.g., depth to aquifer material, well depth, and distance to cropland) were investigated. These contributing factors were available in either numeric (actual or categorical) or descriptive (yes or no) format. A method was devised to use the numeric and descriptive values simultaneously. Training of the network was conducted using a standard backpropagation algorithm. Approximately 15% of the data was used for testing. Analysis indicated that training error was quite low for most data. Testing results indicated that it was possible to predict the contamination potential of a well with pesticides. However, predicting the actual level of contamination was more difficult. For pesticide occurrence in drilled and driven wells, the network predictions were good. The performance of the network was poorer for predicting nitrate occurrence in dug and bored wells. Although the data set for Iowa was large, the prediction ability of the trained network was poor, due to descriptive or categorical input parameters, compared with smaller data sets such as that for Illinois, which contained more numeric information.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Mishra, A., Ray, C., and Kolpin, D., 2004, Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 9, no. 6, p. 502-511, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502).","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"511","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology 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C.","contributorId":40758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026526,"text":"70026526 - 2004 - Effects of nutrient enrichment on the decomposition of wood and associated microbial activity in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026526","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of nutrient enrichment on the decomposition of wood and associated microbial activity in streams","docAbstract":"1. We determined the effects of nutrient enrichment on wood decomposition rates and microbial activity during a 3-year study in two headwater streams at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, NC, U.S.A. After a 1-year pretreatment period, one of the streams was continuously enriched with inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) for 2 years while the other stream served as a reference. We determined the effects of enrichment on both wood veneers and sticks, which have similar carbon quality but differ in physical characteristics (e.g. surface area to volume ratios, presence of bark) that potentially affect microbial colonisation and activity. 2. Oak wood veneers (0.5 mm thick) were placed in streams monthly and allowed to decompose for approximately 90 days. Nutrient addition stimulated ash-free dry mass loss and increased mean nitrogen content, fungal biomass and microbial respiration on veneers in the treatment stream compared with the reference. The magnitude of the response to enrichment was great, with mass loss 6.1 times, and per cent N, fungal biomass and microbial respiration approximately four times greater in the treatment versus reference stream. 3. Decomposition rate and nitrogen content of maple sticks (ca. 1-2 cm diameter) also increased; however, the effect was less pronounced than for veneers. Wood response overall was greater than that determined for leaves in a comparable study, supporting the hypothesis that response to enrichment may be greater for lower quality organic matter (high C:N) than for higher quality (low C:N) substrates. 4. Our results show that moderate nutrient enrichment can profoundly affect decomposition rate and microbial activity on wood in streams. Thus, the timing and availability of wood that provides retention, structure, attachment sites and food in stream ecosystems may be affected by nutrient concentrations raised by human activities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01281.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Gulis, V., Rosemond, A., Suberkropp, K., Weyers, H., and Benstead, J., 2004, Effects of nutrient enrichment on the decomposition of wood and associated microbial activity in streams: Freshwater Biology, v. 49, no. 11, p. 1437-1447, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01281.x.","startPage":"1437","endPage":"1447","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208293,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01281.x"}],"volume":"49","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a076ee4b0c8380cd516c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gulis, V.","contributorId":94071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulis","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosemond, A.D.","contributorId":96621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosemond","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suberkropp, K.","contributorId":10203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suberkropp","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weyers, H.S.","contributorId":8592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weyers","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benstead, J.P.","contributorId":107892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benstead","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70026491,"text":"70026491 - 2004 - Identifying storm flow pathways in a rainforest catchment using hydrological and geochemical modelling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026491","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying storm flow pathways in a rainforest catchment using hydrological and geochemical modelling","docAbstract":"The hydrological model TOPMODEL is used to assess the water balance and describe flow paths for the 9??73 ha Lutz Creek Catchment in Central Panama. Monte Carlo results are evaluated based on their fit to the observed hydrograph, catchment-averaged soil moisture and stream chemistry. TOPMODEL, with a direct-flow mechanism that is intended to route water through rapid shallow-soil flow, matched observed chemistry and discharge better than the basic version of TOPMODEL and provided a reasonable fit to observed soil moisture and wet-season discharge at both 15-min and daily time-steps. The improvement of simulations with the implementation of a direct-flow component indicates that a storm flow path not represented in the original version of TOPMODEL plays a primary role in the response of Lutz Creek Catchment. This flow path may be consistent with the active and abundant pipeflow that is observed or delayed saturation overland flow. The 'best-accepted' simulations from 1991 to 1997 indicate that around 41% of precipitation becomes direct flow and around 10% is saturation overland flow. Other field observations are needed to constrain evaporative and groundwater losses in the model and to characterize chemical end-members posited in this paper. Published in 2004 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.1498","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Kinner, D., and Stallard, R., 2004, Identifying storm flow pathways in a rainforest catchment using hydrological and geochemical modelling: Hydrological Processes, v. 18, no. 15, p. 2851-2875, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1498.","startPage":"2851","endPage":"2875","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208290,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1498"}],"volume":"18","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a385ae4b0c8380cd61538","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinner, D.A.","contributorId":99265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinner","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027543,"text":"70027543 - 2004 - The rotating movement of three immiscible fluids - A benchmark problem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:48","indexId":"70027543","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The rotating movement of three immiscible fluids - A benchmark problem","docAbstract":"A benchmark problem involving the rotating movement of three immiscible fluids is proposed for verifying the density-dependent flow component of groundwater flow codes. The problem consists of a two-dimensional strip in the vertical plane filled with three fluids of different densities separated by interfaces. Initially, the interfaces between the fluids make a 45??angle with the horizontal. Over time, the fluids rotate to the stable position whereby the interfaces are horizontal; all flow is caused by density differences. Two cases of the problem are presented, one resulting in a symmetric flow field and one resulting in an asymmetric flow field. An exact analytical solution for the initial flow field is presented by application of the vortex theory and complex variables. Numerical results are obtained using three variable-density groundwater flow codes (SWI, MOCDENS3D, and SEAWAT). Initial horizontal velocities of the interfaces, as simulated by the three codes, compare well with the exact solution. The three codes are used to simulate the positions of the interfaces at two times; the three codes produce nearly identical results. The agreement between the results is evidence that the specific rotational behavior predicted by the models is correct. It also shows that the proposed problem may be used to benchmark variable-density codes. It is concluded that the three models can be used to model accurately the movement of interfaces between immiscible fluids, and have little or no numerical dispersion. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.10.007","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Bakker, M., Oude, E.G., and Langevin, C., 2004, The rotating movement of three immiscible fluids - A benchmark problem: Journal of Hydrology, v. 287, no. 1-4, p. 270-278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.10.007.","startPage":"270","endPage":"278","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211022,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.10.007"},{"id":238163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"287","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bafabe4b08c986b324974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakker, M.","contributorId":82918,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakker","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oude, Essink G.H.P.","contributorId":104280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oude","given":"Essink","email":"","middleInitial":"G.H.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langevin, C.D.","contributorId":25976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langevin","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70026329,"text":"70026329 - 2004 - Evidence for increased latent heat transport during the Cretaceous (Albian) greenhouse warming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:25","indexId":"70026329","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for increased latent heat transport during the Cretaceous (Albian) greenhouse warming","docAbstract":"Quantitative estimates of increased heat transfer by atmospheric H 2O vapor during the Albian greenhouse warming suggest that the intensified hydrologic cycle played a greater role in warming high latitudes than at present and thus represents a viable alternative to oceanic heat transport. Sphaerosiderite ??18O values in paleosols of the North American Cretaceous Western Interior Basin are a proxy for meteoric ??18O values, and mass-balance modeling results suggest that Albian precipitation rates exceeded modern rates at both mid and high latitudes. Comparison of modeled Albian and modern precipitation minus evaporation values suggests amplification of the Albian moisture deficit in the tropics and moisture surplus in the mid to high latitudes. The tropical moisture deficit represents an average heat loss of ???75 W/m2 at 10??N paleolatitude (at present, 21 W/m2). The increased precipitation at higher latitudes implies an average heat gain of ???83 W/m2 at 45??N (at present, 23 W/m2) and of 19 W/m2 at 75??N (at present, 4 W/m2). These estimates of increased poleward heat transfer by H2O vapor during the Albian may help to explain the reduced equator-to-pole temperature gradients. ?? 2004 Geological Society of America.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/G20828.1","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Ufnar, D.F., Gonzalez, L.A., Ludvigson, G.A., Brenner, R.L., and Witzke, B., 2004, Evidence for increased latent heat transport during the Cretaceous (Albian) greenhouse warming: Geology, v. 32, no. 12, p. 1049-1052, https://doi.org/10.1130/G20828.1.","startPage":"1049","endPage":"1052","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208487,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G20828.1"},{"id":234259,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"32","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d43e4b0c8380cd52eec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ufnar, David F.","contributorId":64371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ufnar","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez, Luis A.","contributorId":20922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Luis","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ludvigson, Greg A.","contributorId":80803,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludvigson","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Brenner, Richard L.","contributorId":94457,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brenner","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":13387,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game - Commercial Fisheries, P.O. Box 669, Cordova, AK  99574","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":409034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Witzke, B.J.","contributorId":12976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Witzke","given":"B.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
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