{"pageNumber":"298","pageRowStart":"7425","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10457,"records":[{"id":70023307,"text":"70023307 - 2001 - The failure of earthquake failure models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-26T18:23:59.228504","indexId":"70023307","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The failure of earthquake failure models","docAbstract":"In this study I show that simple heuristic models and numerical calculations suggest that an entire class of commonly invoked models of earthquake failure processes cannot explain triggering of seismicity by transient or \"dynamic\" stress changes, such as stress changes associated with passing seismic waves. The models of this class have the common feature that the physical property characterizing failure increases at an accelerating rate when a fault is loaded (stressed) at a constant rate. Examples include models that invoke rate state friction or subcritical crack growth, in which the properties characterizing failure are slip or crack length, respectively. Failure occurs when the rate at which these grow accelerates to values exceeding some critical threshold. These accelerating failure models do not predict the finite durations of dynamically triggered earthquake sequences (e.g., at aftershock or remote distances). Some of the failure models belonging to this class have been used to explain static stress triggering of aftershocks. This may imply that the physical processes underlying dynamic triggering differs or that currently applied models of static triggering require modification. If the former is the case, we might appeal to physical mechanisms relying on oscillatory deformations such as compaction of saturated fault gouge leading to pore pressure increase, or cyclic fatigue. However, if dynamic and static triggering mechanisms differ, one still needs to ask why static triggering models that neglect these dynamic mechanisms appear to explain many observations. If the static and dynamic triggering mechanisms are the same, perhaps assumptions about accelerating failure and/or that triggering advances the failure times of a population of inevitable earthquakes are incorrect.","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB000003","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Gomberg, J., 2001, The failure of earthquake failure models: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B8, p. 16253-16263, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000003.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"16253","endPage":"16263","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478921,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb000003","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-08-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505babf4e4b08c986b323197","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gomberg, J.","contributorId":95994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023301,"text":"70023301 - 2001 - Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T18:36:21.691732","indexId":"70023301","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data","docAbstract":"<p>Using numerical tests for a prescribed heterogeneous earthquake slip distribution, we examine the importance of accurate Green's functions (GF) for finite fault source inversions which rely on coseismic GPS displacements and leveling line uplift alone and in combination with near-source strong ground motions. The static displacements, while sensitive to the three-dimensional (3-D) structure, are less so than seismic waveforms and thus are an important contribution, particularly when used in conjunction with waveform inversions. For numerical tests of an earthquake source and data distribution modeled after the 1994 Northridge earthquake, a joint geodetic and seismic inversion allows for reasonable recovery of the heterogeneous slip distribution on the fault. In contrast, inaccurate 3-D GFs or multiple 1-D GFs allow only partial recovery of the slip distribution given strong motion data alone. Likewise, using just the GPS and leveling line data requires significant smoothing for inversion stability, and hence, only a blurred vision of the prescribed slip is recovered. Although the half-space approximation for computing the surface static deformation field is no longer justifiable based on the high level of accuracy for current GPS data acquisition and the computed differences between 3-D and half-space surface displacements, a layered 1-D approximation to 3-D Earth structure provides adequate representation of the surface displacement field. However, even with the half-space approximation, geodetic data can provide additional slip resolution in the joint seismic and geodetic inversion provided a priori fault location and geometry are correct. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of the static displacements to the Earth structure begs caution for interpretation of surface displacements, particularly those recorded at monuments located in or near basin environments.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB900435","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Wald, D., and Graves, R., 2001, Resolution analysis of finite fault source inversion using one- and three-dimensional Green's functions 2. Combining seismic and geodetic data: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B5, p. 8767-8788, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900435.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"8767","endPage":"8788","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":489764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900435","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232518,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa9d3e4b0c8380cd85fc3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Graves, R.W. 0000-0001-9758-453X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":77691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023295,"text":"70023295 - 2001 - Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:50:49.814591","indexId":"70023295","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results","docAbstract":"<p><span>Array data from a seismic experiment carried out at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, in February 1997, are analyzed by the frequency-slowness method. The slowness vectors are determined at each of three small-aperture seismic antennas for the first arrivals of 1129 long-period (LP) events and 147 samples of volcanic tremor. The source locations are determined by using a probabilistic method which compares the event azimuths and slownesses with a slowness vector model. The results show that all the LP seismicity, including both discrete LP events and tremor, was generated in the same source region along the east flank of the Halemaumau pit crater, demonstrating the strong relation that exists between the two types of activities. The dimensions of the source region are approximately 0.6×1.0×0.5 km. For LP events we are able to resolve at least three different clusters of events. The most active cluster is centered ∼200 m northeast of Halemaumau at depths shallower than 200 m beneath the caldera floor. A second cluster is located beneath the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau at a depth of ∼400 m. The third cluster is &lt;200 m deep and extends southeastward from the northeast quadrant of Halemaumau. Only one source zone is resolved for tremor. This zone is coincident with the most active source zone of LP events, northeast of Halemaumau. The location, depth, and size of the source region suggest a hydrothermal origin for all the analyzed LP seismicity.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000309","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Almendros, J., Chouet, B., and Dawson, P., 2001, Spatial extent of a hydrothermal system at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, determined from array analyses of shallow long-period seismicity 2. Results: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. B7, p. 13581-13597, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000309.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"13581","endPage":"13597","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":498705,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10481/97987","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232396,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawai'i","otherGeospatial":"Kīlauea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -155.26777118658742,\n              19.398103039773005\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26519626593304,\n              19.40231282179836\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.2530083081693,\n              19.407655849794338\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23910373663622,\n              19.406846311379084\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.23704380011282,\n              19.414941514169755\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.24974674200735,\n              19.42433144440021\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26021808600137,\n              19.43015940404547\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.279959144351,\n              19.4316163612869\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29849857306192,\n              19.41332250585515\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29884189581594,\n              19.40490340274536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29437870001507,\n              19.40490340274536\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.29386371588427,\n              19.394055069727003\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.28013080572794,\n              19.396807700313744\n            ],\n            [\n              -155.26777118658742,\n              19.398103039773005\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b947ae4b08c986b31aaf5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Almendros, J.","contributorId":73369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendros","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023291,"text":"70023291 - 2001 - 3-D imaging of large scale buried structure by 1-D inversion of very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023291","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1944,"text":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"3-D imaging of large scale buried structure by 1-D inversion of very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) data","docAbstract":"A simple and efficient method for large scale three-dimensional (3-D) subsurface imaging of inhomogeneous background is presented. One-dimensional (1-D) multifrequency distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) is employed in the inversion. Simulation results utilizing synthetic scattering data are given. Calibration of the very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) experimental waveforms is detailed along with major problems encountered in practice and their solutions. This discussion is followed by the results of a large scale application of the method to the experimental data provided by the VETEM system of the U.S. Geological Survey. The method is shown to have a computational complexity that is promising for on-site inversion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/36.927454","issn":"01962892","usgsCitation":"Aydmer, A., Chew, W., Cui, T., Wright, D., Smith, D., and Abraham, J., 2001, 3-D imaging of large scale buried structure by 1-D inversion of very early time electromagnetic (VETEM) data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 39, no. 6, p. 1307-1315, https://doi.org/10.1109/36.927454.","startPage":"1307","endPage":"1315","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207400,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/36.927454"},{"id":232319,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e259e4b0c8380cd45ae1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aydmer, A.A.","contributorId":76997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydmer","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chew, W.C.","contributorId":19730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chew","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cui, T.J.","contributorId":72552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cui","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Smith, D.V.","contributorId":31143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023290,"text":"70023290 - 2001 - Trends in long-period seismicity related to magmatic fluid compositions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023290","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trends in long-period seismicity related to magmatic fluid compositions","docAbstract":"Sound speeds and densities are calculated for three different types of fluids: gas-gas mixture; ash-gas mixture; and bubbly liquid. These fluid properties are used to calculate the impedance contrast (Z) and crack stiffness (C) in the fluid-driven crack model (Chouet: J. Geophys. Res., 91 (1986) 13,967; 101 (1988) 4375; A seismic model for the source of long-period events and harmonic tremor. In: Gasparini, P., Scarpa, R., Aki, K. (Eds.), Volcanic Seismology, IAVCEI Proceedings in Volcanology, Springer, Berlin, 3133). The fluid-driven crack model describes the far-field spectra of long-period (LP) events as modes of resonance of the crack. Results from our calculations demonstrate that ash-laden gas mixtures have fluid to solid density ratios comparable to, and fluid to solid velocity ratios lower than bubbly liquids (gas-volume fractions <10%). This difference results in synthetic far-field spectra with higher impedance contrasts and narrower spectral bandwidths for ash-laden gas mixture than spectra for bubbly liquids. Spectral characteristics are described in terms of the quality factor Q-1. Q-1 is measured by the ratio of the frequency of the dominant spectral peak to the bandwidth of the peak measured at one half of its amplitude. This factor expresses the losses of energy due to elastic radiation Q-1r and other dissipative mechanisms Q-1i at the source, Q-1 = Q-1r + Q-1i. Spectra for LP events recorded at active volcanoes such as Galeras in Colombia and Kilauea in Hawaii, have Q-1 factors in the range of 0.1-0.002. The Q-1r factors due to radiation loss calculated for a sphere filled with a H2O-CO2 or H2O-SO2 gas mixture, vary between 0.0015 and 0.0040 with a change in wt% H2O at 800-1600 K and 10-50 MPa. For gas-rich mixtures, Q-1r has a strong dependence on resonator geometry (spherical versus rectangular). The spectra from a resonating sphere filled with gas-rich mixture yields values of Q-1r an order of magnitude smaller than those from a rectangular crack. For a resonating crack filled with an ash-gas mixture (or pseudogas), Q-1r varies parabolically from ???0.006 for an ash-rich mixture, to 0.0015 or 0.0023 for a H2O-rich or CO2-rich mixture at 800 K and 25 MPa. For low (<20%) gas-volume fraction fluids (foams, bubbly fluids and ash-rich pseudogases), the magnitudes for Q-1r are independent of crack geometry. Spectra associated with a foam (gas-volume fractions 10-90%) or bubbly basalt (gas-volume fractions <10%) may have a dominant spectral peak with values of Q-1r on the order of 0.01 and 0.1, respectively. The spectra from a resonating sphere filled with a foam containing >20% gas-volume fraction yields values of Q-1r similar to those for a rectangular crack. As with gas-gas and ash-gas mixtures, an increase in mass fraction narrows the bandwidth of the dominant mode and shifts the spectra to lower frequencies. Including energy losses due to dissipative processes in a bubbly liquid increases attenuation. Attenuation may also be higher in ash-gas mixtures and foams if the effects of momentum and mass transfer between the phases were considered in the calculations. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00290-0","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Morrissey, M., and Chouet, B., 2001, Trends in long-period seismicity related to magmatic fluid compositions: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 108, no. 1-4, p. 265-281, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00290-0.","startPage":"265","endPage":"281","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207399,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00290-0"},{"id":232318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb7ede4b08c986b327590","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrissey, M.M.","contributorId":41477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrissey","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023272,"text":"70023272 - 2001 - Effective matrix diffusion in kilometer‐scale transport in fractured crystalline rock","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-27T17:08:33","indexId":"70023272","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effective matrix diffusion in kilometer‐scale transport in fractured crystalline rock","docAbstract":"<p><span>Concentrations of tritium (</span><sup>3</sup><span>H) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC‐12) in water samples taken from glacial drift and fractured crystalline rock over 4 km</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>in central New Hampshire are interpreted to identify a conceptual model of matrix diffusion and the magnitude of the diffusion coefficient. Dispersion and mass transfer to and from fractures has affected the<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H concentration to the extent that the peak<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H concentration of the 1960s is no longer distinguishable. Because of heterogeneity in the bedrock the sparsely distributed chemical data do not warrant a three‐dimensional transport model. Instead, a one‐dimensional model of CFC‐12 and<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H migration along flow lines in the glacial drift and bedrock is used to place bounds on the processes affecting kilometer‐scale transport, arid model parameters are varied to reproduce the measured relation between<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H and CFC‐12, rather than their spatial distributions. A model of mass exchange to and from fractures that is dependent on the time‐varying concentration gradient at fracture surfaces qualitatively reproduces the measured relation between<span>&nbsp;</span></span><sup>3</sup><span>H and CFC‐12 with an upper bound for the fracture dispersivity approximately equal to 250 m and a lower bound for the effective matrix diffusion coefficient equal to 1 m</span><sup>2</sup><span><span>&nbsp;</span>yr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>. The diffusion coefficient at the kilometer scale is at least 3 orders of magnitude greater than laboratory estimates of diffusion in crystalline rock. The large diffusion coefficient indicates that diffusion into an immobile fluid phase (rock matrix) is masked at the kilometer scale by advective mass exchange between fractures with large contrasts in trarismissivity. The measured transmissivity of fractures in the study area varies over more than 6 orders of magnitude. Advective mass exchange from high‐permeability fractures to low‐permeability fractures results in short migration distances of a chemical constituent in low‐permeability fractures over an extended period of time before reentering high‐permeability fractures; viewed at the kilometer scale, this process is analogous to the chemical constituent diffusing into and out of an immobile fluid phase.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000WR900301","usgsCitation":"Shapiro, A.M., 2001, Effective matrix diffusion in kilometer‐scale transport in fractured crystalline rock: Water Resources Research, v. 37, no. 3, p. 507-522, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000WR900301.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"507","endPage":"522","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487467,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000wr900301","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"37","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0633e4b0c8380cd5114d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shapiro, Allen M. 0000-0002-6425-9607 ashapiro@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6425-9607","contributorId":2164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shapiro","given":"Allen","email":"ashapiro@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":397102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023271,"text":"70023271 - 2001 - Quantifying contributions to storm runoff through end-member mixing analysis and hydrologic measurements at the Panola Mountain research watershed (Georgia, USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023271","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Quantifying contributions to storm runoff through end-member mixing analysis and hydrologic measurements at the Panola Mountain research watershed (Georgia, USA)","docAbstract":"The geographic sources and hydrologic flow paths of stormflow in small catchments are not well understood because of limitations in sampling methods and insufficient resolution of potential end members. To address these limitations, an extensive hydrologic dataset was collected at a 10 ha catchment at Panola Mountain research watershed near Atlanta, GA, to quantify the contribution of three geographic sources of stormflow. Samples of stream water, runoff from an outcrop, and hillslope subsurface stormflow were collected during two rainstorms in the winter of 1996, and an end-member mixing analysis model that included five solutes was developed. Runoff from the outcrop, which occupies about one-third of the catchment area, contributed 50-55% of the peak streamflow during the 2 February rainstorm, and 80-85% of the peak streamflow during the 6-7 March rainstorm; it also contributed about 50% to total streamflow during the dry winter conditions that preceded the 6-7 March storm. Riparian groundwater runoff was the largest component of stream runoff (80-100%) early during rising streamflow and throughout stream recession, and contributed about 50% to total stream runoff during the 2 February storm, which was preceded by wet winter conditions. Hillslope runoff contributed 25-30% to peak stream runoff and 15-18% to total stream runoff during both storms. The temporal response of the three runoff components showed general agreement with hydrologic measurements from the catchment during each storm. Estimates of recharge from the outcrop to the riparian aquifer that were independent of model calculations indicated that storage in the riparian aquifer could account for the volume of rain that fell on the outcrop but did not contribute to stream runoff. The results of this study generally indicate that improvements in the ability of mixing models to describe the hydrologic response accurately in forested catchments may depend on better identification, and detailed spatial and temporal characterization of the mobile waters from the principal hydrologic source areas that contribute to stream runoff. Copyright ?? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.246","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Burns, D.A., McDonnell, J.J., Hooper, R.P., Peters, N., Freer, J., Kendall, C., and Beven, K., 2001, Quantifying contributions to storm runoff through end-member mixing analysis and hydrologic measurements at the Panola Mountain research watershed (Georgia, USA): Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 10, p. 1903-1924, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.246.","startPage":"1903","endPage":"1924","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207572,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.246"},{"id":232634,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-07-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a91c5e4b0c8380cd8044d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burns, Douglas A. 0000-0001-6516-2869","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2869","contributorId":29450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397098,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peters, N.E.","contributorId":33332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peters","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Freer, J.E.","contributorId":18930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freer","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Beven, K.","contributorId":25320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beven","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70023261,"text":"70023261 - 2001 - Magmatic gas scrubbing: Implications for volcano monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023261","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magmatic gas scrubbing: Implications for volcano monitoring","docAbstract":"Despite the abundance of SO2(g) in magmatic gases, precursory increases in magmatic SO2(g) are not always observed prior to volcanic eruption, probably because many terrestrial volcanoes contain abundant groundwater or surface water that scrubs magmatic gases until a dry pathway to the atmosphere is established. To better understand scrubbing and its implications for volcano monitoring, we model thermochemically the reaction of magmatic gases with water. First, we inject a 915??C magmatic gas from Merapi volcano into 25??C air-saturated water (ASW) over a wide range of gas/water mass ratios from 0.0002 to 100 and at a total pressure of 0.1 MPa. Then we model closed-system cooling of the magmatic gas, magmatic gas-ASW mixing at 5.0 MPa, runs with varied temperature and composition of the ASW, a case with a wide range of magmatic-gas compositions, and a reaction of a magmatic gas-ASW mixture with rock. The modeling predicts gas and water compositions, and, in one case, alteration assemblages for a wide range of scrubbing conditions; these results can be compared directly with samples from degassing volcanoes. The modeling suggests that CO2(g) is the main species to monitor when scrubbing exists; another candidate is H2S(g), but it can be affected by reactions with aqueous ferrous iron. In contrast, scrubbing by water will prevent significant SO2(g) and most HCl(g) emissions until dry pathways are established, except for moderate HCl(g) degassing from pH < 0.5 hydrothermal waters. Furthermore, it appears that scrubbing will prevent much, if any, SO2(g) degassing from long-resident boiling hydrothermal systems. Several processes can also decrease or increase H2(g) emissions during scrubbing making H2(g) a poor choice to detect changes in magma degassing. We applied the model results to interpret field observations and emission rate data from four eruptions: (1) Crater Peak on Mount Spurr (1992) where, except for a short post-eruptive period, scrubbing appears to have drastically diminished pre-, inter-, and post-eruptive SO2(g) emissions, but had much less impact on CO2(g) emissions. (2) Mount St. Helens where scrubbing of SO2(g) was important prior to and three weeks after the 18 May 1980 eruption. Scrubbing was also active during a period of unrest in the summer of 1998. (3) Mount Pinatubo where early drying out prevented SO2(g) scrubbing before the climactic 15 June 1991 eruption. (4) The ongoing eruption at Popocate??petl in an arid region of Mexico where there is little evidence of scrubbing. In most eruptive cycles, the impact of scrubbing will be greater during pre- and post-eruptive periods than during the main eruptive and intense passive degassing stages. Therefore, we recommend monitoring the following gases: CO2(g) and H2S(g) in precursory stages; CO2(g), H2S(g), SO2(g), HCl(g), and HF(g) in eruptive and intense passive degassing stages; and CO2(g) and H2S(g) again in the declining stages. CO2(g) is clearly the main candidate for early emission rate monitoring, although significant early increases in the intensity and geographic distribution of H2S(g) emissions should be taken as an important sign of volcanic unrest and a potential precursor. Owing to the difficulty of extracting SO2(g) from hydrothermal waters, the emergence of > 100 t/d (tons per day) of SO2(g) in addition to CO2(g) and H2S(g) should be taken as a criterion of magma intrusion. Finally, the modeling suggests that the interpretation of gas-ratio data requires a case-by-case evaluation since ratio changes can often be produced by several mechanisms; nevertheless, several gas ratios may provide useful indices for monitoring the drying out of gas pathways. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00292-4","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Symonds, R., Gerlach, T., and Reed, M., 2001, Magmatic gas scrubbing: Implications for volcano monitoring: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 108, no. 1-4, p. 303-341, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00292-4.","startPage":"303","endPage":"341","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207485,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00292-4"},{"id":232475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4b45e4b0c8380cd693fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Symonds, R.B.","contributorId":31011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symonds","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gerlach, T.M.","contributorId":38713,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gerlach","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397074,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reed, M.H.","contributorId":91606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023259,"text":"70023259 - 2001 - Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-17T19:07:56.17879","indexId":"70023259","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound","docAbstract":"<p>A new three-dimensional (3-D) model shows seismic velocities beneath the Puget Lowland to a depth of 11 km. The model is based on a tomographic inversion of nearly one million first-arrival travel times recorded during the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound (SHIPS), allowing higher-resolution mapping of subsurface structures than previously possible. The model allows us to refine the subsurface geometry of previously proposed faults (e.g., Seattle, Hood Canal, southern Whidbey Island, and Devils Mountain fault zones) as well as to identify structures (Tacoma, Lofall, and Sequim fault zones) that warrant additional study. The largest and most important of these newly identified structures lies along the northern boundary of the Tacoma basin; we informally refer to this structure here as the Tacoma fault zone. Although tomography cannot provide information on the recency of motion on any structure, Holocene earthquake activity on the Tacoma fault zone is suggested by seismicity along it and paleoseismic evidence for abrupt uplift of tidal marsh deposits to its north. The tomography reveals four large, west to northwest trending low-velocity basins (Tacoma, Seattle, Everett, and Port Townsend) separated by regions of higher velocity ridges that are coincident with fault-bounded uplifts of Eocene Crescent Formation basalt and pre-Tertiary basement. The shapes of the basins and uplifts are similar to those observed in gravity data; gravity anomalies calculated from the 3-D tomography model are in close agreement with the observed anomalies. In velocity cross sections the Tacoma and Seattle basins are asymmetric: the basin floor dips gently toward a steep boundary with the adjacent high-velocity uplift, locally with a velocity \"overhang\" that suggests a basin vergent thrust fault boundary. Crustal fault zones grow from minor folds into much larger structures along strike. Inferred structural relief across the Tacoma fault zone increases by several kilometers westward along the fault zone to Lynch Cove, where we interpret it as a zone of south vergent faulting overthrusting Tacoma basin. In contrast, structural relief along the Seattle fault zone decreases west of Seattle, which we interpret as evidence that the N-S directed compression is being accommodated by slip transfer between the Seattle and Tacoma fault zones. Together, the Tacoma and Seattle fault zones raise the Seattle uplift, one of a series of east-west trending, pop-up structures underlying Puget Lowland from the Black Hills to the San Juan Islands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000154","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Brocher, T., Parsons, T., Blakely, R., Christensen, N., Fisher, M.A., Wells, R., ten Brink, U., Pratt, T.L., Crosson, R.S., Creager, K.C., Symons, N.P., Preston, L., Van Wagoner, T., Miller, K., Snelson, C., Trehu, A., Langenheim, V., Spence, G., Ramachandran, K., Hyndman, R., Mosher, D.C., Zelt, B., and Weaver, C., 2001, Upper crustal structure in Puget Lowland, Washington: Results from the 1998 Seismic Hazards Investigation in Puget Sound: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 106, no. 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0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397048,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blakely, R.J. 0000-0003-1701-5236","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-5236","contributorId":70755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blakely","given":"R.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, N.I.","contributorId":28016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"N.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fisher, M. A.","contributorId":69972,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wells, R.E. 0000-0002-7796-0160","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7796-0160","contributorId":67537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wells","given":"R.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Pratt, T. 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P.","contributorId":60410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symons","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Preston, L.A.","contributorId":68943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Van Wagoner, T.","contributorId":74261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagoner","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Miller, K.C.","contributorId":81118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Snelson, C.M.","contributorId":52769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snelson","given":"C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397049,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Trehu, A.M.","contributorId":90754,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trehu","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":397051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Spence, G.D.","contributorId":85750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spence","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Ramachandran, K.","contributorId":71735,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramachandran","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Hyndman, R.A.","contributorId":43645,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hyndman","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Mosher, D. C.","contributorId":57689,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mosher","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Zelt, B.C.","contributorId":63572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Weaver, C.S.","contributorId":57874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weaver","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}}
,{"id":70023257,"text":"70023257 - 2001 - Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70023257","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2151,"text":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models","docAbstract":"One of the most important needs for wildlife managers is an accurate estimate of population size. Yet, for many species, including most marine species and large mammals, accurate and precise estimation of numbers is one of the most difficult of all research challenges. Open-population capture-recapture models have proven useful in many situations to estimate survival probabilities but typically have not been used to estimate population size. We show that open-population models can be used to estimate population size by developing a Horvitz-Thompson-type estimate of population size and an estimator of its variance. Our population size estimate keys on the probability of capture at each trap occasion and therefore is quite general and can be made a function of external covariates measured during the study. Here we define the estimator and investigate its bias, variance, and variance estimator via computer simulation. Computer simulations make extensive use of real data taken from a study of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Beaufort Sea. The population size estimator is shown to be useful because it was negligibly biased in all situations studied. The variance estimator is shown to be useful in all situations, but caution is warranted in cases of extreme capture heterogeneity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1198/108571101750524553","issn":"10857117","usgsCitation":"McDonald, T.L., and Amstrup, S.C., 2001, Estimation of population size using open capture-recapture models: Journal of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Statistics, v. 6, no. 2, p. 206-220, https://doi.org/10.1198/108571101750524553.","startPage":"206","endPage":"220","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232394,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207442,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1198/108571101750524553"}],"volume":"6","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ba0e4b0c8380cd527e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McDonald, T. L.","contributorId":101211,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397041,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":397040,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023254,"text":"70023254 - 2001 - Gonad organochlorine concentrations and plasma steroid levels in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) from the Columbia River, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T14:49:20","indexId":"70023254","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1103,"text":"Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Gonad organochlorine concentrations and plasma steroid levels in white sturgeon (<i>Acipenser transmontanus</i>) from the Columbia River, USA","title":"Gonad organochlorine concentrations and plasma steroid levels in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) from the Columbia River, USA","docAbstract":"<p>Sturgeon are an important fishery resource world-wide, providing food and income through commercial, sport, and tribal fisheries. However, sturgeon populations are imperiled in many areas due to overharvest, habitat loss, and pollution. White Sturgeon (<i>Acipenser transmontanus</i>) are found along the west coast of North America from San Francisco Bay, USA to British Columbia, Canada. The Columbia River, located in the Pacific Northwest USA, supports active commercial, sport, and tribal white sturgeon fisheries. The white sturgeon fishery in the Columbia River estuary is one of the most productive sturgeon fisheries in the World. Despite the success of the Columbia River estuary white sturgeon fishery, the populations within the impounded sections (i.e. behind the hydroelectric dams) of the Columbia River experience poor reproductive success (Beamesderfer et al. 1995). This poor reproductive success has been attributed to hydroelectric development, but water pollution could also be a significant factor. The bottom dwelling life history and late maturing reproductive strategy for this species may make it particularly sensitive to the adverse effects of bioaccumulative pollutants.</p><p>The Columbia River receives effluent from bleached-kraft pulp mills, aluminum smelters, municipal sewage treatment plants and runoff from agricultural. industrial, and urban areas. Bioaccumulative contaminants that have the potential for endocrine disruption have been detected in fish and sediments from the Columbia River (Foster et al. 1999). An integrated system of hormones control reproduction in vertebrates. Plasma steroids direct developmental events essential for reproduction. Disruption of endocrine control by contaminants has been linked to reproductive anomalies and failure in a number of vertebrate species (Guillette et al. 1996; Jobling et al. 1996). Because of this, it is important to understand if organochlorine compounds are accumulating in Columbia River white sturgeon and having an effect on their reproductive physiology.</p><p>The objective of this study was to determine if sturgeon from an impounded section of the Columbia River (where reproductive success has been low) had higher levels of bioaccumulative pollutants than sturgeon from the estuary (where reproductive success has been high) and if these compounds were associated with decreased plasma steroid levels. Specifically, we measured chlorinated pesticides and PCBs in the gonads and plasma steroids in white sturgeon from the Columbia River fishery.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s001280116","usgsCitation":"Foster, E., Fitzpatrick, M., Feist, G., Schreck, C., and Yates, J., 2001, Gonad organochlorine concentrations and plasma steroid levels in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) from the Columbia River, USA: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 67, no. 2, p. 239-245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001280116.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"239","endPage":"245","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232352,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River","volume":"67","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a29a9e4b0c8380cd5ab18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Foster, E.P.","contributorId":98501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foster","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fitzpatrick, M.S.","contributorId":16194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fitzpatrick","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Feist, G.W.","contributorId":46261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feist","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schreck, C.B.","contributorId":11977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreck","given":"C.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yates, J.","contributorId":29604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yates","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023248,"text":"70023248 - 2001 - A two-dimensional, time-dependent model of suspended sediment transport and bed reworking for continental shelves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023248","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A two-dimensional, time-dependent model of suspended sediment transport and bed reworking for continental shelves","docAbstract":"A two-dimensional, time-dependent solution to the transport equation is formulated to account for advection and diffusion of sediment suspended in the bottom boundary layer of continental shelves. This model utilizes a semi-implicit, upwind-differencing scheme to solve the advection-diffusion equation across a two-dimensional transect that is configured so that one dimension is the vertical, and the other is a horizontal dimension usually aligned perpendicular to shelf bathymetry. The model calculates suspended sediment concentration and flux; and requires as input wave properties, current velocities, sediment size distributions, and hydrodynamic sediment properties. From the calculated two-dimensional suspended sediment fluxes, we quantify the redistribution of shelf sediment, bed erosion, and deposition for several sediment sizes during resuspension events. The two-dimensional, time-dependent approach directly accounts for cross-shelf gradients in bed shear stress and sediment properties, as well as transport that occurs before steady-state suspended sediment concentrations have been attained. By including the vertical dimension in the calculations, we avoid depth-averaging suspended sediment concentrations and fluxes, and directly account for differences in transport rates and directions for fine and coarse sediment in the bottom boundary layer. A flux condition is used as the bottom boundary condition for the transport equation in order to capture time-dependence of the suspended sediment field. Model calculations demonstrate the significance of both time-dependent and spatial terms on transport and depositional patterns on continental shelves. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00122-9","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Harris, C.K., and Wiberg, P., 2001, A two-dimensional, time-dependent model of suspended sediment transport and bed reworking for continental shelves: Computers & Geosciences, v. 27, no. 6, p. 675-690, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00122-9.","startPage":"675","endPage":"690","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207372,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00122-9"},{"id":232275,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e608e4b0c8380cd47101","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harris, C. K.","contributorId":80337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiberg, P.L.","contributorId":33827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiberg","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023245,"text":"70023245 - 2001 - Inheritance of microsatellite loci in the polyploid lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023245","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1740,"text":"Genome","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Inheritance of microsatellite loci in the polyploid lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens)","docAbstract":"Inheritance in the expression of amplicons for four microsatellite primer pairs was determined using 10 families created from gametes of wild lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens). Loci Afu34 and Afu68 expressed a maximum of two even-intensity bands per individual and had progeny genotype ratios that fit disomic inheritance (P > 0.05). Some variation exhibited at Afu34 and Afu68 was attributable to a null allele. Genotype expression at both loci also indicated that one female parent had transmitted unreduced gametes. Primer Afu39 amplified products that exhibited four gene doses, where genotype counts fit expected ratios for disomic inheritance (P > 0.05) indicating amplification of products from two disomic loci that share alleles. Meiotic drive was evident at the Afu39 loci based on a test for random segregation (P < 0.05). Only the expression of Afu19 gave evidence of tetrasomic inheritance based on a single progeny potentially produced by a double reduction gamete. No evidence for proposed octoploid inheritance was observed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Genome","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/gen-44-2-185","issn":"08312796","usgsCitation":"Pyatskowit, J., Krueger, C., Kincaid, H.L., and May, B., 2001, Inheritance of microsatellite loci in the polyploid lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens): Genome, v. 44, no. 2, p. 185-191, https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-44-2-185.","startPage":"185","endPage":"191","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207348,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-44-2-185"},{"id":232237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3bd2e4b0c8380cd6284c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pyatskowit, J.D.","contributorId":12657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyatskowit","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397003,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Krueger, C.C.","contributorId":97042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krueger","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kincaid, H. L.","contributorId":21891,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kincaid","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"May, B.","contributorId":19112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023244,"text":"70023244 - 2001 - Does fluctuating asymmetry of antlers in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) follow patterns predicted for sexually selected traits?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70023244","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3174,"text":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does fluctuating asymmetry of antlers in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) follow patterns predicted for sexually selected traits?","docAbstract":"Secondary sexual characters have been hypothesized to signal male quality and should demonstrate a negative relationship between the size of the trait and degree of fluctuating asymmetry because they are costly to produce. We collected morphometric and antler data from 439 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in Oklahoma, USA, in order to determine whether measures of antler asymmetry follow the patterns predicted for sexually selected characters. Relative fluctuating asymmetry was negatively related to antler size for all deer and within age groups up to five and a half years of age. We did not detect an association between asymmetry and antler size among deer that were six and a half years or older. When categorizing deer by antler size, we found that deer with small antlers (???33rd percentile) had greater levels of relative asymmetry than deer with large antlers (???67th percentile). The relative asymmetry of antlers was negatively related to age and was greatest in deer that were one and a half years old. Relative asymmetry was also negatively related to carcass mass, inside spread, skull length and body length. These data suggest that asymmetry in the antlers of white-tailed deer may be a reliable signal of quality and, as such, may be important in maintaining honesty in intrasexual advertisements during the breeding season.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1098/rspb.2001.1588","issn":"09628436","usgsCitation":"Ditchkoff, S., Lochmiller, R., Masters, R., Starry, W., and Leslie, D., 2001, Does fluctuating asymmetry of antlers in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) follow patterns predicted for sexually selected traits?: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 268, no. 1470, p. 891-898, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1588.","startPage":"891","endPage":"898","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478969,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1588","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207334,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1588"},{"id":232197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"268","issue":"1470","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0390e4b0c8380cd5053a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ditchkoff, S.S.","contributorId":100580,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ditchkoff","given":"S.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397002,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lochmiller, R.L.","contributorId":68061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lochmiller","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Masters, R.E.","contributorId":49146,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masters","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Starry, W.R.","contributorId":10581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Starry","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Leslie, David M. Jr.","contributorId":52514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leslie","given":"David M.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":397000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70023243,"text":"70023243 - 2001 - Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-18T12:46:43","indexId":"70023243","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism","docAbstract":"<p>The Barite Hill gold deposit, at the southwestern end of the Carolina slate belt in the southeastern United States, is one of four gold deposits in the region that have a combined yield of 110&thinsp;metric&thinsp;tons of gold over the past 10&thinsp;years. At Barite Hill, production has dominantly come from oxidized ores. Sulfur isotope data from hypogene portions of the Barite Hill gold deposit vary systematically with pyrite&ndash;barite associations and provide insights into both the pre-metamorphic Late Proterozoic hydrothermal and the Paleozoic regional metamorphic histories of the deposit. The &delta;<sup>34</sup>S values of massive barite cluster tightly between 25.0 and 28.0&permil;, which closely match the published values for Late Proterozoic seawater and thus support a seafloor hydrothermal origin. The &delta;<sup>34</sup>S values of massive sulfide range from 1.0 to 5.3&permil; and fall within the range of values observed for modern and ancient seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits. In contrast, &delta;<sup>34</sup>S values for finer-grained, intergrown pyrite (5.1&ndash;6.8&permil;) and barite (21.0&ndash;23.9&permil;) are higher and lower than their massive counterparts, respectively. Calculated sulfur isotope temperatures for the latter barite&ndash;pyrite pairs (&Delta;=15.9&ndash;17.1&permil;) range from 332&ndash;355&thinsp;&deg;C and probably reflect post-depositional equilibration at greenschist-facies regional metamorphic conditions. Thus, pyrite and barite occurring separately from one another provide pre-metamorphic information about the hydrothermal origin of the deposit, whereas pyrite and barite occurring together equilibrated to record the metamorphic conditions. Preliminary fluid inclusion data from sphalerite are consistent with a modified seawater source for the mineralizing fluids, but data from quartz and barite may reflect later metamorphic and (or) more recent meteoric water input. Lead isotope values from pyrites range for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb from 18.005&ndash;18.294, for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb from 15.567&ndash;15.645, and for<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb from 37.555&ndash;38.015. The data indicate derivation of the ore leads from the country rocks, which themselves show evidence for contributions from relatively unradiogenic, mantle-like lead, and more evolved or crustal lead. Geological relationships, and stable and radiogenic isotopic data, suggest that the Barite Hill gold deposit formed on the Late Proterozoic seafloor through exhalative hydrothermal processes similar to those that were responsible for the massive sulfide deposits of the Kuroko district, Japan. On the basis of similarities with other gold-rich massive sulfide deposits and modern seafloor hydrothermal systems, the gold at Barite Hill was probably introduced as an integral part of the formation of the massive sulfide deposit.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s001260050294","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Seal,, R., Ayuso, R.A., Foley, N.K., and Clark, S.H., 2001, Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: A window into and through regional metamorphism: Mineralium Deposita, v. 36, no. 2, p. 137-148, https://doi.org/10.1007/s001260050294.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"137","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232196,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78.431396484375,\n              36.923547681089296\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.11279296875,\n              36.60670888641815\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.20068359374999,\n              36.1822249804225\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.50830078125,\n              35.7019167328534\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.442138671875,\n              35.02999636902566\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.44189453125,\n              34.098159345215535\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.210693359375,\n              33.00866349457558\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.46337890625,\n              32.9257074887604\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.99072265625,\n              33.17434155100208\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.9248046875,\n              33.916013113401696\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.9580078125,\n              34.59704151614417\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.05712890625,\n              35.15584570226544\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.145263671875,\n              36.1733569352216\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.661865234375,\n              36.78289206199065\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.29931640625,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.72802734375,\n              37.020098201368114\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.431396484375,\n              36.923547681089296\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9dcee4b08c986b31dab4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seal,, Robert R. II 0000-0003-0901-2529 rseal@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0901-2529","contributorId":141204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seal,","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"II","email":"rseal@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayuso, Robert A. 0000-0002-8496-9534 rayuso@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8496-9534","contributorId":2654,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayuso","given":"Robert","email":"rayuso@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Foley, Nora K. 0000-0003-0124-3509 nfoley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-3509","contributorId":4010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"Nora","email":"nfoley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Clark, Sandra H. B.","contributorId":88706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"Sandra","email":"","middleInitial":"H. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023235,"text":"70023235 - 2001 - Eddy covariance measurement of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from a area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-30T05:55:07","indexId":"70023235","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Eddy covariance measurement of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from a area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Three pilot studies were performed to assess application of the eddy covariance micrometeorological method in the measurement of carbon dioxide (CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>) flux of volcanic origin. The selected study area is one of high diffuse CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;emission on Mammoth Mountain, CA. Because terrain and source characteristics make this a complex setting for this type of measurement, added consideration was given to source area and upwind fetch. Footprint analysis suggests that the eddy covariance measurements were representative of an upwind elliptical source area (3.8×10</span><sup>3</sup><span>&nbsp;m</span><sup>2</sup><span>) which can vary with mean wind direction, surface roughness, and atmospheric stability. CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;flux averaged 8–16 mg m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;s</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;(0.7–1.4 kg m</span><sup>−2</sup><span>day</span><sup>−1</sup><span>). Eddy covariance measurements of flux were compared with surface chamber measurements made in separate studies [Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998a) 1947; EOS Trans. 79 (1998) F941.] and were found to be similar.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00380-6","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Anderson, D.E., and Farrar, C.D., 2001, Eddy covariance measurement of CO2 flux to the atmosphere from a area of high volcanogenic emissions, Mammoth Mountain, California: Chemical Geology, v. 177, no. 1-2, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00380-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232717,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207615,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00380-6"}],"volume":"177","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05a7e4b0c8380cd50ebd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Dean E. deander@usgs.gov","contributorId":662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Dean","email":"deander@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":396954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farrar, Christopher D. cdfarrar@usgs.gov","contributorId":1501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Farrar","given":"Christopher","email":"cdfarrar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":396955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023234,"text":"70023234 - 2001 - High CO2 emissions through porous media: Transport mechanisms and implications for flux measurement and fractionation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-03T10:12:45","indexId":"70023234","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High CO2 emissions through porous media: Transport mechanisms and implications for flux measurement and fractionation","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id18\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id19\"><p id=\"simple-para.0075\">Diffuse emissions of CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>are known to be large around some volcanoes and hydrothermal areas. Accumulation-chamber measurements of CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>flux are increasingly used to estimate the total magmatic or metamorphic CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>released from such areas. To assess the performance of accumulation chamber systems at fluxes one to three orders of magnitude higher than normally encountered in soil respiration studies, a test system was constructed in the laboratory where known fluxes could be maintained through dry sand. Steady-state gas concentration profiles and fractionation effects observed in the 30-cm sand column nearly match those predicted by the Stefan-Maxwell equations, indicating that the test system was functioning successfully as a uniform porous medium. Eight groups of investigators tested their accumulation chamber equipment, all configured with continuous infrared gas analyzers (IRGA), in this system. Over a flux range of ∼200–12,000 g m<sup>−2</sup>day<sup>−1</sup>, 90% of their 203 flux measurements were 0–25% lower than the imposed flux with a mean difference of −12.5%. Although this difference would seem to be within the range of acceptability for many geologic investigations, some potential sources for larger errors were discovered. A steady-state pressure gradient of −20 Pa/m was measured in the sand column at a flux of 11,200 g m<sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>day<sup>−1</sup>. The derived permeability (50 darcies) was used in the dusty-gas model (DGM) of transport to quantify various diffusive and viscous flux components. These calculations were used to demonstrate that accumulation chambers, in addition to reducing the underlying diffusive gradient, severely disrupt the steady-state pressure gradient. The resultant diversion of the net gas flow is probably responsible for the systematically low flux measurements. It was also shown that the fractionating effects of a viscous CO<sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;</span>efflux against a diffusive influx of air will have a major impact on some important geochemical indicators, such as N<sub>2</sub>/Ar,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>δ</i><sup>15</sup>N–N<sub>2</sub>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>4</sup>He/<sup>22</sup>Ne.</p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00379-X","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Evans, W.C., Sorey, M., Kennedy, B.M., Stonestrom, D.A., Rogie, J., and Shuster, D., 2001, High CO2 emissions through porous media: Transport mechanisms and implications for flux measurement and fractionation: Chemical Geology, v. 177, no. 1-2, p. 15-29, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00379-X.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"29","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232677,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207595,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00379-X"}],"volume":"177","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30a8e4b0c8380cd5d82e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Evans, William C.","contributorId":104903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kennedy, B. M.","contributorId":97638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stonestrom, David A. 0000-0001-7883-3385 dastones@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7883-3385","contributorId":2280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stonestrom","given":"David","email":"dastones@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":396951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rogie, J.D.","contributorId":63571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rogie","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Shuster, D.L.","contributorId":14096,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shuster","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70023178,"text":"70023178 - 2001 - Imaging of volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io by Galileo during the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-02T17:48:37.408527","indexId":"70023178","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Imaging of volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io by Galileo during the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission","docAbstract":"<div class=\"article-section__content en main\"><p>The Solid-State Imaging (SSI) instrument provided the first high- and medium-resolution views of Io as the Galileo spacecraft closed in on the volcanic body in late 1999 and early 2000. While each volcanic center has many unique features, the majority can be placed into one of two broad categories. The “Promethean” eruptions, typified by the volcanic center Prometheus, are characterized by long-lived steady eruptions producing a compound flow field emplaced in an insulating manner over a period of years to decades. In contrast, “Pillanian” eruptions are characterized by large pyroclastic deposits and short-lived but high effusion rate eruptions from fissures feeding open-channel or open-sheet flows. Both types of eruptions commonly have ∼100-km-tall, bright, SO<sub>2</sub>-rich plumes forming near the flow fronts and smaller deposits of red material that mark the vent for the silicate lavas.</p></div>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001383","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Keszthelyi, L., McEwen, A.S., Phillips, C.B., Milazzo, M., Geissler, P., Turtle, E.P., Radebaugh, J., Williams, D., Simonelli, D., Breneman, H., Klaasen, K., Levanas, G., Denk, T., and Galileo SSI Team, 2001, Imaging of volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io by Galileo during the Galileo Europa Mission and the Galileo Millennium Mission: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 106, no. E12, p. 33025-33052, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001383.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"33025","endPage":"33052","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Io","volume":"106","issue":"E12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3884e4b0c8380cd615cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keszthelyi, L.","contributorId":42691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keszthelyi","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McEwen, A. S.","contributorId":11317,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McEwen","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, C. B.","contributorId":103811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"C.","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Milazzo, M.","contributorId":74118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milazzo","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Geissler, P.","contributorId":45662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Geissler","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Turtle, E. P.","contributorId":44281,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Turtle","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Radebaugh, J.","contributorId":34639,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Radebaugh","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Williams, D.A.","contributorId":98048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7114,"text":"Arizona State Unviersity","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Simonelli, D.P.","contributorId":42373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simonelli","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Breneman, H.H.","contributorId":13400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Breneman","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Klaasen, K.P.","contributorId":56806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klaasen","given":"K.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Levanas, G.","contributorId":80042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Levanas","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Denk, T.","contributorId":65247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Denk","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Galileo SSI Team","contributorId":299582,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Galileo SSI Team","id":858232,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70023086,"text":"70023086 - 2001 - Geologic structures related to New Madrid earthquakes near Memphis, Tennessee, based on gravity and magnetic interpretations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70023086","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic structures related to New Madrid earthquakes near Memphis, Tennessee, based on gravity and magnetic interpretations","docAbstract":"New inversions of gravity and magnetic data in the region north of memphis. Tennessee, and south of latitude 36?? define boundaries of regional structures and igneous complexes in the upper crust. Microseismicity patterns near interpreted boundaries suggest that igneous complexes influence the locations of microseismicity. A weak seismicity cluster occurs near one intrusion (Covington pluton), at the intersection of the southwest margin of the Missouri batholith and the southeast margin of the Reelfoot rift. A narrow seismicity trend along the Reelfoot rift axis becomes diffuse near a second intrusion (Osceola intrusive complex) and changes direction to an area along the northwest flank of the intrusion. The axial seismicity trend also contains a tight cluster of earthquakes located just outside the Osceola intrusive complex. The mechanical explanation of the two seismicity patterns is uncertain, but the first cluster may be caused by stress concentration due to the high elastic stiffness and strength of the Covington intrusion. The spatially changing seismicity pattern near the Osceola complex may be caused by the preceding factors plus interaction with faulting along the rift axis. The axial seismicity strand itself is one of several connected and interacting active strands that may produce stress concentrations at strand ends and junctions. The microseismicity clusters at the peripheries of the two intrusions lead us to conclude that these stress concentrations or stressed volumes may be locations of future moderate to large earthquakes near Memphis. Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00056-4","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., Stuart, W., and Talwani, P., 2001, Geologic structures related to New Madrid earthquakes near Memphis, Tennessee, based on gravity and magnetic interpretations: Engineering Geology, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 105-121, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00056-4.","startPage":"105","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208015,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00056-4"},{"id":233369,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a21eee4b0c8380cd56bf6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stuart, W.D.","contributorId":65865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuart","given":"W.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Talwani, P.","contributorId":101420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talwani","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023077,"text":"70023077 - 2001 - NEHRP soil classifications for estimating site-dependent seismic coefficients in the Upper Mississippi Embayment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70023077","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1517,"text":"Engineering Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"NEHRP soil classifications for estimating site-dependent seismic coefficients in the Upper Mississippi Embayment","docAbstract":"Local soil conditions have a profound influence on the characteristics of ground shaking during an earthquake. Exceptionally deep soil deposits, on the order of 100-1000 m deep, are found in the Upper Mississippi Embayment of the central United States. Shear waves (SH) from earthquakes in the New Madrid seismic zone are expected to be strongly affected by the sharp impedance contrasts at the bedrock/sediment interface, attenuation of seismic waves in the soil column, and the SH-wave velocities of the more poorly consolidated near-surface (???50 m) soils. SH-wave velocities of the near-surface soils at nearly 400 sites in the Upper Mississippi Embayment were determined using conventional seismic SH-wave refraction and reflection techniques. Based on the average SH-wave velocities of the upper 30 m of the soils, sites in the Mississippi River floodplain portion of the study area are predominantly classified as Site Class D (180-360 m/s) in accordance with the 1997 NEHRP provisions. Sites away from the active floodplains in western Kentucky and western Tennessee, the SH-wave velocities of the upper 30 m of soils typically ranged from mid-200 to mid-300 m/s. Several sites in western Kentucky had averaged SH-wave velocities greater than 360 m/s, thereby qualifying them as Site Class C (360-760 m/s) in accordance with the 1997 NEHRP provisions. One dimensional site effects, including amplification and dynamic site period, were calculated for a representative suite of sites across the Upper Mississippi Embayment at latitude ?? 38.5??. Although seismic attenuation is greater in the Mississippi River floodplain (i.e. thicker, lower velocity material), the site effects tend to be greater than in the uplands of western Tennessee because of larger impedance contrasts within the near-surface soils. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Engineering Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00057-6","issn":"00137952","usgsCitation":"Street, R., Woolery, E., Wang, Z., and Harris, J.B., 2001, NEHRP soil classifications for estimating site-dependent seismic coefficients in the Upper Mississippi Embayment: Engineering Geology, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 123-135, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00057-6.","startPage":"123","endPage":"135","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208224,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00057-6"},{"id":233807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a613ee4b0c8380cd7187f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Street, R.","contributorId":35097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Street","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woolery, E.W.","contributorId":53548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woolery","given":"E.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396051,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Z.","contributorId":67976,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harris, J. B.","contributorId":80441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harris","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396053,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023074,"text":"70023074 - 2001 - Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:36","indexId":"70023074","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico","docAbstract":"Between A.D. 900 and 1150, more than 200,000 conifer trees were used to build the prehistoric great houses of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in what is now a treeless landscape. More than one-fifth of these timbers were spruce (Picea) or fir (Abies) that were hand-carried from isolated mountaintops 75-100 km away. Because strontium from local dust, water, and underlying bedrock is incorporated by trees, specific logging sites can be identified by comparing 87Sr/86Sr ratios in construction beams from different ruins and building periods to ratios in living trees from the surrounding mountains. 87Sr/86Sr ratios show that the beams came from both the Chuska and San Mateo (Mount Taylor) mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, which are equally close. Incorporation of logs from two sources in the same room, great house, and year suggest stockpiling and intercommunity collaboration at Chaco Canyon. The use of trees from both the Chuska and San Mateo mountains, but not from the San Pedro Mountains, as early as A.D. 974 suggests that selection of timber sources was driven more by regional socioeconomic ties than by a simple model of resource depletion with distance and time.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.211305498","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"English, N., Betancourt, J., Dean, J., and Quade, J., 2001, Strontium isotopes reveal distant sources of architectural timber in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 98, no. 21, p. 11891-11896, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211305498.","startPage":"11891","endPage":"11896","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478854,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/59738","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208207,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211305498"}],"volume":"98","issue":"21","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-09-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bb4e4b08c986b31d03b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"English, N.B.","contributorId":38744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"English","given":"N.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":396039,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, J.S.","contributorId":76517,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quade, Jay","contributorId":22108,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quade","given":"Jay","affiliations":[{"id":7042,"text":"University of Arizona","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":396036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023068,"text":"70023068 - 2001 - Pesticides in the hydrologic system - What do we know and what's next?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:37","indexId":"70023068","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Pesticides in the hydrologic system - What do we know and what's next?","docAbstract":"Even though the occurrence and behaviour of pesticides in the environment have been studied for decades, water-quality managers and the public still demand more complete and consistent information, and there are many unanswered questions for environmental scientists. In many respects, the greatest potential for unintended adverse effects of pesticides is through contamination of the hydrologic system, which supports aquatic life and related food chains and is used for recreation, drinking water, and many other purposes. The movement of water is one of the primary mechanisms by which pesticides are transported from targeted application areas to other parts of the environment; thus, there is potential for movement into and through all components of the hydrologic system. Extensive reviews of existing information on pesticides in the hydrologic system, including the atmosphere (Majewski and Capel, 1995), ground water (Barbash and Resek, 1996), surface water (Larson et al., 1997), and fluvial sediments and aquatic biota (Nowell et al., 1999), uncovered volumes of useful information, but also noted critical information gaps. For example: (a) relatively few pesticides have been thoroughly studied, particularly transformation products; (b) most data have been collected for small-scale site and field studies in agricultural areas; (c) urban areas have received little attention for monitoring or research; (d) the geographic and temporal distributions of data collection have been highly uneven; and (e) comparing and synthesizing results from most studies is difficult because of inconsistent approaches to data collection and chemical analysis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.501","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Gilliom, R.J., 2001, Pesticides in the hydrologic system - What do we know and what's next?: Hydrological Processes, v. 15, no. 16, p. 3197-3201, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.501.","startPage":"3197","endPage":"3201","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233693,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208174,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.501"}],"volume":"15","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-11-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a776fe4b0c8380cd784c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gilliom, R. J.","contributorId":60650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":396026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023059,"text":"70023059 - 2001 - Comparative assessment of groundwater quality in the Tangshan region of the People's Republic of China and similar areas in the U.S.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-15T13:35:50","indexId":"70023059","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3359,"text":"Scientific World Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparative assessment of groundwater quality in the Tangshan region of the People's Republic of China and similar areas in the U.S.","docAbstract":"Groundwater quality with respect to nitrate, major inorganic constituents, stable isotopes, and tritium was assessed in the agricultural Tangshan region in the Hai He River Basin of the People's Republic of China and compared with three regions in the U.S.: the Delmarva Peninsula of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; the San Joaquin Valley of California; and the Sacramento Valley of California. The China and U.S. regions are similar in size and land use, but have different climatic conditions and patterns of water use for irrigation. The Tangshan region has been in agricultural production for a much longer time, probably several centuries, than the three U.S. regions; however, the widespread use of synthetic fertilizers and other soil amendments probably started at a similar time in all four regions. In all four regions, median nitrate concentrations were generally below the U.S. drinking water standard of 10 mg/l of nitrate as nitrogen. However, higher concentrations and a greater range were evident for the Tangshan region. In the water samples collected from a shallow aquifer in the Tangshan region (over 25% of all samples), nitrate concentrations exceeded the Chinese standard of 20 mg/l, whereas few comparative samples (2.6%) collected in the U.S. exceeded 20 mg/l. In Tangshan, relatively low nitrate, which is indicative of uncontaminated background concentrations, was measured in older water of deeper wells. Recently recharged water was detected in wells drilled as deep as 150 m. Nitrate concentrations above background levels were also measured in water samples from these wells. In addition to nitrate, the agricultural area of the Tangshan region has been affected by elevated total dissolved solids and iron, the latter attributed to widespread application of animal wastes and sewage deposited on the land surface, which lead to oxygen depletion in the subsurface environment and dissolution of iron. The elevated total dissolved solids of the Tangshan study area could not be attributed to any one process.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Scientific World Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Hindawi Publishing","doi":"10.1100/tsw.2001.293","issn":"1537744X","usgsCitation":"Domagalski, J.L., Chao, L., and Xinquan, Z., 2001, Comparative assessment of groundwater quality in the Tangshan region of the People's Republic of China and similar areas in the U.S.: Scientific World Journal, v. 1, no. Suppl 2, p. 415-422, https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.293.","startPage":"415","endPage":"422","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479010,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.293","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":269042,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.293"},{"id":233551,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"Suppl 2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f811e4b0c8380cd4ce76","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Domagalski, Joseph L. 0000-0002-6032-757X joed@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6032-757X","contributorId":1330,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Domagalski","given":"Joseph","email":"joed@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":395996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chao, L.","contributorId":74173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chao","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Xinquan, Z.","contributorId":60417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xinquan","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395997,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70023049,"text":"70023049 - 2001 - Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-01T17:57:49.126068","indexId":"70023049","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) investigation on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) is aimed at determining (1) the composition of surface minerals, rocks, and ices; (2) the temperature and dynamics of the atmosphere; (3) the properties of the atmospheric aerosols and clouds; (4) the nature of the polar regions; and (5) the thermophysical properties of the surface materials. These objectives are met using an infrared (5.8- to 50-μm) interferometric spectrometer, along with broadband thermal (5.1- to 150-μm) and visible/near-IR (0.3- to 2.9-μm) radiometers. The MGS TES instrument weighs 14.47 kg, consumes 10.6 W when operating, and is 23.6×35.5×40.0 cm in size. The TES data are calibrated to a 1-σ precision of 2.5</span><sup>−6</sup><span>×10</span><sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;W cm</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;sr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>/cm</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, 1.6×10</span><sup>−6</sup><span>&nbsp;W cm</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;sr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>, and ∼0.5 K in the spectrometer, visible/near-IR bolometer, and IR bolometer, respectively. These instrument subsections are calibrated to an absolute accuracy of ∼4×10</span><sup>−8</sup><span>&nbsp;W cm</span><sup>−2</sup><span>&nbsp;sr</span><sup>−1</sup><span>/cm</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;(0.5 K at 280 K), 1–2%, and ∼1–2 K, respectively. Global mapping of surface mineralogy at a spatial resolution of 3 km has shown the following: (1) The mineralogic composition of dark regions varies from basaltic, primarily plagioclase feldspar and clinopyroxene, in the ancient, southern highlands to andesitic, dominated by plagioclase feldspar and volcanic glass, in the younger northern plains. (2) Aqueous mineralization has produced gray, crystalline hematite in limited regions under ambient or hydrothermal conditions; these deposits are interpreted to be in-place sedimentary rock formations and indicate that liquid water was stable near the surface for a long period of time. (3) There is no evidence for large-scale (tens of kilometers) occurrences of moderate-grained (&gt;50-μm) carbonates exposed at the surface at a detection limit of ∼10%. (4) Unweathered volcanic minerals dominate the spectral properties of dark regions, and weathering products, such as clays, have not been observed anywhere above a detection limit of ∼10%; this lack of evidence for chemical weathering indicates a geologic history dominated by a cold, dry climate in which mechanical, rather than chemical, weathering was the significant form of erosion and sediment production. (5) There is no conclusive evidence for sulfate minerals at a detection limit of ∼15%. The polar region has been studied with the following major conclusions: (1) Condensed CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;has three distinct end-members, from fine-grained crystals to slab ice. (2) The growth and retreat of the polar caps observed by MGS is virtually the same as observed by Viking 12 Martian years ago. (3) Unique regions have been identified that appear to differ primarily in the grain size of CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>; one south polar region appears to remain as black slab CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>&nbsp;ice throughout its sublimation. (4) Regional atmospheric dust is common in localized and regional dust storms around the margin and interior of the southern cap. Analysis of the thermophysical properties of the surface shows that (1) the spatial pattern of albedo has changed since Viking observations, (2) a unique cluster of surface materials with intermediate inertia and albedo occurs that is distinct from the previously identified low-inertia/bright and high-inertia/dark surfaces, and (3) localized patches of high-inertia material have been found in topographic lows and may have been formed by a unique set of aeolian, fluvial, or erosional processes or may be exposed bedrock.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001370","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Christensen, P.R., Bandfield, J., Hamilton, V., Ruff, S.W., Kieffer, H.H., Titus, T., Malin, M.C., Morris, R., Lane, M.D., Clark, R., Jakosky, B., Mellon, M.T., Pearl, J., Conrath, B., Smith, M.D., Clancy, R., Kuzmin, R., Roush, T., Mehall, G., Gorelick, N., Bender, K., Murray, K., Dason, S., Greene, E., Silverman, S., and Greenfield, M., 2001, Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 106, no. E10, p. 23823-23871, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001370.","productDescription":"49 p.","startPage":"23823","endPage":"23871","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"106","issue":"E10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a520fe4b0c8380cd6c11d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, P. R.","contributorId":7819,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christensen","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bandfield, J. L.","contributorId":59990,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bandfield","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hamilton, V.E.","contributorId":92024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamilton","given":"V.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ruff, S. W.","contributorId":63136,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruff","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kieffer, H. 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,{"id":70023044,"text":"70023044 - 2001 - Decreased glutathione S-transferase expression and activity and altered sex steroids in Lake Apopka brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:40","indexId":"70023044","displayToPublicDate":"2001-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":874,"text":"Aquatic Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decreased glutathione S-transferase expression and activity and altered sex steroids in Lake Apopka brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus)","docAbstract":"A number of freshwater lakes and reclaimed agricultural sites in Central Florida have been the receiving waters for agrochemical and municipal runoff. One of these sites, Lake Apopka, is also a eutrophic system that has been the focus of several case studies reporting altered reproductive activity linked to bioaccumulation of persistent organochlorine chemicals in aquatic species. The present study was initiated to determine if brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus) from the north marsh of Lake Apopka (Lake Apopka Marsh) exhibit an altered capacity to detoxify environmental chemicals through hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST)-mediated conjugation as compared with bullheads from a nearby reference site (Lake Woodruff). We also compared plasma sex hormone concentrations (testosterone, 17-?? estradiol, and 11 keto-testosterone) in bullheads from the two sites. Female bullheads from Lake Apopka had 40% lower initial rate GST conjugative activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 50% lower activity towards p-nitrobutyl chloride (NBC), 33% lower activity toward ethacrynic acid (ECA), and 43% lower activity toward ??5-androstene-3,17-dione (??5-ADI), as compared with female bullheads from Lake Woodruff. Enzyme kinetic analyses demonstrated that female bullheads from Lake Apopka had lower GST-catalyzed CDNB clearance than did female Lake Woodruff bullheads. Western blotting studies of bullhead liver cytosolic proteins demonstrated that the reduced GST catalytic activities in female Lake Apopka bullheads were accompanied by lower expression of hepatic GST protein. No site differences were observed with respect to GST activities or GST protein expression in male bullheads. Female Lake Apopka bullheads also had elevated concentrations of plasma androgens (testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone) as compared with females from Lake Woodruff. In contrast, male Lake Apopka bullheads had elevated levels of plasma estrogen but similar levels of androgens as compared with male bullheads from Lake Woodruff. Collectively, our studies indicate the presence of reduced GST protein expression, reduced GST conjugative capacity and altered sex steroid homeostasis in female bullheads from a contaminated field site in Central Florida. The implications of these physiological alterations in terms of pollutant biotransformation and reproduction are discussed. ?? 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Aquatic Toxicology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00158-8","issn":"0166445X","usgsCitation":"Gallagher, E., Gross, T., and Sheehy, K., 2001, Decreased glutathione S-transferase expression and activity and altered sex steroids in Lake Apopka brown bullheads (Ameriurus nebulosus): Aquatic Toxicology, v. 55, no. 3-4, p. 223-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00158-8.","startPage":"223","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208253,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00158-8"},{"id":233874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"55","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe17e4b0c8380cd4eaff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gallagher, E.P.","contributorId":70969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gallagher","given":"E.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395919,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sheehy, K.M.","contributorId":77711,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheehy","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
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