We compared cavity-nesting bird communities in aspen (Populus tremuloides) woodland fragments classified on the basis of vegetation structure (tree density) and landscape context (surrounding vegetation). We found very few cavity nesters in fragments predominantly surrounded by forests. Fragments adjacent to meadows contained more species and a greater abundance of cavity nesters. Species richness and abundance were higher in sparsely than in densely treed meadow fragments. Because secondary cavity nesters are often limited by cavity availability, we augmented natural cavities with nest boxes. Although only five boxes contained bird nests, these were all in sparse aspen fragments predominantly surrounded by meadows. However, we found 25 northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) nests in boxes, none of which were in sparse meadow fragments. In addition to high-lighting the importance of landscape context in avian and mammalian habitat relationships, our results suggest that predator or competitor interactions may help structure this cavity-nester community.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/104.4.890","usgsCitation":"Lawler, J., and Edwards, T., 2002, Composition of cavity-nesting bird communities in montane aspen woodland fragments: The roles of landscape context and forest structure: Condor, v. 104, no. 4, p. 890-896, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.4.890.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"890","endPage":"896","costCenters":[{"id":609,"text":"Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478742,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.4.890","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231676,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"Uinta Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.170654296875,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -109.500732421875,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -109.500732421875,\n 40.896905775860006\n ],\n [\n -111.170654296875,\n 40.896905775860006\n ],\n [\n -111.170654296875,\n 40.56389453066509\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f927e4b0c8380cd4d479","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lawler, J.J.","contributorId":8641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lawler","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edwards, T.C. Jr. 0000-0002-0773-0909","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0773-0909","contributorId":76486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"T.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399980,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023825,"text":"70023825 - 2002 - Modified Biot-Gassmann theory for calculating elastic velocities for unconsolidated and consolidated sediments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T15:04:01.747542","indexId":"70023825","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2668,"text":"Marine Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modified Biot-Gassmann theory for calculating elastic velocities for unconsolidated and consolidated sediments","docAbstract":"The classical Biot-Gassmann theory (BGT) generally overestimates shear-wave velocities of water-saturated sediments. To overcome this problem, a new theory is developed based on BGT and on the velocity ratio as a function of G(1−φ)n, where φ is porosity and n and G are constants. Based on laboratory data measured at ultrasonic frequencies, parameters for the new formulation are derived. This new theory is extended to include the effect of differential pressure and consolidation on the velocity ratio by making na function of differential pressure and the rate of porosity reduction with respect to differential pressure. A scale G is introduced to compensate for discrepancies between measured and predicted velocities, mainly caused by the presence of clay in the matrix. As differential pressure increases and the rate of porosity reduction with respect to differential pressure decreases, the exponent n decreases and elastic velocities increase. Because velocity dispersion is not considered, this new formula is optimum for analyzing velocities measured at ultrasonic frequencies or for sediments having low dispersion characteristics such as clean sandstone with high permeability to predict velocities from porosity or from porosity and P-wave velocity and is in good agreement with laboratory and well log data.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1023/B:MARI.0000018195.75858.12","usgsCitation":"Lee, M.W., 2002, Modified Biot-Gassmann theory for calculating elastic velocities for unconsolidated and consolidated sediments: Marine Geophysical Research, v. 23, no. 5-6, p. 403-412, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:MARI.0000018195.75858.12.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"403","endPage":"412","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5cbfe4b0c8380cd6ff04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, Myung W.","contributorId":84358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Myung","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024074,"text":"70024074 - 2002 - Sample size requirements for in situ vegetation and substrate classifications in shallow, natural Nebraska Lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024074","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sample size requirements for in situ vegetation and substrate classifications in shallow, natural Nebraska Lakes","docAbstract":"We assessed the precision of visual estimates of vegetation and substrate along transects in 15 shallow, natural Nebraska lakes. Vegetation type (submergent or emergent), vegetation density (sparse, moderate, or dense), and substrate composition (percentage sand, muck, and clay; to the nearest 10%) were estimated at 25-70 sampling sites per lake by two independent observers. Observer agreement for vegetation type was 92%. Agreement ranged from 62.5% to 90.1% for substrate composition. Agreement was also high (72%) for vegetation density estimates. The relatively high agreement between estimates was likely attributable to the homogeneity of the lake habitats. Nearly 90% of the substrate sites were classified as 0% clay, and over 68% as either 0% or 100% sand. When habitats were homogeneous, less than 40 sampling sites per lake were required for 95% confidence that habitat composition was within 10% of the true mean, and over 100 sites were required when habitats were heterogeneous. Our results suggest that relatively high precision is attainable for vegetation and substrate mapping in shallow, natural lakes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1329:SSRFIS>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Paukert, C., Willis, D., and Holland, R., 2002, Sample size requirements for in situ vegetation and substrate classifications in shallow, natural Nebraska Lakes: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 4, p. 1329-1333, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1329:SSRFIS>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1329","endPage":"1333","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207277,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1329:SSRFIS>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab066e4b0c8380cd87ab8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paukert, C.P.","contributorId":10151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paukert","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399920,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willis, D.W.","contributorId":56179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willis","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399921,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holland, R.S.","contributorId":56415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399922,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024839,"text":"70024839 - 2002 - Ancient impact structures on modern continental shelves: The Chesapeake Bay, Montagnais, and Toms Canyon craters, Atlantic margin of North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-16T09:24:31","indexId":"70024839","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1371,"text":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ancient impact structures on modern continental shelves: The Chesapeake Bay, Montagnais, and Toms Canyon craters, Atlantic margin of North America","docAbstract":"Three ancient impact craters (Chesapeake Bay - 35.7 Ma; Toms Canyon - 35.7 Ma; Montagnais - 51 Ma) and one multiring impact basin (Chicxulub - 65 Ma) are currently known to be buried beneath modern continental shelves. All occur on the passive Atlantic margin of North America in regions extensively explored by seismic reflection surveys in the search for oil and gas reserves. We limit our discussion herein to the three youngest structures. These craters were created by submarine impacts, which produced many structural and morphological features similar in construction, composition, and variability to those documented in well-preserved subaerial and planetary impact craters. The subcircular Chesapeake Bay (diameter 85 km) and ovate Montagnais (diameter 45-50 km) structures display outer-rim scarps, annular troughs, peak rings, inner basins, and central peaks similar to those incorporated in the widely cited conceptual model of complex impact craters. These craters differ in several respects from the model, however. For example, the Montagnais crater lacks a raised lip on the outer rim, the Chesapeake Bay crater displays only small remnants of a raised lip, and both craters contain an unusually thick body of impact breccia. The subtriangular Toms Canyon crater (diameter 20-22 km), on the other hand, contains none of the internal features of a complex crater, nor is it typical of a simple crater. It displays a prominent raised lip on the outer rim, but the lip is present only on the western side of the crater. In addition, each of these craters contains some distinct features, which are not present in one or both of the others. For example, the central peak at Montagnais rises well above the elevation of the outer rim, whereas at Chesapeake Bay, the outer rim is higher than the central peak. The floor of the Toms Canyon crater is marked by parallel deep troughs and linear ridges formed of sedimentary rocks, whereas at Chesapeake Bay, the crater floor contains concentric faults and compression ridges formed in rocks of the crystalline basement. The Chesapeake Bay crater is distinguished further by its cluster of at least 23 adjacent secondary craters. The North American tektite strewn field, a widespread deposit of distal ejecta, is thought to be derived from the Chesapeake Bay impact, perhaps with a small contribution from the Toms Canyon impact. No ejecta field is known to be associated with the Montagnais impact. No immediate major extinction event is directly linked to any of these three impacts. There is evidence, however, that the Chesapeake Bay and Toms Canyon impacts helped initiate a long-term pulse of warm global climate, whose eventual dissipation coincided with an early Oligocene mass extinction event, 2 Ma after the impacts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00144-8","issn":"09670645","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., Plescia, J.B., and Molzer, P., 2002, Ancient impact structures on modern continental shelves: The Chesapeake Bay, Montagnais, and Toms Canyon craters, Atlantic margin of North America: Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, v. 49, no. 6, p. 1081-1102, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00144-8.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1081","endPage":"1102","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":207652,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00144-8"},{"id":232787,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ebf6e4b0c8380cd48fd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie 0000-0002-6240-4065 wpoag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6240-4065","contributorId":2565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"wpoag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plescia, J. B.","contributorId":15689,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plescia","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Molzer, P.C.","contributorId":86514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Molzer","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024081,"text":"70024081 - 2002 - Remotely sensed geology from lander-based to orbital perspectives: Results of FIDO rover May 2000 field tests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-29T14:30:18","indexId":"70024081","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Remotely sensed geology from lander-based to orbital perspectives: Results of FIDO rover May 2000 field tests","docAbstract":"Blind field tests of the Field Integration Design and Operations (FIDO) prototype Mars rover were carried out 7-16 May 2000. A Core Operations Team (COT), sequestered at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory without knowledge of test site location, prepared command sequences and interpreted data acquired by the rover. Instrument sensors included a stereo panoramic camera, navigational and hazard-avoidance cameras, a color microscopic imager, an infrared point spectrometer, and a rock coring drill. The COT designed command sequences, which were relayed by satellite uplink to the rover, and evaluated instrument data. Using aerial photos and Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data, and information from the rover sensors, the COT inferred the geology of the landing site during the 18 sol mission, including lithologic diversity, stratigraphic relationships, environments of deposition, and weathering characteristics. Prominent lithologic units were interpreted to be dolomite-bearing rocks, kaolinite-bearing altered felsic volcanic materials, and basalt. The color panoramic camera revealed sedimentary layering and rock textures, and geologic relationships seen in rock exposures. The infrared point spectrometer permitted identification of prominent carbonate and kaolinite spectral features and permitted correlations to outcrops that could not be reached by the rover. The color microscopic imager revealed fine-scale rock textures, soil components, and results of coring experiments. Test results show that close-up interrogation of rocks is essential to investigations of geologic environments and that observations must include scales ranging from individual boulders and outcrops (microscopic, macroscopic) to orbital remote sensing, with sufficient intermediate steps (descent images) to connect in situ and remote observations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.1029/2000JE001470","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Jolliff, B., Knoll, A., Morris, R., Moersch, J., McSween, H., Gilmore, M., Arvidson, R., Greeley, R., Herkenhoff, K.E., and Squyres, S., 2002, Remotely sensed geology from lander-based to orbital perspectives: Results of FIDO rover May 2000 field tests: Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 107, no. E11, 17 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JE001470.","productDescription":"17 p.","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478725,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000je001470","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Mars","volume":"107","issue":"E11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa71ae4b0c8380cd85211","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jolliff, B.","contributorId":105077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jolliff","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knoll, A.","contributorId":65635,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knoll","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morris, R.V.","contributorId":6978,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morris","given":"R.V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moersch, J.","contributorId":66445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moersch","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McSween, H.","contributorId":41990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McSween","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gilmore, M.","contributorId":83702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilmore","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Arvidson, R.","contributorId":65971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Arvidson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Herkenhoff, Kenneth E. 0000-0002-3153-6663 kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3153-6663","contributorId":2275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herkenhoff","given":"Kenneth","email":"kherkenhoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Squyres, S.","contributorId":74490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Squyres","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}} ,{"id":70024848,"text":"70024848 - 2002 - Constructing event trees for volcanic crises","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70024848","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Constructing event trees for volcanic crises","docAbstract":"Event trees are useful frameworks for discussing probabilities of possible outcomes of volcanic unrest. Each branch of the tree leads from a necessary prior event to a more specific outcome, e.g., from an eruption to a pyroclastic flow. Where volcanic processes are poorly understood, probability estimates might be purely empirical - utilizing observations of past and current activity and an assumption that the future will mimic the past or follow a present trend. If processes are better understood, probabilities might be estimated from a theoritical model, either subjectively or by numerical simulations. Use of Bayes' theorem aids in the estimation of how fresh unrest raises (or lowers) the probabilities of eruptions. Use of event trees during volcanic crises can help volcanologists to critically review their analysis of hazard, and help officials and individuals to compare volcanic risks with more familiar risks. Trees also emphasize the inherently probabilistic nature of volcano forecasts, with multiple possible outcomes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s004450100173","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Newhall, C., and Hoblitt, R., 2002, Constructing event trees for volcanic crises: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 64, no. 1, p. 3-20, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450100173.","startPage":"3","endPage":"20","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207746,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450100173"},{"id":232929,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fa13e4b0c8380cd4d914","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Newhall, C.","contributorId":16557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoblitt, R.","contributorId":103738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoblitt","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024852,"text":"70024852 - 2002 - Managing tallgrass prairie remnants: The effects of different types of land stewardship on grassland bird habitat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T15:04:23.395037","indexId":"70024852","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1462,"text":"Ecological Restoration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Managing tallgrass prairie remnants: The effects of different types of land stewardship on grassland bird habitat","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin Press","doi":"10.3368/er.20.1.18","usgsCitation":"Higgins, J.J., Larson, G., and Higgins, K.F., 2002, Managing tallgrass prairie remnants: The effects of different types of land stewardship on grassland bird habitat: Ecological Restoration, v. 20, no. 1, p. 18-22, https://doi.org/10.3368/er.20.1.18.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"18","endPage":"22","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4c96e4b0c8380cd69d62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Higgins, Jeremy J.","contributorId":292422,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higgins","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larson, Gary","contributorId":40093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"Gary","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higgins, Kenneth F.","contributorId":202243,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higgins","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":36386,"text":"Department Of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1017434,"text":"1017434 - 2002 - Contaminant studies in the Sierra Nevadas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"1017434","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3030,"text":"People, Land, and Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Contaminant studies in the Sierra Nevadas","docAbstract":"1. 1. Barred owls fed at a sub-maintenance (SM) level had significantly (P < 0.01) longer meal to pellet intervals (MPI)/g eaten/kg body weight (BW) than those fed at an above maintenance (AM) level; MPI/g per kg for owls fed at a maintenance (M) level was intermediate but significantly (P < 0.01) different from both SM and AM. 2. 2. During SM feeding, MPI/g per kg gradually increased. 3. 3. The proportion of a meal occurring in a pellet was less in ?hungry? owls whether losing weight (SM) or gaining (AM) as compared to owls maintaining their normal body weight (M). 4. 4. SM fed owls appear to be able to increase digestion time as well as thoroughness of digestion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"People, Land, and Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D., and Fellers, G.M., 2002, Contaminant studies in the Sierra Nevadas: People, Land, and Water, no. Aug 2002.","productDescription":"p. 33","startPage":"33","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132844,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"Aug 2002","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a266a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, Don","contributorId":81859,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":50090,"text":"fs12202 - 2002 - Loss of sagebrush ecosystems and declining bird populations in the Intermountain West: Priority research issues and information needs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-30T16:39:14","indexId":"fs12202","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"122-02","title":"Loss of sagebrush ecosystems and declining bird populations in the Intermountain West: Priority research issues and information needs","docAbstract":"Sagebrush lands in the Intermountain West are declining rapidly in quality and extent. Consequently, populations of many bird species dependent on these ecosystems also are declining. The greater sage-grouse has been petitioned for listing as a threatened and endangered species, and other species of sagebrush-obligate birds have special conservation status in most states. We identified the primary issues and information needs during a multi-agency workshop, conducted in response to concerns by management agencies related to declining bird population trends in sagebrush habitats. Priority needs were to (1) obtain a better understanding of bird response to habitat and landscape features, (2) develop monitoring designs to sample habitats and bird populations, (3) determine the effects of land use on sagebrush habitats and dependent bird species, and (4) identify linkages between breeding and wintering ranges. This agenda will identify causes and mechanisms of population declines in birds dependent on sagebrush ecosystems and will lead to better management of the ecosystems upon which they depend.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs12202","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Loss of sagebrush ecosystems and declining bird populations in the Intermountain West: Priority research issues and information needs: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 122-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12202.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4283,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0122/fs12202.pdf","text":"Report","size":"500 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 122-02"},{"id":125269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0122/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640d53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":532050,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024299,"text":"70024299 - 2002 - AVHRR channel selection for land cover classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T16:10:30","indexId":"70024299","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"AVHRR channel selection for land cover classification","docAbstract":"Mapping land cover of large regions often requires processing of satellite images collected from several time periods at many spectral wavelength channels. However, manipulating and processing large amounts of image data increases the complexity and time, and hence the cost, that it takes to produce a land cover map. Very few studies have evaluated the importance of individual Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) channels for discriminating cover types, especially the thermal channels (channels 3, 4 and 5). Studies rarely perform a multi-year analysis to determine the impact of inter-annual variability on the classification results. We evaluated 5 years of AVHRR data using combinations of the original AVHRR spectral channels (1-5) to determine which channels are most important for cover type discrimination, yet stabilize inter-annual variability. Particular attention was placed on the channels in the thermal portion of the spectrum. Fourteen cover types over the entire state of Colorado were evaluated using a supervised classification approach on all two-, three-, four- and five-channel combinations for seven AVHRR biweekly composite datasets covering the entire growing season for each of 5 years. Results show that all three of the major portions of the electromagnetic spectrum represented by the AVHRR sensor are required to discriminate cover types effectively and stabilize inter-annual variability. Of the two-channel combinations, channels 1 (red visible) and 2 (near-infrared) had, by far, the highest average overall accuracy (72.2%), yet the inter-annual classification accuracies were highly variable. Including a thermal channel (channel 4) significantly increased the average overall classification accuracy by 5.5% and stabilized interannual variability. Each of the thermal channels gave similar classification accuracies; however, because of the problems in consistently interpreting channel 3 data, either channel 4 or 5 was found to be a more appropriate choice. Substituting the thermal channel with a single elevation layer resulted in equivalent classification accuracies and inter-annual variability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431160210145588","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Maxwell, S., Hoffer, R., and Chapman, P., 2002, AVHRR channel selection for land cover classification: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 23, no. 23, p. 5061-5073, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160210145588.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5061","endPage":"5073","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207267,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160210145588"}],"volume":"23","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e63ce4b0c8380cd47291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maxwell, S.K.","contributorId":36665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffer, R.M.","contributorId":6861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffer","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, P.L.","contributorId":29144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024294,"text":"70024294 - 2002 - Antibody responses by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to various protein antigens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024294","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1653,"text":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antibody responses by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to various protein antigens","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/fsim.2001.0404","issn":"10504648","usgsCitation":"Alcorn, S., and Pascho, R., 2002, Antibody responses by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to various protein antigens: Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 327-333, https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2001.0404.","startPage":"327","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207222,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2001.0404"},{"id":231995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec60e4b0c8380cd49230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alcorn, S.W.","contributorId":37499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alcorn","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024309,"text":"70024309 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources in Central and South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024309","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources in Central and South America","docAbstract":"The USGS has assessed undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources in 128 selected petroleum provinces of the world. Of these 128 provinces, 23 are in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean area. In the USGS 2000 Assessment, the provinces resulted in mean totals for undiscovered resource of 105 billion bbl of oil and 487 tcf of gas. The potential for giant oil and gas fields is greatest in the basins along the Atlantic margin of eastern South America, from the Santos Basin in the south to the Guyana-Suriname Basin in the north. The potential for giant fields is mainly offshore, in water depths up to 3600 m. The South and Central America region ranks third in the world for undiscovered conventional oil and gas behind the Middle East and the Former Soviet Union.","largerWorkTitle":"World Petroleum Congress Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 17th World Petroleum Congress","conferenceDate":"1 September 2002 through 5 September 2002","conferenceLocation":"Rio de Janeiro","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J., 2002, Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources in Central and South America, in World Petroleum Congress Proceedings, v. 2, Rio de Janeiro, 1 September 2002 through 5 September 2002.","startPage":"175","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee80e4b0c8380cd49db9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":72344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024296,"text":"70024296 - 2002 - Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024296","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1168,"text":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A","docAbstract":"A sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) was used in combination with backscattered electron (BSE) and cathodoluminescence (CL) images to determine the age of detrital zircons from sandstones in the Neoproterozoic Middle Run Formation of the eastern Midwest, United States. Eleven samples from seven drill cores of the upper part of the Middle Run Formation contain detrital zircons ranging in age from 1030 to 1982 Ma (84 analyses), with six distinctive modes at 1.96, 1.63, 1.47, 1.34, 1.15, and 1.08 Ga. This indicates that most, but not all, of the zircon at the top of the Middle Run Formation was derived from the Grenville Orogen. The youngest concordant detrital zircon yields a maximum age of 1048 ?? 22 Ma for the Middle Run Formation, indicating that the formation is younger than ca. 1026 Ma minus the added extra time needed for later uplift, denudation, thrusting, erosion, and transport to southwestern Ohio. Thus, as judged by proximity, composition, thickness, and geochronology, it is a North American equivalent to other Neoproterozoic Grenvillian-derived basins, such as the Torridon Group of Scotland and the Palmeiral Formation of South America. An alternate possibility, although much less likely in our opinion, is that it could be much younger, any time between 1048 ?? 22 Ma and the deposition of the Middle Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone at about 510 Ma, and still virtually almost all derived from rocks of the Grenville Orogen.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/e02-052","issn":"00084077","usgsCitation":"Santos, J., Hartmann, L., McNaughton, N., Easton, R.M., Rea, R., and Potter, P., 2002, Sensitive high resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) detrital zircon geochronology provides new evidence for a hidden neoproterozoic foreland basin to the Grenville Orogen in the eastern Midwest, U.S.A: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 39, no. 10, p. 1505-1515, https://doi.org/10.1139/e02-052.","startPage":"1505","endPage":"1515","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232035,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207244,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-052"}],"volume":"39","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d1ee4b08c986b31827d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Santos, J.O.S.","contributorId":39160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Santos","given":"J.O.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hartmann, L.A.","contributorId":85748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartmann","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McNaughton, N.J.","contributorId":55606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McNaughton","given":"N.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Easton, R. M.","contributorId":36323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Easton","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rea, R.G.","contributorId":22531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Potter, P.E.","contributorId":29992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Potter","given":"P.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024306,"text":"70024306 - 2002 - Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024306","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to determine if nitrate sources in ground water (fertilizer on crops, fertilizer on golf courses, irrigation spray from hog (Sus scrofa) wastes, and leachate from poultry litter and septic systems) could be classified with 80% or greater success. Two statistical classification-tree models were devised from 48 water samples containing nitrate from five source categories. Model I was constructed by evaluating 32 variables and selecting four primary predictor variables (??15N, nitrate to ammonia ratio, sodium to potassium ratio, and zinc) to identify nitrate sources. A ??15N value of nitrate plus potassium <18.2 indicated animal sources; a value >18.2 indicated inorganic or soil organic N. A nitrate to ammonia ratio <575 indicated inorganic fertilizer on agricultural crops; a ratio >575 indicated nitrate from golf courses. A sodium to potassium ratio <3.2 indicated septicsystem wastes; a ratio >3.2 indicated spray or poultry wastes. A value for zinc <2.8 indicated spray wastes from hog lagoons; a value >2.8 indicated poultry wastes. Model 2 was devised by using all variables except ??15N. This model also included four variables (sodium plus potassium, nitrate to ammonia ratio, calcium to magnesium ratio, and sodium to potassium ratio) to distinguish categories. Both models were able to distinguish all five source categories with better than 80% overall success and with 71 to 100% success in individual categories using the learning samples. Seventeen water samples that were not used in model development were tested using Model 2 for three categories, and all were correctly classified. Classification-tree models show great potential in identifying sources of contamination and variables important in the source-identification process.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","language":"English","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Spruill, T., Showers, W., and Howe, S.S., 2002, Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water, in Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1538-1549.","startPage":"1538","endPage":"1549","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec98e4b0c8380cd49387","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spruill, T.B.","contributorId":76747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Showers, W.J.","contributorId":54374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Showers","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howe, S. S.","contributorId":103293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024308,"text":"70024308 - 2002 - Generalized extreme gust wind speeds distributions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024308","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2511,"text":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generalized extreme gust wind speeds distributions","docAbstract":"Since summer 1996, the US wind engineers are using the extreme gust (or 3-s gust) as the basic wind speed to quantify the destruction of extreme winds. In order to better understand these destructive wind forces, it is important to know the appropriate representations of these extreme gust wind speeds. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the most suitable extreme value distributions for the annual extreme gust wind speeds recorded in large selected areas. To achieve this objective, we are using the generalized Pareto distribution as the diagnostic tool for determining the types of extreme gust wind speed distributions. The three-parameter generalized extreme value distribution function is, thus, reduced to either Type I Gumbel, Type II Frechet or Type III reverse Weibull distribution function for the annual extreme gust wind speeds recorded at a specific site.With the considerations of the quality and homogeneity of gust wind data collected at more than 750 weather stations throughout the United States, annual extreme gust wind speeds at selected 143 stations in the contiguous United States were used in the study. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00277-5","issn":"01676105","usgsCitation":"Cheng, E., and Yeung, C., 2002, Generalized extreme gust wind speeds distributions: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, v. 90, no. 12-15, p. 1657-1669, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00277-5.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1669","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207044,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00277-5"},{"id":231613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"12-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a151ee4b0c8380cd54cc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, E.","contributorId":18136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeung, C.","contributorId":41989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeung","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023891,"text":"70023891 - 2002 - The role of the egg jelly coat in protecting Hyla regilla and Bufo canorus embryos from Ultraviolet B radiation during development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T16:27:20.345682","indexId":"70023891","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1564,"text":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The role of the egg jelly coat in protecting Hyla regilla and Bufo canorus embryos from Ultraviolet B radiation during development","title":"The role of the egg jelly coat in protecting Hyla regilla and Bufo canorus embryos from Ultraviolet B radiation during development","docAbstract":"Background. Previous studies have suggested that Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation may play a role in amphibian population declines. Some of these studies also indicate that egg hatching success is unaltered in some species of anurans as a result of UVB exposure. It has been proposed that the egg mass jelly provides photoprotection to the developing embryos. Methods. Direct spectrophotometric scans of egg jelly, scans of egg jelly methanol extracts, and experimental manipulation in a solar simulator during development were all used to assess the role of egg mass jelly as a photoprotective agent. Results/Discussion. For Hyla regilla, scans of egg jelly and methanolic extracts (for mycosporine-like amino acid content) both displayed no absorption in the UV range. Experimental manipulation (removal of egg mass jelly) with both Hyla regilla and Bufo canorus egg masses in a solar simulator demonstrated that egg mass jelly played no apparent role in photoprotection of either of these species. Conclusions. Based on the results in this study it seems unlikely that the egg jelly coat is playing a crucial role in protecting developing embryos from the impact of UVB radiation.
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Although the deeper (>20 m) waters of the central Sound are long-term depositional areas characterized by relatively weak bottom-current regimes, our data reveal the localized presence of sedimentary furrows. These erosional bedforms occur in fine-grained cohesive sediments (silts and clayey silts), trend east-northeast, are irregularly spaced, and have indistinct troughs with gently sloping walls. The average width and relief of the furrows is 9.2 m and 0.4 m, respectively. The furrows average about 206 m long, but range in length from 30 m to over 1,300 m. Longitudinal ripples, bioturbation, and nutclam shell debris are common within the furrows. Although many of the furrows appear to end by gradually narrowing, some furrows show a \"tuning fork\" joining pattern. Most of these junctions open toward the east, indicating net westward sediment transport. However, a few junctions open toward the west suggesting that oscillating tidal currents are the dominant mechanism controlling furrow formation. Sedimentary furrows and longitudinal ripples typically form in environments which have recurring, directionally stable, and occasionally strong currents. The elongate geometry and regional bathymetry of Long Island Sound combine to constrain the dominant tidal and storm currents to east-west flow directions and permit the development of these bedforms. Through resuspension due to biological activity and the subsequent development of erosional bedforms, fine-grained cohesive sediment can be remobilized and made available for transport farther westward into the estuary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., Knebel, H., Lewis, R.S., and DiGiacomo-Cohen, M., 2002, Processes controlling the remobilization of surficial sediment and formation of sedimentary furrows in north-central Long Island Sound: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 18, no. 4, p. 741-750.","startPage":"741","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8db0e4b0c8380cd7ed84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, R. S.","contributorId":19951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiGiacomo-Cohen, M. L.","contributorId":55465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiGiacomo-Cohen","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70161961,"text":"70161961 - 2002 - Fouth World Congress of Herpetology, 3-9 December 2001, Bentota, Sri Lanka","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T11:41:03","indexId":"70161961","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fouth World Congress of Herpetology, 3-9 December 2001, Bentota, Sri Lanka","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","usgsCitation":"Dodd, C.K., and Bartholomew, B., 2002, Fouth World Congress of Herpetology, 3-9 December 2001, Bentota, Sri Lanka: Herpetological Review, v. 33, no. 1, p. 3-5.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314116,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e044e4b039675d005e23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dodd, C. Kenneth Jr.","contributorId":89215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dodd","given":"C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Kenneth","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bartholomew, B.","contributorId":152148,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bartholomew","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70161958,"text":"70161958 - 2002 - Community food webs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-11T11:27:59","indexId":"70161958","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Community food webs","docAbstract":"Community food webs describe the feeding relationships, or trophic interactions, between the species of an ecological community. Both the structure and dynamics of such webs are the focus of food web research. The topological structures of empirical food webs from many ecosystems have been published on the basis of field studies and they form the foundation for theory concerning the mean number of trophic levels, the mean number of trophic connections versus number of species, and other food web measures, which show consistency across different ecosystems. The dynamics of food webs are influenced by indirect interactions, in which changes in the level of a population in one part of the food web may have indirect effects throughout the web. The mechanisms of these interactions are typically studied microcosm experiments, or sometimes in-field experiments. The use of mathematical models is also a major approach to understanding the effects of indirect interactions. Both empirical and mathematical studies have revealed important properties of food webs, such as keystone predators and trophic cascades.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Encyclopedia of Environmetrics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/9780470057339.vac033.pub2","usgsCitation":"DeAngelis, D., 2002, Community food webs, chap. of Encyclopedia of Environmetrics, v. 1, p. 368-371, https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470057339.vac033.pub2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"368","endPage":"371","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":314113,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2013-01-15","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5694e03fe4b039675d005e00","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"El-Shaarawi, Abdel H.","contributorId":148056,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"El-Shaarawi","given":"Abdel","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588199,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piegorsch, Walter W.","contributorId":112670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piegorsch","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":588200,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"DeAngelis, Donald L. 0000-0002-1570-4057 don_deangelis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":147289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"Donald L.","email":"don_deangelis@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":588198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024302,"text":"70024302 - 2002 - Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024302","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot","docAbstract":"Fundamental features of the geology and tectonic setting of the northeast-propagating Yellowstone hotspot are not explained by a simple deep-mantle plume hypothesis and, within that framework, must be attributed to coincidence or be explained by auxiliary hypotheses. These features include the persistence of basaltic magmatism along the hotspot track, the origin of the hotspot during a regional middle Miocene tectonic reorganization, a similar and coeval zone of northwestward magmatic propagation, the occurrence of both zones of magmatic propagation along a first-order tectonic boundary, and control of the hotspot track by preexisting structures. Seismic imaging provides no evidence for, and several contraindications of, a vertically extensive plume-like structure beneath Yellowstone or a broad trailing plume head beneath the eastern Snake River Plain. The high helium isotope ratios observed at Yellowstone and other hotspots are commonly assumed to arise from the lower mantle, but upper-mantle processes can explain the observations. The available evidence thus renders an upper-mantle origin for the Yellowstone system the preferred model; there is no evidence that the system extends deeper than ???200 km, and some evidence that it does not. A model whereby the Yellowstone system reflects feedback between upper-mantle convection and regional lithospheric tectonics is able to explain the observations better than a deep-mantle plume hypothesis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Christiansen, R., Foulger, G., and Evans, J., 2002, Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 10, p. 1245-1256, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1245","endPage":"1256","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502608,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1596971","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207007,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd64e4b08c986b328fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024304,"text":"70024304 - 2002 - Vegetation and climate controls on potential CO2, DOC and DON production in northern latitude soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024304","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation and climate controls on potential CO2, DOC and DON production in northern latitude soils","docAbstract":"Climatic change may influence decomposition dynamics in arctic and boreal ecosystems, affecting both atmospheric CO2 levels, and the flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) to aquatic systems. In this study, we investigated landscape-scale controls on potential production of these compounds using a one-year laboratory incubation at two temperatures (10?? and 30??C). We measured the release of CO2, DOC and DON from tundra soils collected from a variety of vegetation types and climatic regimes: tussock tundra at four sites along a latitudinal gradient from the interior to the north slope of Alaska, and soils from additional vegetation types at two of those sites (upland spruce at Fairbanks, and wet sedge and shrub tundra at Toolik Lake in northern Alaska). Vegetation type strongly influenced carbon fluxes. The highest CO2 and DOC release at the high incubation temperature occurred in the soils of shrub tundra communities. Tussock tundra soils exhibited the next highest DOC fluxes followed by spruce and wet sedge tundra soils, respectively. Of the fluxes, CO2 showed the greatest sensitivity to incubation temperatures and vegetation type, followed by DOC. DON fluxes were less variable. Total CO2 and total DOC release were positively correlated, with DOC fluxes approximately 10% of total CO2 fluxes. The ratio of CO2 production to DOC release varied significantly across vegetation types with Tussock soils producing an average of four times as much CO2 per unit DOC released compared to Spruce soils from the Fairbanks site. Sites in this study released 80-370 mg CO2-C g soil C-1 and 5-46 mg DOC g soil C-1 at high temperatures. The magnitude of these fluxes indicates that arctic carbon pools contain a large proportion of labile carbon that could be easily decomposed given optimal conditions. The size of this labile pool ranged between 9 and 41% of soil carbon on a g soil C basis, with most variation related to vegetation type rather than climate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00517.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Neff, J.C., and Hooper, D., 2002, Vegetation and climate controls on potential CO2, DOC and DON production in northern latitude soils: Global Change Biology, v. 8, no. 9, p. 872-884, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00517.x.","startPage":"872","endPage":"884","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207009,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00517.x"},{"id":231540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1bbe4b08c986b32a735","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neff, J. C.","contributorId":29935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, D.U.","contributorId":41782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"D.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185330,"text":"70185330 - 2002 - First record of a Greater Shearwater (Puffinus gravis) in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-02T14:16:57.089333","indexId":"70185330","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3743,"text":"Western Birds","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"First record of a Greater Shearwater (Puffinus gravis) in Alaska","title":"First record of a Greater Shearwater (Puffinus gravis) in Alaska","docAbstract":"The Greater Shearwater (Puffinus gravis) breeds in the southern Atlantic Ocean and disperses after breeding to the North Atlantic. On 3 August 2001, I observed and photographed an unidentified shearwater (Figure 1) in the Gulf of Alaska, about 30 km off the southern coast of Montague Island (59°50' N, 148°00' W). The bird was subsequently identified as a Greater Shearwater. This observation and photographic documentation provides the first Alaska state record (D. Gibson in litt.) and one of very few records for the North Pacific (see Table 1). This is the 464th bird species to be recorded in the state of Alaska.
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