Dispersive transport of groundwater solutes was investigated as part of a multispecies reactive tracer test conducted under spatially variable chemical conditions in an unconfined, sewage‐contaminated sand and gravel aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Transport of the nonreactive tracer bromide (Br) reflected physical and hydrologic processes. Transport of the reactive tracer nickel (Ni) complexed with an organic ligand (NiEDTA) varied in response to pH and other chemical conditions within the aquifer. A loss of about 14% of the Ni mass was calculated from the distribution of tracers through time. This loss is consistent with reversible adsorption of NiEDTA onto the iron and aluminum oxyhydroxide coatings on the aquifer sediments. The Ni consistently lagged behind Br with a calculated retardation coefficient of 1.2. Longitudinal dispersivities reached constant values of 2.2 and 1.1 m for Br and Ni, respectively, by at least 69 m of travel. The smaller dispersivity for Ni possibly was due to nonlinear or spatially variant adsorption of NiEDTA. In the upper, uncontaminated zone of the aquifer, longitudinal dispersion of Ni was greater than that of Br early in the test as a result of reversible adsorption of NiEDTA. In general, transverse dispersivities were much smaller (horizontal: 1.4–1.5 × 10−2 m; vertical: 0.5–3.8 × 10−3 m) than the longitudinal dispersivities. The Br results are similar to those from a test conducted eight years earlier, suggesting that transport parameters are spatially stationary within the aquifer at the scale of 300 m covered by the spatially overlapping tests. A significant difference between the two tests was the travel distance (69 and 26 m) needed to reach a constant longitudinal dispersivity.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000945","usgsCitation":"Hess, K.M., Davis, J., Kent, D.B., and Coston, J.A., 2002, Multispecies reactive tracer test in an aquifer with spatially variable chemical conditions, Cape Cod, Massachusetts: Dispersive transport of bromide and nickel: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 8, p. 36-1-36-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000945.","productDescription":"1161; 17 p.","startPage":"36-1","endPage":"36-17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000945","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231586,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Cape Cod","volume":"38","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60a1e4b0c8380cd715b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hess, Kathryn M.","contributorId":49012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hess","given":"Kathryn","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Davis, James A.","contributorId":69289,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"James A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kent, Douglas B. 0000-0003-3758-8322 dbkent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3758-8322","contributorId":1871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"Douglas","email":"dbkent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Coston, Jennifer A.","contributorId":181925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coston","given":"Jennifer","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025085,"text":"70025085 - 2002 - Resident fish assemblages in shallow shorelines of a Columbia River impoundment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T15:07:10","indexId":"70025085","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2900,"text":"Northwest Science","onlineIssn":"2161-9859","printIssn":"0029-344X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Resident fish assemblages in shallow shorelines of a Columbia River impoundment","docAbstract":"During May-September 1995, we replicated an earlier (1984-85) study of fishes in shoreline habitats of the John Day Reservoir, Columbia River, to investigate fish assemblage structure at several spatial and temporal scales. A total of 37,400 resident fishes representing 24 taxa was collected in 359 beach seine hauls. Fish catch composition during 1984 and 1985 was very similar, but was greatly different from catch in 1995. During 1984-1985, four native taxa (chiselmouth, northern pikeminnow, suckers, and sand rollers) constituted more than 90% of the combined main-channel catch, with introduced taxa comprising only 1.3% of the main-channel catch. In contrast, during 1995 only 37.7% of the main-channel catch comprised chiselmouth, northern pikeminnow, suckers, and sand rollers, while 33.9% were introduced taxa, primarily sunfishes and yellow perch. This shift in catch composition was greatest in the lower reservoir where the 1995 catch was 61% introduced taxa. Although changes in species composition of near-shore reservoir fish assemblages over the 10-yr period appeared to be substantial, we are unsure of annual variability since we have only one season of sampling for comparison with the earlier study. The differences we observed could be a long-term response to reservoir aging, a short-term reaction to annual differences in hydrologic and thermal regimes, or simply the naturally varying reproductive success of some species.
","language":"English","issn":"0029344X","usgsCitation":"Barfoot, C., Gadomski, D., and Petersen, J., 2002, Resident fish assemblages in shallow shorelines of a Columbia River impoundment: Northwest Science, v. 76, no. 2, p. 103-117.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"103","endPage":"117","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"76","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa97ae4b0c8380cd85e08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barfoot, C.A.","contributorId":51490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barfoot","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gadomski, D.M.","contributorId":37101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gadomski","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petersen, J.H.","contributorId":72154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024424,"text":"70024424 - 2002 - Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-07-12T10:48:59","indexId":"70024424","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates","docAbstract":"The pH of mine impacted waters was estimated from the spectral reflectance of resident sediments composed mostly of chemical precipitates. Mine drainage sediments were collected from sites in the Anthracite Region of eastern Pennsylvania, representing acid to near neutral pH. Sediments occurring in acidic waters contained primarily schwertmannite and goethite while near neutral waters produced ferrihydrite. The minerals comprising the sediments occurring at each pH mode were spectrally separable. Spectral angle difference mapping was used to correlate sediment color with stream water pH (r2=0.76). Band-center and band-depth analysis of spectral absorption features were also used to discriminate ferrihydrite and goethite and/or schwertmannite by analyzing the 4T1??? 6A1 crystal field transition (900-1000 nm). The presence of these minerals accurately predicted stream water pH (r2=0.87) and provided a qualitative estimate of dissolved SO4 concentrations. Spectral analysis results were used to analyze airborne digital multispectral video (DMSV) imagery for several sites in the region. The high spatial resolution of the DMSV sensor allowed for precise mapping of the mine drainage sediments. The results from this study indicate that airborne and space-borne imaging spectrometers may be used to accurately classify streams impacted by acid vs. neutral-to-alkaline mine drainage after appropriate spectral libraries are developed.","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00019-7","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Williams, D., Bigham, J., Cravotta, C., Traina, S., Anderson, J., and Lyon, J., 2002, Assessing mine drainage pH from the color and spectral reflectance of chemical precipitates: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 10, p. 1273-1286, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00019-7.","productDescription":"14","startPage":"1273","endPage":"1286","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232085,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Pennsylvania","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -77.552490234375,\n 40.03182061333687\n ],\n [\n -75.04486083984375,\n 40.03182061333687\n ],\n [\n -75.04486083984375,\n 41.36238012945531\n ],\n [\n -77.552490234375,\n 41.36238012945531\n ],\n [\n -77.552490234375,\n 40.03182061333687\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eddbe4b0c8380cd49a62","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, D.J.","contributorId":15790,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bigham, J.M.","contributorId":28403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bigham","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cravotta, C.A. III","contributorId":18405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cravotta","given":"C.A.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Traina, S.J.","contributorId":69328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Traina","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anderson, J.E.","contributorId":7043,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lyon, J.G.","contributorId":74909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024414,"text":"70024414 - 2002 - Demographic consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in Arnica montana: A field experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024414","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2242,"text":"Journal of Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Demographic consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in Arnica montana: A field experiment","docAbstract":"1. The genetic constitution of populations may significantly affect demography. Founder populations or isolated remnants may show inbreeding depression, while established populations can be strongly adapted to the local environment. Gene exchange between populations can lead to better performance if heterozygosity levels are restored (heterosis), or to reduced performance if coadapted gene complexes are disrupted (outbreeding depression). 2. Five populations of the self-incompatible perennial Arnica montana (Asteraceae) were analysed for the demographic consequences of inbreeding and of intra- and interpopulation outcrossing, using both small and large populations as donors for the latter. We analysed seed production and seed weight and monitored growth, survival and flowering of offspring introduced as seeds and as 4-week-old seedlings in a 4-year field experiment. 3. Reduced seed set after selfing was probably due to the self-incompatibility system rather than to inbreeding depression. There was a significant increase for seed set after interpopulation crosses, which resulted from the alleviation of low mate availability in one of the small populations. 4. Significant inbreeding depression was observed for growth rates of plants introduced as seedlings. We found significant heterosis for flowering probability of plants introduced as seeds, but for plants introduced as seedlings, heterosis for seedling size and flowering probability was only marginally significant. Outbreeding depression was not observed. 5. The results of this study are important for reinforcement measures in small, remnant populations. Significant differences among populations for all measured fitness components suggest that reinforcement is best achieved using material from several populations. 6. The observed higher survival of seedlings as compared with seeds suggests that it is better to plant individuals than to sow. Sowing, however, is easier and cheaper, and was more likely to eliminate poorly adapted genotypes before they contribute to the next generation.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00703.x","issn":"00220477","usgsCitation":"Luijten, S., Kery, M., Oostermeijer, J., and Den, N.H., 2002, Demographic consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding in Arnica montana: A field experiment: Journal of Ecology, v. 90, no. 4, p. 593-603, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00703.x.","startPage":"593","endPage":"603","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207269,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.00703.x"},{"id":232082,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe7fe4b0c8380cd4ed68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luijten, S.H.","contributorId":75301,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luijten","given":"S.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kery, M.","contributorId":46637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kery","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Oostermeijer, J.G.B.","contributorId":72165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oostermeijer","given":"J.G.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Den, Nijs H.J.C.M.","contributorId":48350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Den","given":"Nijs","email":"","middleInitial":"H.J.C.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025087,"text":"70025087 - 2002 - Recharge and groundwater models: An overview","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025087","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Recharge and groundwater models: An overview","docAbstract":"Recharge is a fundamental component of groundwater systems, and in groundwater-modeling exercises recharge is either measured and specified or estimated during model calibration. The most appropriate way to represent recharge in a groundwater model depends upon both physical factors and study objectives. Where the water table is close to the land surface, as in humid climates or regions with low topographic relief, a constant-head boundary condition is used. Conversely, where the water table is relatively deep, as in drier climates or regions with high relief, a specified-flux boundary condition is used. In most modeling applications, mixed-type conditions are more effective, or a combination of the different types can be used. The relative distribution of recharge can be estimated from water-level data only, but flux observations must be incorporated in order to estimate rates of recharge. Flux measurements are based on either Darcian velocities (e.g., stream base-flow) or seepage velocities (e.g., groundwater age). In order to estimate the effective porosity independently, both types of flux measurements must be available. Recharge is often estimated more efficiently when automated inverse techniques are used. Other important applications are the delineation of areas contributing recharge to wells and the estimation of paleorecharge rates using carbon-14.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-001-0173-5","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Sanford, W., 2002, Recharge and groundwater models: An overview: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 1, p. 110-120, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0173-5.","startPage":"110","endPage":"120","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209469,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0173-5"},{"id":235947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9661e4b0c8380cd81f6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanford, W.","contributorId":76490,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanford","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70025038,"text":"70025038 - 2002 - Effects of triploid grass carp on aquatic plants, water quality, and public satisfaction in Washington State","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025038","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of triploid grass carp on aquatic plants, water quality, and public satisfaction in Washington State","docAbstract":"We investigated effects of triploid grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella on aquatic macrophyte communities, water quality, and public satisfaction for 98 lakes and ponds in Washington State stocked with grass carp between 1990 and 1995. Grass carp had few noticeable effects on macrophyte communities until 19 months following stocking. After 19 months, submersed macrophytes were either completely eradicated (39% of the lakes) or not controlled (42% of the lakes) in most lakes. Intermediate control of submersed macrophytes occurred in 18% of lakes at a median stocking rate of 24 fish per vegetated surface acre. Most of the landowners interviewed (83%) were satisfied with the results of introducing grass carp. For sites where all submersed macrophytes were eradicated, average turbidity was higher (11 nephelometric turbidity units, NTU) than at sites where macrophytes were controlled to intermediate levels (4 NTU) or unaffected by grass carp grazing (5 NTU). Chlorophyll a was not significantly different between levels of macrophyte control; therefore, we concluded that most of this turbidity was abiotic and not algal. Triploid grass carp were a popular control option and effectively grazed most submersed macrophytes in Washington State. However, calculating stocking rates based on landowner estimates of aquatic plant coverage rarely resulted in intermediate levels of aquatic plant control. Additionally, the effects of particular stocking rates varied considerably. We recommend against using grass carp in Washington lakes where eradication of submersed vegetation cannot be tolerated.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0096:EOTGCO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Bonar, S.A., Bolding, B., and Divens, M., 2002, Effects of triploid grass carp on aquatic plants, water quality, and public satisfaction in Washington State: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 1, p. 96-105, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0096:EOTGCO>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"96","endPage":"105","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209435,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0096:EOTGCO>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":235874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0815e4b0c8380cd5197a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bonar, Scott A.","contributorId":79617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonar","given":"Scott","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bolding, B.","contributorId":54391,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolding","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Divens, M.","contributorId":9439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Divens","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70187589,"text":"70187589 - 2002 - Forage quantity and quality","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70187589,"text":"70187589 - 2002 - Forage quantity and quality","indexId":"70187589","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"5","title":"Forage quantity and quality"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":53871,"text":"bsr20020001 - 2002 - Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries","indexId":"bsr20020001","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":53871,"text":"bsr20020001 - 2002 - Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries","indexId":"bsr20020001","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-06T11:01:23","indexId":"70187589","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":9,"text":"Biological Science Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2002-0001","chapter":"5","title":"Forage quantity and quality","docAbstract":"The Porcupine caribou herd has traditionally used the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska, for calving. Availability of nutritious forage has been hypothesized as one of the reasons the Porcupine caribou herd migrates hundreds of kilometers to reach the coastal plain for calving (Kuropat and Bryant 1980, Russell et al. 1993).
Forage quantity and quality and the chronology of snowmelt (which determines availability and phenological stages of forage) have been suggested as important habitat attributes that lead calving caribou to select one area over another (Lent 1980, White and Trudell 1980, Eastland et al. 1989). A major question when considering the impact of petroleum development is whether potential displacement of the caribou from the 1002 Area to alternate calving habitat will limit access to high quantity and quality forage.
Our study had the following objectives: 1) quantify snowmelt patterns by area; 2) quantify relationships among phenology, biomass, and nutrient content of principal forage species by vegetation type; and 3) determine if traditional concentrated calving areas differ from adjacent areas with lower calving densities in terms of vegetation characteristics.
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries (Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-2002-0001)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Jorgenson, J.C., Udevitz, M.S., and Felix, N.A., 2002, Forage quantity and quality: Biological Science Report 2002-0001, 5 p.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":341022,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 66.16051056018838\n ],\n [\n -129.5947265625,\n 66.16051056018838\n ],\n [\n -129.5947265625,\n 70.74347779138229\n ],\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 70.74347779138229\n ],\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 66.16051056018838\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5912d53be4b0e541a03d4539","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694660,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Patricia E.","contributorId":71056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694661,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhode, E. B.","contributorId":73156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhode","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694662,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Jorgenson, Janet C.","contributorId":191903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jorgenson","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Udevitz, Mark S. 0000-0003-4659-138X mudevitz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4659-138X","contributorId":3189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Udevitz","given":"Mark","email":"mudevitz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":694659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Felix, Nancy A.","contributorId":191904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Felix","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":694663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025039,"text":"70025039 - 2002 - Residency and movement patterns of wintering Dunlin in the Willamette Valley of Oregon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-22T16:48:24.734889","indexId":"70025039","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Residency and movement patterns of wintering Dunlin in the Willamette Valley of Oregon","docAbstract":"In the winters of 1998-1999 and 1999-2000, we tracked 67 radio-marked Dunlin (Calidris alpina) throughout the complex agricultural landscape of the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Individual birds were tracked across 8-week sampling periods and indicated a high degree of regional fidelity throughout the three winter sampling periods. Birds exhibited varied degrees of fidelity to specific wetland sites and were detected at an average of nine different sites. Distances traveled within the region were extensive and greatest during late winter. Females ranged farther from capture sites than males, and movement from capture sites for all birds was greatest during late winter. Mean home-range size (95% minimum convex polygons) of birds was 258.2 ± 44.8 km2 (SE) and was greatest during late winter. Diurnal roosts were identified as centers of activities and daily movements were most pronounced during crepuscular periods. These data represent the most extensive documentation of winter movements for a shorebird at an inland site. Findings indicate Dunlin were winter residents, and extensive local movements suggest a high degree of functional connectivity of habitats.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/condor/104.2.271","usgsCitation":"Sanzenbacher, P., and Haig, S.M., 2002, Residency and movement patterns of wintering Dunlin in the Willamette Valley of Oregon: Condor, v. 104, no. 2, p. 271-280, https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.2.271.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"280","costCenters":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478745,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.2.271","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235875,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Willamette Valley","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.28857421875,\n 44.02442151965934\n ],\n [\n -122.73925781250001,\n 43.99281450048989\n ],\n [\n -122.71728515624999,\n 44.69989765840318\n ],\n [\n -122.4755859375,\n 45.29034662473613\n ],\n [\n -122.56347656249999,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -122.607421875,\n 45.506346901083425\n ],\n [\n -122.6953125,\n 45.55252525134013\n ],\n [\n -122.84912109375,\n 45.49094569262732\n ],\n [\n -123.134765625,\n 45.3521452458518\n ],\n [\n -123.28857421875,\n 44.02442151965934\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"104","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa977e4b0c8380cd85df2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sanzenbacher, P.M.","contributorId":29553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanzenbacher","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haig, S. M. 0000-0002-6616-7589","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6616-7589","contributorId":55389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haig","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024436,"text":"70024436 - 2002 - Transport of suspended solids from a karstic to an alluvial aquifer: The role of the karst/alluvium interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024436","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transport of suspended solids from a karstic to an alluvial aquifer: The role of the karst/alluvium interface","docAbstract":"This study focuses on the coupled transport of dissolved constituents and particulates, from their infiltration on a karst plateau to their discharge from a karst spring and their arrival at a well in an alluvial plain. Particulate markers were identified and the transport of solids was characterised in situ in porous and karstic media, based on particle size analyses, SEM, and traces. Transport from the sinkhole to the spring appeared to be dominated by flow through karst: particulate transport was apparently conservative between the two sites, and there was little difference in the overall character of the particle size distribution of the particulates infiltrating the sinkhole and of those discharging from the spring. Qualitatively, the mineralogy of the infiltrating and discharging material was similar, although at the spring an autochthonous contribution from the aquifer was noted (chalk particles eroded from the parent rock by weathering). In contrast, transport between the spring and the well appears to be affected by the overlying alluvium: particles in the water from the well, showed evidence of considerable size-sorting. Additionally, SEM images of the well samples showed the presence of particles originating from the overlying alluvial system; these particles were not found in samples from the sinkhole or the spring. The differences between the particulates discharging from the spring and the well indicate that the water pumped from the alluvial plain is coming from the karst aquifer via the very transmissive, complex geologic interface between the underlying chalk formation and the gravel at the base of the overlying alluvial system. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00608-4","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Massei, N., Lacroix, M., Wang, H., Mahler, B., and Dupont, J., 2002, Transport of suspended solids from a karstic to an alluvial aquifer: The role of the karst/alluvium interface: Journal of Hydrology, v. 260, no. 1-4, p. 88-101, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00608-4.","startPage":"88","endPage":"101","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207036,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00608-4"},{"id":231585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"260","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb758e4b08c986b3271e6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Massei, N.","contributorId":48347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Massei","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lacroix, M.","contributorId":104666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lacroix","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, H.Q.","contributorId":67245,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"H.Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mahler, B.J.","contributorId":36888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahler","given":"B.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dupont, J.P.","contributorId":99732,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupont","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024475,"text":"70024475 - 2002 - Porometric properties of siliciclastic marine sand: A comparison of traditional laboratory measurements with image analysis and effective medium modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024475","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1941,"text":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Porometric properties of siliciclastic marine sand: A comparison of traditional laboratory measurements with image analysis and effective medium modeling","docAbstract":"During the 1999 sediment acoustics experiment (SAX99), porometric properties were measured and predicted for a well sorted, medium sand using standard laboratory geotechnical methods and image analysis of resin-impregnated sediments. Sediment porosity measured by laboratory water-weight-loss methods (0.372 ?? 0.0073 for mean ??1 standard deviation) is 0.026 lower than determined by microscopic image analysis of resin-impregnated sediments (0.398 ?? 0.029). Values of intrinsic permeability (m2) determined from constant-head permeameter measurements (3.29 ?? 10-11 ?? 0.60 ?? 10-11) and by microscopic image analysis coupled with effective medium theory modeling (2.78 ?? 10-11 ?? 1.01 ?? 10-11) are nearly identical within measurement error. The mean value of tortuosity factor measured from images is 1.49 ?? 0.09, which is in agreement with tortuosity factor determined from electrical resistivity measurements. Slight heterogeneity and anisotropy are apparent in the top three centimeters of sediment as determined by image-based porometric property measurements. However, the overall similarity for both measured and predicted values of porosity and permeability among and within SAX99 sites indicates sediments are primarily homogeneous and isotropic and pore size distributions are fairly uniform. The results indicate that an effective medium theory technique and two-dimensional image analysis accurately predicts bulk permeability in resin-impregnated sands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1109/JOE.2002.1040940","issn":"03649059","usgsCitation":"Reed, A., Briggs, K., and Lavoie, D.L., 2002, Porometric properties of siliciclastic marine sand: A comparison of traditional laboratory measurements with image analysis and effective medium modeling: IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, v. 27, no. 3, p. 581-592, https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1040940.","startPage":"581","endPage":"592","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207928,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2002.1040940"},{"id":233226,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7dd8e4b0c8380cd7a1c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reed, A.H.","contributorId":94818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reed","given":"A.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, K.B.","contributorId":52368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"K.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lavoie, D. L.","contributorId":46640,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lavoie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024435,"text":"70024435 - 2002 - Hydrocarbon geochemistry of cold seeps in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024435","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2667,"text":"Marine Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrocarbon geochemistry of cold seeps in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary","docAbstract":"Samples from four geographically and tectonically discrete cold seeps named Clam Flat, Clamfield, Horseshoe Scarp South, and Tubeworm City, within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary were analyzed for their hydrocarbon content. The sediment contains gaseous hydrocarbons and CO2, as well as high molecular weight aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons with various combinations of thermogenic and biogenic contributions from petroleum, marine, and terrigenous sources. Of particular interest is the cold seep site at Clamfield which is characterized by the presence of thermogenic hydrocarbons including oil that can likely be correlated with oil-saturated strata at Majors Creek near Davenport, CA, USA. At Clam Flat, the evidence for thermogenic hydrocarbons is equivocal. At Horseshoe Scarp South and Tubeworm City, hydrocarbon gases, mainly methane, are likely microbial in origin. These varied sources of hydrocarbon gases highlight the diverse chemical systems that appear at cold seep communities. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00272-9","issn":"00253227","usgsCitation":"Lorenson, T., Kvenvolden, K., Hostettler, F., Rosenbauer, R., Orange, D., and Martin, J., 2002, Hydrocarbon geochemistry of cold seeps in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary: Marine Geology, v. 181, no. 1-3, p. 285-304, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00272-9.","startPage":"285","endPage":"304","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207035,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(01)00272-9"},{"id":231584,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"181","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a331de4b0c8380cd5ed38","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lorenson, T.D.","contributorId":7715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lorenson","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kvenvolden, K.A.","contributorId":80674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kvenvolden","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hostettler, F. D.","contributorId":99563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hostettler","given":"F. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rosenbauer, R.J.","contributorId":37320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenbauer","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Orange, D.L.","contributorId":31814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orange","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martin, J.B.","contributorId":32923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"J.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70025040,"text":"70025040 - 2002 - Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic strike-slip tectonics of southwestern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-07T17:39:14","indexId":"70025040","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2309,"text":"Journal of Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic strike-slip tectonics of southwestern Alaska","docAbstract":"New geologic mapping and geochronology show that margin-parallel strike-slip faults on the western limb of the southern Alaska orocline have experienced multiple episodes of dextral motion since ~100 Ma. These faults are on the upper plate of a subduction zone ~350-450 km inboard of the paleotrench. In southwestern Alaska, dextral displacement is 134 km on the Denali fault, at least 88-94 km on the Iditarod-Nixon Fork fault, and perhaps tens of kilometers on the Dishna River fault. The strike-slip regime coincided with Late Cretaceous sedimentation and then folding in the Kuskokwim basin, and with episodes of magmatism and mineralization at ~70, ~60, and ~30 Ma. No single driving mechanism can explain all of the ~95 million-year history of strike-slip faulting. Since ~40 Ma, the observed dextral sense of strike slip has run contrary to the sense of subduction obliquity. This may be explained by northward motion of the Pacific plate driving continental margin slivers into and/or around the oroclinal bend. From 44 to 66 Ma, oroclinal rotation, perhaps involving large-scale flexural slip, may have been accompanied by westward escape of crustal blocks along strike-slip faults. However, reconstructions of this period involve unproven assumptions about the identity of the subducting plate, the position of subducting ridges, and the exact timing of oroclinal bending, thus obscuring the driving mechanisms of strike slip. Prior to 66 Ma, oblique subduction is the most plausible driving mechanism for dextral strike slip. Cumulative displacement on all faults of the western limb of the orocline is at least 400 km, about half that on the eastern limb; this discrepancy might be explained by a combination of thrusting and unrecognized strike-slip faulting.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1086/339531","issn":"00221376","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.L., Bradley, D., Bundtzen, T., and McClelland, W.C., 2002, Late Cretaceous through Cenozoic strike-slip tectonics of southwestern Alaska: Journal of Geology, v. 110, no. 3, p. 247-270, https://doi.org/10.1086/339531.","startPage":"247","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209452,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/339531"}],"volume":"110","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44d9e4b0c8380cd66e3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Marti L. 0000-0003-0285-4942 mlmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0285-4942","contributorId":561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Marti","email":"mlmiller@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bradley, Dwight 0000-0001-9116-5289 bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-5289","contributorId":2358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"Dwight","email":"bradleyorchard2@gmail.com","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bundtzen, Thomas K.","contributorId":83560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bundtzen","given":"Thomas K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"McClelland, William C.","contributorId":194066,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McClelland","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024478,"text":"70024478 - 2002 - Gas geochemistry of the Valles caldera region, New Mexico and comparisons with gases at Yellowstone, Long Valley and other geothermal systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024478","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Gas geochemistry of the Valles caldera region, New Mexico and comparisons with gases at Yellowstone, Long Valley and other geothermal systems","docAbstract":"Noncondensible gases from hot springs, fumaroles, and deep wells within the Valles caldera geothermal system (210-300??C) consist of roughly 98.5 mo1% CO2, 0.5 mol% H2S, and 1 mol% other components. 3He/4He ratios indicate a deep magmatic source (R/Ra up to 6) whereas ??13C-CO2 values (-3 to -5???) do not discriminate between a mantle/magmatic source and a source from subjacent, hydrothermally altered Paleozoic carbonate rocks. Regional gases from sites within a 50-km radius beyond Valles caldera are relatively enriched in CO2 and He, but depleted in H2S compared to Valles gases. Regional gases have R/Ra values ???1.2 due to more interaction with the crust and/or less contribution from the mantle. Carbon sources for regional CO2 are varied. During 1982-1998, repeat analyses of gases from intracaldera sites at Sulphur Springs showed relatively constant CH4, H2, and H2S contents. The only exception was gas from Footbath Spring (1987-1993), which experienced increases in these three components during drilling and testing of scientific wells VC-2a and VC-2b. Present-day Valles gases contain substantially less N2 than fluid inclusion gases trapped in deep, early-stage, post-caldera vein minerals. This suggests that the long-lived Valles hydrothermal system (ca. 1 Myr) has depleted subsurface Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of nitrogen. When compared with gases from many other geothermal systems, Valles caldera gases are relatively enriched in He but depleted in CH4, N2 and Ar. In this respect, Valles gases resemble end-member hydrothermal and magmatic gases discharged at hot spots (Galapagos, Kilauea, and Yellowstone). Published by Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00222-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Goff, F., and Janik, C.J., 2002, Gas geochemistry of the Valles caldera region, New Mexico and comparisons with gases at Yellowstone, Long Valley and other geothermal systems: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 116, no. 3-4, p. 299-323, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00222-6.","startPage":"299","endPage":"323","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207971,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00222-6"},{"id":233299,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"116","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a14cbe4b0c8380cd54b80","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goff, F.","contributorId":53408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goff","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Janik, C. J.","contributorId":10795,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Janik","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025046,"text":"70025046 - 2002 - Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of aquatic and terrestrial plants of the San Francisco Bay estuarine system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-02T15:11:42.988316","indexId":"70025046","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of aquatic and terrestrial plants of the San Francisco Bay estuarine system","docAbstract":"We report measurements of seasonal variability in the C‐N stable isotope ratios of plants collected across the habitat mosaic of San Francisco Bay, its marshes, and its tributary river system. Analyses of 868 plant samples were binned into 10 groups (e.g., terrestrial riparian, freshwater phytoplankton, salt marsh) to determine whether C‐N isotopes can be used as biomarkers for tracing the origins of organic matter in this river‐marsh‐estuary complex. Variability of δ13C and δ15N was high (~5–10‰) within each plant group, and we identified three modes of variability: (1) between species and their microhabitats, (2) over annual cycles of plant growth and senescence, and (3) between living and decomposing biomass. These modes of within‐group variability obscure any source specific isotopic signatures, confounding the application of C‐N isotopes for identifying the origins of organic matter. A second confounding factor was large dissimilarity between the δ13C‐δ15N of primary producers and the organic matter pools in the seston and sediments. Both confounding factors impede the application of C‐N isotopes to reveal the food supply to primary consumers in ecosystems supporting diverse autotrophs and where the isotopic composition of organic matter has been transformed and become distinct from that of its parent plant sources. Our results support the advice of others: variability of C‐N stable isotopes within all organic‐matter pools is high and must be considered in applications of these isotopes to trace trophic linkages from primary producers to primary consumers. Isotope‐based approaches are perhaps most powerful when used to complement other tools, such as molecular biomarkers, bioassays, direct measures of production, and compilations of organic‐matter budgets.
Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill (EVOS), one concern was that prevailing ecological conditions in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) would not favor recovery of damaged seabird populations. To address this issue, we examined relationships between oceanography, forage fish and seabirds near three seabird colonies in lower Cook Inlet (LCI) in 1995-1999 (some colony work continued until 2001). Upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich GOA waters at the entrance to the shallow LCI estuary supports a high density of juvenile pollock, sand lance, and capelin; which in turn are exploited by high densities of breeding seabirds (murres, kittiwakes, puffins, etc.) on the east side of LCI. Waters on the west side of LCI are oceanographically distinct (warmer, less saline, outflowing), and much less productive for forage fish and seabirds. Patterns of seabird foraging behavior, productivity and population change reflected patterns of forage fish abundance and distribution, which in turn depended on local oceanography. Most seabird parameters varied with forage fish density in a non-linear (e.g., sigmoidal, exponential) fashion, and in some areas and years, productivity was limited by food availability. Current and projected ecological conditions favor recovery of seabirds from the EVOS at some colonies. In 14 chapters, this report summarizes data and compiles it into 247 tables, figures and appendices. Chapter 14 provides a thorough synthesis of overall project findings. Final analyses and interpretations of data will be published later in peer-reviewed journals (in addition to 61 articles already completed).
","language":"English","publisher":"Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"2002, Response of seabirds to fluctuations in forage fish density , xxi, 172 p.","productDescription":"xxi, 172 p.","numberOfPages":"459","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342531,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342528,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.evostc.state.ak.us/index.cfm?FA=searchresults.projectInfo&Project_ID=1750"}],"publicComments":"Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Project 00163M Final Report; OCS Study MMS 2002-068 Final Report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59424b3fe4b0764e6c65dca1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698287,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024433,"text":"70024433 - 2002 - Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Bighorn Basin, southern Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024433","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Bighorn Basin, southern Montana","docAbstract":"Records of Holocene vegetation and climate change at low elevations (<2000 m) are rare in the central Rocky Mountain region. We developed a record of Holocene vegetation and climate change from 55 14C-dated woodrat middens at two low-elevation sites (1275 to 1590 m, currently vegetated by Juniperus osteosperma woodlands, in the northern Bighorn Basin. Macrofossil and pollen analyses show that the early Holocene was cooler than today, with warming and drying in the middle Holocene. During the Holocene, boreal (Juniperus communis, J. horizontalis) and montane species (J. scopulorum) were replaced by a Great Basin species (J. osteosperma). J. osteosperma colonized the east side of the Pryor Mountains 4700 14C yr B.P. Downward movement of lower treeline indicates wetter conditions between 4400 and 2700 14C yr B.P. Increased aridity after 2700 14C yr B.P. initiated expansion of J. osteosperma from the east to west side of the Pryor Mountains. ?? 2002 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2002.2342","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Lyford, M., Betancourt, J., and Jackson, S., 2002, Holocene vegetation and climate history of the northern Bighorn Basin, southern Montana: Quaternary Research, v. 58, no. 2, p. 171-181, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2342.","startPage":"171","endPage":"181","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207016,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2342"},{"id":231549,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31f9e4b0c8380cd5e3f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lyford, M.E.","contributorId":33883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyford","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, J.L. 0000-0002-7165-0743","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":87505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jackson, S.T.","contributorId":90072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jackson","given":"S.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025053,"text":"70025053 - 2002 - A half century of change in alpine treeline patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-07T12:24:17","indexId":"70025053","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":899,"text":"Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A half century of change in alpine treeline patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"Using sequential aerial photography, we identified changes in the spatial distribution of subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) habitat at the alpine treeline ecotone. Six 40-ha study sites in the McDonald Creek drainage of Glacier National Park contained subalpine fir forests that graded into alpine tundra. Over a 46-yr period, altitudinal changes in the location of alpine treeline ecotone were not observed. However, over this 46-yr period the area of krummholz, patch-forest, and continuous canopy forest increased by 3.4%, and tree density increased within existing patches of krummholz and patch-forest. Change in subalpine fir vegetation patterns within 100 m of trails was also compared to areas without trails. Within 100 m of trails, the number of small, discrete krummholz stands increased compared to areas without trails, but there was no significant change in total krummholz area. We used historical terrestrial photography to expand the period (to 70 yr) considered. This photography supported the conclusions that a more abrupt ecotone transition developed from forest to tundra at alpine treeline, that tree density within forested areas increased, and that krummholz became fragmented along trails. This local assessment of fine-grained change in the alpine treeline ecotone provides a comparative base for looking at ecotone change in other mountain regions throughout the world.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research","doi":"10.2307/1552508","issn":"15230430","usgsCitation":"Klasner, F., and Fagre, D., 2002, A half century of change in alpine treeline patterns at Glacier National Park, Montana, U.S.A.: Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, v. 34, no. 1, p. 49-56, https://doi.org/10.2307/1552508.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"49","endPage":"56","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":236056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":312002,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/i269589"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Glacier National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.806884765625,\n 47.454094290400015\n ],\n [\n -115.806884765625,\n 49.360911547126165\n ],\n [\n -112.78564453124999,\n 49.360911547126165\n ],\n [\n -112.78564453124999,\n 47.454094290400015\n ],\n [\n -115.806884765625,\n 47.454094290400015\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"34","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e416e4b0c8380cd463dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klasner, F.L.","contributorId":105099,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klasner","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagre, D.B.","contributorId":52135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025054,"text":"70025054 - 2002 - Assessing browse trend at the landscape level Part 1: Preliminary steps and field survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:56","indexId":"70025054","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3230,"text":"Rangelands","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing browse trend at the landscape level Part 1: Preliminary steps and field survey","docAbstract":"Woody plants are an important component of rangeland habitat, providing food and shelter for animals that range in size from moose to warblers to insects. Because of this importance, land managers are paying increased attention to browse trends. In this two-part article, we describe how browse trend is assessed at the Mt. Haggin Wildlife Management Area in southwestern Montana. Willows are currently heavily browsed, but there is evidence that browsing pressure was lower in the past. Heavily-browsed 14-inch-tall plants grow in close proximity to 16-foot-tall plants, the tallest stems of which are unbrowsed. The 16-foot-tall stems are older than the 14-inch-tall stems, and apparently grew through the browse zone when browsing pressure was lower than its current level. An increase in browsing pressure would be consistent with the increase in the moose population that occurred over the past 3 decades.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Rangelands","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01900528","usgsCitation":"Keigley, R., Frisina, M., and Fager, C., 2002, Assessing browse trend at the landscape level Part 1: Preliminary steps and field survey: Rangelands, v. 24, no. 3, p. 28-33.","startPage":"28","endPage":"33","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236057,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edcee4b0c8380cd499fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keigley, R.B.","contributorId":85115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Frisina, M.R.","contributorId":23095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frisina","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fager, C.W.","contributorId":30950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fager","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025091,"text":"70025091 - 2002 - Satellite imagery for volcanic hazards mitigation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025091","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Satellite imagery for volcanic hazards mitigation","docAbstract":"The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) seeks to foster cooperation to increase the usefulness and accessibility of satellite imagery. In 1997, CEOS initiated the Disaster Management Support Project to assess the present and potential use of satellite-derived information for volcanic hazards mitigation. The final report of the CEOS Volcanic Hazards Working Group reviews current use of satellite data for mitigation of volcanic hazards. The report specifies the minimum spectral channels needed for effective remote sensing of volcanic hazards, together with recommendations for threshold and optimum spatial and temporal resolutions.","largerWorkTitle":"International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)","conferenceTitle":"2002 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 2002)","conferenceDate":"24 June 2002 through 28 June 2002","conferenceLocation":"Toronto, Ont.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Helz, R., Ellrod, G., and Wadge, G., 2002, Satellite imagery for volcanic hazards mitigation, in International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS), v. 2, Toronto, Ont., 24 June 2002 through 28 June 2002, p. 757-758.","startPage":"757","endPage":"758","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b86dbe4b08c986b316171","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helz, Rosalind Tuthill 0000-0003-1550-0684","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1550-0684","contributorId":16806,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Helz","given":"Rosalind Tuthill","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":403792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellrod, G.A.","contributorId":98518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellrod","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wadge, G.","contributorId":35106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wadge","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70025025,"text":"70025025 - 2002 - Multispectral image sharpening using a shift-invariant wavelet transform and adaptive processing of multiresolution edges","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70025025","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Multispectral image sharpening using a shift-invariant wavelet transform and adaptive processing of multiresolution edges","docAbstract":"Enhanced false color images from mid-IR, near-IR (NIR), and visible bands of the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) are commonly used for visually interpreting land cover type. Described here is a technique for sharpening or fusion of NIR with higher resolution panchromatic (Pan) that uses a shift-invariant implementation of the discrete wavelet transform (SIDWT) and a reported pixel-based selection rule to combine coefficients. There can be contrast reversals (e.g., at soil-vegetation boundaries between NIR and visible band images) and consequently degraded sharpening and edge artifacts. To improve performance for these conditions, I used a local area-based correlation technique originally reported for comparing image-pyramid-derived edges for the adaptive processing of wavelet-derived edge data. Also, using the redundant data of the SIDWT improves edge data generation. There is additional improvement because sharpened subband imagery is used with the edge-correlation process. A reported technique for sharpening three-band spectral imagery used forward and inverse intensity, hue, and saturation transforms and wavelet-based sharpening of intensity. This technique had limitations with opposite contrast data, and in this study sharpening was applied to single-band multispectral-Pan image pairs. Sharpening used simulated 30-m NIR imagery produced by degrading the spatial resolution of a higher resolution reference. Performance, evaluated by comparison between sharpened and reference image, was improved when sharpened subband data were used with the edge correlation.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"Visual Information Processing XI","conferenceDate":"4 April 2002 through 4 April 2002","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.477580","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Lemeshewsky, G., 2002, Multispectral image sharpening using a shift-invariant wavelet transform and adaptive processing of multiresolution edges, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4736, Orlando, FL, 4 April 2002 through 4 April 2002, p. 189-200, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.477580.","startPage":"189","endPage":"200","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207996,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.477580"},{"id":233335,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4736","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a60a2e4b0c8380cd715c5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rahman, Z.-U.","contributorId":112042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rahman","given":"Z.-U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508797,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schowengerdt, R.A.","contributorId":83707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schowengerdt","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508796,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reichenbach, S.E.","contributorId":113015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reichenbach","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508798,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Lemeshewsky, G.P.","contributorId":106927,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemeshewsky","given":"G.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024431,"text":"70024431 - 2002 - Age, growth, and gonadal characteristics of adult bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, in the lower Missouri River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024431","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age, growth, and gonadal characteristics of adult bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, in the lower Missouri River","docAbstract":"Bighead carp were introduced into Arkansas in 1973 to improve water clarity in production ponds. Bighead carp subsequently escaped aquaculture facilities in the early 1980's and dispersed into the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. The first documentation of bighead carp reproduction in the Mississippi River system was in 1989. The population has increased in the Missouri River as is evident in their increased proportion in the commercial harvest since 1990. The effect of this exotic planktivore on native ecosystems of the U.S. has not been examined. Basic biological data on bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis in the Missouri River are needed to predict potential ecological problems and provide a foundation for manipulative studies. The objectives of this study were to assess age, growth, and gonadal characteristics of bighead carp in the Missouri River. Adult bighead carp in our sample varied from age 3 to age 7 and length varied from 475 to 1050 mm. There was a large variation in length at age, and overall bighead carp exhibited fast growth. For example, mean back-calculated length at age 3 was 556 mm. The sample was dominated by bighead carp from the 1994 year class. There was no difference in gonad development (i.e., gonadal somatic index, egg diameter) between winter and spring samples. Length of male bighead carp and GSI were not significantly correlated; however, females exhibited a positive linear relationship between length and GSI. In each ovary, egg diameter frequencies exhibited a bimodal distribution, indicating protracted spawning. Mean fecundity was 226 213, with a maximum fecundity of 769 964. Bighead carp in the Missouri River have similar life history characteristics to Asian and European populations. They have become well established in the Missouri River and it is likely that dispersal and population density will increase.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1016144529734","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Schrank, S., and Guy, C., 2002, Age, growth, and gonadal characteristics of adult bighead carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, in the lower Missouri River: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 64, no. 4, p. 443-450, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016144529734.","startPage":"443","endPage":"450","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207046,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016144529734"},{"id":231617,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e8f7e4b0c8380cd47ff4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schrank, S.J.","contributorId":76499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schrank","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Guy, C.S.","contributorId":59160,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guy","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70025075,"text":"70025075 - 2002 - Environmental contaminants in prey and tissues of the peregrine falcon in the Big Bend Region, Texas, USA.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-07T15:40:31.395016","indexId":"70025075","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental contaminants in prey and tissues of the peregrine falcon in the Big Bend Region, Texas, USA.","docAbstract":"Peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) have been recorded nesting in Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA and other areas of the Chihuahuan Desert since the early 1900s. From 1993 to 1996, peregrine falcon productivity rates were very low and coincided with periods of low rainfall. However, low productivity also was suspected to be caused by environmental contaminants. To evaluate potential impacts of contaminants on peregrine falcon populations, likely avian and bat prey species were collected during 1994 and 1997 breeding seasons in selected regions of western Texas, primarily in Big Bend National Park. Tissues of three peregrine falcons found injured or dead and feathers of one live fledgling also were analyzed. Overall, mean concentrations of DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], a metabolite of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], were low in all prey species except for northern rough-winged swallows (Stelgidopteryx serripennis, mean = 5.1 microg/g ww). Concentrations of mercury and selenium were elevated in some species, up to 2.5 microg/g dw, and 15 microg/g dw, respectively, which upon consumption could seriously affect reproduction of top predators. DDE levels near 5 microg/g ww were detected in carcass of one peregrine falcon found dead but the cause of death was unknown. Mercury, selenium, and DDE to some extent, may be contributing to low reproductive rates of peregrine falcons in the Big Bend region.
","language":"English","publisher":"ScienceDirect","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00207-X","usgsCitation":"Mora, M., Skiles, R., McKinney, B., Paredes, M., Buckler, D., Papoulias, D., and Klein, D., 2002, Environmental contaminants in prey and tissues of the peregrine falcon in the Big Bend Region, Texas, USA.: Environmental Pollution, v. 116, no. 1, p. 169-176, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00207-X.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"169","endPage":"176","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235763,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Big Bend National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.6505126953125,\n 28.950475674848008\n ],\n [\n -102.8045654296875,\n 28.950475674848008\n ],\n [\n -102.8045654296875,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -103.6505126953125,\n 29.597341920567366\n ],\n [\n -103.6505126953125,\n 28.950475674848008\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09b2e4b0c8380cd52012","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mora, M.","contributorId":51513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mora","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skiles, R.","contributorId":51075,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skiles","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McKinney, B.","contributorId":57639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKinney","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paredes, M.","contributorId":33503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paredes","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Buckler, D.","contributorId":33900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buckler","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Papoulias, D. 0000-0002-5106-2469","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5106-2469","contributorId":33886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Papoulias","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klein, D.","contributorId":36933,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024549,"text":"70024549 - 2002 - Toxicological and chemical assessment of ordnance compounds in marine sediments and porewaters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024549","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicological and chemical assessment of ordnance compounds in marine sediments and porewaters","docAbstract":"Toxicological and chemical studies were performed with a silty and a sandy marine sediment spiked with 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl), or 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid). Whole sediment toxicity was analyzed by the 10-day survival test with the amphipod Ampelisca abdita, and porewater toxicity tests assessed macro-algae (Ulva fasciata) zoospore germination and germling growth, sea urchin (Arbacia punctulata) embryological development, and polychaete (Dinophilus gyrociliatus) survival and reproduction. Whole sediments spiked with 2,6-DNT were not toxic to amphipods. The fine-grained sediment spiked with tetryl was also not acutely toxic. The tetryl and picric acid LC50 values in the sandy sediment were 3.24 and 144 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The fine-grained sediment spiked with picric acid generated a U-shaped concentration-response curve in the amphipod test, with increased survival both in the lowest and highest concentration. Grain-size distribution and organic carbon content strongly influenced the behavior of ordnance compounds in spiked sediments. Very low concentrations were measured in some of the treatments and irreversible binding and biodegradation are suggested as the processes responsible for the low measurements. Porewater toxicity varied with its sedimentary origin and with ordnance compound. The sea urchin embryological development test tended to be the least sensitive. Tetryl was the most toxic chemical in all porewater tests, and picric acid the least toxic. Samples spiked with 2,6-DNT contained a degradation product identified as 2-methyl-3-nitroaniline (also known as 2-amino-6-nitrotoluene), and unidentified peaks, possibly degradation products, were also seen in some of the picric acid- and tetryl-spiked samples. Degradation products may have played a role in observed toxicity. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00063-2","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Nipper, M., Carr, R., Biedenbach, J., Hooten, R., and Miller, K., 2002, Toxicological and chemical assessment of ordnance compounds in marine sediments and porewaters: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 44, no. 8, p. 789-806, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00063-2.","startPage":"789","endPage":"806","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207640,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00063-2"},{"id":232765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb627e4b08c986b326ab9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nipper, M.","contributorId":7047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nipper","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401673,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carr, R.S.","contributorId":31353,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"R.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Biedenbach, J.M.","contributorId":108262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biedenbach","given":"J.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hooten, R.L.","contributorId":25323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooten","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Miller, K.","contributorId":104434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70181832,"text":"70181832 - 2002 - Impact source determination with biomonitoring data in New York State: Concordance with environmental data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-14T15:13:07","indexId":"70181832","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2898,"text":"Northeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact source determination with biomonitoring data in New York State: Concordance with environmental data","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier Science","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, The Netherlands ","issn":"10926194","usgsCitation":"Riva-Murray, K., Bode, R.W., Phillips, P., and Wall, G.L., 2002, Impact source determination with biomonitoring data in New York State: Concordance with environmental data: Northeastern Naturalist, v. 9, no. 2, p. 127-162.","productDescription":"336 p.","startPage":"127","endPage":"162","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":335389,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58a42539e4b0c825128ad45d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Riva-Murray, Karen","contributorId":85650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riva-Murray","given":"Karen","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bode, Robert W.","contributorId":47856,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bode","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Phillips, Patrick J. pjphilli@usgs.gov","contributorId":149753,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Patrick J.","email":"pjphilli@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":668762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wall, Gretchen L.","contributorId":79970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wall","given":"Gretchen","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":668763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025077,"text":"70025077 - 2002 - Response of benthic algae to environmental gradients in an agriculturally dominated landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T10:26:56","indexId":"70025077","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2564,"text":"Journal of the North American Benthological Society","onlineIssn":"1937-237X","printIssn":"0887-3593","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Response of benthic algae to environmental gradients in an agriculturally dominated landscape","docAbstract":"Benthic algal communities were assessed in an agriculturally dominated landscape in the Central Columbia Plateau, Washington, to determine which environmental variables best explained species distributions, and whether algae species optima models were useful in predicting specific water-quality parameters. Land uses in the study area included forest, range, urban, and agriculture. Most of the streams in this region can be characterized as open-channel systems influenced by intensive dryland (nonirrigated) and irrigated agriculture. Algal communities in forested streams were dominated by blue-green algae, with communities in urban and range streams dominated by diatoms. The predominance of either blue-greens or diatoms in agricultural streams varied greatly depending on the specific site. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated a strong gradient effect of several key environmental variables on benthic algal community composition. Conductivity and % agriculture were the dominant explanatory variables when all sites (n = 24) were included in the CCA; water velocity replaced conductivity when the CCA included only agricultural and urban sites. Other significant explanatory variables included dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), orthophosphate (OP), discharge, and precipitation. Regression and calibration models accurately predicted conductivity based on benthic algal communities, with OP having slightly lower predictability. The model for DIN was poor, and therefore may be less useful in this system. Thirty-four algal taxa were identified as potential indicators of conductivity and nutrient conditions, with most indicators being diatoms except for the blue-greens Anabaenasp. and Lyngbya sp.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468411","issn":"08873593","usgsCitation":"Munn, M., Black, R.W., and Gruber, S., 2002, Response of benthic algae to environmental gradients in an agriculturally dominated landscape: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 21, no. 2, p. 221-237, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468411.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"221","endPage":"237","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235800,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaa32e4b0c8380cd861d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Munn, M.D.","contributorId":77908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munn","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Black, R. W.","contributorId":81943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gruber, S.J.","contributorId":39347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gruber","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}