{"pageNumber":"2984","pageRowStart":"74575","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":93800,"text":"93800 - 2002 - Evaluation of management practices in wetland meadows at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Idaho, 1997-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-08T09:43:46","indexId":"93800","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Evaluation of management practices in wetland meadows at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Idaho, 1997-2000","docAbstract":" We assessed the relative values of 4 management practices (idle, late season grazing, fall prescribed burning, and rotation of idle and summer grazing) to biotic resources of the grassland-wetland meadow ecosystem at Grays Lake during 1997-2000. Three replicates of each treatment were randomly assigned to 12 experimental units that bordered the deep emergent marsh. Biotic factors examined included the breeding bird community and abundance, nesting activity and nest success, small mammal abundance, plant community, and annual plant biomass production. Fall burns achieved treatment objectives, removing most residual vegetation across a range of cover types. Objectives for grazing treatments were mostly attained; however, vegetation use levels were insufficient for consistent attainment of treatment objectives.  Savannah sparrow, American coot, Canada goose, sandhill crane, mallard, and yellow-headed blackbird were the most common bird species present. Densities of 2 bird species (savannah sparrow and red-winged blackbird) were related to year effect only. The effect of unit on densities of redhead, lesser scaup, ruddy duck, sora, long-billed curlew, and common snipe likely reflects habitat differences among units. Densities of 6 species (eared grebe, canvasback, American coot, American avocet, willet, and common yellowthroat) were related to both year and unit effects. Treatment affected densities of 6 of the 29 species examined (mallard, northern shoveler, cinnamon teal, blue-winged teal, American crow, and yellow-headed blackbird); we found no common trend in response to treatments among those species. Overall, idled habitat did not stand out to be a valuable treatment, whereas grazing tended to have positive responses for a number of species. Burning was more likely to result in reduced bird densities than other treatments. We also describe the distribution of species observations among 8 different habitat types.  Of the 23 nesting species sampled in the experimental units, the most common were American coot, sandhill crane, Canada goose, American avocet, mallard, and cinnamon teal. Daily survival rates (DSRs) of dabbling duck nests (all species pooled) were negatively affected by fall grazing. We detected no effects of treatments on DSRs of Canada geese or sandhill crane nests. DSRs for sandhill crane nests were higher in 1998 than in 1999 or 2000 and were slightly higher than that in 1997. DSRs for coot nests were affected by both year and treatment; within-treatment differences among years were extensive, In 1998, when all units were idled, DSRs for coot nests were higher in units assigned to idle treatment than those assigned to fall-grazed or rotation treatment. DSRs for coot nests did not differ among treatment blocks in 1997 (all units idled) or 1999 (first year after treatments). We speculate that compaction of residual vegetation by snowpack reduced any differences between idle and treated units and thus lessened the value of idle habitat for most nesting birds. Nesting densities and nest success rates of Canada geese, dabbling ducks, and sandhill cranes were lower those that reported from Steel's (1952) study in 1949-1950, but differences in habitats and areas searched relative to our study make comparisons difficult. Nest success rates of sandhill cranes also were lower than those reported by Drewien (1973). Declines in nest success probably are related to changes in predator community.  We captured 5 species of small mammals (meadow vole, montane vole, deer mouse, vagrant shrew, and ermine). Populations of meadow and montane voles irrupted in 1998 then crashed in spring 1999; the most marked changes were in montane vole numbers. Capture rates of ermine and observation rates for striped skunks and raptors suggested a numerical response (higher recruitment) by these predators to higher prey abundance and possibly distributional shifts (movement into areas of more abundant microtines). We did not detect differences ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","usgsCitation":"Austin, J.E., Pyle, W., Keough, J., and Johnson, D.H., 2002, Evaluation of management practices in wetland meadows at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Idaho, 1997-2000, 197 p.","productDescription":"197 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.41647338867188,\n              43.000755398218224\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.38814926147461,\n              43.000755398218224\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.38814926147461,\n              43.0420453718909\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.41647338867188,\n              43.0420453718909\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.41647338867188,\n              43.000755398218224\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Austin, J. E.","contributorId":5999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyle, W.H.","contributorId":52518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyle","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keough, J.R.","contributorId":87880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keough","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":93793,"text":"93793 - 2002 - Wetlands of the Little Missouri National Grassland: impacts of water development on aquatic plants, invertebrates, and amphibians in seasonal wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T10:12:20","indexId":"93793","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Wetlands of the Little Missouri National Grassland: impacts of water development on aquatic plants, invertebrates, and amphibians in seasonal wetlands","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N., and Mushet, D., 2002, Wetlands of the Little Missouri National Grassland: impacts of water development on aquatic plants, invertebrates, and amphibians in seasonal wetlands, 34 p.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128166,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a3e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024452,"text":"70024452 - 2002 - Syntectonic remagnetization in the southern Methow block: Resolving large displacements in the southern Canadian Cordillera","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-17T15:24:29.191273","indexId":"70024452","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Syntectonic remagnetization in the southern Methow block: Resolving large displacements in the southern Canadian Cordillera","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Upper Cretaceous Ventura Member of the Goat Wall unit in the southern Methow block of southern British Columbia and northern Washington State holds a syntectonic magnetization. Eight new sites from Manning Park in British Columbia give a mean direction of&nbsp;</span><i>D</i><span>&nbsp;= 27.5°,&nbsp;</span><i>I</i><span>&nbsp;= 60.1°,&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><span>&nbsp;= 304.7, α</span><sub>95<span>&nbsp;</span></sub><span>= 3.2° after optimal partial tilt correction. Of five groups of bedded sites from farther south in the basin reported by&nbsp;</span><span><i>Bazard et al.</i>&nbsp;[1990]</span><span>, four have a syntectonic remanence with a direction similar to what we observe. The exception is one group which has optimal concentration of remanence directions on &gt;100% untilting and an abherent direction which must be rejected. Combining the accepted sites, the optimal differential syntilting direction is&nbsp;</span><i>D</i><span>&nbsp;= 11.8°,&nbsp;</span><i>I</i><span>&nbsp;= 61.5°,&nbsp;</span><i>k</i><span>&nbsp;= 39.3, α</span><sub>95</sub><span>&nbsp;= 3.4° (</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;= 47), giving a mean pole of 79.8°N, 359.2°E,&nbsp;</span><i>K</i><span>&nbsp;= 19.5, and&nbsp;</span><i>A</i><sub>95</sub><span>&nbsp;= 4.8°. The age of the remagnetization is constrained to be between 88 and 80 Ma. Compared to cratonic North America, this result indicates that the southern Methow block was displaced from the south by 1800 ± 500 km, meaning it lay south of the Sierra Nevada subduction zone but well north of other paleomagnetically constrained Cretaceous rock units from the Insular superterrane, including correlative strata of the Mount Tatlow area in the northern Methow block. Among several possibilities to reconcile this discrepancy, the most plausible has the whole Methow block translated coherently but with the southern Methow block strata remagnetized during transit.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001TC001294","usgsCitation":"Enkin, R.J., Mahoney, J., Baker, J., Kiessling, M., and Haugerud, R., 2002, Syntectonic remagnetization in the southern Methow block: Resolving large displacements in the southern Canadian Cordillera: Tectonics, v. 21, no. 4, p. 18-1-18-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001TC001294.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"18-1","endPage":"18-18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478786,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001tc001294","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada","state":"British Columbia","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -126,\n              48\n            ],\n            [\n              -119,\n              48\n            ],\n            [\n              -120,\n              52\n            ],\n            [\n              -127,\n              52\n            ],\n            [\n              -126,\n              48\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba34ce4b08c986b31fc52","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Enkin, Randolph J.","contributorId":75373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enkin","given":"Randolph","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mahoney, J. B.","contributorId":70959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mahoney","given":"J. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baker, J.","contributorId":61967,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kiessling, M.","contributorId":100150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kiessling","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Haugerud, Ralph","contributorId":88402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haugerud","given":"Ralph","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024453,"text":"70024453 - 2002 - Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024453","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector","docAbstract":"The path and magnitude of future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide will likely influence changes in climate that may impact the global forest sector. These responses in the global forest sector may have implications for international efforts to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. This study takes a step toward including the role of global forest sector in integrated assessments of the global carbon cycle by linking global models of climate dynamics, ecosystem processes and forest economics to assess the potential responses of the global forest sector to different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. We utilize three climate scenarios and two economic scenarios to represent a range of greenhouse gas emissions and economic behavior. At the end of the analysis period (2040), the potential responses in regional forest growing stock simulated by the global ecosystem model range from decreases and increases for the low emissions climate scenario to increases in all regions for the high emissions climate scenario. The changes in vegetation are used to adjust timber supply in the softwood and hardwood sectors of the economic model. In general, the global changes in welfare are positive, but small across all scenarios. At the regional level, the changes in welfare can be large and either negative or positive. Markets and trade in forest products play important roles in whether a region realizes any gains associated with climate change. In general, regions with the lowest wood fiber production cost are able to expand harvests. Trade in forest products leads to lower prices elsewhere. The low-cost regions expand market shares and force higher-cost regions to decrease their harvests. Trade produces different economic gains and losses across the globe even though, globally, economic welfare increases. The results of this study indicate that assumptions within alternative climate scenarios and about trade in forest products are important factors that strongly influence the effects of climate change on the global forest sector.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Climatic Change","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1016124517309","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Perez-Garcia, J., Joyce, L., McGuire, A., and Xiao, X., 2002, Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector: Climatic Change, v. 54, no. 4, p. 439-461, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016124517309.","startPage":"439","endPage":"461","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207065,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016124517309"},{"id":231656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38e6e4b0c8380cd6171d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Perez-Garcia, J.","contributorId":100151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perez-Garcia","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joyce, L.A.","contributorId":36321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyce","given":"L.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGuire, A. D.","contributorId":16552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Xiao, X.","contributorId":82869,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Xiao","given":"X.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":7000066,"text":"7000066 - 2002 - Finfish of the Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:07","indexId":"7000066","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":363,"text":"General Interest Publication","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":6}},"title":"Finfish of the Chesapeake Bay","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/7000066","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Finfish of the Chesapeake Bay: General Interest Publication, 1 folded sheet (8 p.) : ill. ; 21 cm. x 35 cm. folded to 21 cm. x 9 cm. pamphlet, https://doi.org/10.3133/7000066.","productDescription":"1 folded sheet (8 p.) : ill. ; 21 cm. x 35 cm. folded to 21 cm. x 9 cm. pamphlet","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":198029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f46f1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":535093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":94741,"text":"94741 - 2002 - The epizootiology of type C botulism in fish-eating birds at Salton Sea, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-17T15:34:24","indexId":"94741","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"The epizootiology of type C botulism in fish-eating birds at Salton Sea, California","docAbstract":"<p>During 1996, type C avian botulism killed over 15,000 fish-eating birds at the Salton Sea in southern California. Amont those affected were nearly 10,000 western white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) and over 1,200 endangered California brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus). Since 1996, smaller epizootics have occurred every year. Type C botulism is not typically associated with fish-eating birds. In the case of the Salton Sea, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) are the suspected source of type C toxin, although the mechanism by which the fish acquire the toxin is still unknown. The goals of this study were to: 1) Determine presence/absence of active Clostridium botulinum type C and type C botulinum toxin in tilapia in the Salton Sea. 2) Use geospatial analyses to evaluate relationships between patterns of mortality in birds and fish and presence/absence of toxin and/or toxin-producing bacteria in sediments and fish. We investigated a method of detecting C. botulinum type C cells in the intestinal contents of Mozambique tilapia. This method involved extraction of predominantly cellular DNA and uses a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect presence of type C toxin gene. We collected sick, dead and healthy fish from various sites throughout the Sea during the summers of 1999 to 2001 in order to test them for the presence of active C. botulinum type C by PCR and for the presence of type C toxin by ELISA and mouse test. The results demonstrate that the tilapia population in the Salton Sea harbors C. botulinum type C cells within their gastrointestinal tract and the prevalence of this organism varies from year to year. The total number of fish with toxin-producing bacteria was significantly greater in 2000 than in 2001. No difference in the numbers of positives was detected between sick and dead fish compared to live fish, and there were no differences noted with regard to location of fish collection. The prevalence of active type C toxin in tilapia was low and the majority of samples positive for toxin by ELISA were negative on mouse test. Further investigation is currently underway. From 1999-2001, routine surveillance was conducted July through November to detect morbidity and mortality in pelicans. Location of retrieval and total number of birds collected were documented. In all three years, the majority of botulism-affected pelicans were retrieved from the vicinities of the river deltas although the Whitewater River had the fewest birds of the three. It has yet to be determined what roles the tilapia and pelican populations play in influencing these patterns.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","usgsCitation":"Nol, P., 2002, The epizootiology of type C botulism in fish-eating birds at Salton Sea, California, 60 p.","productDescription":"60 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n    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,{"id":96236,"text":"96236 - 2002 - How stakeholder roles, power, and negotiation impact natural resource policy: A political economy view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T11:40:53","indexId":"96236","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"How stakeholder roles, power, and negotiation impact natural resource policy: A political economy view","docAbstract":"<p>Natural resource management decisions are complicated by multiple property rights, management objectives, and stakeholders with varying degrees of influence over the decision making process. In order to make efficient decisions, managers must incorporate the opinions and values of the involved stakeholders as well as understand the complex institutional constraints and opportunities that influence the decision-making process. Often this type of information is not understood until after a decision has been made, which can result in wasted time and effort.</p><p>The purpose of my dissertation was to show how institutional frameworks and stakeholder involvement influence the various phases of the resource management decision-making process in a public choice framework. The intent was to assist decision makers and stakeholders by developing a methodology for formally incorporating stakeholders'' objectives and influence into the resource management planning process and to predict the potential success of rent-seeking activity based on stakeholder preferences and level of influence. Concepts from decision analysis, institutional analysis, and public choice economics were used in designing this interdisciplinary framework. The framework was then applied to an actual case study concerning elk and bison management on the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park near Jackson, Wyoming. The framework allowed for the prediction of the level of support and conflict for all relevant policy decisions, and the identification of each stakeholder''s level of support or opposition for each management decision.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado State University","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Caughlan, L., 2002, How stakeholder roles, power, and negotiation impact natural resource policy: A political economy view, 162 p.","productDescription":"162 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bd33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caughlan, L.","contributorId":38498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughlan","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":96245,"text":"96245 - 2002 - Sustainability of vegetation communities grazed by elk in Rocky Mountain National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T16:11:57","indexId":"96245","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Sustainability of vegetation communities grazed by elk in Rocky Mountain National Park","docAbstract":"<p>Current management of the worlds' grazing lands in either based on changes in plant species composition or on other management evaluation programs that emphasize changes in net aboveground production. Management is based solely on changes in aboveground production has been criticized as too limited in view, because it ignores root production, nitrogen pools, nutrient processes, and the long-term sustainability of the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of elk (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) grazing on aboveground production, internal nitrogen (N) fluxes, N pools and inputs, and elk nutrient transfers across the landscape in different vegetation types in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado. Nitrogen processes and possibly N pools were significantly reduced in the willow community, but not in the upland grass/shrub community. Nitrogen mineralization rates were lower in grazed versus ungrazed short willow sites (P = 0.07; n = 4 sites), as were nitrate (NO3) pools (P = 0.10), but not in tall willow sites (P &gt; 1.10 n = 4 sites) after 4 years. There was about half the annual N inputs to the soil surface in grazed willow sites (5.79g N/m<sup>2</sup>/yr = annual herbaceous biomass a?? offtake + litterfall + elk urine and feces) compared to ungrazed sites (9.66 g N/m<sup>2</sup>/yr = annual herbaceous biomass + litterfall), suggesting elk herbivory and movement led to a net loss of N in the willow vegetation type. Elk substantially reduced the annual growth of willows (Salix spp.) by 98% after 35 years and 66% after 4 years of treatment. Thus, height and canopy and N yield of willows were reduced as well as willow litter biomass (65 g/m2/yr in ungrazed versus 33 g/m2/yr in grazed), and N yield of willows was 64% less in grazed plots. Elk grazing had no significant effect on other soil N pools (NH4) or litter decomposition rates in either of the two willow types, nor on any nitrogen process rates or pools in the upland grass/shrub type (P &gt; 0.10). Nitrogen concentrations in plant tissue were not influenced for the most part by elk grazing (increased N concentration found in only 4 of 13 species). Elk apparently also transported N away from aspen at an even higher rate (N inputs were 1.65 g N/m2/yr in grazed sites vs. 3.79 g N/m<sup>2</sup>/yr ungrazed). CENTURY modeling supported these observations. This soil N model predicted almost no change (0.5$ - 2% less) in N or carbon (C) pools in 50 years in the upland grass/shrub vegetation type, but greater losses in the willow type. If elk population levels were increased to carrying capacity in the ecosystem (about 25% more consumption) projected losses after 50 years were greater, but still &lt;4% for soil C and 1% for spoil N in the upland type, and 6% for soil C and 2% for soil N in the willow type. Total shrub C was projected to decline 10% in 50 years in the willow type at current elk densities. We recommend conservative management of elk numbers and grazing until additional years of measures are gathered on the lower mineralization rates in the short willow type and until the projected declines in N pools can be verified.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological evaluation of the abundance and effects of elk herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999 (Open File Report 2002-208)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Schoenecker, K., Singer, F.J., Menezes, R.S., Zeigenfuss, L., and Binkley, D., 2002, Sustainability of vegetation communities grazed by elk in Rocky Mountain National Park, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"204","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350377,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0208/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f24","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Singer, Francis J.","contributorId":65528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Francis J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505684,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zeigenfuss, Linda 0000-0002-6700-8563 linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-8563","contributorId":2079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"Linda","email":"linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505685,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Schoenecker, K.A.","contributorId":71120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenecker","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Menezes, Romulo S.C.","contributorId":99498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Menezes","given":"Romulo","email":"","middleInitial":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zeigenfuss, L. C.","contributorId":69089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024313,"text":"70024313 - 2002 - A new population of Aleutian shield fern (<i>Polystichum aleuticum</i> C. Christens.) on Adak Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-06T15:40:59.069993","indexId":"70024313","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":714,"text":"American Fern Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A new population of Aleutian shield fern (<i>Polystichum aleuticum</i> C. Christens.) on Adak Island, Alaska","title":"A new population of Aleutian shield fern (<i>Polystichum aleuticum</i> C. Christens.) on Adak Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"<p>We report and describe a new population of the endangered Aleutian shield fern <i>(Polystichum aleuticum</i> C. Christens.) discovered on Mount Reed, Adak Island, Alaska. The new population is located at a lower elevation than the other known populations, placing the species' known elevational range between 338 m and 525 m. The discovery of this population is significant because it increases the total number of known populations and individuals for the species.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne","doi":"10.1640/0002-8444(2002)092[0288:ANPOAS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Talbot, S.L., and Talbot, S., 2002, A new population of Aleutian shield fern (<i>Polystichum aleuticum</i> C. Christens.) on Adak Island, Alaska: American Fern Journal, v. 92, no. 4, p. 288-293, https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444(2002)092[0288:ANPOAS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"288","endPage":"293","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478792,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/230780","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231653,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Adak Island","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -177.07763671874997,\n              51.57706953722565\n            ],\n            [\n              -176.06689453125,\n              51.57706953722565\n            ],\n            [\n              -176.06689453125,\n              52.07950600379697\n            ],\n            [\n              -177.07763671874997,\n              52.07950600379697\n            ],\n            [\n              -177.07763671874997,\n              51.57706953722565\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4ade4b0c8380cd4682e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Talbot, Sandra L. 0000-0002-3312-7214 stalbot@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3312-7214","contributorId":140512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Sandra","email":"stalbot@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Talbot, Stephen S.","contributorId":73266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Talbot","given":"Stephen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024306,"text":"70024306 - 2002 - Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024306","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water","docAbstract":"A study was conducted to determine if nitrate sources in ground water (fertilizer on crops, fertilizer on golf courses, irrigation spray from hog (Sus scrofa) wastes, and leachate from poultry litter and septic systems) could be classified with 80% or greater success. Two statistical classification-tree models were devised from 48 water samples containing nitrate from five source categories. Model I was constructed by evaluating 32 variables and selecting four primary predictor variables (??15N, nitrate to ammonia ratio, sodium to potassium ratio, and zinc) to identify nitrate sources. A ??15N value of nitrate plus potassium <18.2 indicated animal sources; a value >18.2 indicated inorganic or soil organic N. A nitrate to ammonia ratio <575 indicated inorganic fertilizer on agricultural crops; a ratio >575 indicated nitrate from golf courses. A sodium to potassium ratio <3.2 indicated septicsystem wastes; a ratio >3.2 indicated spray or poultry wastes. A value for zinc <2.8 indicated spray wastes from hog lagoons; a value >2.8 indicated poultry wastes. Model 2 was devised by using all variables except ??15N. This model also included four variables (sodium plus potassium, nitrate to ammonia ratio, calcium to magnesium ratio, and sodium to potassium ratio) to distinguish categories. Both models were able to distinguish all five source categories with better than 80% overall success and with 71 to 100% success in individual categories using the learning samples. Seventeen water samples that were not used in model development were tested using Model 2 for three categories, and all were correctly classified. Classification-tree models show great potential in identifying sources of contamination and variables important in the source-identification process.","largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Quality","language":"English","issn":"00472425","usgsCitation":"Spruill, T., Showers, W., and Howe, S.S., 2002, Application of classification-tree methods to identify nitrate sources in ground water, <i>in</i> Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 5, p. 1538-1549.","startPage":"1538","endPage":"1549","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231576,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"31","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec98e4b0c8380cd49387","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spruill, T.B.","contributorId":76747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spruill","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Showers, W.J.","contributorId":54374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Showers","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Howe, S. S.","contributorId":103293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Howe","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024308,"text":"70024308 - 2002 - Generalized extreme gust wind speeds distributions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024308","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2511,"text":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generalized extreme gust wind speeds distributions","docAbstract":"Since summer 1996, the US wind engineers are using the extreme gust (or 3-s gust) as the basic wind speed to quantify the destruction of extreme winds. In order to better understand these destructive wind forces, it is important to know the appropriate representations of these extreme gust wind speeds. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the most suitable extreme value distributions for the annual extreme gust wind speeds recorded in large selected areas. To achieve this objective, we are using the generalized Pareto distribution as the diagnostic tool for determining the types of extreme gust wind speed distributions. The three-parameter generalized extreme value distribution function is, thus, reduced to either Type I Gumbel, Type II Frechet or Type III reverse Weibull distribution function for the annual extreme gust wind speeds recorded at a specific site.With the considerations of the quality and homogeneity of gust wind data collected at more than 750 weather stations throughout the United States, annual extreme gust wind speeds at selected 143 stations in the contiguous United States were used in the study. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00277-5","issn":"01676105","usgsCitation":"Cheng, E., and Yeung, C., 2002, Generalized extreme gust wind speeds distributions: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, v. 90, no. 12-15, p. 1657-1669, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00277-5.","startPage":"1657","endPage":"1669","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207044,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6105(02)00277-5"},{"id":231613,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"90","issue":"12-15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a151ee4b0c8380cd54cc9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cheng, E.","contributorId":18136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cheng","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeung, C.","contributorId":41989,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeung","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024301,"text":"70024301 - 2002 - Changes during hibernation in different phospholipid and free and esterified cholesterol serum levels in black bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024301","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1002,"text":"Biochimie","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes during hibernation in different phospholipid and free and esterified cholesterol serum levels in black bears","docAbstract":"During hibernation, fat is known to be the preferred source of energy. A detailed analysis of different phospholipids, as well as free and esterified cholesterol, was conducted to investigate lipid abnormalities during hibernation. The levels of total phospholipids and total cholesterol in the serum of black bears were found to increase significantly in hibernation as compared with the active state. Both free and esterified cholesterol were increased in the hibernating state in comparison with the active state (P < 0.05). The percentage increase during hibernation was more in free cholesterol (57%) than in esterified cholesterol (27%). Analysis of subclasses of serum phospholipids showed that choline containing phospholipids, i.e., sphingomyelin (SPG) (14%) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (76%), are the major phospholipids in the serum of bear. The minor phospholipids included 8% of phosphatidylserine (PS) + phosphatidylinositol (PI), while phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was only 2% of the total phospholipids. A comparison of phospholipid subclasses showed that PC, PS + PI and SPG were significantly increased, while PE was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the hibernating state as compared with the active state in black bears. These results suggest that the catabolism of phospholipids and cholesterol is decreased during hibernation in black bears, leading to their increased levels in the hibernating state as compared with the active state. In summary, our results indicate that serum cholesterol and phospholipid fractions (except PE) are increased during hibernation in bears. It is proposed that the increase of these lipids may be due to the altered metabolism of lipoproteins that are responsible for the clearance of the lipids. ?? 2002 E??ditions scientifiques et me??dicales Elsevier SAS and Socie??te?? franc??aise de biochimie et biologie mole??culaire. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biochimie","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00006-8","issn":"03009084","usgsCitation":"Chauhan, V., Sheikh, A., Chauhan, A., Tsiouris, J., Malik, M., and Vaughan, M., 2002, Changes during hibernation in different phospholipid and free and esterified cholesterol serum levels in black bears: Biochimie, v. 84, no. 10, p. 1031-1034, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00006-8.","startPage":"1031","endPage":"1034","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232115,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207287,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-9084(02)00006-8"}],"volume":"84","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f404e4b0c8380cd4babd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chauhan, V.","contributorId":84115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chauhan","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sheikh, A.","contributorId":29161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheikh","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chauhan, A.","contributorId":54375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chauhan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tsiouris, J.","contributorId":55180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsiouris","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Malik, M.","contributorId":14608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malik","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vaughan, M.","contributorId":77703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024299,"text":"70024299 - 2002 - AVHRR channel selection for land cover classification","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T16:10:30","indexId":"70024299","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2068,"text":"International Journal of Remote Sensing","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"AVHRR channel selection for land cover classification","docAbstract":"<p><span>Mapping land cover of large regions often requires processing of satellite images collected from several time periods at many spectral wavelength channels. However, manipulating and processing large amounts of image data increases the complexity and time, and hence the cost, that it takes to produce a land cover map. Very few studies have evaluated the importance of individual Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) channels for discriminating cover types, especially the thermal channels (channels 3, 4 and 5). Studies rarely perform a multi-year analysis to determine the impact of inter-annual variability on the classification results. We evaluated 5 years of AVHRR data using combinations of the original AVHRR spectral channels (1-5) to determine which channels are most important for cover type discrimination, yet stabilize inter-annual variability. Particular attention was placed on the channels in the thermal portion of the spectrum. Fourteen cover types over the entire state of Colorado were evaluated using a supervised classification approach on all two-, three-, four- and five-channel combinations for seven AVHRR biweekly composite datasets covering the entire growing season for each of 5 years. Results show that all three of the major portions of the electromagnetic spectrum represented by the AVHRR sensor are required to discriminate cover types effectively and stabilize inter-annual variability. Of the two-channel combinations, channels 1 (red visible) and 2 (near-infrared) had, by far, the highest average overall accuracy (72.2%), yet the inter-annual classification accuracies were highly variable. Including a thermal channel (channel 4) significantly increased the average overall classification accuracy by 5.5% and stabilized interannual variability. Each of the thermal channels gave similar classification accuracies; however, because of the problems in consistently interpreting channel 3 data, either channel 4 or 5 was found to be a more appropriate choice. Substituting the thermal channel with a single elevation layer resulted in equivalent classification accuracies and inter-annual variability.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/01431160210145588","issn":"01431161","usgsCitation":"Maxwell, S., Hoffer, R., and Chapman, P., 2002, AVHRR channel selection for land cover classification: International Journal of Remote Sensing, v. 23, no. 23, p. 5061-5073, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160210145588.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"5061","endPage":"5073","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232076,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207267,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431160210145588"}],"volume":"23","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-11-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e63ce4b0c8380cd47291","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maxwell, S.K.","contributorId":36665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffer, R.M.","contributorId":6861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffer","given":"R.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400771,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, P.L.","contributorId":29144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024294,"text":"70024294 - 2002 - Antibody responses by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to various protein antigens","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024294","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1653,"text":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Antibody responses by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to various protein antigens","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/fsim.2001.0404","issn":"10504648","usgsCitation":"Alcorn, S., and Pascho, R., 2002, Antibody responses by chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to various protein antigens: Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 13, no. 4, p. 327-333, https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2001.0404.","startPage":"327","endPage":"333","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207222,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2001.0404"},{"id":231995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ec60e4b0c8380cd49230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alcorn, S.W.","contributorId":37499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alcorn","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024304,"text":"70024304 - 2002 - Vegetation and climate controls on potential CO2, DOC and DON production in northern latitude soils","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024304","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1837,"text":"Global Change Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Vegetation and climate controls on potential CO2, DOC and DON production in northern latitude soils","docAbstract":"Climatic change may influence decomposition dynamics in arctic and boreal ecosystems, affecting both atmospheric CO2 levels, and the flux of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) to aquatic systems. In this study, we investigated landscape-scale controls on potential production of these compounds using a one-year laboratory incubation at two temperatures (10?? and 30??C). We measured the release of CO2, DOC and DON from tundra soils collected from a variety of vegetation types and climatic regimes: tussock tundra at four sites along a latitudinal gradient from the interior to the north slope of Alaska, and soils from additional vegetation types at two of those sites (upland spruce at Fairbanks, and wet sedge and shrub tundra at Toolik Lake in northern Alaska). Vegetation type strongly influenced carbon fluxes. The highest CO2 and DOC release at the high incubation temperature occurred in the soils of shrub tundra communities. Tussock tundra soils exhibited the next highest DOC fluxes followed by spruce and wet sedge tundra soils, respectively. Of the fluxes, CO2 showed the greatest sensitivity to incubation temperatures and vegetation type, followed by DOC. DON fluxes were less variable. Total CO2 and total DOC release were positively correlated, with DOC fluxes approximately 10% of total CO2 fluxes. The ratio of CO2 production to DOC release varied significantly across vegetation types with Tussock soils producing an average of four times as much CO2 per unit DOC released compared to Spruce soils from the Fairbanks site. Sites in this study released 80-370 mg CO2-C g soil C-1 and 5-46 mg DOC g soil C-1 at high temperatures. The magnitude of these fluxes indicates that arctic carbon pools contain a large proportion of labile carbon that could be easily decomposed given optimal conditions. The size of this labile pool ranged between 9 and 41% of soil carbon on a g soil C basis, with most variation related to vegetation type rather than climate.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Global Change Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00517.x","issn":"13541013","usgsCitation":"Neff, J.C., and Hooper, D., 2002, Vegetation and climate controls on potential CO2, DOC and DON production in northern latitude soils: Global Change Biology, v. 8, no. 9, p. 872-884, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00517.x.","startPage":"872","endPage":"884","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207009,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00517.x"},{"id":231540,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc1bbe4b08c986b32a735","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neff, J. C.","contributorId":29935,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Neff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hooper, D.U.","contributorId":41782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"D.U.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024291,"text":"70024291 - 2002 - Used motor oil as a source of MTBE, TAME, and BTEX to ground water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:06:11","indexId":"70024291","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1864,"text":"Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Used motor oil as a source of MTBE, TAME, and BTEX to ground water","docAbstract":"Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), the widely used gasoline oxygenate, has been identified as a common ground water contaminant, and BTEX compounds (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) have long been associated with gasoline spills. Because not all instances of ground water contamination by MTBE and BTEX can be attributed to spills or leaking storage tanks, other potential sources need to be considered. In this study, used motor oil was investigated as a potential source of these contaminants. MTBE in oil was measured directly by methanol extraction and gas chromatography using a flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Water was equilibrated with oil samples and analyzed for MTBE, BTEX, and the oxygenate tert-amyl methyl ether (TAME) by purge-and-trap concentration followed by GC/FID analysis. Raoult's law was used to calculate oil-phase concentrations of MTBE, BTEX, and TAME from aqueous-phase concentrations. MTBE, TAME, and BTEX were not detected in any of five new motor oil samples, whereas these compounds were found at significant concentrations in all six samples of the used motor oil tested for MTBE and all four samples tested for TAME and BTEX. MTBE concentrations in used motor oil were on the order of 100 mg/L. TAME concentrations ranged from 2.2 to 87 mg/L. Concentrations of benzene were 29 to 66 mg/L, but those of other BTEX compounds were higher, typically 500 to 2000 mg/L.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00770.x","issn":"10693629","usgsCitation":"Baker, R., Best, E., and Baehr, A.L., 2002, Used motor oil as a source of MTBE, TAME, and BTEX to ground water: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 22, no. 4, p. 46-51, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2002.tb00770.x.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"51","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-02-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbfb6e4b08c986b329d18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Baker, R.J.","contributorId":85915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, E.W.","contributorId":59582,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baehr, A. L.","contributorId":59831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baehr","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024309,"text":"70024309 - 2002 - Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources in Central and South America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024309","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources in Central and South America","docAbstract":"The USGS has assessed undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources in 128 selected petroleum provinces of the world. Of these 128 provinces, 23 are in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean area. In the USGS 2000 Assessment, the provinces resulted in mean totals for undiscovered resource of 105 billion bbl of oil and 487 tcf of gas. The potential for giant oil and gas fields is greatest in the basins along the Atlantic margin of eastern South America, from the Santos Basin in the south to the Guyana-Suriname Basin in the north. The potential for giant fields is mainly offshore, in water depths up to 3600 m. The South and Central America region ranks third in the world for undiscovered conventional oil and gas behind the Middle East and the Former Soviet Union.","largerWorkTitle":"World Petroleum Congress Proceedings","conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the 17th World Petroleum Congress","conferenceDate":"1 September 2002 through 5 September 2002","conferenceLocation":"Rio de Janeiro","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schenk, C.J., 2002, Assessment of undiscovered petroleum resources in Central and South America, <i>in</i> World Petroleum Congress Proceedings, v. 2, Rio de Janeiro, 1 September 2002 through 5 September 2002.","startPage":"175","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231614,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee80e4b0c8380cd49db9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":72344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":400806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024269,"text":"70024269 - 2002 - Absolute timing of sulfide and gold mineralization: A comparison of Re-Os molybdenite and Ar-Ar mica methods from the Tintina Gold Belt, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024269","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Absolute timing of sulfide and gold mineralization: A comparison of Re-Os molybdenite and Ar-Ar mica methods from the Tintina Gold Belt, Alaska","docAbstract":"New Re-Os molybdenite dates from two lode gold deposits of the Tintina Gold Belt, Alaska, provide direct timing constraints for sulfide and gold mineralization. At Fort Knox, the Re-Os molybdenite date is identical to the U-Pb zircon age for the host intrusion, supporting an intrusive-related origin for the deposit. However, 40Ar/39Ar dates from hydrothermal and igneous mica are considerably younger. At the Pogo deposit, Re-Os molybdenite dates are also much older than 40Ar/39Ar dates from hydrothermal mica, but dissimilar to the age of local granites. These age relationships indicate that the Re-Os molybdenite method records the timing of sulfide and gold mineralization, whereas much younger 40Ar/39Ar dates are affected by post-ore thermal events, slow cooling, and/or systemic analytical effects. The results of this study complement a growing body of evidence to indicate that the Re-Os chronometer in molybdenite can be an accurate and robust tool for establishing timing relations in ore systems.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0791:ATOSAG>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Selby, D., Creaser, R., Hart, C., Rombach, C., Thompson, J.F., Smith, M.T., Bakke, A., and Goldfarb, R., 2002, Absolute timing of sulfide and gold mineralization: A comparison of Re-Os molybdenite and Ar-Ar mica methods from the Tintina Gold Belt, Alaska: Geology, v. 30, no. 9, p. 791-794, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0791:ATOSAG>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"791","endPage":"794","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207030,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0791:ATOSAG>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231574,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e64ce4b0c8380cd47320","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selby, D.","contributorId":57623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selby","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Creaser, R.A.","contributorId":50319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creaser","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hart, C.J.R.","contributorId":67228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"C.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rombach, C.S.","contributorId":52228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rombach","given":"C.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Thompson, J. F. H.","contributorId":18519,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Moira T.","contributorId":11795,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Moira","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bakke, A.A.","contributorId":70147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakke","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Goldfarb, R.J.","contributorId":38143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024268,"text":"70024268 - 2002 - Statewide land cover derived from multiseasonal Landsat TM data: A retrospective of the WISCLAND project","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024268","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statewide land cover derived from multiseasonal Landsat TM data: A retrospective of the WISCLAND project","docAbstract":"Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data were the basis in production of a statewide land cover data set for Wisconsin, undertaken in partnership with U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Gap Analysis Program (GAP). The data set contained seven classes comparable to Anderson Level I and 24 classes comparable to Anderson Level II/III. Twelve scenes of dual-date TM data were processed with methods that included principal components analysis, stratification into spectrally consistent units, separate classification of upland, wetland, and urban areas, and a hybrid supervised/unsupervised classification called \"guided clustering.\" The final data had overall accuracies of 94% for Anderson Level I upland classes, 77% for Level II/III upland classes, and 84% for Level II/III wetland classes. Classification accuracies for deciduous and coniferous forest were 95% and 93%, respectively, and forest species' overall accuracies ranged from 70% to 84%. Limited availability of acceptable imagery necessitated use of an early May date in a majority of scene pairs, perhaps contributing to lower accuracy for upland deciduous forest species. The mixed deciduous/coniferous forest class had the lowest accuracy, most likely due to distinctly classifying a purely mixed class. Mixed forest signatures containing oak were often confused with pure oak. Guided clustering was seen as an efficient classification method, especially at the tree species level, although its success relied in part on image dates, accurate ground troth, and some analyst intervention. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Remote Sensing of Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00039-1","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Reese, H., Lillesand, T.M., Nagel, D., Stewart, J., Goldmann, R., Simmons, T., Chipman, J., and Tessar, P., 2002, Statewide land cover derived from multiseasonal Landsat TM data: A retrospective of the WISCLAND project: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 82, no. 2-3, p. 224-237, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00039-1.","startPage":"224","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478712,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/3340/1/Reese_et_al_080630.pdf","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207029,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00039-1"},{"id":231573,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b96f0e4b08c986b31b7c3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reese, H.M.","contributorId":90498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reese","given":"H.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lillesand, T. M.","contributorId":24126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lillesand","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nagel, D.E.","contributorId":89303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagel","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stewart, J.S.","contributorId":65890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Goldmann, R.A.","contributorId":13779,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldmann","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Simmons, T.E.","contributorId":9031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simmons","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Chipman, J.W.","contributorId":27639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chipman","given":"J.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Tessar, P.A.","contributorId":80032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tessar","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024247,"text":"70024247 - 2002 - Valley floor climate observations from the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica, 1986-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024247","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Valley floor climate observations from the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica, 1986-2000","docAbstract":"Climate observations from the McMurdo dry valleys, East Antarctica are presented from a network of seven valley floor automatic meteorological stations during the period 1986 to 2000. Mean annual temperatures ranged from -14.8??C to -30.0??C, depending on the site and period of measurement. Mean annual relative humidity is generally highest near the coast. Mean annual wind speed increases with proximity to the polar plateau. Site-to-site variation in mean annual solar flux and PAR is due to exposure of each station and changes over time are likely related to changes in cloudiness. During the nonsummer months, strong katabatic winds are frequent at some sites and infrequent at others, creating large variation in mean annual temperature owing to the warming effect of the winds. Katabatic wind exposure appears to be controlled to a large degree by the presence of colder air in the region that collects at low points and keeps the warm less dense katabatic flow from the ground. The strong influence of katabatic winds makes prediction of relative mean annual temperature based on geographical position (elevation and distance from the coast) alone, not possible. During the summer months, onshore winds dominate and warm as they progress through the valleys creating a strong linear relationship (r2 = 0.992) of increasing potential temperature with distance from the coast (0.09??C km-1). In contrast to mean annual temperature, summer temperature lends itself quite well to model predictions, and is used to construct a statistical model for predicting summer dry valley temperatures at unmonitored sites. Copyright 2002 by the American Geophysical Union.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2001JD002045","issn":"01480227","usgsCitation":"Doran, P., McKay, C., Clow, G., Dana, G., Fountain, A.G., Nylen, T., and Lyons, W., 2002, Valley floor climate observations from the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica, 1986-2000: Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres, v. 107, no. 24, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD002045.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207157,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD002045"},{"id":231845,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"24","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc107e4b08c986b32a41a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doran, P.T.","contributorId":52347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doran","given":"P.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKay, C.P.","contributorId":41122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKay","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400545,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clow, G.D.","contributorId":46112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clow","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dana, G.L.","contributorId":31941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dana","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400544,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400543,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Nylen, T.","contributorId":44701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nylen","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Lyons, W.B.","contributorId":71319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":70024298,"text":"70024298 - 2002 - Processes controlling the remobilization of surficial sediment and formation of sedimentary furrows in north-central Long Island Sound","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024298","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Processes controlling the remobilization of surficial sediment and formation of sedimentary furrows in north-central Long Island Sound","docAbstract":"Sidescan sonar, bathymetric, subbottom, and bottom-photographic surveys and sediment sampling have improved our understanding of the processes that control the complex distribution of bottom sediments and benthic habitats in Long Island Sound. Although the deeper (>20 m) waters of the central Sound are long-term depositional areas characterized by relatively weak bottom-current regimes, our data reveal the localized presence of sedimentary furrows. These erosional bedforms occur in fine-grained cohesive sediments (silts and clayey silts), trend east-northeast, are irregularly spaced, and have indistinct troughs with gently sloping walls. The average width and relief of the furrows is 9.2 m and 0.4 m, respectively. The furrows average about 206 m long, but range in length from 30 m to over 1,300 m. Longitudinal ripples, bioturbation, and nutclam shell debris are common within the furrows. Although many of the furrows appear to end by gradually narrowing, some furrows show a \"tuning fork\" joining pattern. Most of these junctions open toward the east, indicating net westward sediment transport. However, a few junctions open toward the west suggesting that oscillating tidal currents are the dominant mechanism controlling furrow formation. Sedimentary furrows and longitudinal ripples typically form in environments which have recurring, directionally stable, and occasionally strong currents. The elongate geometry and regional bathymetry of Long Island Sound combine to constrain the dominant tidal and storm currents to east-west flow directions and permit the development of these bedforms. Through resuspension due to biological activity and the subsequent development of erosional bedforms, fine-grained cohesive sediment can be remobilized and made available for transport farther westward into the estuary.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Poppe, L., Knebel, H., Lewis, R.S., and DiGiacomo-Cohen, M., 2002, Processes controlling the remobilization of surficial sediment and formation of sedimentary furrows in north-central Long Island Sound: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 18, no. 4, p. 741-750.","startPage":"741","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232075,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8db0e4b0c8380cd7ed84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poppe, L.J.","contributorId":72782,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poppe","given":"L.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knebel, H.J.","contributorId":79092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knebel","given":"H.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lewis, R. S.","contributorId":19951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewis","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"DiGiacomo-Cohen, M. L.","contributorId":55465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DiGiacomo-Cohen","given":"M. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024267,"text":"70024267 - 2002 - Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T11:48:40.733969","indexId":"70024267","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California","docAbstract":"We introduce a quantitative approach to paleoearthquake dating and apply it to paleoseismic data from the Wrightwood and Pallett Creek sites on the southern San Andreas fault. We illustrate how stratigraphic ordering, sedimentological, and historical data can be used quantitatively in the process of estimating earthquake ages. Calibrated radiocarbon age distributions are used directly from layer dating through recurrence intervals and recurrence probability estimation. The method does not eliminate subjective judgements in event dating, but it does provide a means of systematically and objectively approaching the dating process. Date distributions for the most recent 14 events at Wrightwood are based on sample and contextual evidence in Fumal et al. (2002) and site context and slip history in Weldon et al. (2002). Pallett Creek event and dating descriptions are from published sources. For the five most recent events at Wrightwood, our results are consistent with previously published estimates, with generally comparable or narrower uncertainties. For Pallett Creek, our earthquake date estimates generally overlap with previous results but typically have broader uncertainties. Some event date estimates are very sensitive to details of data interpretation. The historical earthquake in 1857 ruptured the ground at both sites but is not constrained by radiocarbon data. Radiocarbon ages, peat accumulation rates, and historical constraints at Pallett Creek for event X yield a date estimate in the earliest 1800s and preclude a date in the late 1600s. This event is almost certainly the historical 1812 earthquake, as previously concluded by Sieh et al. (1989). This earthquake also produced ground deformation at Wrightwood. All events at Pallett Creek, except for event T, about A.D. 1360, and possibly event I, about A.D. 960, have corresponding events at Wrightwood with some overlap in age ranges. Event T falls during a period of low sedimentation at Wrightwood when conditions were not favorable for recording earthquake evidence. Previously proposed correlations of Pallett Creek X with Wrightwood W3 in the 1690s and Pallett Creek event V with W5 around 1480 (Fumal et al., 1993) appear unlikely after our dating reevaluation. Apparent internal inconsistencies among event, layer, and dating relationships around events R and V identify them as candidates for further investigation at the site. Conditional probabilities of earthquake recurrence were estimated using Poisson, lognormal, and empirical models. The presence of 12 or 13 events at Wrightwood during the same interval that 10 events are reported at Pallett Creek is reflected in mean recurrence intervals of 105 and 135 years, respectively. Average Poisson model 30-year conditional probabilities are about 20% at Pallett Creek and 25% at Wrightwood. The lognormal model conditional probabilities are somewhat higher, about 25% for Pallett Creek and 34% for Wrightwood. Lognormal variance ??ln estimates of 0.76 and 0.70, respectively, imply only weak time predictability. Conditional probabilities of 29% and 46%, respectively, were estimated for an empirical distribution derived from the data alone. Conditional probability uncertainties are dominated by the brevity of the event series; dating uncertainty contributes only secondarily. Wrightwood and Pallett Creek event chronologies both suggest variations in recurrence interval with time, hinting that some form of recurrence rate modulation may be at work, but formal testing shows that neither series is more ordered than might be produced by a Poisson process.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000605","usgsCitation":"Biasi, G., Weldon, R., Fumal, T.E., and Seitz, G.G., 2002, Paleoseismic event dating and the conditional probability of large earthquakes on the southern San Andreas fault, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2761-2781, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000605.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"2761","endPage":"2781","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231537,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas fault","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.75146484375,\n              34.66935854524543\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.04833984375001,\n              34.161818161230386\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.27929687499999,\n              33.669496972795535\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94970703125,\n              33.55970664841198\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.301025390625,\n              34.49750272138159\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.740478515625,\n              34.82282272723702\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.75146484375,\n              34.66935854524543\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7443e4b0c8380cd77548","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Biasi, G. P. 0000-0003-0940-5488","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0940-5488","contributorId":41180,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Biasi","given":"G. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weldon, R.J. II","contributorId":37088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weldon","given":"R.J.","suffix":"II","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fumal, T. E.","contributorId":25942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seitz, G. G.","contributorId":95651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024302,"text":"70024302 - 2002 - Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024302","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot","docAbstract":"Fundamental features of the geology and tectonic setting of the northeast-propagating Yellowstone hotspot are not explained by a simple deep-mantle plume hypothesis and, within that framework, must be attributed to coincidence or be explained by auxiliary hypotheses. These features include the persistence of basaltic magmatism along the hotspot track, the origin of the hotspot during a regional middle Miocene tectonic reorganization, a similar and coeval zone of northwestward magmatic propagation, the occurrence of both zones of magmatic propagation along a first-order tectonic boundary, and control of the hotspot track by preexisting structures. Seismic imaging provides no evidence for, and several contraindications of, a vertically extensive plume-like structure beneath Yellowstone or a broad trailing plume head beneath the eastern Snake River Plain. The high helium isotope ratios observed at Yellowstone and other hotspots are commonly assumed to arise from the lower mantle, but upper-mantle processes can explain the observations. The available evidence thus renders an upper-mantle origin for the Yellowstone system the preferred model; there is no evidence that the system extends deeper than ???200 km, and some evidence that it does not. A model whereby the Yellowstone system reflects feedback between upper-mantle convection and regional lithospheric tectonics is able to explain the observations better than a deep-mantle plume hypothesis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Christiansen, R., Foulger, G., and Evans, J., 2002, Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 114, no. 10, p. 1245-1256, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1245","endPage":"1256","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":502608,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1596971","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207007,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231538,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"114","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd64e4b08c986b328fd3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christiansen, R.L. 0000-0002-8017-3918","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8017-3918","contributorId":25565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evans, J.R.","contributorId":50526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024290,"text":"70024290 - 2002 - Use of an extensive radio receiver network to document Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) entrance efficiency at fishways in the Lower Columbia River, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024290","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Use of an extensive radio receiver network to document Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) entrance efficiency at fishways in the Lower Columbia River, USA","docAbstract":"We used an extensive network of more than 170 radio receiving stations to document fine-scale passage efficiency of adult anadromous Pacific lamprey at Bonneville and The Dalles Dams in the lower Columbia River in the northwestern U.S.A. Each spring from 1997 to 2000, we released 197-299 lamprey with surgically implanted radio transmitters. Unique transmitter codes and the date and time of reception at each antenna site were downloaded electronically, and initial processing was conducted to eliminate false positive signals. The resulting large Oracle database was analyzed using an Arc View-based coding protocol. Underwater antennas positioned outside the fishway entrances detected lamprey approaches, and antennas positioned immediately inside the entrances indicated successful entries. Entrance efficiency (the number of lamprey that successfully entered a fishway divided by the number that approached that fishway) was compared for different types of entrances (main entrances versus orifice entrances) and entrance locations (powerhouse versus spillway). Lamprey used orifice-type entrances less frequently than main entrances, and passage success was generally low (< 50%) at all entrances to fishways at Bonneville Dam (the lowest dam in the system). Lamprey activity at the entrances was highest at night, and entrance success was significantly higher at The Dalles Dam (the next dam upstream from Bonneville Dam) than at Bonneville Dam. In 1999 and 2000, construction modifications were made to Bonneville Dam spillway entrances, and water velocity at these entrances was reduced at night. Modifications to increase lamprey attachment at the entrances improved lamprey entrance efficiency, but entrance efficiency during reduced velocity tests was not significantly higher than during control conditions.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021394521450","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Moser, M., Matter, A., Stuehrenberg, L., and Bjornn, T., 2002, Use of an extensive radio receiver network to document Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) entrance efficiency at fishways in the Lower Columbia River, USA, <i>in</i> Hydrobiologia, v. 483, p. 45-53, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021394521450.","startPage":"45","endPage":"53","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207207,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021394521450"},{"id":231958,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"483","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbeb6e4b08c986b32973d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moser, M.L.","contributorId":92006,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moser","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matter, A.L.","contributorId":77324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matter","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stuehrenberg, L.C.","contributorId":46722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuehrenberg","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bjornn, T.C.","contributorId":9033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bjornn","given":"T.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70185425,"text":"70185425 - 2002 - Conservation status of the buff-breasted sandpiper: Historic and contemporary distribution and abundance in south America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-22T08:01:47","indexId":"70185425","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3783,"text":"The Wilson Bulletin","printIssn":"0043-5643","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conservation status of the buff-breasted sandpiper: Historic and contemporary distribution and abundance in south America","docAbstract":"<p><span>We present historic and contemporary information on the distribution and abundance of Buff-breasted Sandpipers (</span><i>Tryngites subruficollis</i><span>) in South America. Historic information was collated from the literature, area ornithologists, and museums, whereas contemporary data were derived from surveys conducted throughout the main wintering range in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil during the austral summers of 1999 and 2001. Variable circular plot sampling was used to estimate population densities. During 1999, the highest concentration of Buff-breasted Sandpipers in Argentina was in southern Bahía Samborombón (General Lavalle District) and areas north of Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon. During 2001, the highest concentrations in Brazil were at Ilha da Torotama and Lagoa do Peixe National Park. During 1999 and 2001, the highest concentrations of Buff-breasted Sandpipers in Uruguay were found along three lagoons (Laguna de Rocha, Laguna de Castillos, and Laguna Garzón) bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Population densities (birds/ha) of Buff-breasted Sandpipers were 0.11 (95% C.I. = 0.04–0.31) in Argentina, 1.62 (0.67–3.93) in Brazil, and 1.08 (0.37–3.18) in Uruguay. High turnover rates at survey sites, due to the formation of large, mobile flocks, contributed to moderately large confidence intervals around our population density estimates. Nevertheless, compared with historic accounts of Buff-breasted Sandpipers, our survey data indicate the population size of this species has declined substantially since the late 1800s and contemporary information suggests the species has continued to decline during the past three decades. Buff-breasted Sandpipers were found almost exclusively in pasturelands and appear to depend heavily upon intensive grazing by livestock, which maintain suitable short grass conditions. We discuss the need for protection of critical areas and proper range management to ensure appropriate habitat remains available for the species, and provide suggestions for future research needs.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0044:CSOTBB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., Blanco, D., Dias, R.A., Isacch, J.P., Gill, V., de Almeida, J.B., Delhey, K., Petracci, P.F., Bencke, G.A., and Balbueno, R.A., 2002, Conservation status of the buff-breasted sandpiper: Historic and contemporary distribution and abundance in south America: The Wilson Bulletin, v. 114, no. 1, p. 44-72, https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0044:CSOTBB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"72","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676/0043-5643(2002)114[0044:csotbb]2.0.co;2","text":"External Repository"},{"id":338010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"South America","volume":"114","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b91e4b0236b68f828f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blanco, D.E.","contributorId":173932,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blanco","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dias, Rafael A.","contributorId":189643,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dias","given":"Rafael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Isacch, Juan P.","contributorId":189644,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Isacch","given":"Juan","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gill, Verena A.","contributorId":140658,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gill","given":"Verena A.","affiliations":[{"id":6678,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"de Almeida, Juliana Bose","contributorId":189645,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"de Almeida","given":"Juliana","middleInitial":"Bose","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Delhey, Kaspar","contributorId":189646,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Delhey","given":"Kaspar","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Petracci, Pablo F.","contributorId":189647,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Petracci","given":"Pablo","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bencke, Glayson A.","contributorId":189648,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bencke","given":"Glayson","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Balbueno, Rodrigo A.","contributorId":189649,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balbueno","given":"Rodrigo","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685540,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
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