{"pageNumber":"2988","pageRowStart":"74675","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184617,"records":[{"id":70023896,"text":"70023896 - 2002 - Behavioral effects of environmental enrichment on harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) and gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023896","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3807,"text":"Zoo Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Behavioral effects of environmental enrichment on harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) and gray seals (Halichoerus grypus)","docAbstract":"Zoos and aquariums have been incorporating environmental enrichment into their animal care programs for the past 30 years to increase mental stimulation and promote natural behaviors. However, most attempts to document the effects of enrichment on animal behavior have focused on terrestrial mammals. Staff at the National Aquarium in Baltimore conducted an investigation of the behavioral effects of enrichment on the seven harbor seals and two gray seals housed in the aquarium's outdoor seal exhibit. We expected that enrichment would change the amount of time the animals spent engaged in specific behaviors. The behaviors recorded were: resting in water, resting hauled out, maintenance, breeding display, breeding behavior, aggression, pattern swimming, random swimming, exploration, and out of sight. Activity levels (random swimming and exploration) were expected to increase, while stereotypic behaviors (pattern swimming) were expected to decrease. The frequency and duration of behaviors were documented for 90 hr in both the control phase (without enrichment) and the experimental phase (with enrichment). Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the time spent in pattern swimming, random swimming, exploration, and out of sight were observed between the two phases. With enrichment, pattern swimming and out of sight decreased, while random swimming and exploration behavior increased. These findings demonstrate that enrichment can promote behaviors (random swimming and exploration) that are likely to be normal for phocids in the wild, and that may contribute to the behavioral complexity of these seals in captivity. ?? 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Zoo Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/zoo.10042","issn":"07333188","usgsCitation":"Hunter, S., Bay, M.S., Martin, M.L., and Hatfield, J., 2002, Behavioral effects of environmental enrichment on harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) and gray seals (Halichoerus grypus): Zoo Biology, v. 21, no. 4, p. 375-387, https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.10042.","startPage":"375","endPage":"387","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231823,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207146,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.10042"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-10","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f0a6e4b0c8380cd4a828","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hunter, S. A.","contributorId":95181,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hunter","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bay, M. S.","contributorId":103391,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bay","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, M. L.","contributorId":76048,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hatfield, Jeff S.","contributorId":41372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatfield","given":"Jeff S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024902,"text":"70024902 - 2002 - Modelling postfledging survival and age- specific breeding probabilities in species with delayed maturity: A case study of Roseate Terns at Falkner Island, Connecticut","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024902","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modelling postfledging survival and age- specific breeding probabilities in species with delayed maturity: A case study of Roseate Terns at Falkner Island, Connecticut","docAbstract":"We modelled postfledging survival and age-specific breeding probabilities in endangered Roseate Terns (Sterna dougallii) at Falkner Island, Connecticut, USA using capture-recapture data from 1988-1998 of birds ringed as chicks and as adults. While no individuals bred as 2-year-olds during this period, about three-quarters of the young that survived and returned as 3-year-olds nested, and virtually all surviving birds had begun breeding by the time they reached 5 years of age. We found no evidence of temporal variation age of first breeding of birds from different cohorts. There was significant temporal variation in the annual survival of adults and the survival over the typical 3-year maturation period of prebreeding birds, with extremely low values for both groups from the 1991 breeding season. The estimated overwinter survival rate (0.62) for adults from 1991-1992 was about three-quarters the usual rate of about 0.83, but the low survival of fledglings from 1991 resulted in less than 25% of the otherwise expected number of young from that cohort returning as breeding birds; this suggests that fledglings suffered a greater proportional decrease in survival than did adults. The survival estimates of young from 1989 and 1990 show that these cohorts were not negatively influenced by the events that decimated the young from 1991, and the young from 1992 and 1993 had above-average survival estimates. The apparent decrease since 1996 in development of fidelity of new recruits to this site is suspected to be due mainly to nocturnal disturbance and predation of chicks causing low productivity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108764","issn":"02664763","usgsCitation":"Spendelow, J., Nichols, J., Hines, J., Lebreton, J., and Pradel, R., 2002, Modelling postfledging survival and age- specific breeding probabilities in species with delayed maturity: A case study of Roseate Terns at Falkner Island, Connecticut: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 385-405, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108764.","startPage":"385","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207963,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108764"},{"id":233287,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5c70e4b0c8380cd6fcc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Spendelow, J. A. 0000-0001-8167-0898","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8167-0898","contributorId":72478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spendelow","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, J.D. 0000-0002-7631-2890","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":14332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403061,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hines, J.E. 0000-0001-5478-7230","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5478-7230","contributorId":36885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.E.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lebreton, J.D.","contributorId":104186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebreton","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pradel, R.","contributorId":85692,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pradel","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1000933,"text":"1000933 - 2002 - In vitro toxicity and interactions of environmental contaminants (Arochlor 1254 and mercury) and immunomodulatory agents (lipopolysaccharide and cortisol) on thymocytes from lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:11:03","indexId":"1000933","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1653,"text":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In vitro toxicity and interactions of environmental contaminants (Arochlor 1254 and mercury) and immunomodulatory agents (lipopolysaccharide and cortisol) on thymocytes from lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>)","docAbstract":"<p><span>The immunotoxicity of chemical combinations commonly encountered by the lake trout (</span><i>Salvelinus namaycush</i><span>) immune system was the focus of this study. It was hypothesised that combinations of an environmental contaminant (mercuric chloride or Aroclor 1254) and an immunomodulatory agent (bacterial endotoxin or cortisol) might interact to produce a greater toxicity than that of the environmental contaminant alone at concentrations typically encountered in piscine blood and other tissues. Thus lake trout thymocytes were isolated and treated with mercuric chloride or Aroclor 1254 in the presence and absence of cortisol or lipopolysaccharide. Incubations were performed for 6 or 20&nbsp;h at 4&deg;&nbsp;C or 10&deg;&nbsp;C. Lipopolysaccharide did not affect the toxicity of either contaminant. In contrast, cortisol enhanced the toxicity of both environmental contaminants. Hence, stressors that lead to increased cortisol production, but not lipopolysaccharide directly, may increase the toxicity of mercury and Aroclor 1254 to lake trout thymocytes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/fsim.2001.0381","usgsCitation":"Miller, G.G., Sweet, L.I., Adams, J.V., Omann, G.M., Passino-Reader, D.R., and Meier, P.G., 2002, In vitro toxicity and interactions of environmental contaminants (Arochlor 1254 and mercury) and immunomodulatory agents (lipopolysaccharide and cortisol) on thymocytes from lake trout (<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>): Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 11-26, https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2001.0381.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"11","endPage":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133752,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e6e4b07f02db5e762c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, Gregory G.","contributorId":7674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sweet, Leonard I.","contributorId":107227,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sweet","given":"Leonard","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Adams, Jean V. 0000-0002-9101-068X jvadams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9101-068X","contributorId":3140,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adams","given":"Jean","email":"jvadams@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Omann, Geneva M.","contributorId":64595,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Omann","given":"Geneva","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Passino-Reader, Dora R.","contributorId":50839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Passino-Reader","given":"Dora","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Meier, Peter G.","contributorId":90257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meier","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1000947,"text":"1000947 - 2002 - Ecological potential of the Grand Calumet River basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:03","indexId":"1000947","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3159,"text":"Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological potential of the Grand Calumet River basin","docAbstract":"The Grand Calumet River and watershed have been severely degraded by industrialization and urbanization, and yet several high-quality natural areas remain intact.  The degraded condition presents numerous opportunities for pollution mitigation and ecosystem restoration.  In many areas of the river and watershed, biological communities are characterized by low diversity and pollution-tolerant organisms.  By establishing programs of nonnative species control, prescribed burning, sediment removal, wetland establishment and extirpated species re-introduction, the Grand Calumet can be improved to reflect some of its natural history.  The dredging plan for the river presents an opportunity to coordinate simultaneous improvement and restoration plans.  Possibilities for each section of the river are discussed.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Whitman, R.L., Nevers, M.B., Hammann, S., and Moy, P.B., 2002, Ecological potential of the Grand Calumet River basin: Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, v. 108/109, p. 163-175.","productDescription":"p. 163-175","startPage":"163","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128865,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"108/109","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627a3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Whitman, Richard L. rwhitman@usgs.gov","contributorId":542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"rwhitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nevers, Meredith Becker","contributorId":35677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nevers","given":"Meredith","email":"","middleInitial":"Becker","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309935,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hammann, Shira","contributorId":27396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammann","given":"Shira","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Moy, Philip B.","contributorId":76680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moy","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309936,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000957,"text":"1000957 - 2002 - Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T10:04:41","indexId":"1000957","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey","docAbstract":"<p><span>Chinook salmon (</span><i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i><span>) has been the predominant piscivore in Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Ontario since the 1970s, and therefore accurate quantification of its energy budget is needed for effective management of Great Lakes fisheries. A new approach of evaluating a fish bioenergetics model in the field involves field estimation of the efficiency with which the fish retains PCBs from its food. We used diet information, PCB determinations in both chinook salmon and their prey, and bioenergetics modeling to generate a field estimate of the efficiency with which Lake Michigan chinook salmon retain PCBs from their food. Our field estimate is the most reliable field estimate to date because (a) the estimate was based on a relatively high number (</span><i>N</i><span>&nbsp;= 142) of PCB determinations for chinook salmon from Wisconsin waters of Lake Michigan in 1985, (b) a relatively long time series (1978&minus;1988) of detailed observations on chinook salmon diet in Lake Michigan was available, and (c) the estimate incorporated new information from analyses of chinook salmon age and growth during the 1980s and 1990s in Lake Michigan. We estimated that chinook salmon from Lake Michigan retain 53% of the PCBs that are contained within their food.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es0206036","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., O’Connor, D.V., Stewart, D.J., Miller, M.A., and Masnado, R.G., 2002, Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 23, p. 5029-5033, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0206036.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"5029","endPage":"5033","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133534,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49ade4b07f02db5c71d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Daniel V.","contributorId":73950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stewart, Donald J.","contributorId":33660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Michael A.","contributorId":85920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6913,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":309989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Masnado, Robert G.","contributorId":103238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masnado","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1017419,"text":"1017419 - 2002 - Sierra Nevada global change and fire research","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-07-06T01:01:41","indexId":"1017419","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3030,"text":"People, Land, and Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sierra Nevada global change and fire research","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"People, Land, and Water","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, N., 2002, Sierra Nevada global change and fire research: People, Land, and Water, v. 8, no. 10.","productDescription":"p. 18","startPage":"18","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132883,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3d7a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, N.","contributorId":46908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1000934,"text":"1000934 - 2002 - Comparisons of PBDE composition and concentration in fish collected from the Detroit River, MI and Des Plaines River, IL","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T09:58:21","indexId":"1000934","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1226,"text":"Chemosphere","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of PBDE composition and concentration in fish collected from the Detroit River, MI and Des Plaines River, IL","docAbstract":"<p><span>Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were identified in fish collected from the Detroit River, MI and Des Plaines Rivers, IL. In the Detroit River fish, carp and large mouth bass, the congener patterns were dominated by the 2,2</span><sup>&prime;</sup><span>,4,4</span><sup>&prime;</sup><span>-tetrabromo (BDE-47) congener; however, in Des Plaines River carp the dominant isomers were the heptabromo congeners BDE-181 and BDE-183 and lesser amounts of another heptabromo congener, BDE-190, and two hexabromo congeners, BDE-154 and BDE-153. Three possible sources exist for these less-commonly identified PBDE congeners: (a) waste discharge from manufacturing or discarded products near the river, (b) public owned treatment work (POTW) effluents which constitute more than 75% of the flow in the Des Plaines River, (c) or formation of these congeners by debromination of in-place deposits of decabromodiphenyl ether. Average concentration totals (sum of concentrations for seven of the dominant PBDE congeners) were similar on a wet weight bases for the carp (5.39 ng/g wet weight) and large mouth bass (5.25 ng/g) in the Detroit River samples; however, the bass were significantly higher,&nbsp;</span><i>&rho;</i><span>=0.01, when compared on a lipid basis (bass-163 ng/g vs. carp-40.5 ng/g lipid weight). Some of the PBDE congeners were positively correlated with increasing lipid levels in both fish species. Average total PBDE concentrations in the carp from the Des Plaines River (12.48 ng/g wet weight) were significantly higher,&nbsp;</span><i>&rho;</i><span>=0.01, than in carp from the Detroit River. The residues were isolated using standard organochlorine methods for fish and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-negative chemical ionization methods.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00398-3","usgsCitation":"Rice, C., Chernyak, S., Begnoche, L., Quintal, R., and Hickey, J., 2002, Comparisons of PBDE composition and concentration in fish collected from the Detroit River, MI and Des Plaines River, IL: Chemosphere, v. 49, no. 7, p. 731-737, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00398-3.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"731","endPage":"737","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133330,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"49","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6aa6bb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, C.P.","contributorId":81065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chernyak, S.M.","contributorId":21509,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chernyak","given":"S.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Begnoche, L.","contributorId":99520,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Begnoche","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Quintal, R.","contributorId":106071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Quintal","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hickey, J.","contributorId":66212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hickey","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1000850,"text":"1000850 - 2002 - Wetland macroinvertebrates of Prentiss Bay, Lake Huron, Michigan: diversity and functional group composition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:39","indexId":"1000850","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1855,"text":"Great Lakes Entomologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Wetland macroinvertebrates of Prentiss Bay, Lake Huron, Michigan: diversity and functional group composition","docAbstract":"The Great Lakes support many fish and waterbirds that depend directly or indirectly on coastal wetlands during some portion of their life cycle.  It is known that macroinvertebrates make up an important part of wetland food webs and ecosystem function; however, our understanding of species distribution within and among wetlands has only recently received attention.  We investigated the macroinvertebrates of a freshwater marsh (Prentiss Bay) in the Les Chenaux Island Area of Northern Lake Huron, Michigan.  Macroinvertebrate taxa diversity and functional feeding group composition were compared between two habitats.  A shallow depositional habitat with higher vegetation diversity and little wave action was compared to a deeper erosional habitat with fewer plant species and more wave action.  A total of 83 taxa were collected over the summer of 1996, representing two phyla (Arthropoda and Mollusca) and five classes (Arachnida, Bivalvia, Malacostraca, Gastropoda and Insecta).  A total of 79 genera were identified, with 92% being insects (39 families composed of at least 73 genera).  Of the total, 42 insect genera were common to both habitats,while relatively fewer were collected exclusively from the erosional compared the depositional habitat.  When habitats were pooled, predators comprised about 50% of the functional group taxa, while gathering collectors and shredders each were about 20%.  Filtering collectors and scrapers each represented < 10%.  When comparing habitats, there was a relatively higher percentage of predators and shredders in the depositional habitat, while all other functional groups were lower.  These data suggest that vegetation diversity, depth and wave action affect taxa composition and functional group organization of the Prentiss Bay marsh.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Great Lakes Entomologist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"Out-of-print","usgsCitation":"Merritt, R., Benbow, M., and Hudson, P., 2002, Wetland macroinvertebrates of Prentiss Bay, Lake Huron, Michigan: diversity and functional group composition: Great Lakes Entomologist, v. 35, no. 2, p. 149-160.","productDescription":"p. 149-160","startPage":"149","endPage":"160","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"35","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e47fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Merritt, R.W.","contributorId":30588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merritt","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Benbow, M.E.","contributorId":13586,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benbow","given":"M.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, P.L.","contributorId":9623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"P.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024088,"text":"70024088 - 2002 - Population structure of Pacific Common Eiders breeding in Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-12-27T22:23:18.628845","indexId":"70024088","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population structure of Pacific Common Eiders breeding in Alaska","docAbstract":"We used satellite telemetry to study the migration routes and wintering areas of two allopatric breeding populations of Pacific Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima v-nigrum) in Alaska: the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and the western Beaufort Sea coast. Only 6% (2 of 36) of females wintered within the wintering area of the other breeding population. Both breeding populations wintered in the closest available ice-free habitat, perhaps to minimize migratory distance. Two Beaufort Sea females wintered in areas used by Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta females, implying potential gene flow among breeding areas. Yet, we conclude that these two populations are largely geographically isolated throughout the annual cycle and the environmental factors influencing survival and reproduction likely differ between these groups of birds. Thus, regardless of the potential gene flow among breeding populations, we suggest that birds from these two breeding areas should be managed as separate populations. ?? The Cooper Ornithological Society 2002.","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0780:PSOPCE]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Petersen, M.R., and Flint, P.L., 2002, Population structure of Pacific Common Eiders breeding in Alaska: Condor, v. 104, no. 4, p. 780-787, https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0780:PSOPCE]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"780","endPage":"787","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478753,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1650/0010-5422(2002)104[0780:psopce]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231717,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"104","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7d9ee4b0c8380cd7a06e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Petersen, Margaret R. 0000-0001-6082-3189 mrpetersen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-3189","contributorId":167729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petersen","given":"Margaret","email":"mrpetersen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Flint, Paul L. 0000-0002-8758-6993 pflint@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-6993","contributorId":3284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flint","given":"Paul","email":"pflint@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399987,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024069,"text":"70024069 - 2002 - Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024069","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout","docAbstract":"The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most widely studied of model fish species. Extensive basic biological information has been collected for this species, which because of their large size relative to other model fish species are particularly suitable for studies requiring ample quantities of specific cells and tissue types. Rainbow trout have been widely utilized for research in carcinogenesis, toxicology, comparative immunology, disease ecology, physiology and nutrition. They are distinctive in having evolved from a relatively recent tetraploid event, resulting in a high incidence of duplicated genes. Natural populations are available and have been well characterized for chromosomal, protein, molecular and quantitative genetic variation. Their ease of culture, and experimental and aquacultural significance has led to the development of clonal lines and the widespread application of transgenic technology to this species. Numerous microsatellites have been isolated and two relatively detailed genetic maps have been developed. Extensive sequencing of expressed sequence tags has begun and four BAC libraries have been developed. The development and analysis of additional genomic sequence data will provide distinctive opportunities to address problems in areas such as evolution of the immune system and duplicate genes. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkTitle":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology","language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00167-7","issn":"10964959","usgsCitation":"Thorgaard, G., Bailey, G., Williams, D., Buhler, D.R., Kaattari, S., Ristow, S., Hansen, J., Winton, J., Bartholomew, J.L., Nagler, J., Walsh, P., Vijayan, M., Devlin, R., Hardy, R., Overturf, K., Young, W., Robison, B., Rexroad, C., and Palti, Y., 2002, Status and opportunities for genomics research with rainbow trout, <i>in</i> Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology - B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, v. 133, no. 4, p. 609-646, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00167-7.","startPage":"609","endPage":"646","numberOfPages":"38","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207236,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00167-7"},{"id":232022,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b978fe4b08c986b31bb2a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorgaard, G.H.","contributorId":76678,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorgaard","given":"G.H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bailey, G.S.","contributorId":77325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, D.","contributorId":31908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Buhler, D. R.","contributorId":33290,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhler","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kaattari, S.L.","contributorId":52116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kaattari","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ristow, S.S.","contributorId":13781,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ristow","given":"S.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399889,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Hansen, J.D.","contributorId":107880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Bartholomew, J. L.","contributorId":91661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholomew","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399902,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Nagler, J.J.","contributorId":37111,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagler","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Walsh, P.J.","contributorId":63567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Vijayan, M.M.","contributorId":33087,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vijayan","given":"M.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Devlin, R.H.","contributorId":67042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Devlin","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Hardy, R.W.","contributorId":106286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hardy","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Overturf, K.E.","contributorId":98912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Overturf","given":"K.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Young, W.P.","contributorId":62373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"W.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Robison, B.D.","contributorId":97279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Robison","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Rexroad, C.","contributorId":74165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rexroad","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Palti, Y.","contributorId":105081,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Palti","given":"Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19}]}}
,{"id":1000875,"text":"1000875 - 2002 - Foraging locations of double-crested cormorants on western Lake Erie: Site characteristics and spatial associations with prey fish densities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T10:49:13","indexId":"1000875","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Foraging locations of double-crested cormorants on western Lake Erie: Site characteristics and spatial associations with prey fish densities","docAbstract":"<p><span>Radio-tagged double-crested cormorants (</span><i>Phalacrocorax auritus</i><span>) nesting on Middle Island, Ontario and unmarked cormorants in the western basin of Lake Erie were monitored in 1999. Radio-tagged cormorants were located by aircraft and by boat along regular survey routes. In addition, foraging flocks of radio-tagged and unmarked cormorants were located during the boat surveys. Approximately 79% of foraging radio-tagged individuals, and approximately 65% of all foraging flocks were observed within 2.5 km of shore. These percentages were greater than expected, based on the percentage of the area of water within 2.5 km of shore. All size classes of flocks examined were found more frequently than expected on water &le;10 m deep. Trawling data collected annually from 1988 to 1999 during the month of August were used to determine the historical distributions of the four fish species found to comprise the majority of the diet of cormorants in the area. August corresponded to a period when there is maximal overlap in the diets of cormorants and walleye (</span><i>Stizostedion vitreum</i><span>) in the area and when the number of foraging cormorants in the area is large. Flocks of cormorants of all size classes examined were not found proportionately more in regions that contained higher than the historical median annual catches of any of the four prey species. These results, coupled with previous bioenergetics studies, suggest that the impact of cormorants on the fishery of the western basin of Lake Erie is localized with respect to depth and distance from shore.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70573-X","usgsCitation":"Stapanian, M.A., Bur, M.T., Tyson, J.T., Seamans, T.W., and Blackwell, B., 2002, Foraging locations of double-crested cormorants on western Lake Erie: Site characteristics and spatial associations with prey fish densities: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 28, no. 2, p. 155-171, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70573-X.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"171","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48b6e4b07f02db534319","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stapanian, Martin A. 0000-0001-8173-4273 mstapanian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-4273","contributorId":3425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapanian","given":"Martin","email":"mstapanian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bur, Michael T.","contributorId":102015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bur","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tyson, Jeffrey T.","contributorId":104433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tyson","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seamans, Thomas W.","contributorId":58996,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seamans","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blackwell, Bradley F.","contributorId":26649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwell","given":"Bradley F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1000847,"text":"1000847 - 2002 - Performance of barbed and barbless hooks in a marine recreational fishery","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T10:59:51","indexId":"1000847","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Performance of barbed and barbless hooks in a marine recreational fishery","docAbstract":"<p>We used an angling study to examine catch per unit effort (CPUE), bait loss, and total landings by anglers fishing with natural bait on barbed and barbless hooks in a nearshore marine sport fishery located in the Gulf of Mexico near St. Petersburg, Florida. Anglers fished half the day with a barbed hook and half the day with a barbless hook. We also recorded anatomical hook placement, severity of injury or bleeding, and hook extraction times for each landed fish. Bait loss, CPUE, and mean length of catch did not differ between gears, but anglers landed 22% more fish with barbed hooks. Loss of hooked fish was significantly higher with barbless hooks, and efficiency appeared to vary among species. Mean unhooking times were significantly shorter with barbless hooks. Anatomical hook placement did not differ between gears and most fish were hooked in the jaws. Bleeding did not differ between gears because bleeding was influenced strongly by hook placement, but barbless hooks reduced unhooking injuries. In this fishery, barbless hooks probably did not reduce hooking mortality and conferred only slight benefits at the expense of reduced catches.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0229:POBABH>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Schaeffer, J.S., and Hoffman, E.M., 2002, Performance of barbed and barbless hooks in a marine recreational fishery: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 1, p. 229-235, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0229:POBABH>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"229","endPage":"235","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688631","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schaeffer, Jeffrey S.","contributorId":89083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schaeffer","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoffman, Elizabeth M.","contributorId":10764,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1001093,"text":"1001093 - 2002 - Burrow use by tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) at a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) town in southwestern South Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-29T13:26:11","indexId":"1001093","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1898,"text":"Herpetological Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Burrow use by tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) at a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) town in southwestern South Dakota","docAbstract":"Abstract has not been submitted","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Herpetological Review","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kolbe, J., Smith, B., and Browning, D., 2002, Burrow use by tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) at a black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) town in southwestern South Dakota: Herpetological Review, v. 33, no. 2, p. 95-99.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"95","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128692,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"33","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9974","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolbe, J.J.","contributorId":42554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolbe","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, B.E.","contributorId":36495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Browning, D.M.","contributorId":103987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browning","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024036,"text":"70024036 - 2002 - Measurement of Turbulence with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers - Sources of Error and Laboratory Results","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024036","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Measurement of Turbulence with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers - Sources of Error and Laboratory Results","docAbstract":"Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) provide a promising method for measuring surface-water turbulence because they can provide data from a large spatial range in a relatively short time with relative ease. Some potential sources of errors in turbulence measurements made with ADCPs include inaccuracy of Doppler-shift measurements, poor temporal and spatial measurement resolution, and inaccuracy of multi-dimensional velocities resolved from one-dimensional velocities measured at separate locations. Results from laboratory measurements of mean velocity and turbulence statistics made with two pulse-coherent ADCPs in 0.87 meters of water are used to illustrate several of inherent sources of error in ADCP turbulence measurements. Results show that processing algorithms and beam configurations have important effects on turbulence measurements. ADCPs can provide reasonable estimates of many turbulence parameters; however, the accuracy of turbulence measurements made with commercially available ADCPs is often poor in comparison to standard measurement techniques.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Nystrom, E., Oberg, K.A., and Rehmann, C., 2002, Measurement of Turbulence with Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers - Sources of Error and Laboratory Results, <i>in</i> Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 346-355.","startPage":"346","endPage":"355","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232098,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52f1e4b0c8380cd6c795","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536527,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Nystrom, E.A.","contributorId":85749,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nystrom","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Oberg, K. A.","contributorId":67553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberg","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rehmann, C.R.","contributorId":7455,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rehmann","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70184474,"text":"70184474 - 2002 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 2001: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70184474,"text":"70184474 - 2002 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 2001: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)","indexId":"70184474","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 2001: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":5224225,"text":"5224225 - 2002 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 2001","indexId":"5224225","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 2001"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":5224225,"text":"5224225 - 2002 - Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 2001","indexId":"5224225","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 2001"},"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-09T17:52:38","indexId":"70184474","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2881,"text":"North American Bird Bander","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 2001: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764)","docAbstract":"<p>After one of the quietest Septembers since this station opened in 1980, a record high number of birds was captured in October, making the seasonal total almost identical to that in fall 2000. Capture totals exceeded 100 on eight mornings between 9 and 24 Oct, and a new daily high was set on 14 Oct, when 203 birds, including 105 Myrtle Warblers, were banded. Capture totals for several species set record highs: Gray Catbird (340, including 4 returns; previous high 288), Northern Cardinal (48, including 2 returns; previous high 36), Fox Sparrow (44, previous high 36), Swamp Sparrow (65, previous high 60), and White-throated Sparrow (382, including 8 returns; previous high 350). For the first time ever, captures of Red-eyed Vireos dropped below 100, with only 5 return birds captured (compared to 15 returns in 2000 and 37 in 1999). Carol Erwin and Woody Martin deserve special thanks for assisting on most mornings throughout the season. Brice Adams, Emma AIIott, Marty Barron, Danny Bystrak, Kacy Cook, Mary Gustafson, Jane Nicolich, Diann Prosser, Mike Quinlan, Gemma Radko, and Jack Saba also provided assistance.&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Western, Inland, and Eastern Bird Banding Associations","usgsCitation":"Dawson, D.K., 2002, Atlantic Flyway review: Piedmont-Coastal Plain, Region IV, Fall 2001: Patuxent powerline right-of-way (390-0764): North American Bird Bander, v. 27, no. 3, p. 100-100.","productDescription":"1 p.","startPage":"100","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337274,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":337273,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.westernbirdbanding.org/nabb.html","text":"Journal's Website"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","county":"Prince George's County","city":"Laurel","otherGeospatial":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58c277dde4b014cc3a3e76e3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dawson, Deanna K. ddawson@usgs.gov","contributorId":1257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"Deanna","email":"ddawson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":681635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024080,"text":"70024080 - 2002 - Interpretation of K-Ar dates of illitic clays from sedimentary rocks aided by modeling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T12:03:39.414043","indexId":"70024080","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":738,"text":"American Mineralogist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interpretation of K-Ar dates of illitic clays from sedimentary rocks aided by modeling","docAbstract":"<p>K-Ar dates of illitic clays from sedimentary rocks may contain \"mixed ages,\" i.e., may have ages that are intermediate between the ages of end-member events. Two phenomena that may cause mixed ages are: (1) long-lasting reaction during the burial illitization of smectite: and (2) physical mixing of detrital and diagenetic components. The first phenomenon was investigated by simulation of illitization reactions using a nucleation and growth mechanism. These calculations indicate that values for mixed ages are related to burial history: for an equivalent length of reaction time, fast burial followed by slow burial produces much older mixed ages than slow burial followed by fast. The type of reaction that occurred in a rock can be determined from the distribution of ages with respect to the thickness of illite crystals. Dating of artificial mixtures confirms a non-linear relation between mixed ages and the proportions of the components. Vertical variation of K-Ar age dates from Gulf Coast shales can be modeled by assuming diagenetic illitization that overprints a subtle vertical trend (presumably of sedimentary origin) in detrital mineral content.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"De Gruyter","doi":"10.2138/am-2002-11-1202","usgsCitation":"Srodon, J., Clauer, N., and Eberl, D., 2002, Interpretation of K-Ar dates of illitic clays from sedimentary rocks aided by modeling: American Mineralogist, v. 87, no. 11-12, p. 1528-1535, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-11-1202.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1528","endPage":"1535","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231602,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","issue":"11-12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3d59e4b0c8380cd634cc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Srodon, J.","contributorId":67583,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Srodon","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clauer, Norbert","contributorId":79664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clauer","given":"Norbert","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, D.D.D.","contributorId":82088,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024837,"text":"70024837 - 2002 - Surface complexation and precipitate geometry for aqueous Zn(II) sorption on ferrihydrite I: X-ray absorption extended fine structure spectroscopy analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T08:59:33","indexId":"70024837","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Surface complexation and precipitate geometry for aqueous Zn(II) sorption on ferrihydrite I: X-ray absorption extended fine structure spectroscopy analysis","docAbstract":"<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-id19\" class=\"abstract author\"><div id=\"aep-abstract-sec-id20\"><p id=\"simple-para0095\"><span>“Two-line”&nbsp;ferrihydrite&nbsp;samples precipitated and then exposed to a range of aqueous Zn solutions (10</span><sup>−5</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>to 10<sup>−3</sup><span>&nbsp;M), and also coprecipitated in similar Zn solutions (pH 6.5), have been examined by Zn and Fe K-edge&nbsp;X-ray&nbsp;absorption&nbsp;spectroscopy. Typical Zn complexes on the surface have Zn-O distances of 1.97(.02) Å and&nbsp;coordination numbers&nbsp;of about 4.0(0.5), consistent with tetrahedral oxygen coordination. This contrasts with Zn-O distances of 2.11(.02) Å and coordination numbers of 6 to 7 in the aqueous Zn solutions used in sample preparation. X-ray absorption extended&nbsp;fine structure&nbsp;spectroscopy (EXAFS) fits to the second shell of&nbsp;cation&nbsp;neighbors indicate as many as 4 Zn-Fe neighbors at 3.44(.04) Å in coprecipitated samples, and about two Zn-Fe neighbors at the same distance in&nbsp;adsorptionsamples. In both sets of samples, the fitted coordination number of second shell cations decreases as&nbsp;sorption&nbsp;density increases, indicating changes in the number and type of available complexing sites or the onset of competitive&nbsp;precipitation processes. Comparison of our results with the possible geometries for surface complexes and precipitates suggests that the Zn sorption complexes are inner sphere and at lowest adsorption densities are bidentate, sharing apical oxygens with adjacent edge-sharing Fe(O,OH)</span><sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;octahedra.&nbsp;Coprecipitation&nbsp;samples have complexes with similar geometry, but these are polydentate, sharing apices with more than two adjacent edge-sharing Fe(O,OH)</span><sub>6</sub><span>&nbsp;polyhedra. The results are inconsistent with Zn entering the ferrihydrite structure (i.e.,&nbsp;solid solution&nbsp;formation) or formation of other Zn-Fe precipitates. The fitted Zn-Fe coordination numbers drop with increasing Zn density with a minimum of about 0.8(.2) at Zn/(Zn + Fe) of 0.08 or more. This change appears to be attributable to the onset of precipitation of&nbsp;zinc&nbsp;hydroxide&nbsp;polymers with mainly tetrahedral Zn coordination. At the highest loadings studied, the nature of the complexes changes further, and a second type of precipitate forms. This has a structure based on a&nbsp;brucite&nbsp;layer topology, with mainly octahedral Zn coordination. Amorphous zinc hydroxide samples prepared for comparison had a closely similar local structure. Analysis of the Fe K-edge EXAFS is consistent with surface&nbsp;complexation&nbsp;reactions and surface precipitation at high Zn loadings with little or no Fe-Zn solid solution formation. The formation of Zn-containing precipitates at solution conditions two or more orders of magnitude below their solubility limit is compared with other sorption and spectroscopic studies that describe similar behavior.</span></p></div></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00853-5","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Waychunas, G., Fuller, C.C., and Davis, J., 2002, Surface complexation and precipitate geometry for aqueous Zn(II) sorption on ferrihydrite I: X-ray absorption extended fine structure spectroscopy analysis: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 7, p. 1119-1137, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00853-5.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1119","endPage":"1137","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233324,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207988,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00853-5"}],"volume":"66","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9f99e4b08c986b31e6d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waychunas, G.A.","contributorId":90888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waychunas","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuller, C. C.","contributorId":29858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuller","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024868,"text":"70024868 - 2002 - Geometry, slip distribution, and kinematics of surface rupture on the Sakarya fault segment during the 17 August 1999 İzmit, Turkey, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-07T13:50:52","indexId":"70024868","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geometry, slip distribution, and kinematics of surface rupture on the Sakarya fault segment during the 17 August 1999 İzmit, Turkey, earthquake","docAbstract":"<p><span>The&nbsp;</span><i>M</i><sub>w</sub><span>&nbsp;7.4 17 August 1999 İzmit earthquake ruptured five major fault segments of the dextral North Anatolian Fault Zone. The 26-km-long, N86&deg;W-trending Sakarya fault segment (SFS) extends from the Sapanca releasing step-over in the west to near the town of Akyazi in the east. The SFS emerges from Lake Sapanca as two distinct fault traces that rejoin to traverse the Adapazari Plain to Akyazi. Offsets were measured across 88 cultural and natural features that cross the fault, such as roads, cornfield rows, rows of trees, walls, rails, field margins, ditches, vehicle ruts, a dike, and ground cracks. The maximum displacement observed for the İzmit earthquake (&sim;5.1 m) was encountered on this segment. Dextral displacement for the SFS rises from less than 1 m at Lake Sapanca to greater than 5 m near Arifiye, only 3 km away. Average slip decreases uniformly to the east from Arifiye until the fault steps left from Sagir to Kazanci to the N75&deg;W, 6-km-long Akyazi strand, where slip drops to less than 1 m. The Akyazi strand passes eastward into the Akyazi Bend, which consists of a high-angle bend (18&deg;-29&deg;) between the Sakarya and Karadere fault segments, a 6-km gap in surface rupture, and high aftershock energy release. Complex structural geometries exist between the İzmit, D&uuml;zce, and 1967 Mudurnu fault segments that have arrested surface ruptures on timescales ranging from 30 sec to 88 days to 32 yr. The largest of these step-overs may have acted as a rupture segmentation boundary in previous earthquake cycles.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000804","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Langridge, R., Stenner, H.D., Fumal, T.E., Christofferson, S., Rockwell, T.K., Hartleb, R., Bachhuber, J., and Barka, A., 2002, Geometry, slip distribution, and kinematics of surface rupture on the Sakarya fault segment during the 17 August 1999 İzmit, Turkey, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 1, p. 107-125, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000804.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"107","endPage":"125","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233286,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207962,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000804"}],"volume":"92","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2773e4b0c8380cd598da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langridge, R.M.","contributorId":86145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langridge","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stenner, Heidi D.","contributorId":35868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenner","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fumal, T. E.","contributorId":25942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christofferson, S.A.","contributorId":9810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christofferson","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402924,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rockwell, T. K.","contributorId":34688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockwell","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hartleb, R.D.","contributorId":108282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hartleb","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bachhuber, J.","contributorId":58059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bachhuber","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Barka, A.A.","contributorId":46706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barka","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":70024071,"text":"70024071 - 2002 - Determining the hydraulic properties of saturated, low-permeability geological materials in the laboratory: Advances in theory and practice","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024071","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Determining the hydraulic properties of saturated, low-permeability geological materials in the laboratory: Advances in theory and practice","docAbstract":"The accurate hydraulic characterization of low-permeability subsurface environments has important practical significance. In order to examine this issue from the perspective of laboratory-based approaches, we review some recent advancements in the theoretical analyses of three different laboratory techniques specifically applied to low-permeability geologic materials: constant-head, constant flow-rate and transient-pulse permeability tests. Some potential strategies for effectively decreasing the time required to confidently estimate the permeability of these materials are presented. In addition, a new and versatile laboratory system is introduced that can implement any of these three test methods while simultaneously subjecting a specimen to high confining pressures and pore pressures, thereby simulating in situ conditions at great depths. The capabilities and advantages of this innovative system are demonstrated using experimental data derived from Shirahama sandstone and Inada granite, two rock types widely encountered in Japan.","largerWorkTitle":"ASTM Special Technical Publication","conferenceTitle":"Evaluation and Remediation of Low Permeability and Dual Porosity Environments","conferenceDate":"25 January 2001 through 25 January 2001","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","issn":"00660558","usgsCitation":"Zhang, M., Takahashi, M., Morin, R.H., Endo, H., and Esaki, T., 2002, Determining the hydraulic properties of saturated, low-permeability geological materials in the laboratory: Advances in theory and practice, <i>in</i> ASTM Special Technical Publication, no. 1415, Reno, NV, 25 January 2001 through 25 January 2001, p. 83-98.","startPage":"83","endPage":"98","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232061,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"1415","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fff7e4b0c8380cd4f4d9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Sara M.N.Everett L.G.","contributorId":128297,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Sara M.N.Everett L.G.","id":536530,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Zhang, M.","contributorId":39161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takahashi, M.","contributorId":92617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takahashi","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Endo, H.","contributorId":44321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Endo","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Esaki, T.","contributorId":22939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esaki","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1008406,"text":"1008406 - 2002 - Understanding sturgeon life history: Enigmas, myths, and insights from scientific studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-20T14:23:56.789562","indexId":"1008406","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Understanding sturgeon life history: Enigmas, myths, and insights from scientific studies","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00413.x","usgsCitation":"Sulak, K., and Randall, M., 2002, Understanding sturgeon life history: Enigmas, myths, and insights from scientific studies: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 18, no. 4-6, p. 519-528, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00413.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"519","endPage":"528","costCenters":[{"id":275,"text":"Florida Integrated Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478738,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00413.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":130888,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a26e4b07f02db60f68c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sulak, K. J. 0000-0002-4795-9310","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-9310","contributorId":76690,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sulak","given":"K. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randall, M.","contributorId":106060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024039,"text":"70024039 - 2002 - Subglacial volcanic features beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet interpreted from aeromagnetic and radar ice sounding","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-19T12:25:47.692366","indexId":"70024039","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subglacial volcanic features beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet interpreted from aeromagnetic and radar ice sounding","docAbstract":"The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) flows through the volcanically active, late Cenozoic West Antarctic rift system. Active subglacial volcanism and a vast (>106 km3) extent of subglacial volcanic structures have been interpreted from aerogeophysical surveys over central West Antarctica in the past decade, combined with results from 1960s and 1970s aeromagnetic profiles over the WAIS. Modelling of magnetic anomalies constrained by radar ice sounding shows volcanic sources at the base of the ice throughout large areas, whose subglacially erupted hyaloclastite edifices have been eroded by moving ice, as in Iceland. The 1800 m-high divide of the WAIS is underlain by the 400 km-long volcanic Sinuous Ridge, which rises above sea level; most hyaloclastite edifices there have also been glacially removed, indicating migration of the ice divide through time. Northeast of the divide of the WAIS there is a 400-nT positive magnetic anomaly over the shallowest, most rugged bedrock topography (elevation +380 m above sea level), probably comprising subaerially erupted flows erupted when the Sinuous Ridge area was deglaciated. Uplift of the Sinuous Ridge may have forced the advance of the WAIS. Other aspects of the subglacial volcanism in Antarctica can be observed in Iceland and have a direct bearing on our understanding of the subglacial conditions of the WAIS and its dynamics.","language":"English","publisher":"The Geological Society","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.17","usgsCitation":"Behrendt, J.C., Blankenship, D.D., Morse, D.L., Finn, C., and Bell, R., 2002, Subglacial volcanic features beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet interpreted from aeromagnetic and radar ice sounding: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 202, p. 337-355, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.17.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"355","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231559,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"West Antarctica","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -2961.5625,\n              -70.93100353239011\n            ],\n            [\n              -2955.322265625,\n              -78.45542534118532\n            ],\n            [\n              -2918.232421875,\n              -78.57790682347503\n            ],\n            [\n              -2923.857421875,\n              -66.19600891267761\n            ],\n            [\n              -2936.513671875,\n              -60.84491057364912\n            ],\n            [\n              -2954.4433593750005,\n              -64.99793920061401\n            ],\n            [\n              -2961.5625,\n              -70.93100353239011\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d14e4b08c986b31d620","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Behrendt, John C. jbehrendt@usgs.gov","contributorId":25945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Behrendt","given":"John","email":"jbehrendt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":213,"text":"Crustal Imaging and Characterization Team","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399772,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blankenship, D. D.","contributorId":29012,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Blankenship","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399774,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Morse, D. L.","contributorId":28024,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morse","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399773,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Finn, C. A. 0000-0002-6178-0405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6178-0405","contributorId":93917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finn","given":"C. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bell, R.E.","contributorId":70010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bell","given":"R.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024838,"text":"70024838 - 2002 - Impact of sensor's point spread function on land cover characterization: Assessment and deconvolution","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T09:52:09","indexId":"70024838","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impact of sensor's point spread function on land cover characterization: Assessment and deconvolution","docAbstract":"Measured and modeled point spread functions (PSF) of sensor systems indicate that a significant portion of the recorded signal of each pixel of a satellite image originates from outside the area represented by that pixel. This hinders the ability to derive surface information from satellite images on a per-pixel basis. In this study, the impact of the PSF of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250 m bands was assessed using four images representing different landscapes. Experimental results showed that though differences between pixels derived with and without PSF effects were small on the average, the PSF generally brightened dark objects and darkened bright objects. This impact of the PSF lowered the performance of a support vector machine (SVM) classifier by 5.4% in overall accuracy and increased the overall root mean square error (RMSE) by 2.4% in estimating subpixel percent land cover. An inversion method based on the known PSF model reduced the signals originating from surrounding areas by as much as 53%. This method differs from traditional PSF inversion deconvolution methods in that the PSF was adjusted with lower weighting factors for signals originating from neighboring pixels than those specified by the PSF model. By using this deconvolution method, the lost classification accuracy due to residual impact of PSF effects was reduced to only 1.66% in overall accuracy. The increase in the RMSE of estimated subpixel land cover proportions due to the residual impact of PSF effects was reduced to 0.64%. Spatial aggregation also effectively reduced the errors in estimated land cover proportion images. About 50% of the estimation errors were removed after applying the deconvolution method and aggregating derived proportion images to twice their dimensional pixel size. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00298-X","issn":"00344257","usgsCitation":"Huang, C., Townshend, J., Liang, S., Kalluri, S., and DeFries, R., 2002, Impact of sensor's point spread function on land cover characterization: Assessment and deconvolution: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 80, no. 2, p. 203-212, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00298-X.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"203","endPage":"212","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207651,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00298-X"}],"volume":"80","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a38c9e4b0c8380cd616c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huang, C.","contributorId":65255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huang","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Townshend, J.R.G.","contributorId":15321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Townshend","given":"J.R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Liang, S.","contributorId":54767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liang","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402803,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kalluri, S.N.V.","contributorId":107067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalluri","given":"S.N.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"DeFries, R.S.","contributorId":61549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFries","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1000984,"text":"1000984 - 2002 - New Midwestern state records of aquatic Hemiptera (Corixidae: Notonectidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:06","indexId":"1000984","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1520,"text":"Entomological News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"New Midwestern state records of aquatic Hemiptera (Corixidae: Notonectidae)","docAbstract":"Recent aquatic Hemiptera collections have yielded 15 new state records distributed among four midwestern States.  These records include two species of water boatmen (Palmacorixa gillettei and Sigara mathesoni) new for Indiana, four water boatmen species (Cenocorixa utahensis, Corisella inscripta, Hesperocorixa laevigata, S. decorata), including one genus (Cenocorixa) new for Michigan, four water boatmen species (Corisella edulis, Trichocorixa macroceps, S. decoratella, S. mathesoni) and one backswimmer species (Notonecta indica) new for Ohio, and four water boatmen species (H. kennicotti, H. semilucida, S. compressoidea, S. variabilis) new for Pennsylvania.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Entomological News","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chordas, S.W., Chapman, E.G., Hudson, P.L., Chriscinske, M.A., and Stewart, R.L., 2002, New Midwestern state records of aquatic Hemiptera (Corixidae: Notonectidae): Entomological News, v. 113, no. 5, p. 310-314.","productDescription":"p. 310-314","startPage":"310","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128603,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afee4b07f02db697866","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chordas, Stephen W. III","contributorId":87089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chordas","given":"Stephen","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310073,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chapman, Eric G.","contributorId":46450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hudson, Patrick L. 0000-0002-7646-443X phudson@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7646-443X","contributorId":5616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"Patrick","email":"phudson@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chriscinske, Margret A.","contributorId":7652,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chriscinske","given":"Margret","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stewart, Richard L. Jr.","contributorId":52917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"Richard","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024041,"text":"70024041 - 2002 - Nearly frictionless faulting by unclamping in long-term interaction models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:20","indexId":"70024041","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Nearly frictionless faulting by unclamping in long-term interaction models","docAbstract":"In defiance of direct rock-friction observations, some transform faults appear to slide with little resistance. In this paper finite element models are used to show how strain energy is minimized by interacting faults that can cause long-term reduction in fault-normal stresses (unclamping). A model fault contained within a sheared elastic medium concentrates stress at its end points with increasing slip. If accommodating structures free up the ends, then the fault responds by rotating, lengthening, and unclamping. This concept is illustrated by a comparison between simple strike-slip faulting and a mid-ocean-ridge model with the same total transform length; calculations show that the more complex system unclapms the transforms and operates at lower energy. In another example, the overlapping San Andreas fault system in the San Francisco Bay region is modeled; this system is complicated by junctions and stepovers. A finite element model indicates that the normal stress along parts of the faults could be reduced to hydrostatic levels after ???60-100 k.y. of system-wide slip. If this process occurs in the earth, then parts of major transform fault zones could appear nearly frictionless.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1063:NFFBUI>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00917613","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., 2002, Nearly frictionless faulting by unclamping in long-term interaction models: Geology, v. 30, no. 12, p. 1063-1066, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1063:NFFBUI>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1063","endPage":"1066","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207021,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1063:NFFBUI>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231561,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a640de4b0c8380cd72851","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, T.","contributorId":48288,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024274,"text":"70024274 - 2002 - Harlequin duck population recovery following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill: Progress, process and constraints","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-13T12:05:18","indexId":"70024274","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2663,"text":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Harlequin duck population recovery following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill: Progress, process and constraints","docAbstract":"<p>Following the 1989 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, we studied the status of recovery of harlequin duck <i>Histrionicus histrionicus</i> populations during 1995 to 1998. We evaluated potential constraints on full recovery, including (1) exposure to residual oil; (2) food limitation; and (3) intrinsic demographic limitations on population growth rates. In this paper, we synthesize the findings from our work and incorporate information from other harlequin duck research and monitoring programs to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the response of this species to the 'Exxon Valdez' spill. We conclude that harlequin duck populations had not fully recovered by 1998. Furthermore, adverse effects continued as many as 9 yr after the oil spill, in contrast to the conventional paradigm that oil spill effects on bird populations are short-lived. These conclusions are based on the findings that (1) elevated cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) induction on oiled areas indicated continued exposure to oil in 1998; (2) adult female winter survival was lower on oiled than unoiled areas during 1995 to 1998; (3) fall population surveys by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game indicated numerical declines in oiled areas during 1995 to 1997; and (4) densities on oiled areas in 1996 and 1997 were lower than expected using models that accounted for effects of habitat attributes. Based on hypothesized links between oil contamination and demography, we suggest that harlequin duck population recovery was constrained primarily by continued oil exposure. Full population recovery will also be delayed by the time necessary for intrinsic population growth to allow return to pre-spill numbers following cessation of residual oil spill effects. Although not all wildlife species were affected by the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill, and some others may have recovered quickly from any effects, harlequin duck life history characteristics and benthic, nearshore feeding habits make them susceptible to both initial and long-term oil spill effects.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","doi":"10.3354/meps241271","issn":"01718630","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., Bowman, T.D., Trust, K.A., Ballachey, B.E., Dean, T.A., Jewett, S.C., and O’Clair, C.E., 2002, Harlequin duck population recovery following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill: Progress, process and constraints: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 241, p. 271-286, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps241271.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"286","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488568,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps241271","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231689,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -148.21380615234375,\n              60.02095215374802\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.73065185546875,\n              60.02095215374802\n            ],\n            [\n              -146.73065185546875,\n              60.648954953475844\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.21380615234375,\n              60.648954953475844\n            ],\n            [\n              -148.21380615234375,\n              60.02095215374802\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"241","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2f76e4b0c8380cd5cde1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":true,"id":400662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bowman, Timothy D.","contributorId":80779,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bowman","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Trust, Kimberly A.","contributorId":42503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trust","given":"Kimberly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Dean, Thomas A.","contributorId":187562,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dean","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Jewett, Stephen C.","contributorId":94397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jewett","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"O’Clair, Charles E.","contributorId":60571,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Clair","given":"Charles","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
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