The ichnogenus Psammichnites Torell 1870 includes a wide variety of predominantly horizontal, sinuous to looped, backfilled traces, characterized by a distinctive median dorsal structure. Though commonly preserved in full relief on upper bedding surfaces, some ichnospecies of Psammichnites may be preserved in negative hyporelief. Psammichnites records the feeding activities of a subsurface animal using a siphon-like device. Several ichnogenera reflect this general behavioral pattern, including Plagiogmus Roedel 1929 and the Carboniferous ichnogenera Olivellites Fenton and Fenton 1937a and Aulichnites Fenton and Fenton 1937b. Based on analysis of specimens from the United States, Spain, and the United Kingdom, three Carboniferous ichnospecies of Psammichnites are reviewed in this paper: P. plummeri (Fenton and Fenton, 1937a), P. grumula(Romano and Meléndez 1979), and P. implexus (Rindsberg 1994). Psammichnites plummeri is the most common Carboniferous ichnospecies and is characterized by a relatively straight, continuous dorsal ridge/groove, fine transverse ridges, larger size range, and non-looping geometric pattern. It represents a grazing trace of deposit feeders. Psammichnites grumula differs from the other ichnospecies of Psammichnitesby having median dorsal holes or protruding mounds. The presence of mounds or holes in P. grumulasuggests a siphon that was regularly connected to the sediment-water interface. This ichnospecies is interpreted as produced by a deposit feeder using the siphon for respiration or as a device for a chemosymbiotic strategy. Psammichnites implexus is characterized by its consistently smaller size range, subtle backfill structure, and tendency to scribble. Although displaying similarities with Dictyodora scotica, P. implexus is a very shallow-tier, grazing trace. Changes in behavioral pattern, preservational style, and bedform morphology suggest a complex interplay of ecological and taphonomic controls in Carboniferous tidal-flat Psammichnites. A first distributional pattern consists of guided meandering specimens preserved in ripple troughs, probably reflecting food-searching of buried organic matter concentrated in troughs. A second is recorded by concentration of Psammichnites on ripple crests and slopes. In some cases, the course is almost straight to slightly sinuous and closely follows topographic highs, suggesting a direct control of bedform morphology on trace pattern. Occurrences of Carboniferous Psammichnites most likely represent an opportunistic strategy in marginal-marine settings. Analysis of Carboniferous Psammichnites indicates the presence of a siphon-like device in the producer and reestablishes the possibility of a molluscan tracemaker.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420940190034175","usgsCitation":"Mángano, M., and Rindsberg, A.K., 2002, Carboniferous Psammichnites: Systematic re-evaluation, taphonomy and autecology: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 9, no. 1-2, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940190034175.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f372e4b0c8380cd4b80e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rindsberg, Andrew K.","contributorId":16612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rindsberg","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023804,"text":"70023804 - 2002 - Examples of landscape indicators for assessing environmental conditions and problems in urban and suburban areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70023804","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Examples of landscape indicators for assessing environmental conditions and problems in urban and suburban areas","docAbstract":"Geo-indicators can help to assess environmental conditions in city urban and suburban areas. Those indicators should be meaningful for understanding environmental changes. From examples of Spanish and American cities, geo-indicators for assessing environmental conditions and changes in urban and suburban areas are proposed. The paper explore two types of geo-indicators. The first type presents general information that can be used to indicate the presence of a broad array of geologic conditions, either favouring or limiting various kinds of uses of the land. The second type of geo-indicator is the one most commonly used, and as a group most easily understood; these are site and problem specific and they are generally used after a problem is identified. Among them, watershed processes, seismicity and physiographic diversity are explained in more detail. A second dimension that is considered when discussing geo-indicators is the issue of scale. Broad scale investigations, covering extensive areas are only efficient at cataloguing general conditions common to much of the area or some outstanding feature within the area. This type of information is best used for policy type decisions. Detailed scale investigations can provide information about local conditions, but are not efficient at cataloguing vast areas. Information gathered at the detailed level is necessary for project design and construction.","largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Architecture Series","conferenceTitle":"Second International Conference on Urban regeneration and Sustainability, SUSTAINABLE CITY II","conferenceDate":"3 July 2002 through 5 July 2002","conferenceLocation":"Segovia","language":"English","issn":"13681435","usgsCitation":"Martin-Duque, J., Godfrey, A., Diez, A., Cleaves, E., Pedraza, J., Sanz, M., Carrasco, R., and Bodoque, J., 2002, Examples of landscape indicators for assessing environmental conditions and problems in urban and suburban areas, in Advances in Architecture Series, v. 14, Segovia, 3 July 2002 through 5 July 2002, p. 467-476.","startPage":"467","endPage":"476","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d9fe4b0c8380cd530f9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brebbia, C.A.","contributorId":111480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brebbia","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin-Duque, J.F.","contributorId":111985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin-Duque","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508743,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wadhwa, L.C.","contributorId":112729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wadhwa","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508744,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Martin-Duque, J. F.","contributorId":74910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin-Duque","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godfrey, A.","contributorId":60413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diez, A.","contributorId":38738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diez","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cleaves, E.","contributorId":49564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pedraza, J.","contributorId":68071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedraza","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sanz, M.A.","contributorId":28774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanz","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Carrasco, R.M.","contributorId":39979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrasco","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bodoque, J.","contributorId":70149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodoque","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70023824,"text":"70023824 - 2002 - Life history of the striped newt at a north-central Florida breeding pond","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023824","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3444,"text":"Southeastern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life history of the striped newt at a north-central Florida breeding pond","docAbstract":"I studied the life history of Striped Newts (Notophthalmus perstriatus) at a breeding pond in north-central Florida. Newts were captured in pitfall traps at a drift-fence as they migrated into and out of the pond basin. During the 2-year study, I recorded 10,290 captures (8,127 individuals) of newts at the drift-fence. Newts were active during each month of the study, but there were four peak activity periods, each of which included immigration and emigration events. Immigration events were almost exclusively comprised of adults, whereas emigration events were comprised of adults and recently transformed larvae. I documented 5,296 recently transformed, immature larvae (efts) and 435 recently transformed mature larvae (paedomorphs) during four distinct periods of emigration. Efts matured in the uplands before returning to the pond to breed. In the uplands, male efts (n = 16) grew 0.0183 mm/day on average, whereas average female (n = 24) growth was 0.0167 mm/day. Immigrating adults of both sexes were significantly smaller than emigrating adults. Emigrating efts were smallest, followed by emigrating paedomorphs, immigrating adults, then emigrating adults. The overall adult sex ratio was 1:1.25 (m:f). Sex ratio of emigrating paedomorphs was highly skewed towards females, with one male for every 4.43 females. Newts tended to move during wetter periods, and captures were significantly correlated with rainfall, but rainfall was a poor predictor of the magnitude of newt movements.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Southeastern Naturalist","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"15287092","usgsCitation":"Johnson, S., 2002, Life history of the striped newt at a north-central Florida breeding pond: Southeastern Naturalist, v. 1, no. 4, p. 381-402.","startPage":"381","endPage":"402","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4763e4b0c8380cd6784c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, S. A.","contributorId":53723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"S. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023995,"text":"70023995 - 2002 - Geothermal systems of the Great Basin and U.S. Geological Survey plans for a regional resource assessment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-19T16:01:01.981052","indexId":"70023995","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Geothermal systems of the Great Basin and U.S. Geological Survey plans for a regional resource assessment","docAbstract":"Based on current projections, the United States faces the need to increase its electrical power generating capacity by 40% (approximately 300,000 Megawatts-electrical or MWe) over the next 20 years (Energy Information Administration, EIA - Department of Energy). A critical question for the near future is the extent to which geothermal resources can contribute to this increasing demand for electricity. Geothermal energy constitutes one of the nation's largest sources of renewable and environmentally benign electrical power, yet the installed capacity of 2860 MWe falls far short of estimated geothermal resources. This is particularly true for the Great Basin region of the western United States, which has an installed capacity of about 500 MWe, much lower than the 7500 MWe resource estimated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in the late 1970s. The reasons for the limited development of geothermal power are varied, but political, economic and technological developments suggest the time is ripe for a new assessment effort. Technologies for power production from geothermal systems and scientific understanding of geothermal resource occurrence have improved dramatically in recent years. The primary challenges facing geothermal resource studies are (1) understanding the thermal, chemical and mechanical processes that lead to the colocation of high temperatures and high permeabilities necessary for the formation of geothermal systems and (2) developing improved techniques for locating, characterizing and exploiting these systems. Starting in the fall of 2002, the USGS will begin work with institutions funded by the Department of Energy's (DOE) Geothermal Research Program to investigate the nature and extent of geothermal systems in the Great Basin and to produce an updated assessment of available geothermal resources.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Geothermal Resources Council: 2002 Annual Meeting","conferenceDate":"Sep 22-25, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Reno, NV","language":"English","publisher":"Geothermal Resources Council","usgsCitation":"Williams, C.F., 2002, Geothermal systems of the Great Basin and U.S. Geological Survey plans for a regional resource assessment, in Transactions - Geothermal Resources Council, Reno, NV, Sep 22-25, 2002, p. 547-550.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"547","endPage":"550","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232095,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28cae4b0c8380cd5a3f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, Colin F. 0000-0003-2196-5496 colin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2196-5496","contributorId":274,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Colin","email":"colin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023868,"text":"70023868 - 2002 - In Search of Easy-to-Use Methods for Calibrating ADCP's for Velocity and Discharge Measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023868","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"In Search of Easy-to-Use Methods for Calibrating ADCP's for Velocity and Discharge Measurements","docAbstract":"A cost-effective procedure for calibrating acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP) in the field was presented. The advantages and disadvantages of various methods which are used for calibrating ADCP were discussed. The proposed method requires the use of differential global positioning system (DGPS) with sub-meter accuracy and standard software for collecting ADCP data. The method involves traversing a long (400-800 meter) course at a constant compass heading and speed, while collecting simultaneous DGPS and ADCP data.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Oberg, K., 2002, In Search of Easy-to-Use Methods for Calibrating ADCP's for Velocity and Discharge Measurements, in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 908-918.","startPage":"908","endPage":"918","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232007,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3984e4b0c8380cd61957","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536518,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Oberg, K.","contributorId":60376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oberg","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399128,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024233,"text":"70024233 - 2002 - Fish assemblages and environmental variables associated with hard-rock mining in the Coeur d'Alene River basin, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-30T10:20:14","indexId":"70024233","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fish assemblages and environmental variables associated with hard-rock mining in the Coeur d'Alene River basin, Idaho","docAbstract":"As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program, fish assemblages, environmental variables, and associated mine densities were evaluated at 18 test and reference sites during the summer of 2000 in the Coeur d'Alene and St. Regis river basins in Idaho and Montana. Multimetric and multivariate analyses were used to examine patterns in fish assemblages and the associated environmental variables representing a gradient of mining intensity. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in water and streambed sediment found at test sites in watersheds where production mine densities were at least 0.2 mines/km2 (in a 500-m stream buffer) were significantly higher than the concentrations found at reference sites. Many of these metal concentrations exceeded Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) and the Canadian Probable Effect Level guidelines for streambed sediment. Regression analysis identified significant relationships between the production mine densities and the sum of Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in water and streambed sediment (r2 = 0.69 and 0.66, respectively; P < 0.01). Zinc was identified as the primary metal contaminant in both water and streambed sediment. Eighteen fish species in the families Salmonidae, Cottidae, Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, and Ictaluridae were collected. Principal components analysis of 11 fish metrics identified two distinct groups of sites corresponding to the reference and test sites, predominantly on the basis of the inverse relationship between percent cottids and percent salmonids (r = -0.64; P < 0.05). Streams located downstream from the areas of intensive hard-rock mining in the Coeur d'Alene River basin contained fewer native fish and lower abundances as a result of metal enrichment, not physical habitat degradation. Typically, salmonids were the predominant species at test sites where Zn concentrations exceeded the acute AWQC. Cottids were absent at these sites, which suggests that they are more severely affected by elevated metals than are salmonids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0865:FAAEVA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., and MacCoy, D.E., 2002, Fish assemblages and environmental variables associated with hard-rock mining in the Coeur d'Alene River basin, Idaho: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 5, p. 865-884, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0865:FAAEVA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"865","endPage":"884","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207059,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0865:FAAEVA>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur D'alene River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,47.0 ], [ -117.0,48.0 ], [ -114.0,48.0 ], [ -114.0,47.0 ], [ -117.0,47.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"131","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a107de4b0c8380cd53cc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacCoy, Dorene E. 0000-0001-6810-4728 demaccoy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-4728","contributorId":948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCoy","given":"Dorene","email":"demaccoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024128,"text":"70024128 - 2002 - Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by a facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:56:21","indexId":"70024128","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by a facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1","docAbstract":"Arsenite [As(III)]-enriched anoxic bottom water from Mono Lake, California, produced arsenate [As(V)] during incubation with either nitrate or nitrite. No such oxidation occurred in killed controls or in live samples incubated without added nitrate or nitrite. A small amount of biological As(III) oxidation was observed in samples amended with Fe(III) chelated with nitrolotriacetic acid, although some chemical oxidation was also evident in killed controls. A pure culture, strain MLHE-1, that was capable of growth with As(III) as its electron donor and nitrate as its electron acceptor was isolated in a defined mineral salts medium. Cells were also able to grow in nitrate-mineral salts medium by using H2 or sulfide as their electron donor in lieu of As(III). Arsenite-grown cells demonstrated dark 14CO2 fixation, and PCR was used to indicate the presence of a gene encoding ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Strain MLHE-1 is a facultative chemoautotroph, able to grow with these inorganic electron donors and nitrate as its electron acceptor, but heterotrophic growth on acetate was also observed under both aerobic and anaerobic (nitrate) conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S ribosomal DNA sequence placed strain MLHE-1 within the haloalkaliphilic Ectothiorhodospira of the γ-Proteobacteria. Arsenite oxidation has never been reported for any members of this subgroup of the Proteobacteria.
The removal of the remnants of three hydroelectric dams on the Kalamazoo River near Plainwell, Otsego, and Allegan, Michigan, has been proposed. The benefits of this removal include returning the Kalamazoo River to its pre-dam flow, increasing recreational use and safety on the river, and improving aquatic habitat. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has designated this reach of the Kalamazoo River as a Federal Superfund site because of the historical discharge of papermill waste containing polychlorinated biphenyls. Much of this waste material remains concentrated in organic sediment and kaolinite clay deposited upstream from the three dam foundations. Sediment containing up to 150 milligrams per kilogram polychlorinated biphenyls could move if dam foundations are removed; therefore, it is necessary to estimate the characteristic and configuration of the sediment before work begins.
Data collected from augered sections and sediment cores show that impoundment sediments were deposited in two distinctly different sedimentary environments. Interbedded lacustrine sediments that overlie the pre-dam channel surface consist of organic-rich silt and clay, fine to medium sand, and some gravel. These materials were deposited in a repetitive, cyclic fashion related to former stream velocities when the impoundment water levels were 5-10 feet higher. Lowering of these water levels and demolition of the superstructures of these dams resulted in erosion of much of these instream lacustrine sediments and subsequent deposition of coarse-grained alluvium in the impounded channel behind the remaining dam foundations.
The composite thicknesses of the lacustrine deposits and overlying alluvium was determined from sediment cores collected from each impoundment. The volume of instream sediment contained in each impoundment is estimated to be about 77,600 cubic yards at the Plainwell impoundment; 268,900 cubic yards at the Otsego impoundment; and 1,192,600 cubic yards at the Trowbridge impoundment. Estimates do not include bank or flood-plain deposits.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Lansing, MI","doi":"10.3133/wri024098","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality","usgsCitation":"Rheaume, S.J., Rachol, C., Hubbell, D., and Simard, A., 2002, Sediment characteristics and configuration within three dam impoundments on the Kalamazoo River, Michigan, 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4098, v, 58 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024098.","productDescription":"v, 58 p.","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":333706,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":344064,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4098/pdf/WRIR02-4098.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":3852,"rank":99,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4098/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Kalamazoo River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -85.79858779907225,\n 42.4213022942761\n ],\n [\n -85.79858779907225,\n 42.51614463822353\n ],\n [\n -85.63482284545897,\n 42.51614463822353\n ],\n [\n -85.63482284545897,\n 42.4213022942761\n ],\n [\n -85.79858779907225,\n 42.4213022942761\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0be4b07f02db5fc0ba","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rheaume, S. 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In our method, earthquake hypocenters and velocity model are jointly coupled in a fully nonlinear tomographic inversion. Active source data constrain the upper 10–15 km of the model, and earthquakes constrain the deepest portion of the model. A number of sedimentary basins are imaged, including the previously unrecognized Muckleshoot basin, and the previously incompletely defined Possession and Sequim basins. Various features of the shallow crust are imaged in detail and their structural transitions to the mid and lower crust are revealed. These include the Tacoma basin and fault zone, the Seattle basin and fault zone, the Seattle and Port Ludlow velocity highs, the Port Townsend basin, the Kingston Arch, and the Crescent basement, which is arched beneath the Lowland from its surface exposure in the eastern Olympics. Strong lateral velocity gradients, consistent with the existence of previously inferred faults, are observed, bounding the southern Port Townsend basin, the western edge of the Seattle basin beneath Dabob Bay, and portions of the Port Ludlow velocity high and the Tacoma basin. Significant velocity gradients are not observed across the southern Whidbey Island fault, the Lofall fault, or along most of the inferred location of the Hood Canal fault. Using improved earthquake locations resulting from our inversion, we determined focal mechanisms for a number of the best recorded earthquakes in the data set, revealing a complex pattern of deformation dominated by general arc-parallel regional tectonic compression. Most earthquakes occur in the basement rocks inferred to be the lower Tertiary Crescent formation. The sedimentary basins and the eastern part of the Olympic subduction complex are largely devoid of earthquakes. Clear association of hypocenters and focal mechanisms with previously mapped or proposed faults is difficult; however, seismicity, structure, and focal mechanisms associated with the Seattle fault zone suggest a possible high-angle mode of deformation with the north side up. We suggest that this deformation may be driven by isostatic readjustment of the Seattle basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000710","usgsCitation":"Van Wagoner, T.M., Crosson, R.S., Creager, K.C., Medema, G., Preston, L., Symons, N.P., and Brocher, T., 2002, Crustal structure and relocated earthquakes in the Puget Lowland, Washington, from high-resolution seismic tomography: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ESE 22-1-ESE 22-23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000710.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"ESE 22-1","endPage":"ESE 22-23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Puget Lowland","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 46.42271253466717\n ],\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 48.4146186174932\n ],\n [\n -122.98095703125,\n 46.42271253466717\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce6e4b0c8380cd4e4d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Wagoner, T. M.","contributorId":42750,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagoner","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crosson, R. S.","contributorId":104987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crosson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Creager, K. C.","contributorId":105078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creager","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Medema, G.","contributorId":69325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Medema","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Preston, L.","contributorId":21313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Preston","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Symons, N. P.","contributorId":60410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Symons","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Brocher, T.M. 0000-0002-9740-839X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":69994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"T.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023867,"text":"70023867 - 2002 - Methyl tert-butyl ether in ground and surface water of the United States: National-scale relations between MTBE occurrence in surface and ground water and MTBE use in gasoline","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-02-03T17:50:44.294068","indexId":"70023867","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":612,"text":"ACS Symposium Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Methyl tert-butyl ether in ground and surface water of the United States: National-scale relations between MTBE occurrence in surface and ground water and MTBE use in gasoline","title":"Methyl tert-butyl ether in ground and surface water of the United States: National-scale relations between MTBE occurrence in surface and ground water and MTBE use in gasoline","docAbstract":"The detection frequency of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in ground and surface water of the United States is positively related to the content of MTBE in gasoline in various metropolitan areas of the U.S. The frequency of detection of MTBE is generally higher in areas that use larger amounts of MTBE in gasoline. Sampling of surface and ground water by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program between 1993 and 1998 revealed a frequent detection of low concentrations of MTBE. In this analysis, data from several national-scale gasoline surveys are examined and data from one survey that is most extensive in geographic and temporal coverage is used to relate the detection of MTBE in ground and surface water to the volumetric content of MTBE in gasoline.
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M.","contributorId":71583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clawges","given":"Rick","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zogorski, John S. jszogors@usgs.gov","contributorId":189,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zogorski","given":"John","email":"jszogors@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":399127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023812,"text":"70023812 - 2002 - Reproductive biology of four freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) endemic to eastern Gulf Coastal Plain drainages of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023812","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":735,"text":"American Malacological Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive biology of four freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) endemic to eastern Gulf Coastal Plain drainages of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia","docAbstract":"The reproductive biology and glochidial shell morphology of three federally endangered freshwater mussels, the fat threeridge, Amblema neislerii; Gulf moccasinshell, Medionidus penicillatus; and oval pigtoe, Pleurobema pyriforme; and one federally threatened mussel, the purple bankclimber, Elliptoideus sloatianus, were studied from May 1995 to June 1997 in the Apalachicola, Flint, and Ochlockonee river drainages of Florida and Georgia. Gravid A. neislerii were found in early June. Laboratory experiments indicated that five fish species served as hosts: weed shiner, Notropis texanus; bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; redear sunfish, L. microlophus; largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides; and blackbanded darter, Percina nigrofasciata. Elliptoideus sloatianus were found gravid from late February through mid-April. None of the 14 fish species exposed to E. sloatianus glochidia resulted in the identification of a primary host fish. Medionidus penicillatus were found gravid during September, November, March, and April. The brown darter, Etheostoma edwini, and blackbanded darter, Percina nigrofasciata, were identified as primary host fishes for M. penicillatus. Pleurobema pyriforme were found gravid from March through July. Only the sailfin shiner, Pleronotropis hypsehpterus, was identified as a primary host fish for P. pyriforme. Glochidial shell morphology of A. neislerii, M. penicillatus, and P. pyriforme were similar to other species in their respective genera. The glochidia of the monotypic species E. sloatianus were morphologically most similar to Epioblasma brevidens and E. capsaeformis.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Malacological Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07402783","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, C.A., and Williams, J., 2002, Reproductive biology of four freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) endemic to eastern Gulf Coastal Plain drainages of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia: American Malacological Bulletin, v. 17, no. 1-2, p. 147-158.","startPage":"147","endPage":"158","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232428,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa8bae4b0c8380cd85a47","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, C. A.","contributorId":35908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Brien","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398937,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, J.D.","contributorId":74701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398938,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024432,"text":"70024432 - 2002 - Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-15T20:02:49","indexId":"70024432","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal located in northwestern Indiana, USA. Toxicity tests used in this assessment included 10-day sediment exposures with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, 31-day sediment exposures with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, and the Microtox® Solid-Phase Sediment Toxicity Test. A total of 30 sampling stations were selected in locations that had limited historic matching toxicity and chemistry data. Toxic effects on amphipod survival were observed in 60% of the samples from the assessment area. Results of a toxicity test with oligochaetes indicated that sediments from the assessment area were too toxic to be used in proposed bioaccumulation testing. Measurement of amphipod length after the 10-day exposures did not provide useful information beyond that provided by the survival endpoint. Seven of the 15 samples that were identified as toxic in the amphipod tests were not identified as toxic in the Microtox test, indicating that the 10-day H. azteca test was more sensitive than the Microtox test. Samples that were toxic tended to have the highest concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The toxic samples often had an excess of simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) relative to acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and had multiple exceedances of probable effect concentrations (PECs). Metals may have contributed to the toxicity of samples that had both an excess molar concentration of SEM relative to AVS and elevated concentrations of metals in pore water. However, of the samples that had an excess of SEM relative to AVS, only 38% of these samples had elevated concentration of metals in pore water. The lack of correspondence between SEM-AVS and pore water metals indicates that there are variables in addition to AVS controlling the concentrations of metals in pore water. A mean PEC quotient of 3.4 (based on concentrations of metals, PAHs, and PCBs) was exceeded in 33% of the sediment samples and a mean quotient of 0.63 was exceeded in 70% of the thirty sediment samples from the assessment area. A 50% incidence of toxicity has been previously reported in a database for sediment tests with H. azteca at a mean quotient of 3.4 in 10-day exposures and at a mean quotient of 0.63 in 28-day exposures. Among the Indiana Harbor samples, most of the samples with a mean PEC quotient above 0.63 (i.e., 15 of 21; 71%) and above 3.4 (i.e., 10 of 10; 100%) were toxic to amphipods. Results of this study and previous studies demonstrate that sediments from this assessment area are among the most contaminated and toxic that have ever been reported.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C., MacDonald, D., Brumbaugh, W.G., Johnson, B., Kemble, N., Kunz, J., May, T., Wang, N., Smith, J., Sparks, D.W., and Ireland, D., 2002, Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 156-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207015,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Grand Calumet River, Indiana Harbor Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.55381099217959\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.74416427530836\n ],\n [\n -87.2314453125,\n 41.74416427530836\n ],\n [\n -87.2314453125,\n 41.55381099217959\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.55381099217959\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5d6e4b08c986b32691a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, B. Thomas","contributorId":105101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kemble, N.E.","contributorId":28028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunz, J.L.","contributorId":7872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wang, N.","contributorId":81615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, J.R.","contributorId":43942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sparks, D. W.","contributorId":99926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ireland, D.S.","contributorId":98497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ireland","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70024428,"text":"70024428 - 2002 - Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T13:30:17.364546","indexId":"70024428","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations","docAbstract":"We infer the fine structure of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) at the top of the lithospheric mantle from high-resolution seismic observations of Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNE) on superlong-range profiles in Russia. Densely recorded seismograms permit recognition of previously unknown features of teleseismic propagation of the well known Pn and Sn phases, such as a band of incoherent, scattered, high-frequency seismic energy, developing consistently from station to station, apparent velocities of sub-Moho material, and high-frequency energy to distances of more than 3000 km with a coda band, incoherent at 10 km spacing and yet consistently observed to the end of the profiles. Estimates of the other key elements of the SMBL were obtained by finite difference calculations of wave propagation in elastic 2D models from a systematic grid search through parameter space. The SMBL consists of randomly distributed, mild velocity fluctuations of 2% or schlieren of high aspect ratios (???40) with long horizontal extent (???20 km) and therefore as thin as 0.5 km only; SMBL thickness is 60-100 km. It is suggested that the SMBL is of global significance as the physical base of the platewide observed high-frequency phases Pn and Sn. It is shown that wave propagation in the SMBL waveguide is insensitive to the background velocity distribution on which its schlieren are superimposed. This explains why the Pn and Sn phases traverse geological provinces of various age, heat flow, crustal thickness, and tectonic regimes. Their propagation appears to be independent of age. temperature, pressure, and stress. Dynamic stretching of mantle material during subduction or flow, possibly combined with chemical differentiation have to be considered as scale-forming processes in the upper mantle. However, it is difficult to distinguish with the present sets of Pn/Sn array data whether (and also where) the boundary layer is a frozen-in feature of paleo-processes or whether it is a response to an on-going processes; nevertheless, the derived quantitative estimates of the SMBL properties provide important constraints for any hypothesis on scale-forming processes. Models to be tested by future numerical and field experiments are, for example, repeated subduction-convection stretching of oceanic lithosphere (marble-cake model) and schlieren formation at mid-ocean ridges. It is also proposed that the modeling of the observed blocking of Sn and Pn propagation at active plate margins offers a new tool to study the depth range of tectonics below the crust-mantle boundary. Finally, the deduced schlieren structure of the SMBL closes an important scale gap of three to four orders of magnitude between structural dimensions studied in petrological analysis of mantle samples (xenoliths or outcrop of oceanic lithosphere) and those imaged in classical seismological studies of the lithosphere.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.44.8.671","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Fuchs, K., Tittgemeyer, M., Ryberg, T., Wenzel, F., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations: International Geology Review, v. 44, no. 8, p. 671-685, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.44.8.671.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"685","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a295de4b0c8380cd5a8d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuchs, K.","contributorId":89666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuchs","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tittgemeyer, M.","contributorId":61205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tittgemeyer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryberg, T.","contributorId":91643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wenzel, F.","contributorId":12650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenzel","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023952,"text":"70023952 - 2002 - Ice-affected streamflow records using tracer-dilution discharge methods","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023952","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Ice-affected streamflow records using tracer-dilution discharge methods","docAbstract":"Accurate ice-affected streamflow records are difficult to obtain for several reasons. Problems measuring stage, variable backwater conditions, access limitations in wintertime, and problems measuring flowing water under ice cover all contribute to make ice-affected streamflow records less accurate than open-channel streamflow records. The inaccuracy of ice-affected streamflow records is particularly troublesome for small streams where Instream-Flow water rights exist. The Colorado Water Conservation Board uses these water rights to protect in-stream aquatic communities. In January and February 2002, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Water Conservation Board, conducted an experiment using a sodium chloride tracer to determine streamflow under ice cover. The purpose of this study is to determine the usefulness and accuracy of ice-affected streamflow records using a sodium chloride tracer that was automatically injected into the stream. The tracer was injected at two gaging stations once per day for up to 25 days. Multiple-parameter water-quality sensors at the two gaging stations monitored background and peak tracer concentrations and conductance. These data were used to determine discharge at each site. A comparison of current-meter measurements to tracer-dilution discharge measurements shows an underestimation of discharge due to inaccuracy of current-meter measurements with ice cover and inconsistent tracer-pump rates caused by partial freezing of the tracer solution in the injection lines.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Capesius, J., Sullivan, J., Williams, C., and O’Neill, G.B., 2002, Ice-affected streamflow records using tracer-dilution discharge methods, in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 311-317.","startPage":"311","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232055,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a37f6e4b0c8380cd61306","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536524,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Capesius, J.P.","contributorId":73839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Capesius","given":"J.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sullivan, J.R.","contributorId":10676,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sullivan","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, C.A.","contributorId":79571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"O’Neill, G. B.","contributorId":72450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Neill","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024189,"text":"70024189 - 2002 - Groundwater contamination downstream of a contaminant penetration site. II. Horizontal penetration of the contaminant plume","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024189","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2265,"text":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Groundwater contamination downstream of a contaminant penetration site. II. Horizontal penetration of the contaminant plume","docAbstract":"Part I of this study (Rubin, H.; Buddemeier, R.W. Groundwater Contamination Downstream of a Contaminant Penetration Site Part 1: Extension-Expansion of the Contaminant Plume. J. of Environmental Science and Health Part A (in press).) addressed cases, in which a comparatively thin contaminated region represented by boundary layers (BLs) developed within the freshwater aquifer close to contaminant penetration site. However, at some distance downstream from the penetration site, the top of the contaminant plume reaches the top or bottom of the aquifer. This is the location of the \"attachment point,\" which comprises the entrance cross section of the domain evaluated by the present part of the study. It is shown that downstream from the entrance cross section, a set of two BLs develop in the aquifer, termed inner and outer BLs. It is assumed that the evaluated domain, in which the contaminant distribution gradually becomes uniform, can be divided into two sections, designated: (a) the restructuring section, and (b) the establishment section. In the restructuring section, the vertical concentration gradient leads to expansion of the inner BL at the expense of the outer BL, and there is almost no transfer of contaminant mass between the two layers. In the establishment section, each of the BLs occupies half of the aquifer thickness, and the vertical concentration gradient leads to transfer of contaminant mass from the inner to the outer BL. By use of BL approximations, changes of salinity distribution in the aquifer are calculated and evaluated. The establishment section ends at the uniformity point, downstream from which the contaminant concentration profile is practically uniform. The length of the restructuring section, as well as that of the establishment section, is approximately proportional to the aquifer thickness squared, and is inversely proportional to the transverse dispersivity. The study provides a convenient set of definitions and terminology that are helpful in visualizing the gradual development of uniform contaminant concentration distribution in an aquifer subject to contaminant plume penetration. The method developed in this study can be applied to a variety of problems associated with groundwater quality, such as initial evaluation of field data, design of field data collection, the identification of appropriate boundary conditions for numerical models, selection of appropriate numerical modeling approaches, interpretation and evaluation of field monitoring results, etc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1081/ESE-120015462","issn":"10934529","usgsCitation":"Rubin, H., and Buddemeier, R., 2002, Groundwater contamination downstream of a contaminant penetration site. II. Horizontal penetration of the contaminant plume: Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, v. 37, no. 10, p. 1813-1839, https://doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120015462.","startPage":"1813","endPage":"1839","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231533,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207004,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ESE-120015462"}],"volume":"37","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2d9ae4b0c8380cd5bf4e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rubin, H.","contributorId":54358,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rubin","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Buddemeier, R. W.","contributorId":86492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buddemeier","given":"R. W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023930,"text":"70023930 - 2002 - Effects of subsurface aeration and trinexapac-ethyl application on soil microbial communities in a creeping bentgrass putting green","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023930","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1030,"text":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of subsurface aeration and trinexapac-ethyl application on soil microbial communities in a creeping bentgrass putting green","docAbstract":"The sensitivity of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) to the extreme heat found in the southeastern United States has led to the development of new greens-management methods. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of subsurface aeration and growth regulator applications on soil microbial communities and mycorrhizal colonization rates in a creeping bentgrass putting green. Two cultivars (Crenshaw and Penncross), a growth regulator (trinexapacethyl), and subsurface aeration were evaluated in cool and warm seasons. Total bacterial counts were higher in whole (unsieved) soils than in sieved soils, indicating a richer rhizosphere soil environment. Mycorrhizal infection rates were higher in trinexapac-ethyl (TE) treated plants. High levels of hyphal colonization and relatively low arbuscule and vesicle occurrence were observed. Principal components analysis of whole-soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles indicated that warm-season microbial populations in whole and sieved soils had similar constituents, but the populations differed in the cool season. FAME profiles did not indicate that subsurface aeration and TE application affected soil microbial community structure. This is the first reported study investigating the influences of subsurface aeration and TE application on soil microorganisms in a turfgrass putting green soil.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Biology and Fertility of Soils","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00374-002-0558-1","issn":"01782762","usgsCitation":"Feng, Y., Stoeckel, D.M., Van Santen, E., and Walker, R., 2002, Effects of subsurface aeration and trinexapac-ethyl application on soil microbial communities in a creeping bentgrass putting green: Biology and Fertility of Soils, v. 36, no. 6, p. 456-460, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0558-1.","startPage":"456","endPage":"460","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207110,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0558-1"},{"id":231747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07e7e4b0c8380cd518b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Feng, Y.","contributorId":9785,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Feng","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoeckel, D. M.","contributorId":84855,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoeckel","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Van Santen, E.","contributorId":29603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Santen","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Walker, R.H.","contributorId":9425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1014935,"text":"1014935 - 2002 - IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T15:30:17.617167","indexId":"1014935","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2350,"text":"Journal of Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression","docAbstract":"Cytokine treatment of NK cells results in alterations in multiple cellular responses that include cytotoxicity, cytokine production, proliferation, and chemotaxis. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses, microarray analysis was performed and the resulting gene expression patterns were compared between unstimulated, IL-2, IL-2 plus IL-12, and IL-2 plus IL-18-stimulated NK92 cells. RNase protection assays and RT-PCR confirmed microarray predictions for changes in mRNA expression for nine genes involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction, transcriptional activation, and chemotaxis. Multiprobe RNase protection assay also detected changes in the expression of CCR2 mRNA, a gene that was not imprinted on the microarray. We subsequently expanded our search for other chemokine receptor genes absent from the microarray and found an IL-2- and IL-12-dependent decrease in CXCR3 receptor mRNA expression in NK92 cells. A detailed analysis of CXCR3 expression in primary NK cells revealed that an IL-2 and an IL-12 together significantly decreased the CXCR3 receptor mRNA and receptor surface expression by 6 and 24 h of treatment, respectively. This decrease in receptor expression was associated with a significant reduction in chemotaxis in the presence of IFN-γ-inducible protein-10. The decline in CXCR3 mRNA was due to transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms as the addition of actinomycin D to IL-2- and IL-12-treated NK92 slightly altered the half-life of the CXCR3 mRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-2 and IL-12 directly affect NK cell migratory ability by rapid and direct down-regulation of chemokine receptor mRNA expression.
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that play an important role in the defense against virally infected or malignant cells (1). Their activity can be characterized as nonadaptive and independent of MHC restriction (1, 2). A variety of NK cell functions including cytotoxicity, proliferation, chemotaxis, and cytokine production are modulated by regulatory cytokines including IFN-αβ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, IL-10, and TNF (reviewed in Refs. 3 and 4). Because cytokines induce such a broad range of effects in NK cells, the potential for alterations in gene expression in stimulated cells is very great. To determine which genes are regulated in response to cytokine stimulation, our laboratory has used cDNA microarray technology to examine gene expression in NK cells. Microarray technology is very useful because it allows for large-scale examination of gene expression. Additionally, this technology has proved useful in identifying physiologically relevant gene expression patterns in eukaryotic systems such as yeast (5) and fibroblasts (6) as well as predicting patterns of gene expression in tumor cells (7, 8). To examine gene expression in response to cytokine stimulation, a human NK cell line, NK92, was stimulated with IL-2 alone or in combination with IL-12 or IL-18. These cytokines were chosen because of their ability to induce NK cell responses; however, little is known about the repertoire of genes that are activated by these cytokines. Microarray analysis of gene expression in NK92 cells identified a variety of genes whose mRNA expression patterns change in response to cytokine stimulation. The genes encoding the mRNAs are not specific to any one pathway; however, changes in cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor gene mRNAs were prevalent. Our mRNA studies on chemokine receptor gene expression were extended to cell surface analysis of receptor densities in cytokine-treated primary NK cells. Using FACS analysis, we observed a significant decrease in CXCR3 receptor expression in NK cells treated for 24 h with IL-2 and IL-12 alone or in combination. Recently, alterations in chemokine receptor expression were reported in IL-2-stimulated NK cells (9); however, the cells were cultured in IL-2 for 8–10 days. In contrast, our data demonstrate that cytokines can modify chemokine receptor function within hours, thus supporting a model whereby cytokines, in particular IL-2 and IL-12, regulate chemokine receptor expression in a direct, rapid, and novel manner.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Immunologists","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6090","usgsCitation":"Hodge, D.L., Schill, W.B., Wang, J.M., Blanca, I., Reynolds, D.A., Ortaldo, J.R., and Young, H., 2002, IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression: Journal of Immunology, v. 168, p. 6090-6098, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6090.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6090","endPage":"6098","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6090","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"168","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodge, D. L.","contributorId":20286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodge","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schill, William B. 0000-0002-9217-984X wschill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-984X","contributorId":2736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"William","email":"wschill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Ji Ming","contributorId":294521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Ji","email":"","middleInitial":"Ming","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blanca, I.","contributorId":21909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanca","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reynolds, D. A.","contributorId":62555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ortaldo, J. R.","contributorId":40559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ortaldo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Young, H. A.","contributorId":24310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"H. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321581,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023933,"text":"70023933 - 2002 - Effects of anthropogenic fragmentation and livestock grazing on western riparian bird communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023933","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of anthropogenic fragmentation and livestock grazing on western riparian bird communities","docAbstract":"Deciduous vegetation along streams and rivers provides breeding habitat to more bird species than any other plant community in the West, yet many riparian areas are heavily grazed by cattle and surrounded by increasingly developed landscapes. The combination of cattle grazing and landscape alteration (habitat loss and fragmentation) are thought to be critical factors affecting the richness and composition of breeding bird communities. Here, we examine the influence of land use and cattle grazing on deciduous riparian bird communities across seven riparian systems in five western states: Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and California. These riparian systems are embedded in landscapes ranging from nearly pristine to almost completely agricultural. We conducted landscape analysis at two spatial scales: local landscapes (all land within 500 m of each survey location) and regional landscapes (all land within 5 km of each survey location). Despite the large differences among riparian systems, we found a number of consistent effects of landscape change and grazing. Of the 87 species with at least 15 detections on two or more rivers, 44 species were less common in grazed sites, in heavily settled or agricultural landscapes, or in areas with little deciduous riparian habitat. The Veery (Catharus fuscescens), Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis), Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca), and American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) were all less common under at least three of these conditions. In contrast, 33 species were significantly more common in one or more of these conditions. Sites surrounded by greater deciduous habitat had higher overall avian abundance and 22 species had significantly higher individual abundances in areas with more deciduous habitat. Yet, areas with more agriculture at the regional scale also had higher total avian abundance, due in large part to greater abundance of European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), American Robin (Turdus migratorius), Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), and Black-billed Magpie (Pica pica), all species that use both agricultural and riparian areas. Grazing effects varied considerably among riparian systems, but avian abundance and richness were significantly lower at grazed survey locations. Fifteen species were significantly less abundant in grazed sites while only five species were more abundant therein. Management should focus on (1) preserving and enlarging deciduous habitats, (2) reducing cattle grazing in deciduous habitats, and (3) protecting the few relatively pristine landscapes surrounding large deciduous riparian areas in the West.","largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","language":"English","issn":"01979922","usgsCitation":"Tewksbury, J., Black, A., Nur, N., Saab, V., Logan, B., and Dobkin, D., 2002, Effects of anthropogenic fragmentation and livestock grazing on western riparian bird communities, in Studies in Avian Biology, no. 25, p. 158-202.","startPage":"158","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a068de4b0c8380cd512dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tewksbury, J.J.","contributorId":78116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewksbury","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Black, A.E.","contributorId":98074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nur, N.","contributorId":13576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nur","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saab, V.A.","contributorId":70328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saab","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Logan, B.D.","contributorId":93241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dobkin, D.S.","contributorId":25127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobkin","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":44965,"text":"wri024032 - 2002 - Comparison of the hydrogeology and water quality of a ground-water augmented lake with two non-augmented lakes in northwest Hillsborough County, Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-07T19:19:44.229929","indexId":"wri024032","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4032","title":"Comparison of the hydrogeology and water quality of a ground-water augmented lake with two non-augmented lakes in northwest Hillsborough County, Florida","docAbstract":"The hydrologic effects associated with augmenting a lake with ground water from the Upper Floridan aquifer were examined in northwest Hillsborough County, Florida, from June 1996 through May 1999. The hydrogeology, ground-water flow patterns, water budgets, and water-quality characteristics were compared between a lake that has been augmented for more than 30 years (Round Lake) and two nearby nonaugmented lakes (Dosson Lake and Halfmoon Lake).
Compared to the other study lakes, Round Lake is in a more leakage-dominated hydrogeologic setting. The intermediate confining unit is thin or highly breached, which increases the potential for vertical ground-water flow. Round Lake has the least amount of soft, organic lake-bottom sediments and the lake bottom has been dredged deeper and more extensively than the other study lakes, which could allow more leakage from the lake bottom. The area around Round Lake has experienced more sinkhole activity than the other study lakes. During this study, three sinkholes developed around the perimeter of the lake, which may have further disrupted the intermediate confining unit.
Ground-water flow patterns around Round Lake were considerably different than the nonaugmented lakes. For most of the study, groundwater augmentation artificially raised the level of Round Lake to about 2 to 3 feet higher than the adjacent water table. As a result, lake water recharged the surficial aquifer around the entire lake perimeter, except during very wet periods when ground-water inflow occurred around part of the lake perimeter. The non-augmented lakes typically had areas of ground-water inflow and areas of lake leakage around their perimeter, and during wet periods, ground-water inflow occurred around the entire lake perimeter. Therefore, the area potentially contributing ground water to the non-augmented lakes is much larger than for augmented Round Lake. Vertical head loss within the surficial aquifer was greater at Round Lake than the other study lakes, which is additional evidence of the limited confinement at Round Lake.
A comparison of the water quality and lake-bottom sediments at the three lakes indicate that Round Lake is strongly influenced by the addition of large quantities of calcium-bicarbonate enriched augmentation water. Round Lake had higher alkalinity, pH, calcium and dissolved oxygen concentrations, specific conductance, and water clarity than the two non-augmented lakes. Round Lake was generally saturated to supersaturated with respect to calcite, but was undersaturated when augmentation was low and after high rainfall periods. Calcium carbonate has accumulated in the lake sediments from calcite precipitation, from macrophytes such as Nitella sp., and from the deposition of carbonate-rich mollusk shells, such as Planerbella sp., both of which thrive in the high alkalinity lake water. Lake-bottom sediments and aquatic biota at Round Lake had some of the highest radium-226 activity levels measured in a Florida lake. The high radium-226 levels (27 disintegrations per minute per dry mass) can be atrributed to augmenting the lake with ground water from the Upper Floridan aquifer. Although the ground water has relatively low levels of radium-226 (5.8 disintegrations per minute per liter), the large volumes of ground water added to the lake for more than 30 years have caused radium-226 to accumulate in the sediments and lake biota.
The Round Lake basin had higher calcium and bicarbonate concentrations in the surficial aquifer than at the non-augmented lakes, which indicates the lateral leakage of calcium-bicarbonate enriched lake water into the surficial aquifer. Deuterium and oxygen-18 data indicated that water in well nests near the lake consists of as much as 100 percent lake leakage, and water from the augmentation well had a high percentage of recirculated lake water (between 59 and 73 percent lake leakage). The ground water surrounding Round Lake was undersaturated with respect to calcite, indicating that the water is capable of dissolving calcite in the underlying limestone aquifer.
Annual and monthly ground-water outflow (lake leakage) was significantly higher at Round Lake than at the non-augmented lakes for the 3-year study period. Minimum estimates of the total annual ground-water inflow and outflow were made from monthly net ground-water flow values. Based on these estimates, total annual groundwater outflow from Round Lake was more than 10 times higher than for the non-augmented lakes. Local ground-water pumping, augmentation, and hydrogeologic factors are responsible for the high net ground-water outflow at Round Lake. Localized ground-water pumping causes the head difference between the lake and the Upper Floridan aquifer to increase, which increases lake leakage and results in lower lake levels. Augmenting the lake further increases the head difference between the lake, the water table, and the Upper Floridan aquifer, which results in an increase in lateral and vertical lake leakage. The lack of confinement or breaches in the intermediate confining unit facilitates the downward movement of this augmented lake water back into the Upper Floridan aquifer. The increase in ground-water circulation in the leakage-dominated hydrogeologic setting at Round Lake has made the basin more susceptible to karst activity (limestone dissolution, subsidence, and sinkhole formation)
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024032","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Southwest Florida Water Management District","usgsCitation":"Metz, P.A., and Sacks, L.A., 2002, Comparison of the hydrogeology and water quality of a ground-water augmented lake with two non-augmented lakes in northwest Hillsborough County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4032, vi, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024032.","productDescription":"vi, 74 p.","costCenters":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":161519,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3839,"rank":3,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024032","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":415454,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51961.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":345248,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/PDF_files/wri02_4032_metz.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Hillsborough County","otherGeospatial":"Dosson Lake, Halfmoon Lake, Round Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.5667,\n 28.085\n ],\n [\n -82.483333,\n 28.085\n ],\n [\n -82.483333,\n 28.1333\n ],\n [\n -82.5667,\n 28.1333\n ],\n [\n -82.5667,\n 28.085\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1fe4b07f02db6ab7e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Metz, Patricia A. pmetz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1095,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Metz","given":"Patricia","email":"pmetz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":270,"text":"FLWSC-Tampa","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sacks, Laura A.","contributorId":19134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"Laura","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023871,"text":"70023871 - 2002 - Interactions among zebra mussel shells, invertebrate prey, and Eurasian ruffe or yellow perch","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T14:15:05.940238","indexId":"70023871","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions among zebra mussel shells, invertebrate prey, and Eurasian ruffe or yellow perch","docAbstract":"The exotic zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is established in all of the Laurentian Great Lakes and may affect benthivorous fishes by increasing the complexity of benthic substrates and changing energy flow patterns within the food web. Native yellow perch, Perca flavescens, and the nonindigenous Eurasian ruffe, Gymnocephalus cernuus, are benthivores that may compete for limited food resources. As ruffe spread to areas with more dense zebra mussel populations, the zone of interaction among zebra mussels, yellow perch, and ruffe will increase and intensify. In the laboratory, the effect of zebra mussel shells on the ability of these fishes to forage on amphipods (Gammarus pseudolimnaeus) and chironomids (Chironomus plumosus) was examined in light and darkness. In 12 h, ruffe consumed more amphipods than did similar-sized yellow perch, particularly in darkness on bare cobble, and in light within zebra mussels. Amphipods decreased activity more in the presence of ruffe than yellow perch. More amphipods were found in zebra mussel shells than in bare cobble, whether or not fish were present. In darkness, when ruffe consumed more amphipods on bare cobble, amphipods became more associated with zebra mussel shells. Although ruffe consumed more amphipods than yellow perch, perch consumed more chironomids than ruffe on bare cobble. The presence of zebra mussel shells altered the relative consumption of invertebrates in some substrate-light combinations. Experiments such as these help to improve understanding of the direct and indirect effects of predation between and among native and nonindigenous species that may exert structuring forces on the nearshore communities of the Great Lakes currently or in the future.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70612-6","usgsCitation":"Kolar, C.S., Fullerton, A.H., Martin, K.M., and Lamberti, G.A., 2002, Interactions among zebra mussel shells, invertebrate prey, and Eurasian ruffe or yellow perch: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 28, no. 4, p. 664-673, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70612-6.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"664","endPage":"673","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232048,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cbfe4b0c8380cd62fde","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolar, Cynthia S. 0000-0001-6634-2343 ckolar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-2343","contributorId":3621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolar","given":"Cynthia","email":"ckolar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":506,"text":"Office of the AD Ecosystems","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399137,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fullerton, Aimee H.","contributorId":146936,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fullerton","given":"Aimee","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":12641,"text":"NOAA NMFS","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, K. M.","contributorId":105880,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lamberti, Gary A","contributorId":258223,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamberti","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":52250,"text":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399135,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023809,"text":"70023809 - 2002 - Field Measurements of Reynolds Stress near a Riverbank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023809","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Field Measurements of Reynolds Stress near a Riverbank","docAbstract":"The Reynolds stress field was measured near the bank of the Powder River in southeastern Montana. The measurements were made from the bank using an aluminum I-beam cantilevered over the water to support a carriage system for positioning an acoustic doppler velocimeter in a vertical plane perpendicular to 1) the bank and 2) the streamwise velocity field. During quasi-steady flow at the peak (71 m3s-1) of the spring snowmelt runoff in May 1996, turbulent velocities were measured at 25 Hertz along six vertical locations spaced 0.5 m apart and within about 3.5 m of the riverbank. When the turbulent velocities are transformed to the ray-isovel coordinate system appropriate for this two-dimension problem, the turbulent characteristics near the bed are consistent with similar field measurements made by others for the one-dimensional problem of uniform flow over a horizontal bed far from lateral boundaries. The three turbulent intensities, (u???2) 1/2, (v???2)1/2 and (w??? 2)1/2, normalized by the local shear velocity, u*, were essentially constant with distance above the bed along a ray and the average values were 2.1, 1.4, and 1.2. Future turbulence measurements could be improved by measuring the streamwise flow first, then determining the approximate location of the rays and isovels so that the turbulence measurements could be made along the approximated rays rather than along verticals. In addition, to improve the possibility making turbulence measurements during steady, uniform flow, the site should be carefully selected to minimize local flow accelerations caused by spatial variability of the riverbank. Also, the measurements should be made at times when the stage is constant, no local erosion or deposition of sediment occurs, and when wind velocities are small.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Smith, J., 2002, Field Measurements of Reynolds Stress near a Riverbank, in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 62-73.","startPage":"62","endPage":"73","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232349,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f9de4b0c8380cd5395d","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536505,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, J.D.","contributorId":35796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023819,"text":"70023819 - 2002 - Comparison of petroleum generation kinetics by isothermal hydrous and nonisothermal open-system pyrolysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023819","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2958,"text":"Organic Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of petroleum generation kinetics by isothermal hydrous and nonisothermal open-system pyrolysis","docAbstract":"This study compares kinetic parameters determined by open-system pyrolysis and hydrous pyrolysis using aliquots of source rocks containing different kerogen types. Kinetic parameters derived from these two pyrolysis methods not only differ in the conditions employed and products generated, but also in the derivation of the kinetic parameters (i.e., isothermal linear regression and non-isothermal nonlinear regression). Results of this comparative study show that there is no correlation between kinetic parameters derived from hydrous pyrolysis and open-system pyrolysis. Hydrous-pyrolysis kinetic parameters determine narrow oil windows that occur over a wide range of temperatures and depths depending in part on the organic-sulfur content of the original kerogen. Conversely, open-system kinetic parameters determine broad oil windows that show no significant differences with kerogen types or their organic-sulfur contents. Comparisons of the kinetic parameters in a hypothetical thermal-burial history (2.5 ??C/my) show open-system kinetic parameters significantly underestimate the extent and timing of oil generation for Type-US kerogen and significantly overestimate the extent and timing of petroleum formation for Type-I kerogen compared to hydrous pyrolysis kinetic parameters. These hypothetical differences determined by the kinetic parameters are supported by natural thermal-burial histories for the Naokelekan source rock (Type-IIS kerogen) in the Zagros basin of Iraq and for the Green River Formation (Type-I kerogen) in the Uinta basin of Utah. Differences in extent and timing of oil generation determined by open-system pyrolysis and hydrous pyrolysis can be attributed to the former not adequately simulating natural oil generation conditions, products, and mechanisms.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Organic Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00182-1","issn":"01466380","usgsCitation":"Lewan, M.D., and Ruble, T., 2002, Comparison of petroleum generation kinetics by isothermal hydrous and nonisothermal open-system pyrolysis: Organic Geochemistry, v. 33, no. 12, p. 1457-1475, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00182-1.","startPage":"1457","endPage":"1475","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207526,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(02)00182-1"}],"volume":"33","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f880e4b0c8380cd4d145","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ruble, T.E.","contributorId":30402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruble","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}