Detailed stratigraphy and isotopic dating of stratigraphic sections in the Colorado River extensional corridor support a regional correlation of highly faulted Tertiary stratigraphic sequences and provide a chronologic framework for interpreting the evolution of low-angle normal (detachment) faults. On the basis of this correlation, we define six tilting domains in the upper plate of the Whipple, Chemehuevi, and Rawhide detachment faults and identify three discrete episodes of detachment faulting that began in the early Miocene and ended in middle Miocene time. Episodes of rapid detachment faulting are indicated by extreme tilting of upper-plate fault blocks and overlying Miocene sequences, fanning dips of basinal deposits, and angular unconformities that represent short time gaps in the accumulation of syntectonic sequences.
During the first episode of detachment faulting at about 20 Ma, the upper plate segmented to form the domains. Basin subsidence and extreme tilting of upper-plate fault blocks and syntectonic deposits characterized the eastern Topock, Crossman, Aubrey, Parker Dam, and Buckskin-Rawhide domains, whereas the western Mopah domain was the site of abundant volcanic activity but no basins or tilting. A second episode of extension at about 18 Ma produced extreme tilts in the Buckskin-Rawhide domain but upper-plate blocks in the Mopah domain tilted moderately. A third regionwide faulting episode between 14 and 12 Ma was due to localized uplift of middle and lower crust and eventual exposure of the detachment faults and their footwalls. The upper-plate fault blocks responded passively to localized slip on the detachment faults. Rapid extension began on the Whipple-Chemehuevi detachment fault at 20 Ma and had shifted southward to the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault by 18 Ma; volcanic activity also shifted southward to the Buckskin-Rawhide domain at this time. The southward shift of rapid extension and volcanism probably represents buildup and release of strain at localized sites in the lower plate. Otherwise, stratigraphic and structural relations indicate that the locations of upper-plate basins, faulting and tilting of upper-plate blocks, and position of the breakaway zone remained stable throughout the major phases of extension.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0241:SASSOA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nielson, J.E., and Beratan, K.K., 1995, Stratigraphic and structural synthesis of a Miocene extensional terrane, southeast California and west-central Arizona: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 107, no. 2, p. 241-252, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0241:SASSOA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.63925306119957,\n 35.1120498760428\n ],\n [\n -115.63925306119957,\n 33.98772646876533\n ],\n [\n -113.74781991261354,\n 33.98772646876533\n ],\n [\n -113.74781991261354,\n 35.1120498760428\n ],\n [\n -115.63925306119957,\n 35.1120498760428\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielson, Jane E.","contributorId":9701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beratan, Kathi K.","contributorId":304218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beratan","given":"Kathi","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018950,"text":"70018950 - 1995 - Upper Eocene impactites of the U.S. East Coast; depositional origins, biostratigraphic framework, and correlation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-11T16:57:48.46275","indexId":"70018950","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Eocene impactites of the U.S. East Coast; depositional origins, biostratigraphic framework, and correlation","docAbstract":"Similar successions of planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, and bolboformids document coeval deposition of the Exmore impact breccia (Virginia Coastal Plain) and an impact ejecta layer at DSDP Site 612 (New Jersey Continental Slope). Both impactites accumulated in the late Eocene during the early part of biochrons P15 (planktonic foraminifera) and NP 19-20 (calcareous nannofossils), approximately 35.5-35.2 Ma. The impactite at Site 612 is part of an allochthonous debriite, 22.8 cm thick, displaced from the Toms Canyon impact crater, 40 km north-northwest of Site 612. The Exmore breccia, possibly 2000 m thick, is composed of debris displaced from the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, located in southeastern Virginia, 330 km southwest of Site 612.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2307/3515005","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., and Aubry, M., 1995, Upper Eocene impactites of the U.S. East Coast; depositional origins, biostratigraphic framework, and correlation: Palaios, v. 10, no. 1, p. 16-43, https://doi.org/10.2307/3515005.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226853,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. East Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.08766028227085,\n 44.95631103522655\n ],\n [\n -70.44118868634526,\n 44.01391919405228\n ],\n [\n -74.41496110172552,\n 40.43339004771923\n ],\n [\n -76.19998402687243,\n 38.39327787925083\n ],\n [\n -75.93588860869077,\n 36.136601763707844\n ],\n [\n -75.43873440241883,\n 36.22653572464936\n ],\n [\n -74.89677536119754,\n 37.50240329537155\n ],\n [\n -73.80504742581402,\n 38.35953695705419\n ],\n [\n -69.72052971064771,\n 41.1818850476843\n ],\n [\n -66.58539122753143,\n 44.73537930799378\n ],\n [\n -67.08766028227085,\n 44.95631103522655\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd3be4b08c986b328f25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie","contributorId":52714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aubry, Marie-Pierre","contributorId":174332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aubry","given":"Marie-Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27421,"text":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Rutgers University 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8066, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207966,"text":"70207966 - 1995 - Spatial and temporal patterns of late quaternary eolian deposition, Eastern Colorado, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T15:13:28","indexId":"70207966","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-21T15:01:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of late quaternary eolian deposition, Eastern Colorado, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Eolian sediment covers about 60% of Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains; about 30% of the sediment is sand and 70% is loess. Initially, flood plains were the principal sources of eolian sediment, but during the Holocene, dunes formed from older eolian sand and alluvium on uplands. Since latest Pleistocene time, dominant dune-forming winds have been northwesterly in the northern part of the region and southwesterly in the southern part. At present, sand sheets and dunes, mainly parabolic types, are stable and covered with vegetation. In dunes, sand is commonly 20–30 m thick but elsewhere averages < 10 m. Three sand units are recognized on the basis of bedforms, topographic expression, and soil development. Preliminary age limits for the three units, based on 26 numerical ages, are 22.5–9 ka, 8−1 ka, and l.0−0. 15 ka. The middle unit is the product of multiple episodes of eolian activity that are not yet accurately dated. Loess is widespread but thin (generally < 2.4 m). Three units — middle Pleistocene, late Pleistocene. and Holocene — are recognized on the basis of differences in soil-profile development and stratigraphic position; late Pleistocene loess is by far the most common loess.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(95)00005-A","usgsCitation":"Madole, R.F., 1995, Spatial and temporal patterns of late quaternary eolian deposition, Eastern Colorado, U.S.A: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 14, no. 2, p. 155-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00005-A.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"177","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.62255859375,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -105.62255859375,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -105.62255859375,\n 38.59970036588819\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madole, Richard F. 0000-0002-9081-570X madole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":1340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"Richard","email":"madole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207886,"text":"70207886 - 1995 - Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:18:00","indexId":"70207886","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-16T16:16:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","docAbstract":"We have studied 30 quenched tholeiitic lava flows recovered by 20 dredge hauls and one submersible dive along Puna Ridge, the submarine part of the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Glass grains from numerous additional flows were recovered in turbidite sands cored in the Hawaiian Trough. These quenched lavas document variable primary magma compositions; olivine and multiphase crystallization and fractionation; degassing; wall-rock stoping and assimilation; mixing in the crustal reservoir and the rift zone; entrainment of olivine xenocrysts from a hot, ductile, olivine cumulate body; and disruption of gabbro wallrocks in the rift zone.
Glass grains in turbidite sands contain up to 15⋅0wt% MgO, in contrast to < 7⋅0wt% MgO for the sampled glass rinds on lavas. The most forsteritic olivine phenocryst (F090·7) is in equilibrium with primary Kilauea liquid containing an average 16⋅5 wt% MgO, but ranging from 13⋅4 to 18⋅4%. Lavas and glass grains have more restricted P2O5/K2O and TiO2/K2O than glass inclusions in olivine, because more diverse liquids trapped as glass inclusions are mixed and homogenized before eruption. Variable trace element compositions in glass grains and whole rocks indicate that the primary liquids form by partial melting of mantle sources retaining clinopyroxene and garnet.
Orthopyroxene xenocrysts formed at moderate pressures provide evidence for a sub-crustal staging zone. Chromite and olivine crystallize in the crustal magma reservoir as the liquid cools from an average 1346°C to ∼1170°C. Low viscosities of the primary liquids (0·4 Pas) facilitate olivine settling, and the crystallized olivine forms an olivine cumulate body at the base of the reservoir. Olivine is deformed as the hot ductile dunite body flows down and away from the summit. This flow drives instability of the Hilina landslide on Kilauea. Dikes intrude the dunite, and magma flowing through the dikes disaggregates and entrains olivine xenocrysts in Puna Ridge magmas.
Primary liquids pond at or near the base of Kilauea's crustal reservoir because they are denser than more fractionated liquids that occupy the upper parts of the reservoir. The sulfur and water contents of glass rinds indicate that fractionated liquids near the top of the reservoir degas at low pressure, a process that increases their density and causes them to sink to levels where they mix with resident undegassed, near-primary liquid. The fractionated liquids near the top of the magma reservoir acquire excess Cl, owing to assimilation of hydrothermally altered roofrocks.
Magma flowing into the rift zone encounters and mixes with low-temperature, multiphase-fractionated melt. The mixed magmas typically contain rare orthopyroxene, plagioclase as sodic as andesine, olivine as fayalitic as F075 and Fe-rich augite derived from the fractionated magma. Magma flowing through dikes also dislodged fragments of gabbroic wallrocks that occur as xenoliths.
The interrelations in the Kilauean submarine lavas between host glass and glass inclusion compositions, volatile contents and mineral chemistry reveal an extraordinarily complex sequence of petrogenetic processes and events that are difficult or impossible to determine in subaerial Kilauea lavas because of crystallization, reequilibration and degassing during or after their eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.2.299","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., Moore, J.G., Dixon, J., and Friesen, W., 1995, Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 299-349, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.2.299.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puna Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D. A.","contributorId":190950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friesen, W.B.","contributorId":75532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207654,"text":"70207654 - 1995 - The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy: Discussion and reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:46:39.226387","indexId":"70207654","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T14:05:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy: Discussion and reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0120:TPFCTO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Outerbridge, W., Rice, C.L., Belkin, H.E., Henry, T., and Kunk, M.J., 1995, The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy: Discussion and reply: GSA Bulletin, v. 108, no. 1, p. 120-125, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0120:TPFCTO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -82.2216796875,\n 37.45741810262938\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 37.735969208590504\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 38.46219172306828\n ],\n [\n -84.39697265625,\n 37.59682400108367\n ],\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 36.721273880045004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Outerbridge, William wouterbridge@usgs.gov","contributorId":2807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outerbridge","given":"William","email":"wouterbridge@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":778766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, C. L.","contributorId":60658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henry, T.W.","contributorId":7707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207653,"text":"70207653 - 1995 - Composition of biotite phenocrysts in Ordovician tephras casts doubt on the proposed trans-Atlantic correlation of the Millbrig K-bentonite (United States) and the Kinnekulle K-bentonite (Sweden)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:50:15.003068","indexId":"70207653","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T13:46:26","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition of biotite phenocrysts in Ordovician tephras casts doubt on the proposed trans-Atlantic correlation of the Millbrig K-bentonite (United States) and the Kinnekulle K-bentonite (Sweden)","docAbstract":"Biotite phenocryst compositions in three thick, widespread Ordovician K-bentonites, the Deicke and Millbrig from Big Ridge, Alabama, and the Kinnekulle from Mossen, Västergötland, Sweden, fall into three distinct groups, and so the proposed intercontinental correlation of the Millbrig and the Kinnekulle is suspect. Because the biotites are nearly pristine compositionally, electron microprobe analyses provide a precise geochemical fingerprint of each bed. Millbrig and Kinnekulle biotites contain more FeO* and MnO and less MgO and TiO2 than do Deicke biotites. Millbrig biotites contain more MgO and less TiO2 than Kinnekulle biotites, and Kinnekulle biotites contain appreciably more Al2O3 than either Deicke or Millbrig biotites. Each of these tephras was unmistakably the product of a gigantic explosive volcanic eruption, but the differences in phenocryst chemistry point to derivation from three compositionally different magma batches.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0847:COBPIO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Haynes, J.T., Melson, W., and Kunk, M.J., 1995, Composition of biotite phenocrysts in Ordovician tephras casts doubt on the proposed trans-Atlantic correlation of the Millbrig K-bentonite (United States) and the Kinnekulle K-bentonite (Sweden): Geology, v. 23, no. 9, p. 847-850, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0847:COBPIO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"847","endPage":"850","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370946,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States, Sweden","state":"Alabama","otherGeospatial":"Big Ridge, 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\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haynes, John T.","contributorId":54842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melson, W.G.","contributorId":77299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melson","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70248332,"text":"70248332 - 1995 - Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure, Santa Barbara Basin, California continental borderland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-07T18:06:38.257616","indexId":"70248332","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T13:01:48","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure, Santa Barbara Basin, California continental borderland","docAbstract":"The morphology and internal geometry of a mudflow deposit on the mainland slope of the Santa Barbara Basin are defined using high-resolution seismic-reflection data in combination with core samples. Sediment failure occurred on a 4 degrees slope in the uppermost part of late Quaternary well-bedded slope deposits. The failure zone extends from water depths of 374-510 m near the base of slope, occupies an area of 4 km 2 , and involved the translation of 0.01-0.02 km 3 of sediment. Major geomorphic features of the mudflow deposit include a headscarp 6-8 m high, a scar 50-700 m wide, and a main body 1 km long and 12 m thick. The hummocky surface of the mudflow deposits, their chaotic internal structure, and the bulbous toe tapering upslope to a thin tail are consistent with mass flow involving extensive internal deformation. Sediment failed in stages, ending with upslope retrogressive retreat of the headwall along the east side of the failure zone. Known sedimentation rates of 0.8-1.4 m/k.y., as well as the presence of a thin (0.15-0.5 m thick) sediment cap resting atop the scar surface, indicate that the failure probably occurred within the past few centuries. A geotechnical analysis incorporating the results of both static and dynamic triaxial strength tests shows that the failure was probably caused by a strong (M nearly equal 7.5) nearby earthquake. The weakened sediment that remained after earthquake shaking continued to flow down the gentle basin slope under the stresses generated by gravity alone. The analysis also shows that much of the slope sediment is marginally stable and that additional mudflows will probably occur during future strong seismic shaking.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1306/D4268022-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Edwards, B.D., Lee, H., and Field, M.E., 1995, Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure, Santa Barbara Basin, California continental borderland: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. A65, no. 1, p. 57-68, https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268022-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"68","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Barbara Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.08307971743301,\n 34.61195481822385\n ],\n [\n -121.08307971743301,\n 33.69657785984079\n ],\n [\n -119.03665816737208,\n 33.69657785984079\n ],\n [\n -119.03665816737208,\n 34.61195481822385\n ],\n [\n -121.08307971743301,\n 34.61195481822385\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"A65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Homa J. hjlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":1021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Homa J.","email":"hjlee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":882551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207651,"text":"70207651 - 1995 - Age of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:39:37.573372","indexId":"70207651","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T12:59:10","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior of the United States","docAbstract":"High precision 40Ar/39Ar laser-microprobe ages of individual sanidines,40Ar/39Ar plateau age spectra on bulk sanidine concentrates, U-Pb zircon ages, and zircon and apatite fission-track ages from three bentonites bracketing the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior of the United States suggest an age for the boundary of 93.1 ± 0.3 (2σ. The lowermost bentonite comes from the Upper Cenomanian Sciponoceras gracile biozone, and gives a weighted mean laser-fusion single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar age of 93.50 ± 0.52 Ma (2σ, standard error of the mean, n = 14) for sanidine. The middle bentonite comes from the Upper Cenomanian Neocardioceras juddii biozone, accepted in both North America and Europe as the uppermost Cenomanian ammonite zone; it gives an average single-crystal 40 /39Ar age of 93.33 ± 0.50 Ma (n = 29), a bulk-sample 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 93.09 ± 0.34 Ma (2σ) for sanidine, and concordant 206Pb/238U and 207 Pb/235U ages of 93.48 ± 0.32 Ma on zircon. The upper bentonite comes from near the base of the Turonian, immediately above the first occurrence of the basal Turonian bivalve Mytiloides and sanidines from it give an average single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar age of 93.46 ± 0.60 Ma (n = 12) and a bulk-sample 40 Ar/39Ar plateau age of 92.87 ± 0.34 Ma. The composition of these Cenomanian-Turonian bentonites from Colorado and Utah, the types of phenocrysts present, and the morphology of included zircons all indicate that the pre-alteration ash was rhyolitic and probably generated in a subduction setting involving a significant crustal component.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/cres.1995.1007","usgsCitation":"Kowallis, B.J., Christiansen, E.H., Deino, A.L., Kunk, M.J., and Heaman, L., 1995, Age of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior of the United States: Cretaceous Research, v. 16, no. 1, p. 109-129, https://doi.org/10.1006/cres.1995.1007.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370944,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Western Interior of the United 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\"}}]}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kowallis, B. J.","contributorId":60717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowallis","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, Eric H.","contributorId":206801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6681,"text":"Brigham Young University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deino, Alan L. 0000-0002-0099-9382","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-9382","contributorId":218428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deino","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":38176,"text":"Berkeley Geochronology Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heaman, L.","contributorId":8651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heaman","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207424,"text":"70207424 - 1995 - Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T10:02:43","indexId":"70207424","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T09:59:21","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2389,"text":"Journal of Metamorphic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Ruby terrane is an elongate fragment of continental crustal rocks that is structurally overlain by thrust slices of oceanic crust. Our results from the Kokrines Hills, in the south‐central part of the Ruby terrane, demonstrate that the low‐angle schistose fabric formed under high‐P/low‐T conditions, at peak conditions of 10.8‐13.2 kbar and 425‐550° C, consistent with the rare occurrence of glaucophane. White mica 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from these blueschists indicate that the metamorphism occurred prior to 144 ± 1 Ma. The blueschist facies assemblages are partially replaced by greenschist facies assemblages in the eastern Kokrines Hills. In contrast, in the central and western Kokrines Hills, upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism associated with extensive late Early Cretaceous plutonism has completely overprinted any evidence of an earlier high‐P/T metamorphic history. Deformation accompanying the plutonism produced recumbent isoclinal folds in the plutonic rocks and pelitic gneisses of the wallrock; decompression reactions in the pelitic gneisses suggest that the deformation occurred during exhumation. Thermochronological data bracket the time of intrusion and cooling below 500° C between 118 ± 3 and 109 ± 1 Ma.
Our data from the schists of the Ruby terrane support the general assumption of many authors that the Ruby terrane was subducted beneath an oceanic island arc. This tectonic history is similar to that described for other large continental crustal blocks in northern and central Alaska, in the Brooks Range, Seward Peninsula and Yukon‐Tanana Upland. The current orientation of the Ruby terrane at an oblique angle to these other crustal blocks and to the Cordilleran trend is due to post‐collisional tectonic processes that have greatly modified the original continental margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x","usgsCitation":"Roeske, S.M., Dusel-Bacon, C., Aleinikoff, J.N., Snee, L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1995, Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":777968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70198727,"text":"70198727 - 1995 - Middle Tertiary extension recorded by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, Plush Ranch Basin, western Transverse Ranges, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T15:31:12","indexId":"70198727","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T15:31:04","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Tertiary extension recorded by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, Plush Ranch Basin, western Transverse Ranges, California","docAbstract":"The Plush Ranch Formation (upper Oligocene and lower Miocene) consists of more than 1800 m of nonmarine sedimentary and volcanic rocks that record the history of an extensional basin referred to here as the Plush Ranch basin. Distinctive depositional facies, provenance, and sediment transport directions along each basin margin suggest an asymmetric basin shape that is consistent with a half-graben origin. The northern basin margin consists of sandstone-dominated alluvial-plain deposits (0.1-1.5 m thick, normally graded, lenticular sandstone beds). Small deltaic sequences 1-2 m thick were formed where these alluvial systems flowed southward into a lake. Lenses of massive, boulder-rich granitic breccia that represent rockslide deposits derived from a nearby northern granitic provenance interfinger with the alluvial-plain facies. In contrast to the northern margin, the southern basin margin is represented by coarse-grained fan-delta deposits. Matrix- and clast-supported lenticular conglomerate beds 0.2-5 m thick with interbedded trough-cross-bedded pebbly sandstone represent braided-stream and flood-flow and/or noncohesive debris-flow deposits of alluvial fans that drained a highland area to the south. The alluvial-fan deposits interfinger to the north with several types of subaqueous sediment-gravity-flow facies including turbidite sandstone beds and matrix-supported debris-flow conglomerate. Each of the basin-margin depositional systems grades basinward and to the east into lacustrine deposits that include organic-rich dark shale, evaporite, and limestone. The lacustrine deposits represent the central and eastern parts of the Plush Ranch basin, which received little coarse siliciclastic sediment. Basalt deposits that are at least 50 m thick in the west and thicken eastward are interbedded mainly with the lacustrine facies. The southern margin of the Plush Ranch basin formed along a north-dipping, normal-slip fault along which dip separation increased toward the southwest; the northern margin developed on the tilted hanging-wall block of this fault. This fault was later reactivated in post-middle Miocene time as the present left-lateral strike-slip Big Pine fault. The Plush Ranch is one of several extensional and transtensional basins that formed in southern California and western Arizona about 25-20 Ma as a response to the change from a convergent to a strikeslip tectonic regime along western North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/D4268284-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.B., and Stanley, R.G., 1995, Middle Tertiary extension recorded by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, Plush Ranch Basin, western Transverse Ranges, California: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 65, no. 4b, p. 455-468, https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268284-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"468","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356536,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Plush Ranch Basin","volume":"65","issue":"4b","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110fa0e4b034bf6a811712","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Ronald B.","contributorId":190386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cole","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244786,"text":"70244786 - 1995 - Plutonism at the interior margin of the Jurassic magmatic arc, Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T19:01:38.988523","indexId":"70244786","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:54:01","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Plutonism at the interior margin of the Jurassic magmatic arc, Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"The inland edge of the Jurassic magmatic belt passes through the eastern Mojave Desert, where it was emplaced in ancient continental crust. Three intrusive units exposed there—the Ship and Clipper Mountains plutons and a dike swarm in the Old Woman and Piute Mountains and Kilbeck Hills—are broadly similar to each other and to other intrusions of Jurassic age, but they differ from one another in detail and all show very clear evidence for interaction with the ancient crust.
All three intrusive units are primarily metaluminous and range from mafic to moderately felsic in composition. The Ship Mountains pluton and dikes included both mafic and felsic magmas that mingled locally. The Clipper Mountains pluton comprises a compositional continuum from hornblende gabbro through granodiorite, at least partly a result of crystal accumulation processes. The ca. 160-Ma Clipper Mountains pluton was emplaced syntectonically with thrusting at a depth of approximately 15 km. The ca. 145-Ma dike swarm intruded at approximately 12 km, and the Ship Mountains pluton at <5 km. The Ship Mountains pluton, which is not well dated, initially overlay the dike swarm prior to Late Cretaceous and Tertiary extension and may have a similar age.
The intrusions are all enriched in incompatible elements and have isotopic compositions that are more evolved than any plausible mantle source (high 87Sr/86Sr, low εNd, high 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb compared with 206Pb/204Pb). Ship Mountains and most dike samples are less evolved in Nd and Sr than the Mojave crust, but the Clipper Mountains Nd-Sr array is coincident with the less evolved portion of the field of ancient Mojave crust. Extremely strong U-Pb inheritance in Clipper zircons and moderate inheritance in dike zircons verifies the crustal component. We interpret Ship and dike rocks to be hybrids of ancient enriched mantle-derived mafic magmas and the ancient crust; the Clipper Mountains pluton could represent a restite-rich magma entirely derived from the Mojave crust, although a modest mantle contribution is likely.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE299-p351","usgsCitation":"Gerber, M.E., Miller, C., and Wooden, J., 1995, Plutonism at the interior margin of the Jurassic magmatic arc, Mojave Desert, California, chap. of Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 299, p. 351-374, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE299-p351.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"374","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418105,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.85693727635507,\n 34.79500202293755\n ],\n [\n -118.41358859721142,\n 34.667196658172216\n ],\n [\n -118.01287289116914,\n 34.40019901226566\n ],\n [\n -117.40001357604609,\n 34.26881448561994\n ],\n [\n -116.7400112366823,\n 34.30776468504658\n ],\n [\n -116.49840323745104,\n 34.08355471130774\n ],\n [\n -115.95174840754942,\n 34.07455654422954\n ],\n [\n -115.41549650681648,\n 33.815462345773426\n ],\n [\n -114.47852890004164,\n 33.72353178191754\n ],\n [\n -114.50210041216164,\n 33.80191611974428\n ],\n [\n -114.49620753413154,\n 33.86555058336212\n ],\n [\n -114.49620753413154,\n 33.92424802332518\n ],\n [\n -114.42549299777117,\n 34.026871269488495\n ],\n [\n -114.40192148565114,\n 34.090337838075655\n ],\n [\n -114.24870665687021,\n 34.16350941179081\n ],\n [\n -114.13084909626946,\n 34.27558273541166\n ],\n [\n -114.13084909626946,\n 34.319396911101165\n ],\n [\n -114.22513514475021,\n 34.37778024951248\n ],\n [\n -114.32531407126068,\n 34.45556142688173\n ],\n [\n -114.37245709550106,\n 34.47985320426939\n ],\n [\n -114.37245709550106,\n 34.52841554394702\n ],\n [\n -114.42549299777117,\n 34.60605641139482\n ],\n [\n -114.44906450989117,\n 34.71269416385692\n ],\n [\n -114.54924343640201,\n 34.77080234566432\n ],\n [\n -114.57870782655212,\n 34.838543547460205\n ],\n [\n -114.61995797276239,\n 34.87722780116373\n ],\n [\n -114.62585085079212,\n 35.00765276385205\n ],\n [\n -116.44085728404198,\n 36.40958426128131\n ],\n [\n -117.34836050066673,\n 36.84467226715094\n ],\n [\n -117.41907503702711,\n 36.466474083053185\n ],\n [\n -117.76675484079928,\n 36.466474083053185\n ],\n [\n -117.99068420594024,\n 36.66525977802792\n ],\n [\n -118.1262204006309,\n 36.480690021325344\n ],\n [\n -118.1262204006309,\n 36.21965056702555\n ],\n [\n -117.90818391352005,\n 35.647079823784495\n ],\n [\n -118.10854176654101,\n 35.53206879729291\n ],\n [\n -118.41497142410253,\n 35.05108163187495\n ],\n [\n -118.85693727635507,\n 34.79500202293755\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"299","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, Cathy","contributorId":113649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875419,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Gerber, Miquette E.","contributorId":308717,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerber","given":"Miquette","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Calvin F.","contributorId":18437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Calvin F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70245136,"text":"70245136 - 1995 - Jurassic tectonics of northeastern Nevada and northwestern Utah from the perspective of barometric studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-16T15:16:27.260093","indexId":"70245136","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T09:56:12","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Jurassic tectonics of northeastern Nevada and northwestern Utah from the perspective of barometric studies","docAbstract":"Jurassic tectonism in the northeastern Great Basin produced varied structures, many closely associated with widespread magmatism at ca. 155–165 Ma and with local metamorphism. Many of the plutons are of suitable mineralogy for Al-in-hornblende barometry, providing the potential for depth data. We have studied conditions of metamorphism in the Pilot Range and barometry for six Jurassic plutons across the northeastern Great Basin. All barometry results are in harmony with pressures estimated from stratigraphic data, requiring little or no tectonic thickening.
On the basis of structural styles and barometric data, we divide the northeastern Great Basin into three Jurassic tectonic provinces. An eastern extensional province, largely in western Utah, is characterized by Paleozoic strata that were thrust faulted and then intruded by shallow plutons shortly after or during normal and strike-slip faulting. Extension was probably a short-lived event associated with magmatism, but its west trend indicates a total reorientation of stress at this time, perhaps within transtensional strike-slip zones.
A central province of modest, and possibly locally extreme, Jurassic shortening in eastern Nevada is characterized by metamorphosed Paleozoic rocks and by thrusts and kilometer-scale southeast-vergent folds. Upper amphibolite facies, but low pressure (3–4 kbar) metamorphism is present near Jurassic plutons in the Pilot Range and Ruby Mountains, probably indicating metamorphism induced by heat from magmas. In contrast, metamorphism in other ranges, which is known only to be pre–Late Cretaceous, indicates thickening of 10–20 km. This thickening may have entirely postdated the Jurassic.
A western province in north-central Nevada is characterized by preserved Jurassic volcanic rocks and shallow plutons, indicating that little erosion, and probably surface uplift, occurred during the late Mesozoic. Folds and thrust faults indicate minor Jurassic shortening but many structures are undated.
The low-pressure upper-crustal conditions for demonstrably Jurassic events suggest that higher-pressure metamorphism recorded in the central province is younger (Cretaceous) in age. We suggest that Jurassic structures were caused by distributed minor crustal shortening, manifested mainly as small-scale thrust faults. Local thermal highs created by plutonism produced metamorphic zones in relatively shallow crust. Shortening in the east was manifested by zones of strike-slip, within which plutons were emplaced in tensile niches. Lack of a deep foreland basin and lack of evidence for massive erosion argue against high-relief mountain belts caused by significant crustal shortening.
Paleozoic rocks metamorphosed at pressures far in excess of stratigraphic burial are restricted to narrow lenses exhumed during Late Cretaceous and Tertiary extension and are bordered by rocks that always have been part of the shallow crust. The abundant shallow-crustal rocks preserved across the region indicate that a conventional hypothesis of large-scale, regional crustal thickening causing many kilometers of surface uplift and consequent erosion is unlikely to have taken place in the Mesozoic.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE299-p267","usgsCitation":"Miller, D., and Hoisch, T.D., 1995, Jurassic tectonics of northeastern Nevada and northwestern Utah from the perspective of barometric studies, chap. of Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 299, p. 267-294, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE299-p267.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"294","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418161,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada, Utah","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.73127286105404,\n 42.142742776741954\n ],\n [\n -116.73127286105404,\n 39.74944499090975\n ],\n [\n -111.87121894015267,\n 39.74944499090975\n ],\n [\n -111.87121894015267,\n 42.142742776741954\n ],\n [\n -116.73127286105404,\n 42.142742776741954\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"299","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Busby, Cathy","contributorId":113649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875650,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hoisch, Thomas D.","contributorId":61337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoisch","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70094635,"text":"70094635 - 1995 - Preliminary development of the LBL/USGS three-dimensional site-scale model of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-02-21T09:47:11","indexId":"70094635","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T09:32:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"seriesNumber":"LBL-37356/UC-814","title":"Preliminary development of the LBL/USGS three-dimensional site-scale model of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional model of moisture flow within the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain is being developed at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). This site-scale model covers and area of about 34 km2 and is bounded by major faults to the north, east and west. The model geometry is defined (1) to represent the variations of hydrogeological units between the ground surface and the water table; (2) to be able to reproduce the effect of abrupt changes in hydrogeological parameters at the boundaries between hyrdogeological units; and (3) to include the influence of major faults. A detailed numerical grid has been developed based on the locations of boreholes, different infiltration zones, hydrogeological units and their outcrops, major faults, and water level data. Contour maps and isopatch maps are presented defining different types of infiltration zones, and the spatial distribution of Tiva Canyon, Paintbrush, and Topopah Spring hydrogeological units. The grid geometry consists of seventeen non-uniform layers which represent the lithological variations within the four main welded and non-welded hydrogeological units. Matrix flow is approximated using the van Genuchten model, and the equivalent continuum approximation is used to account for fracture flow in the welded units. The fault zones are explicitly modeled as porous medium using various assumptions regarding their permeabilities and characteristic curves. One-, two-, and three-dimensional simulations are conducted using the TOUGH2 computer program. Steady-state simulations are performed with various uniform and non-uniform infiltration rates. The results are interpreted in terms of the effect of fault characteristics on the moisture flow distribution, and on location and formation of preferential pathways.","language":"English","publisher":"Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory","publisherLocation":"Berkeley, CA","collaboration":"This work was prepared under U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098, and DE-A108-78ET44802 administered by the Nevada Operations Office in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver.","usgsCitation":"Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1995, Preliminary development of the LBL/USGS three-dimensional site-scale model of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, xi, 69 p.","productDescription":"xi, 69 p.","numberOfPages":"101","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":282614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -116.75,36.75 ], [ -116.75,37.0 ], [ -116.25,37.0 ], [ -116.25,36.75 ], [ -116.75,36.75 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6cb6e4b0b29085104b76"} ,{"id":70245135,"text":"70245135 - 1995 - Timing of emplacement of the Haypress Creek and Emigrant Gap plutons: Implications for the timing and controls of Jurassic orogenesis, northern Sierra Nevada, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-16T14:54:04.444072","indexId":"70245135","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T09:24:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Timing of emplacement of the Haypress Creek and Emigrant Gap plutons: Implications for the timing and controls of Jurassic orogenesis, northern Sierra Nevada, California","docAbstract":"Pre-Cretaceous rocks in the northern Sierra Nevada are subdivided from west to east into the Smartville, central, Feather River peridotite, and eastern belts. Cretaceous and younger sedimentary rocks form the western boundary of the Smartville belt, but various reverse-fault segments of the Foothills fault system separate the other belts. The Foothills fault system and associated structures involve rocks as young as Kimmeridgian (Late Jurassic) and are truncated by Early Cretaceous plutons. This relationship is often cited as evidence for the Nevadan orogeny which is commonly viewed as a temporally restricted event involving deformation and metamorphism during the Late Jurassic. Recent work, however, suggests that some of the Mesozoic structural fabric in the northern Sierra Nevada may not have been produced during the Late Jurassic, but instead may have formed between Early and Middle Jurassic time. Thus, distinguishing Nevadan-age deformation from older Mesozoic deformation is now one of the more important problems facing geologists working in the northern Sierra Nevada.
The Haypress Creek pluton crops out in the eastern belt and historically has been cited as a post-Nevadan pluton. It intrudes the Early to Middle Jurassic Sailor Canyon Formation that, together with the overlying Middle Jurassic Tuttle Lake Formation, contains a domainally developed, locally penetrative, northwest-striking cleavage (S2). S2 can be traced into the contact metamorphic aureole of the Emigrant Gap composite pluton, where structural and microtextural evidence indicates that it predates pluton intrusion.
New U-Pb zircon data for the Haypress Creek pluton suggest an age of 166 ± 3 Ma and previously published U-Pb zircon data for the oldest phase of the Emigrant Gap composite pluton suggest an age of 168 ± 2 Ma. The fossiliferous Sailor Canyon Formation ranges in age from Early Jurassic (Sinemurian) in its lower parts to Middle Jurassic (Bathonian or Bajocian) in its upper parts. The overlying Tuttle Lake Formation contains S2, which formed prior to emplacement of the Emigrant Gap and Haypress Creek plutons at ca. 168–166 Ma. This relationship suggests that the Tuttle Lake Formation must have been deposited and deformed entirely within the Middle Jurassic. Thus, S2 and associated structures within the eastern belt formed prior to Late Jurassic Nevadan deformation associated with the Foothills fault system.
There are two end-member models used to explain the plate tectonic evolution of pre-Cretaceous rocks in the northern Sierra Nevada. These are referred to as the arc-continent collision and single, wide-arc models. Data discussed herein do not preclude either of these models for Early to Middle Jurassic time. However, regardless of which of these models is favored, both scenarios place the approximately 168 Ma and younger Jurassic volcanic and plutonic rocks of the Smartville, central, and eastern belts in a distinctly intra-arc setting and further imply that the Foothills fault system and related Late Jurassic structures are also of intra-arc character. We conclude that there is no evidence along 39°30′N latitude for arc-continent collision during the Nevadan orogeny.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE299-p191","usgsCitation":"Girty, G.H., Hanson, R.E., Girty, M.S., Schweickert, R.A., Harwood, D.S., Yoshinobu, A.S., Bryan, K.A., Skinner, J.E., and Hill, C.A., 1995, Timing of emplacement of the Haypress Creek and Emigrant Gap plutons: Implications for the timing and controls of Jurassic orogenesis, northern Sierra Nevada, California, chap. of Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 299, p. 191-201, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE299-p191.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"191","endPage":"201","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sierra Nevada","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.64990912748183,\n 39.83746765119142\n ],\n [\n -121.64990912748183,\n 39.17253338323965\n ],\n [\n -120.1935947591659,\n 39.17253338323965\n ],\n [\n -120.1935947591659,\n 39.83746765119142\n ],\n [\n -121.64990912748183,\n 39.83746765119142\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"299","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875646,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, Cathy","contributorId":113649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875647,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Girty, Gary H.","contributorId":99731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girty","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, Richard E.","contributorId":72559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Girty, Melissa S.","contributorId":41179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Girty","given":"Melissa","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schweickert, Richard A.","contributorId":60107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schweickert","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harwood, David S.","contributorId":48153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Yoshinobu, Aaron S.","contributorId":310424,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoshinobu","given":"Aaron","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bryan, Kevin A.","contributorId":310425,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bryan","given":"Kevin","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Skinner, June E.","contributorId":310426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Skinner","given":"June","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hill, Chris A.","contributorId":310427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hill","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70019652,"text":"70019652 - 1995 - Evolution of tholeiitic diabase sheet systems in the eastern United States: examples from the Culpeper Basin, Virginia-Maryland, and the Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-20T06:37:35","indexId":"70019652","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evolution of tholeiitic diabase sheet systems in the eastern United States: examples from the Culpeper Basin, Virginia-Maryland, and the Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"High-TiO2, quartz-normative (HTQ) tholeiite sheets of Early Jurassic age have intruded mainly Late Triassic sedimentary rocks in several early Mesozoic basins in the eastern US. Field observations, petrographic study, geochemical analyses and stable isotope data from three HTQ sheet systems were used to develop a general model of magmatic differentiation and magmatic-hydrothermal interaction for HTQ sheets. The three sheet systems have remarkably similar major-oxide and trace-element compositions. Cumulus and evolved diabase in comagmatic sheets separated by tens of kilometers are related by igneous differentiation. Differentiated diabase in all three sheets have petrographic and geochemical signatures and fluid inclusions indicating hydrothermal alteration beginning near magmatic temperatures and continuing to relatively low temperatures. Sulfur and oxygen isotope data are consistent with a magmatic origin for the hydrothermal fluid. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0377-0273(94)00085-U","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Woodruff, L.G., Froelich, A., Belkin, H.E., and Gottfried, D., 1995, Evolution of tholeiitic diabase sheet systems in the eastern United States: examples from the Culpeper Basin, Virginia-Maryland, and the Gettysburg Basin, Pennsylvania: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 64, no. 3-4, p. 143-169, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00085-U.","productDescription":"17 p. ","startPage":"143","endPage":"169","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":227924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":269366,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(94)00085-U"}],"country":"United States ","state":"Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Culpeper Basin, Gettysburg Basin ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 41.1290213474951\n ],\n [\n -77.93701171875,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -78.7060546875,\n 39.06184913429154\n ],\n [\n -79.82666015625,\n 38.013476231041935\n ],\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 37.405073750176925\n ],\n [\n -78.2666015625,\n 38.496593518947584\n ],\n [\n -76.92626953125,\n 39.65645604812829\n ],\n [\n -75.8056640625,\n 40.195659093364654\n ],\n [\n -74.970703125,\n 40.697299008636755\n ],\n [\n -75.41015624999999,\n 41.1290213474951\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"64","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d8ee4b0c8380cd530a7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodruff, Laurel G. 0000-0002-2514-9923 woodruff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-9923","contributorId":2224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodruff","given":"Laurel","email":"woodruff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Froelich, A.J.","contributorId":13593,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Froelich","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gottfried, D.","contributorId":92346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gottfried","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":383451,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70018829,"text":"70018829 - 1995 - Geologic and societal factors affecting the international oceanic transport of aggregate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:13","indexId":"70018829","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2879,"text":"Nonrenewable Resources","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geologic and societal factors affecting the international oceanic transport of aggregate","docAbstract":"Crushed stone and sand and gravel are the two main sources of natural aggregate, and together comprise approximately half the volume and tonnage of mined material in the United States. Natural aggregate is a bulky, heavy material without special or unique properties, and it is commonly used near its source of production to minimize haulage cost. However, remoteness is no longer an absolute disqualifier for the production of aggregate. Today interstate aggregate routinely is shipped hundreds of kilometers by rail and barge. In addition, during 1992, the United States imported 1,317,000 metric tons of aggregate from Canada and 1,531,000 metric tons from Mexico. A number of ports on the Atlantic Coast and Gulf Coast of the United States receive imports of crushed stone from foreign sources for transport to various parts of the eastern United States. These areas either lack adequate supplies of aggregate or are augmenting their supplies because they have difficulties meeting current demand. These difficulties may include poor stone quality, environmental permitting problems, or transportation. Certain societal and geologic conditions of New York City and Philadelphia along the Atlantic Coast, and Tampa and New Orleans along the Gulf Coast, are discussed to demonstrate the different combinations of issues that contribute to the economic viability of importing crushed stone. ?? 1995 Oxford University Press.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Nonrenewable Resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisherLocation":"Kluwer Academic Publishers","doi":"10.1007/BF02263378","issn":"09611444","usgsCitation":"Langer, W.H., 1995, Geologic and societal factors affecting the international oceanic transport of aggregate: Nonrenewable Resources, v. 4, no. 4, p. 303-309, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02263378.","startPage":"303","endPage":"309","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":205759,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263378"},{"id":226612,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a190de4b0c8380cd55890","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langer, W. H.","contributorId":44932,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langer","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018817,"text":"70018817 - 1995 - Relations between atmospheric circulation and mass balance of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-04T16:56:28","indexId":"70018817","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":898,"text":"Arctic and Alpine Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between atmospheric circulation and mass balance of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"The yearly net mass balance of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, has decreased since the mid-1970s. Results show that the decrease is primarily caused by a significant decrease in the winter mass balance. The decrease in winter mass balance is caused, in part, by changes in winter mean atmospheric circulation that began during the mid-1970s. Approximately 60% of the variability in winter mass balance can be explained by variations in winter mean 700-mb heights over western Canada. Since the mid-1970s, there has been an increase in winter mean 700-mb heights over western Canada and the northern western contiguous United States and a decrease in winter mean 700-mb heights in the eastern North Pacific Ocean centered near the Aleutian Islands. These changes in atmospheric circulation indicate a decrease in the movement of storms and moisture from the Pacific Ocean into the western contiguous United States. In addition, the increase in winter mean 700-mb heights over western Canada and the northern western contiguous United States indicates an increase in subsidence, which results in a warming and drying of the air that further reduces precipitation and also increases the ratio of rain to snow during the cold season. These factors contribute to below-average winter mass balances.
","language":"English","publisher":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","doi":"10.2307/1551953","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., and Fountain, A.G., 1995, Relations between atmospheric circulation and mass balance of South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA: Arctic and Alpine Research, v. 27, no. 3, p. 226-233, https://doi.org/10.2307/1551953.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"226","endPage":"233","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227185,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a6eee4b0e8fec6cdc2f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fountain, A. G.","contributorId":29815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fountain","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380839,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018745,"text":"70018745 - 1995 - Basement and cover-rock deformation during Laramide contraction in the northern Madison Range (Montana) and its influence on Cenozoic basin formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-01-20T17:10:20.209986","indexId":"70018745","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Basement and cover-rock deformation during Laramide contraction in the northern Madison Range (Montana) and its influence on Cenozoic basin formation","docAbstract":"Two major Laramide fault systems converge in the northwestern Madison Range: the northwest-striking, southwest-vergent Spanish Peaks reverse fault and the north-striking, east-vergent Hilgard thrust system. Analysis of foliation attitudes in basement gneiss north and south of the Spanish Peaks fault indicates that the basement in thrusted blocks of the Hilgard thrust system has been rotated by an amount similar to that of the basement-cover contact. Steeply dipping, north-striking breccia zones enclosing domains of relatively undeformed basement may have permitted domino-style rotation of basement blocks during simple shear between pairs of thrusts.
In most places along the Hilgard thrust system, a large basement overhang, produced by thrusting of Archean blocks above rocks as young as Late Cretaceous, overlies a tight footwall syncline. This tight folding is largely concentric and was accommodated by flexural slip, resulting in severe crowding in synclinal hinges that resulted in observed or inferred features such as bedding-plane slip, imbricate and out-of-syncline thrusting, and hinge collapse.
The north-striking Madison normal fault system, a zone of Tertiary and Quaternary valley-forming normal faults, is approximately parallel to the Hilgard thrust system. In some places, normal faults are reactivated thrusts on which large basement overhangs of the Hilgard thrust system were dropped back into the Madison Valley and covered by Tertiary basin-fill deposits, leaving only the rocks of the footwall synclines exposed. In other places, both the thrusted Archean blocks and the near-isoclinal footwall synclines are well preserved.
This paired fault system (the Madison normal fault system and the Hilgard thrust system) of the northern Madison Range is strikingly similar to other paired systems in southwestern Montana along and adjacent to the western margins of the Ruby Range, Snowcrest Range, Greenhorn Range, Tobacco Root Mountains, and Bridger Range. Such systems may be the result of collapse of the crestal zones of large Laramide basement uplifts (arches) during Tertiary extension.
No hydrocarbon discoveries have been made in this unique structural province. However, petroleum exploration here has focused on basement-cored anticlines, both surface and subthrust, related to the two major Laramide fault systems and on the fault-bounded blocks of Tertiary rocks within the post-Laramide extensional basins. The interplay of the two Laramide fault systems during both Laramide shortening and Tertiary extension has produced a variety of possible structural traps in the Madison Range that have not yet been thoroughly investigated.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/8D2B21F5-171E-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Kellogg, K., Schmidt, C.J., and Young, S.W., 1995, Basement and cover-rock deformation during Laramide contraction in the northern Madison Range (Montana) and its influence on Cenozoic basin formation: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 79, no. 8, p. 1117-1137, https://doi.org/10.1306/8D2B21F5-171E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"1117","endPage":"1137","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":227582,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Madison Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.96298275085888,\n 45.93551953311629\n ],\n [\n -113.14612178278776,\n 45.93551953311629\n ],\n [\n -113.14612178278776,\n 44.48642248439407\n ],\n [\n -110.96298275085888,\n 44.48642248439407\n ],\n [\n -110.96298275085888,\n 45.93551953311629\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efdee4b0c8380cd4a4c1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kellogg, Karl S.","contributorId":89896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kellogg","given":"Karl S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schmidt, C. J.","contributorId":45066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmidt","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Young, S. W.","contributorId":19722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019194,"text":"70019194 - 1995 - High-pressure amphibolite facies dynamic metamorphism and the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of an ancient continental margin, east- central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T15:44:22","indexId":"70019194","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2389,"text":"Journal of Metamorphic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-pressure amphibolite facies dynamic metamorphism and the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of an ancient continental margin, east- central Alaska","docAbstract":"Ductilely deformed amphibolite facies tectonites comprise two adjacent terranes in east-central Alaska: the northern, structurally higher Taylor Mountain terrane and the southern, structurally lower Lake George subterrane of the Yukon-Tanana terrane. The pressure, temperature, kinematic and age data are interpreted to indicate that the metamorphism of the Taylor Mountain terrane and Lake George subterrane took place during different phases of a latest Palaeozoic through early Mesozoic shortening episode resulting from closure of an ocean basin now represented by klippen of the Seventymile-Slide Mountain terrane. High- to intermediate-pressure metamorphism of the Taylor Mountain terrane took place within a SW-dipping (present-day coordinates) subduction system. High- to intermediate-pressure metamorphism of the Lake George subterrane and the structural contact zone occurred during NW-directed overthrusting of the Taylor Mountain, Seventymile-Slide Mountain and Nisutlin terranes, and imbrication of the continental margin in Jurassic time. -from Authors","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00202.x","issn":"02634929","usgsCitation":"Dusel-Bacon, C., Hansen, V.L., and Scala, J., 1995, High-pressure amphibolite facies dynamic metamorphism and the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of an ancient continental margin, east- central Alaska: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 9-24, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00202.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"9","endPage":"24","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226460,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -153.10546875,\n 61.14323525084058\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 61.14323525084058\n ],\n [\n -140.9765625,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -153.10546875,\n 66.47820814385636\n ],\n [\n -153.10546875,\n 61.14323525084058\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a30f5e4b0c8380cd5dad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hansen, V. L.","contributorId":82400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scala, J.A.","contributorId":25308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scala","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70019170,"text":"70019170 - 1995 - Superposed local and regional paleostresses: fault-slip analysis of Neogene extensional faulting near coeval caldera complexes, Yucca Flat, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-04-25T12:08:32.54356","indexId":"70019170","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2312,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Superposed local and regional paleostresses: fault-slip analysis of Neogene extensional faulting near coeval caldera complexes, Yucca Flat, Nevada","docAbstract":"Numerous reduced stress tensors are computed by multiple inversions of 906 temporally and spatially partitioned fault-slip data from the Yucca Flat region in the southwest Nevada volcanic field to constrain the Neogene paleostress and faulting history and to investigate how the regional tectonic stress field was affected by local caldera magmatism. Perturbed, shallow (<400 m), pre-11 Ma paleostress configurations, determined west and northwest of present (post-11 Ma) Yucca Flat basin, existed during mild extensional faulting and are attributed to superposition of transient caldera-magmatic stresses on the regional stress field. Northwest of Yucca Flat a progressive shift in least principal stress (σ3) directions near known calderas located 5–15 km to the west occurred under a normal-slip stress state during caldera development between about 15 and 13 Ma. A brief (∼0.5 m.y.) change to a strike-slip stress state occurred at about 13 Ma and was accompanied by small-offset, quasi-conjugate strike-slip faulting. This stress state was most distinct, relative to a normal-slip state, near calderas where stress solutions and fault relations indicate closer affinities to a reverse-slip state. Inferred 11.6–11.45 Ma paleostress tensors indicate radial tension associated with either initial caldera collapse or local post-collapse topographic modification of the stress field. Post-11 Ma normal-slip stress tensors are associated with normal- and oblique-slip faults that accommodated subsidence and eastward extension of Yucca Flat basin away from the caldera complexes. These tensors do not indicate stress modifications due to residual caldera-related effects and thus were used to infer post-11 Ma regional stress changes. The stress field has rotated as much as 65° clockwise since 11 Ma during extensional development of Yucca Flat basin, with most of the rotation and extension occurring before about 8.5 Ma. Results suggest that shallow magmatism and caldera development can strongly alter extensional tectonic stress fields, fault patterns, and slip directions in the uppermost crust out to distances of roughly two magma chamber radii away from a magma body.
This paper evaluates the geologic framework and tectonic development of the central Brooks Range based on a transect through the range and Arctic foothills. A geologic cross section constructed through the transect is confirmed by comparing the retrodeformed section with the regional distribution of lithofacies in the central Brooks Range. Stratigraphic relations in the retrodeformed section are further explained by comparing them to similar stratigraphic relations in the Ikpikpuk-Umiat basin under the Arctic coastal plain.
The structural framework of the central Brooks Range and Arctic foothills consists of fold nappes, thrust faults, and detached folds that sole in decollements and late-stage high-angle faults. In the central Brooks Range, shortening is by north-directed thrust faulting and folding of mostly Paleozoic rocks, and transport of any individual thrust sheet relative to underlying rocks is less than 30 km. In the middle of the range, imbricate blocks of lower Paleozoic basement are exposed in the core of the Doonerak anticline, and thrust sheets of stratigraphically higher Paleozoic rocks that overlie basement are exposed in the limbs of the anticline. In the northeast part of the anticline, the Amawk thrust emplaces Silurian and Upper Devonian rocks on a succession of Lower Mississippian an stratigraphically higher rocks that have been detached from the underlying basement along the Blarney Creek thrust. The Slatepile fault system, a system of high-angle faults in the north limb of the Doonerak anticline, drops the core and part of the north limb of the anticline down, giving the impression that the succession of Lower Mississippian and stratigraphically higher rocks that lie on basement south of the system high-angle faults extends under the Upper Devonian rocks that extensively crop out north of the high-angle faults. In the Arctic foothills, the mostly Paleozoic rocks of the north-central Brooks Range extend under Lower Cretaceous rocks of the North Slope foreland basin, and blind thrusts that sole in the Paleozoic rocks ramp up into the Lower Cretaceous and stratigraph cally higher rocks. Also in the Arctic foothills, a thrust sheet that contains the Arctic foothills assemblage overlies rocks of the north-central Brooks Range and Lower Cretaceous rocks of the North Slope foreland basin. Thrust transport of the Arctic foothills assemblage more than 40 km from south of the Doonerak anticline took place during the Early Cretaceous, but thrusting that deformed rocks of the North Slope foreland basin took place during the early Tertiary, with the vertical uplift of the Doonerak anticline being a late-formed feature.
Conclusions based on the retrodeformed cross section contrast significantly with previous work in which the Upper Devonian and stratigraphically higher rocks north of the Doonerak anticline are considered part of the Endicott Mountains allochthon, a regional allochthon that extends the breadth of the Brooks Range. In these models, Upper Devonian and younger rocks in the north-central Brooks Range have been thrust-transported 90 or 200 km from south of the Doonerak anticline, and emplacement of the allochthon could reflect as much as 885 km of tectonic shortening. The Lower Mississippian and stratigraphically higher rocks together with the underlying basement in the
northeast part of the anticline are considered to be in a window in the Endicott Mountains allochthon and to extend northward beneath allochthonous Upper Devonian and stratigraphically higher rocks in the north-central Brooks Range.
Lithofacies patterns in rocks in the central Brooks Range are consistent with the retrodeformed cross section and imply plausible Upper Devonian and Carboniferous depositional systems. Thick Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian(?) clastic prisms were deposited in basins north of the Doonerak anticline. Mississippian carbonate rocks that overlie these clastic prisms were deposited in differentially subsiding shelf environments that included rocks in the Doonerak anticline. Restored across the Blarney Creek thrust, the Mississippian shelf carbonate rocks that presently lie north of the Doonerak anticline are those that were deposited on basement in the anticline. A carbonate ramp at the south edge of these shelf deposits extends east-southeast across the central Brooks Range and in th retrodeformed section lies south of the Doonerak anticline where Upper and Middle(?) Devonian shaly rocks thicken to the south. Unrestored, the ramp would extend across the Doonerak anticline.
Restored Late Devonian and Carboniferous lithofacies patterns in the central Brooks Range also are plausible from a regional perspective and have implications for exploration of basins under the Arctic coastal plain. The Late Devonian to Early Mississippian(?) basins in the north-central Brooks Range are part of a system of Early(?) Devonian to Early Mississippian(?) clastic basins that extend the length of the Brooks Range and include basins under the Arctic coastal plain. These basins are a template for depositional patterns in overlying rocks. Marine shelves between these basins where Mississippian strata unconformably lie on basement, such as in the northeastern Brooks Range and the Doonerak anticline, have depositional histories that are in contrast to areas that overlie the basi s. The resulting stratigraphic framework, together with the structural framework in the basement rocks that controlled the basins, has had a profound effect on the structural style of the fold belt, the salient effect being folds and thrust faults that are not orthogonal to the direction of structural transport. Stratigraphic relations exposed in the fold belt, especially the distribution of potential source rocks, likely model little-explored basins that underlie the North Slope foreland basin.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","doi":"10.1306/8D2B21EB-171E-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Kelley, J., and Brosge, W., 1995, Geologic framework of a transect of the central Brooks Range: Regional relations and an alternative to the Endicott Mountains allochthon: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 79, no. 8, p. 1087-1115, https://doi.org/10.1306/8D2B21EB-171E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"1087","endPage":"1115","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226349,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"central Brooks Range","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.48710859287527,\n 68.47681583657115\n ],\n [\n -154.48710859287527,\n 66.91601910999003\n ],\n [\n -148.70597701501478,\n 66.91601910999003\n ],\n [\n -148.70597701501478,\n 68.47681583657115\n ],\n [\n -154.48710859287527,\n 68.47681583657115\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"79","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a196ae4b0c8380cd559a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, John S.","contributorId":23560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"John S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brosge, W. P.","contributorId":58248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brosge","given":"W. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018870,"text":"70018870 - 1995 - Relations between winter atmospheric circulation and annual streamflow in the western United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-08T16:12:54.260878","indexId":"70018870","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1249,"text":"Climate Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Relations between winter atmospheric circulation and annual streamflow in the western United States","docAbstract":"Winter mean 700 millibar (700 mb) height anomalies, representing the average atmospheric circulation during the snow season, were compared with annual streamflow measured at 140 stream gauges in the western United States. Correlation analysis was used to identify relations between winter mean atmospheric circulation and annual streamflow, and to quantify the degree to which the temporal variability in annual streamflow can be attributed to variations in winter mean atmospheric circulation. Results indicate that winter mean 700 mb height anomalies account for a statistically significant portion of the temporal variability in annual streamflow in the western United States. In general, above-average annual streamflow is associated with negative winter mean 700 mb height anomalies over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and/or the western United States. These anomalies are indicative of anomalous cyclonic circulation which is associated with an anomalous flow of moist air from the eastern North Pacific Ocean into the western United States that increases winter precipitation and snowpack accumulations, and subsequently streamflow. Below-average annual streamflow is associated with positive 700 mb height anomalies over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and/or the western United States. These positive anomalies indicate anomalous anticyclonic circulation which prevents the intrusion of moist air from the eastern North Pacific Ocean into the western United States, increases subsidence, decreases winter precipitation, and results in decreased streamflow. Results also indicate that long-term trends in annual streamflow are related to long-term trends in winter mean 700 mb height anomalies.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/cr005139","usgsCitation":"McCabe, G.J., 1995, Relations between winter atmospheric circulation and annual streamflow in the western United States: Climate Research, v. 5, no. 2, p. 139-148, https://doi.org/10.3354/cr005139.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"139","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":479243,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/cr005139","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":226438,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"western United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -101.86697952785629,\n 49.734462939159926\n ],\n [\n -123.78548509076228,\n 49.734462939159926\n ],\n [\n -123.78548509076228,\n 32.67374352182759\n ],\n [\n -101.86697952785629,\n 32.67374352182759\n ],\n [\n -101.86697952785629,\n 49.734462939159926\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a707e4b0e8fec6cdc34b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCabe, G. J. Jr.","contributorId":77551,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCabe","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70018877,"text":"70018877 - 1995 - Tectonic setting of the Portland-Vancouver area, Oregon and Washington: Constraints from low-altitude aeromagnetic data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-23T15:38:45.307716","indexId":"70018877","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tectonic setting of the Portland-Vancouver area, Oregon and Washington: Constraints from low-altitude aeromagnetic data","docAbstract":"Seismic activity in the Portland-Vancouver metropolitan area may be associated with various mapped faults that locally offset volcanic basement of Eocene age and younger. This volcanic basement is concealed in most places by young deposits, vegetation, and urban development. The U.S. Geological Survey conducted an aeromagnetic survey in September 1992 to investigate the extent of these mapped faults and possibly to help identify other seismic and volcanic hazards in the area. The survey was flown approximately 240 m above terrain, along flight lines spaced 460 m apart, and over an area about 50 × 50 km. These magnetic data indicate a pronounced northwest-striking magnetic lineation east of the Willamette River in downtown Portland associated with a fault concealed beneath Quaternary sedimentary deposits and previously inferred from shallow well data. The magnetic lineation confirms the existence of the fault and suggests that it has had a prolonged history: (1) Although well data indicate <200 m of vertical offset of underlying volcanic basement, models based on the aeromagnetic data from downtown Portland suggest reverse faulting with up to 1 km of offset deeper in the section. (2) The magnetic lineation associated with this fault extends southeast to the Clackamas River drainage, a distance of 50 km and considerably beyond the mapped extent of the fault. A northwest-striking magnetic anomaly located southwest of the Tualatin Mountains corresponds closely with another mapped fault and with mixed reverse and strike-slip faulting during a seismic swarm (M ≤ 3) in 1991. We believe these and other anomalies in the aeromagnetic data reflect the Portland Hills fault zone, believed to be the southwestern boundary of a structural basin now occupied by Portland and Vancouver. The postulated northeastern boundary of the basin, the Frontal fault zone, is also evident, although less well represented in the aeromagnetic data. Aeromagnetic anomalies, geologic mapping, and earthquake focal-plane solutions demonstrate a complex deformational history in the Portland-Vancouver area since middle Miocene time that includes elements of compression, extension, and dextral slip. These complexities reflect Portland-Vancouver's unique position within a north-south transition in tectonic styles along the Cascadia margin, from compressional in the north to extensional in the south.
A large field of blocky sea-floor hills, up to 10 km long and 500 m high, are gigantic slide blocks derived from the west flank of Mauna Loa volcano on the island of Hawaii. These megablocks are embedded in the toe of the South Kona landslide, which extends ∼80 km seaward from the present coastline to depths of nearly 5 km. A 10–15-km-wide belt of numerous, smaller, 1–3-km-long slide blocks separates the area of giant blocks from two submarine benches at depths of 2600 and 3700 m depth that terminate seaward 20 to 30 km from the shoreline. Similar giant blocks are found on several other major submarine Hawaiian landslides, including those north of Oahu and Molokai, but the South Kona blocks are the first to be examined in detail using high-resolution bathymetry, dredging, and submersible diving. Dredging of two of the giant blocks brought up pillowed tholeiitic lava. Observations from the U.S. Navy submersible Sea Cliff on the asymmetrically steep eastern flank of one block 10 km long and 300 m high revealed a succession of fractured massive basalt, laminar lava flows, hyaloclastite, and pillow lavas. Chemical analyses of dredged lava identified 19 units that overlap compositionally with lavas from the south rift-zone ridge of Mauna Loa. Sulfur content indicates that most of the lavas were erupted in subaerial and shallow submarine (<200 m depth) sites, but some were erupted in deeper submarine sites. These results indicate that the megablocks were carried by a late Pleistocene giant landslide 40–80 km west from the ancestral shoreline of Mauna Loa volcano before growth of the midslope benches by later slump movement.
The mechanisms that resuspend bottom sediments in Old Tampa Bay, a shallow, microtidal, subtropical estuary in west-central Florida, were determined by analysing data collected during several periods from 1988 to 1990. Hydrodynamic and suspended-solids concentration data were collected at a relatively deep (4 m) site where a permanent platform was built and at a relatively shallow (1·5 m) site where a submersible instrument package was deployed. Bottom sediments were non-cohesive silts and fine sands. The primary sediment resuspension mechanism at both sites was wind waves, which were generated by strong and sustained winds associated with winter storms and tropical storms. At the platform, waves were depth-transitional, and estimated bottom shear stresses were most sensitive to wave period and water depth. Concentrations of suspended solids at this site corresponded well with wave motion, and non-linear wave-current interaction was small. At the shallow-water site, concentrations of suspended solids were elevated during periods of strong north-easterly winds and large bottom orbital velocities. At both sites, wind direction was an important factor in determining the occurrence and magnitude of sediment resuspension. Resuspended sediments settled within several hours as storm intensity diminished. Winds and waves generated by thunderstorms were more transient than those generated by winter storms and tropical storms. Based on the data collected during this study, thunderstorms are less likely to resuspend bottom sediment than winter storms and tropical storms. Maximum tidal currents at the study sites are usually less than 15 cm s−1and did not increase observed concentrations of suspended solids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/ecss.1995.0041","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., 1995, Sediment resuspension mechanisms in Old Tampa Bay, Florida: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, v. 40, no. 6, p. 603-620, https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.1995.0041.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"603","endPage":"620","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226483,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Old Tampa Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.52908503011928,\n 27.842463075881383\n ],\n [\n -82.53898569165497,\n 27.84871611869343\n ],\n [\n -82.5382785015456,\n 27.861221122682508\n ],\n [\n -82.52625626968052,\n 27.876225223280002\n ],\n [\n -82.5276706498999,\n 27.882476318607175\n ],\n [\n -82.52696345979052,\n 27.91060178169785\n ],\n [\n -82.52201312902235,\n 27.933721685430825\n ],\n [\n -82.5361569312162,\n 27.946841593082354\n ],\n [\n -82.54747197297196,\n 27.966830768749787\n ],\n [\n -82.55030073341075,\n 27.97370119293504\n ],\n [\n -82.57222362681155,\n 27.983693756137043\n ],\n [\n -82.59202494988297,\n 27.983693756137043\n ],\n [\n -82.61182627295506,\n 27.99430984001468\n ],\n [\n -82.60758313229692,\n 28.00430049329593\n ],\n [\n -82.61324065317443,\n 28.011792875347226\n ],\n [\n -82.62314131471015,\n 28.02178190736211\n ],\n [\n -82.64223544767222,\n 28.029273073214696\n ],\n [\n -82.64860015865976,\n 28.02178190736211\n ],\n [\n -82.65991520041484,\n 28.01928473623147\n ],\n [\n -82.65991520041484,\n 28.006798011881486\n ],\n [\n -82.66415834107302,\n 28.016787507183167\n ],\n [\n -82.66132958063424,\n 28.031770012640706\n ],\n [\n -82.67971652348695,\n 28.03863629732622\n ],\n [\n -82.68537404436448,\n 28.033642679190493\n ],\n [\n -82.69881065644897,\n 28.044877994058297\n ],\n [\n -82.70446817732655,\n 28.042381358826475\n ],\n [\n -82.69456751579084,\n 28.026151817466484\n ],\n [\n -82.68820280480325,\n 28.018036128946818\n ],\n [\n -82.68537404436448,\n 28.008671112823237\n ],\n [\n -82.67971652348695,\n 28.00430049329593\n ],\n [\n -82.69173875535208,\n 27.989314166059003\n ],\n [\n -82.70800412787536,\n 27.9818202210579\n ],\n [\n -82.70871131798471,\n 27.976199420527166\n ],\n [\n -82.69951784655835,\n 27.976199420527166\n ],\n [\n -82.70729693776532,\n 27.964956940772822\n ],\n [\n -82.71366164875289,\n 27.961833821840997\n ],\n [\n -82.72639107072739,\n 27.956211980026808\n ],\n [\n -82.73063421138552,\n 27.944342685903422\n ],\n [\n -82.73275578171491,\n 27.929348028825274\n ],\n [\n -82.71649040919168,\n 27.929348028825274\n ],\n [\n -82.69951784655835,\n 27.918725554506295\n ],\n [\n -82.69244594546143,\n 27.919350434829852\n ],\n [\n -82.67405900260938,\n 27.90747709121173\n ],\n [\n -82.65496486964736,\n 27.904352310468497\n ],\n [\n -82.65001453887915,\n 27.887476935083313\n ],\n [\n -82.63516354657527,\n 27.88310140829614\n ],\n [\n -82.62738445536831,\n 27.88310140829614\n ],\n [\n -82.6174837938326,\n 27.875600093904765\n ],\n [\n -82.619605364162,\n 27.865597533300388\n ],\n [\n -82.60333999163875,\n 27.860595906739533\n ],\n [\n -82.60192561141936,\n 27.845589642350276\n ],\n [\n -82.592732139993,\n 27.829330512698263\n ],\n [\n -82.52908503011928,\n 27.842463075881383\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"40","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b89bae4b08c986b316e7b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}