We describe the diet of Crotalus lepidus klauberi (Banded Rock Rattlesnake) using samples collected in the field and from museum specimens, as well as several records from unpublished reports. Most records (approximately 91%) were from the northern Sierra Madrean Archipelago. Diet consisted of 55.4% lizards, 28.3% scolopendromorph centipedes, 13.8% mammals, 1.9% birds, and 0.6% snakes. Sceloporus spp. comprised 92.4% of lizards. Extrapolation suggests that Sceloporus jarrovii represents 82.3% of lizard records. Diet was independent of geographic distribution (mountain range), sex, source of sample (stomach vs. intestine/feces), and age class. However, predator snout–vent length differed significantly among prey types; snakes that ate birds were longest, followed in turn by those that ate mammals, lizards, and centipedes. Collection date also differed significantly among prey classes; the mean date for centipede records was later than the mean date for squamate, bird, or mammal records. We found no difference in the elevation of collection sites among prey classes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0589:DOCLKB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Holycross, A.T., Painter, C.W., Prival, D.B., Swann, D., Schroff, M.J., Edwards, T., and Schwalbe, C., 2002, Diet of Crotalus lepidus klauberi (Banded Rock Rattlesnake): Journal of Herpetology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 589-597, https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0589:DOCLKB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"597","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00d3e4b0c8380cd4f93a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holycross, Andrew T.","contributorId":194889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holycross","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Painter, C. W.","contributorId":42149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Painter","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prival, D. B.","contributorId":10954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prival","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swann, Don","contributorId":191890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swann","given":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schroff, M. J.","contributorId":72164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schroff","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Edwards, Taylor","contributorId":62337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Taylor","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023835,"text":"70023835 - 2002 - Field Assessment of Acoustic-Doppler Based Discharge Measurements","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023835","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Field Assessment of Acoustic-Doppler Based Discharge Measurements","docAbstract":"The use of equipment based on the Doppler principle for measuring water velocity and computing discharge is common within the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The instruments and software have changed appreciably during the last 5 years; therefore, the USGS has begun a field validation of the instruments currently (2002) available for making discharge measurements from a moving boat in streams of various sizes. Instruments manufactured by SonTek/YSI2 and RD Instruments, Inc. were used to collect discharge data at five different sites. One or more traditional discharge measurements were made by the use of a Price AA current meter and standard USGS procedures with the acoustic instruments at each site during data collection. The discharges measured with the acoustic instruments were compared with the discharges measured with Price AA meters and the current USGS stage-discharge rating for each site. The mean discharges measured by each acoustic instrument were within 5 percent of the Price AA-based measurement and (or) discharge from the stage-discharge rating. Additional analysis of the data collected indicates that the coefficient of variation of the discharge measurements consistently was less for the RD Instruments, Inc. Rio Grandes than it was for the SonTek/YSI RiverSurveyors. The bottom-tracking referenced measurement had a lower coefficient of variation than the differentially corrected global positioning system referenced measurements. It was observed that the higher frequency RiverSurveyors measured a moving bed more often than the lower frequency Rio Grandes. The detection of a moving bed caused RiverSurveyors to be consistently biased low when referenced to bottom tracking. Differentially corrected global positioning system data may be used to remove the bias observed in the bottom-tracking referenced measurements.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Mueller, D.S., 2002, Field Assessment of Acoustic-Doppler Based Discharge Measurements, in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 23-31.","startPage":"23","endPage":"31","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232756,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f98e4b0c8380cd5394e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536509,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, D. S.","contributorId":51338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399001,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023866,"text":"70023866 - 2002 - Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:20:18","indexId":"70023866","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study","docAbstract":"The METAALICUS (Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the US) project is a whole ecosystem experiment designed to study the activity, mobility, and availability of atmospherically deposited mercury. To investigate the dynamics of mercury newly deposited onto a terrestrial ecosystem, an enriched stable isotope of mercury (202Hg) was sprayed onto a Boreal forest subcatchment in an experiment that allowed us, for the first time, to monitor the fate of “new” mercury in deposition and to distinguish it from native mercury historically stored in the ecosystem. Newly deposited mercury was more reactive than the native mercury with respect to volatilization and methylation pathways. Mobility through runoff was very low and strongly decreased with time because of a rapid equilibration with the large native pool of “bound” mercury. Over one season, only ∼8% of the added 202Hg volatilized to the atmosphere and less than 1% appeared in runoff. Within a few months, approximately 66% of the applied 202Hg remained associated with above ground vegetation, with the rest being incorporated into soils. The fraction of 202Hg bound to vegetation was much higher than seen for native Hg (<5% vegetation), suggesting that atmospherically derived mercury enters the soil pool with a time delay, after plants senesce and decompose. The initial mobility of mercury received through small rain events or dry deposition decreased markedly in a relatively short time period, suggesting that mercury levels in terrestrial runoff may respond slowly to changes in mercury deposition rates.
From the mid-1970s through the mid-1980s, use of calving and summer habitats by Central Arctic herd caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) declined near petroleum development infrastructure on Alaska's arctic coastal plain (Cameron et al. 1979; Cameron and Whitten 1980, Smith and Cameron 1983. Whitten and Cameron 1983a, 1985: Dau and Cameron 1986).
With surface development continuing to expand westward from the Prudhoe Bay petroleum development area (Fig. 4.1), concerns arose that the resultant cumulative losses of habitat would eventually reduce productivity of the caribou herd. Specifically, reduced access of adult females to preferred foraging areas might adversely affect growth and fattening (Elison et al. 1986. Clough et al. 1987), in turn depressing calf production (Dauphiné 1976, Thomas 1982, Reimers 1983, White 1983, Eloranta and Nieminen 1986. Lenvik et al. 1988, Thomas and Kiliaan 1991) and survival (Haukioja and Salovaara 1978, Rognmo et al. 1983, Skogland 1984, Eloranta and Nieminen 1986, Adamczewski et al. 1987).
Those concerns, though justified in theory, lacked empirical support. With industrial development in arctic Alaska virtually unprecedented, there was little basis for predicting the extent and duration of habitat loss, much less the secondary short- and long-term effects on the well-being of a particular caribou herd.
Furthermore, despite a general acceptance that body condition and fecundity of the females are functionally related for reindeer and caribou, it seemed unlikely that any single model would apply to all subspecies of Rangifer, and perhaps not even within a subspecies in different geographic regions. We therefore lacked a complete understanding of the behavioral responses of arctic caribou to industrial development, the manner in which access to habitats might be affected, and how changes in habitat use might translate into measurable effects on fecundity and herd growth rate.
Our study addressed the following objectives: 1) estimate variation in the size and productivity of the Central Arctic herd; 2) estimate changes in the distribution and movements of Central Arctic herd caribou in relation to the oil field development; 3) estimate the relationships between body condition and reproductive performance of female Central Arctic herd caribou, and 4) compare the body condition, reproductive success, and offspring survival of females under disturbance-free conditions (i.e., east of the Sagavanirktok River) with the status of those exposed to petroleum-related development (i.e., west of the Sagavanirktok River).
","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Arctic Refuge coastal plain terrestrial wildlife research summaries (Biological Science Report USGS/BRD/BSR-2002-0001)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","usgsCitation":"Cameron, R.D., Smith, W.T., White, R.G., and Griffith, B., 2002, The central arctic caribou herd: Biological Science Report 2002-0001, 8 p.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"45","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342475,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories, Yukon Territory","otherGeospatial":"Arctic Refuge Coastal Plain, Arctic National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 66.16051056018838\n ],\n [\n -129.5947265625,\n 66.16051056018838\n ],\n [\n -129.5947265625,\n 70.74347779138229\n ],\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 70.74347779138229\n ],\n [\n -152.2265625,\n 66.16051056018838\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59424b3fe4b0764e6c65dca6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":2388,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":698016,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reynolds, Patricia E.","contributorId":71056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"Patricia","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698017,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rhode, E. B.","contributorId":73156,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rhode","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698018,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Cameron, Raymond D.","contributorId":190363,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cameron","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":698012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Smith, Walter T.","contributorId":8953,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smith","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":698013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"White, Robert G.","contributorId":181759,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"White","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":6752,"text":"University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":698014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Griffith, Brad","contributorId":190362,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Griffith","given":"Brad","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":698015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023888,"text":"70023888 - 2002 - Dynamics of composition and structure in an old Sequoia sempervirens forest","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-04T16:51:10.125225","indexId":"70023888","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2490,"text":"Journal of Vegetation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamics of composition and structure in an old Sequoia sempervirens forest","docAbstract":"Dynamics of a Sequoia sempervirens forest in northern California were studied with long-term plot data (1.44 ha) and recent transect data. The study was conducted in an old stand (> 1100 yr) on alluvial flats. Over three decades (1972–2001), changes in the composition and structure of the tree stratum were minor. Sequoia maintained a broad distribution of stem diameters throughout the period. Annual rates of Sequoia mortality (0.0029) and ingrowth (0.0029) were low, reflecting the great longevity of Sequoia and the slow canopy turnover of the study forest. Transect data also indicated a low frequency of canopy gap disturbance (≤ 0.4% of total land area per yr), but gap size was potentially large (> 0.1 ha) and the fraction of area in gaps (ca. 20%) was similar to other temperate forests. Regeneration quadrats sampled along transects, in gap centers, and on logs revealed that Sequoia regeneration is elevated at gap edges. The longevity of Sequoia and its response to gap disturbances ensure that it will remain a dominant species in the study forest.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02108.x","usgsCitation":"Busing, R.T., and Fujimori, T., 2002, Dynamics of composition and structure in an old Sequoia sempervirens forest: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 13, no. 6, p. 785-792, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02108.x.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"785","endPage":"792","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231705,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0431e4b0c8380cd50842","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Busing, R. T.","contributorId":72162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busing","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fujimori, T.","contributorId":86926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fujimori","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1014951,"text":"1014951 - 2002 - Survival of stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon: Effects of life history variation, season, and age","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:22:33.951534","indexId":"1014951","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Survival of stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon: Effects of life history variation, season, and age","docAbstract":"To determine seasonal and age-class variation in the abundance and survival of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, we conducted multiple samplings of individually tagged juveniles in a small stream (West Brook, Massachusetts). We also estimated the differences in survival and probability of smolting for mature and immature parr. Survival was approximately twofold lower during winter as compared with summer and was higher for fish in their first winter than for fish in their second winter. Parr maturation rates were high (50% of all fish) and peaked in September. The estimated numbers of mature and immature fish were equal for the March samples preceding the smolt run, indicating no overall differences in survival between mature and immature fish during stream residence. Age-2 mature fish were one-third as likely to smolt as immature fish, however, resulting in survival probabilities (from March to smoltification) of 0.22 for mature fish and 0.61 for immature fish. Approximately one-third of the fish captured in the smolt trap were estimated as mature during previous sampling, and virtually all of the age-2 fish remaining in the stream following the smolt run were previously mature. We found no differences in gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity between previously mature smolts and immature smolts, but activity was significantly higher in March for fish that later smolted than for those that did not.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0838:SOSDAS%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Letcher, B., Gries, G., and Juanes, F., 2002, Survival of stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon: Effects of life history variation, season, and age: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 5, p. 838-854, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0838:SOSDAS%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"838","endPage":"854","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130188,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"West Brook","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.66134262084961,\n 42.410656808584484\n ],\n [\n -72.62529373168945,\n 42.410656808584484\n ],\n [\n -72.62529373168945,\n 42.4308056651462\n ],\n [\n -72.66134262084961,\n 42.4308056651462\n ],\n [\n -72.66134262084961,\n 42.410656808584484\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"131","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688142","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Letcher, B. H. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":48132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gries, G.","contributorId":64604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gries","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Juanes, F.","contributorId":19510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Juanes","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023923,"text":"70023923 - 2002 - Future petroleum energy resources of the world","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-20T14:31:39.720769","indexId":"70023923","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Future petroleum energy resources of the world","docAbstract":"Is the world running out of oil? Where will future oil and gas supplies come from? To help answer these questions, in 2000 the U.S. Geological Survey completed a new world assessment, exclusive of the United States, of the undiscovered conventional oil and gas resources and potential additions to reserves from field growth.2 One hundred and twenty-eight provinces were assessed in a 100 manyear effort from 1995-2000. The assessed provinces included 76 priority provinces containing 95% of the world's discovered oil and gas and an additional 52 \"boutique\" provinces, many of which may be highly prospective. Total Petroleum Systems (TPS) were identified and described for each of these provinces along with associated Assessment Units (AU) that are the basic units for assessing undiscovered petroleum. The assessment process coupled geologic analysis with a probabilistic methodology to estimate remaining potential. Within the 128 assessed provinces were 159 TPS and 274 AU. For these provinces, the endowment of recoverable oil—which includes cumulative production, remaining reserves, reserve growth, and undiscovered resources—is estimated at about 3 trillion barrels of oil (TBO). The natural gas endowment is estimated at 2.6 trillion barrels of oil equivalent (TBOE). Oil reserves are currently 1.1 TBO; world consumption is about .028 TBO per year. Natural gas reserves are about 0.8 TBOE; world consumption is about 0.014 TBOE per year. Thus, without any additional discoveries of oil, gas or natural gas liquids, we have about 2 TBOE of proved petroleum reserves. Of the oil and gas endowment of about 5.6 TBOE, we estimate that the world has consumed about 1 TBOE, or 18%, leaving about 82% of the endowment to be utilized or found. Half of the world's undiscovered potential is offshore. Arctic basins with about 25% of undiscovered petroleum resources make up the next great frontier. An additional 279 provinces contain some oil and gas and, if considered, would increase the oil and gas endowment estimates. Whereas petroleum resources in the world appear to be significant, certain countries such as the United States may run into import deficits, particularly oil imports from Mexico and natural gas from both Canada and Mexico.
The new assessment has been used as the reference supply case in energy supply models by the International Energy Agency and the Energy Information Agency of the Department of Energy. Climate energy modeling groups such as those at Stanford University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and others have also used USGS estimates in global climate models. Many of these models using the USGS estimates converge on potential oil shortfalls in 2036-2040. However, recent articles using the USGS (2000) estimates suggest peaking of oil in 2020-2035 and peaking of non-OPEC (Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries) oil in 2015-2020. Such a short time framework places greater emphasis on a transition to increased use of natural gas; i.e., a methane economy. Natural gas in turn may experience similar supply concerns in the 2050-2060 time frame according to some authors.
Coal resources are considerable and provide significant petroleum potential either by extracting natural gas from them, by directly converting them into petroleum products, or by utilizing them to generate electricity, thereby reducing natural gas and oil requirements by fuel substitution. Non-conventional oil and gas are quite common in petroleum provinces of the world and represent a significant resource yet to be fully studied and developed. Seventeen non-conventional AU including coal-bed methane, basin-center gas, continuous oil, and gas hydrate occurrences have been preliminarily identified for future assessment. Initial efforts to assess heavy oil deposits and other non-conventional oil and gas deposits also are under way.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.44.12.1092","usgsCitation":"Ahlbrandt, T., 2002, Future petroleum energy resources of the world: International Geology Review, v. 44, no. 12, p. 1092-1104, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.44.12.1092.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1092","endPage":"1104","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231626,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1435e4b0c8380cd54957","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ahlbrandt, Thomas S.","contributorId":58279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ahlbrandt","given":"Thomas S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023924,"text":"70023924 - 2002 - Effects of forest fragmentation on brood parasitism and nest predation in eastern and western landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70023924","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of forest fragmentation on brood parasitism and nest predation in eastern and western landscapes","docAbstract":"The fragmentation of North American forests by agriculture and other human activities may negatively impact the demographic processes of birds through increases in nest predation and brood parasitism. In fact, the effects of fragmentation on demographic processes are thought to be a major underlying cause of long-term population declines of many bird species. However, much of our understanding of the demographic consequences of fragmentation has come from research conducted in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. Thus, results obtained from these studies may not be applicable to western landscapes, where habitats are often naturally heterogeneous due to topographic variation and periodic fire. We utilized data from a large database of nest records (>10,000) collected at sites both east and west of the Rocky Mountains to determine if the effects of fragmentation are consistent across broad geographic regions. We found that forest fragmentation tended to increase the frequency of brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) east of the Rockies but we were unable to detect a significant difference in the West. Within the eastern United States, nest predation rates were consistently higher within fragmented sites relative to unfragmented sites. Yet, in the West, fragmentation resulted in a decrease in nest predation relative to unfragmented sites. This is perhaps accounted for by differential responses of the local predator community to fragmentation. Our results suggest that the effects of fragmentation may not be consistent across broad geographic regions and that the effects of fragmentation may depend on dynamics within local landscapes.","largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","language":"English","issn":"01979922","usgsCitation":"Cavitt, J., and Martin, T.E., 2002, Effects of forest fragmentation on brood parasitism and nest predation in eastern and western landscapes, in Studies in Avian Biology, no. 25, p. 73-80.","startPage":"73","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a06fce4b0c8380cd514e9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cavitt, J.F.","contributorId":31940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cavitt","given":"J.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399354,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024432,"text":"70024432 - 2002 - Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-15T20:02:49","indexId":"70024432","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal located in northwestern Indiana, USA. Toxicity tests used in this assessment included 10-day sediment exposures with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, 31-day sediment exposures with the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus, and the Microtox® Solid-Phase Sediment Toxicity Test. A total of 30 sampling stations were selected in locations that had limited historic matching toxicity and chemistry data. Toxic effects on amphipod survival were observed in 60% of the samples from the assessment area. Results of a toxicity test with oligochaetes indicated that sediments from the assessment area were too toxic to be used in proposed bioaccumulation testing. Measurement of amphipod length after the 10-day exposures did not provide useful information beyond that provided by the survival endpoint. Seven of the 15 samples that were identified as toxic in the amphipod tests were not identified as toxic in the Microtox test, indicating that the 10-day H. azteca test was more sensitive than the Microtox test. Samples that were toxic tended to have the highest concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The toxic samples often had an excess of simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) relative to acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and had multiple exceedances of probable effect concentrations (PECs). Metals may have contributed to the toxicity of samples that had both an excess molar concentration of SEM relative to AVS and elevated concentrations of metals in pore water. However, of the samples that had an excess of SEM relative to AVS, only 38% of these samples had elevated concentration of metals in pore water. The lack of correspondence between SEM-AVS and pore water metals indicates that there are variables in addition to AVS controlling the concentrations of metals in pore water. A mean PEC quotient of 3.4 (based on concentrations of metals, PAHs, and PCBs) was exceeded in 33% of the sediment samples and a mean quotient of 0.63 was exceeded in 70% of the thirty sediment samples from the assessment area. A 50% incidence of toxicity has been previously reported in a database for sediment tests with H. azteca at a mean quotient of 3.4 in 10-day exposures and at a mean quotient of 0.63 in 28-day exposures. Among the Indiana Harbor samples, most of the samples with a mean PEC quotient above 0.63 (i.e., 15 of 21; 71%) and above 3.4 (i.e., 10 of 10; 100%) were toxic to amphipods. Results of this study and previous studies demonstrate that sediments from this assessment area are among the most contaminated and toxic that have ever been reported.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag","doi":"10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Ingersoll, C., MacDonald, D., Brumbaugh, W.G., Johnson, B., Kemble, N., Kunz, J., May, T., Wang, N., Smith, J., Sparks, D.W., and Ireland, D., 2002, Toxicity assessment of sediments from the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Canal in northwestern Indiana, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 156-167, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"156","endPage":"167","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207015,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0051-0"}],"country":"United States","state":"Indiana","otherGeospatial":"Grand Calumet River, Indiana Harbor Canal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.55381099217959\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.74416427530836\n ],\n [\n -87.2314453125,\n 41.74416427530836\n ],\n [\n -87.2314453125,\n 41.55381099217959\n ],\n [\n -87.52395629882812,\n 41.55381099217959\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb5d6e4b08c986b32691a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, B. Thomas","contributorId":105101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B. Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kemble, N.E.","contributorId":28028,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemble","given":"N.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Kunz, J.L.","contributorId":7872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunz","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"May, T.W.","contributorId":75878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"May","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wang, N.","contributorId":81615,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Smith, J.R.","contributorId":43942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401247,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Sparks, D. W.","contributorId":99926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Ireland, D.S.","contributorId":98497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ireland","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}} ,{"id":70024428,"text":"70024428 - 2002 - Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T13:30:17.364546","indexId":"70024428","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations","docAbstract":"We infer the fine structure of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) at the top of the lithospheric mantle from high-resolution seismic observations of Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNE) on superlong-range profiles in Russia. Densely recorded seismograms permit recognition of previously unknown features of teleseismic propagation of the well known Pn and Sn phases, such as a band of incoherent, scattered, high-frequency seismic energy, developing consistently from station to station, apparent velocities of sub-Moho material, and high-frequency energy to distances of more than 3000 km with a coda band, incoherent at 10 km spacing and yet consistently observed to the end of the profiles. Estimates of the other key elements of the SMBL were obtained by finite difference calculations of wave propagation in elastic 2D models from a systematic grid search through parameter space. The SMBL consists of randomly distributed, mild velocity fluctuations of 2% or schlieren of high aspect ratios (???40) with long horizontal extent (???20 km) and therefore as thin as 0.5 km only; SMBL thickness is 60-100 km. It is suggested that the SMBL is of global significance as the physical base of the platewide observed high-frequency phases Pn and Sn. It is shown that wave propagation in the SMBL waveguide is insensitive to the background velocity distribution on which its schlieren are superimposed. This explains why the Pn and Sn phases traverse geological provinces of various age, heat flow, crustal thickness, and tectonic regimes. Their propagation appears to be independent of age. temperature, pressure, and stress. Dynamic stretching of mantle material during subduction or flow, possibly combined with chemical differentiation have to be considered as scale-forming processes in the upper mantle. However, it is difficult to distinguish with the present sets of Pn/Sn array data whether (and also where) the boundary layer is a frozen-in feature of paleo-processes or whether it is a response to an on-going processes; nevertheless, the derived quantitative estimates of the SMBL properties provide important constraints for any hypothesis on scale-forming processes. Models to be tested by future numerical and field experiments are, for example, repeated subduction-convection stretching of oceanic lithosphere (marble-cake model) and schlieren formation at mid-ocean ridges. It is also proposed that the modeling of the observed blocking of Sn and Pn propagation at active plate margins offers a new tool to study the depth range of tectonics below the crust-mantle boundary. Finally, the deduced schlieren structure of the SMBL closes an important scale gap of three to four orders of magnitude between structural dimensions studied in petrological analysis of mantle samples (xenoliths or outcrop of oceanic lithosphere) and those imaged in classical seismological studies of the lithosphere.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.44.8.671","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Fuchs, K., Tittgemeyer, M., Ryberg, T., Wenzel, F., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations: International Geology Review, v. 44, no. 8, p. 671-685, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.44.8.671.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"685","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a295de4b0c8380cd5a8d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuchs, K.","contributorId":89666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuchs","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tittgemeyer, M.","contributorId":61205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tittgemeyer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryberg, T.","contributorId":91643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wenzel, F.","contributorId":12650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenzel","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024280,"text":"70024280 - 2002 - Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024280","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls","docAbstract":"We studied the dispersal behavior of 1,475 northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) during banding and radio-telemetry studies in Oregon and Washington in 1985-1996. The sample included 324 radio-marked juveniles and 1,151 banded individuals (711 juveniles, 440 non-juveniles) that were recaptured or resighted after dispersing from the initial banding location. Juveniles typically left the nest during the last week in May and the first two weeks in June (x?? ?? SE = 8 June ?? 0.53 days, n = 320, range = 15 May-1 July), and spent an average of 103.7 days in the natal territory after leaving the nest (SE = 0.986 days, n = 137, range = 76-147 days). The estimated mean date that juveniles began to disperse was 19 September in Oregon (95% CI = 17-21 September) and 30 September in Washington (95% CI = 25 September-4 October). Mean dispersal dates did not differ between males and females or among years. Siblings dispersed independently. Dispersal was typically initiated with a series of rapid movements away from the natal site during the first few days or weeks of dispersal. Thereafter, most juveniles settled into temporary home ranges in late October or November and remained there for several months. In February-April there was a second pulse of dispersal activity, with many owls moving considerable distances before settling again in their second summer. Subsequent dispersal patterns were highly variable, with some individuals settling permanently in their second summer and others occupying a series of temporary home ranges before eventually settling on territories when they were 2-5 years old. Final dispersal distances ranged from 0.6-111.2 km for banded juveniles and 1.8-103.5 km for radio-marked juveniles. The distribution of dispersal distances was strongly skewed towards shorter distances, with only 8.7% of individuals dispersing more than 50 km. Median natal dispersal distances were 14.6 km for banded males, 13.5 km for radio-marked males, 24.5 km for banded females, and 22.9 km for radio-marked females. On average, banded males and females settled within 4.2 and 7.0 territory widths of their natal sites, respectively. Maximum and final dispersal distances were largely independent of the number of days that juveniles were tracked. Although statistical tests of dispersal direction based on all owls indicated that direction of natal dispersal was non-random, the mean angular deviations and 95% CI's associated with the samples were large, and r-values (vector length) were small. This lead us to conclude that significant test results were the result of large sample size and were not biologically meaningful. Our samples were not large enough to test whether dispersal direction from individual territories was random. In the sample of radio-marked owls, 22% of males and 44% of females were paired at 1 year of age, but only 1.5% of males and 1.6% of females were actually breeding at 1 year of age. At 2 years of age, 68% of males and 77% of females were paired, but only 5.4% of males and 2.6% of females were breeding. In contrast to the radio-marked owls, most juveniles that were banded and relocated at 1 or 2 years of age were paired, although few were breeding. Although recruitment into the territorial population typically occurred when owls were 1-5 years old, 9% of banded juveniles were not recaptured until they were > 5 years old. We suspect that our estimates of age at recruitment of banded owls are biased high because of the likelihood that some individuals were not recaptured in the first year that they entered the territorial population. A minimum of 6% of the banded, non-juvenile owls on our demographic study areas changed territories each year (breeding dispersal). The likelihood of breeding dispersal was higher for females, young owls, owls that did not have a mate in the previous year, and owls that lost their mate from the previous year through death or divorce. Mean and median distances dispersed by adults were ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Forsman, E., Anthony, R., Reid, J., Loschl, P., Sovern, S., Taylor, M., Biswell, B., Ellingson, A., Meslow, E.C., Miller, G., Swindle, K., Thrailkill, J., Wagner, F., and Seaman, D., 2002, Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls: Wildlife Monographs, no. 149, p. 1-35.","startPage":"1","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"149","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6186e4b0c8380cd719fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forsman, E.D.","contributorId":88324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsman","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reid, J.A.","contributorId":90907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loschl, P.J.","contributorId":96045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loschl","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sovern, S.G.","contributorId":21725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovern","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, M.","contributorId":97872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Biswell, B.L.","contributorId":34291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biswell","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ellingson, A.","contributorId":73371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellingson","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meslow, E. Charles","contributorId":75100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meslow","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, G.S.","contributorId":54762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Swindle, K.A.","contributorId":56414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swindle","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thrailkill, J.A.","contributorId":68067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thrailkill","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wagner, F.F.","contributorId":64840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Seaman, D.E.","contributorId":102845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seaman","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70024128,"text":"70024128 - 2002 - Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by a facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-05T14:56:21","indexId":"70024128","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anaerobic oxidation of arsenite in Mono Lake water and by a facultative, arsenite-oxidizing chemoautotroph, strain MLHE-1","docAbstract":"Arsenite [As(III)]-enriched anoxic bottom water from Mono Lake, California, produced arsenate [As(V)] during incubation with either nitrate or nitrite. No such oxidation occurred in killed controls or in live samples incubated without added nitrate or nitrite. A small amount of biological As(III) oxidation was observed in samples amended with Fe(III) chelated with nitrolotriacetic acid, although some chemical oxidation was also evident in killed controls. A pure culture, strain MLHE-1, that was capable of growth with As(III) as its electron donor and nitrate as its electron acceptor was isolated in a defined mineral salts medium. Cells were also able to grow in nitrate-mineral salts medium by using H2 or sulfide as their electron donor in lieu of As(III). Arsenite-grown cells demonstrated dark 14CO2 fixation, and PCR was used to indicate the presence of a gene encoding ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. Strain MLHE-1 is a facultative chemoautotroph, able to grow with these inorganic electron donors and nitrate as its electron acceptor, but heterotrophic growth on acetate was also observed under both aerobic and anaerobic (nitrate) conditions. Phylogenetic analysis of its 16S ribosomal DNA sequence placed strain MLHE-1 within the haloalkaliphilic Ectothiorhodospira of the γ-Proteobacteria. Arsenite oxidation has never been reported for any members of this subgroup of the Proteobacteria.
As part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment Program, fish assemblages, environmental variables, and associated mine densities were evaluated at 18 test and reference sites during the summer of 2000 in the Coeur d'Alene and St. Regis river basins in Idaho and Montana. Multimetric and multivariate analyses were used to examine patterns in fish assemblages and the associated environmental variables representing a gradient of mining intensity. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in water and streambed sediment found at test sites in watersheds where production mine densities were at least 0.2 mines/km2 (in a 500-m stream buffer) were significantly higher than the concentrations found at reference sites. Many of these metal concentrations exceeded Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) and the Canadian Probable Effect Level guidelines for streambed sediment. Regression analysis identified significant relationships between the production mine densities and the sum of Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in water and streambed sediment (r2 = 0.69 and 0.66, respectively; P < 0.01). Zinc was identified as the primary metal contaminant in both water and streambed sediment. Eighteen fish species in the families Salmonidae, Cottidae, Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Centrarchidae, and Ictaluridae were collected. Principal components analysis of 11 fish metrics identified two distinct groups of sites corresponding to the reference and test sites, predominantly on the basis of the inverse relationship between percent cottids and percent salmonids (r = -0.64; P < 0.05). Streams located downstream from the areas of intensive hard-rock mining in the Coeur d'Alene River basin contained fewer native fish and lower abundances as a result of metal enrichment, not physical habitat degradation. Typically, salmonids were the predominant species at test sites where Zn concentrations exceeded the acute AWQC. Cottids were absent at these sites, which suggests that they are more severely affected by elevated metals than are salmonids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0865:FAAEVA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00028487","usgsCitation":"Maret, T.R., and MacCoy, D.E., 2002, Fish assemblages and environmental variables associated with hard-rock mining in the Coeur d'Alene River basin, Idaho: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 5, p. 865-884, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0865:FAAEVA>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"865","endPage":"884","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231647,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207059,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0865:FAAEVA>2.0.CO;2"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Coeur D'alene River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117.0,47.0 ], [ -117.0,48.0 ], [ -114.0,48.0 ], [ -114.0,47.0 ], [ -117.0,47.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"131","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a107de4b0c8380cd53cc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maret, Terry R. trmaret@usgs.gov","contributorId":953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maret","given":"Terry","email":"trmaret@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"MacCoy, Dorene E. 0000-0001-6810-4728 demaccoy@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-4728","contributorId":948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacCoy","given":"Dorene","email":"demaccoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023908,"text":"70023908 - 2002 - Weathering reactions and hyporheic exchange controls on stream water chemistry in a glacial meltwater stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T10:09:13","indexId":"70023908","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Weathering reactions and hyporheic exchange controls on stream water chemistry in a glacial meltwater stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys","docAbstract":"In the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica, dilute glacial meltwater flows down well‐established streambeds to closed basin lakes during the austral summer. During the 6–12 week flow season, a hyporheic zone develops in the saturated sediment adjacent to the streams. Longer Dry Valley streams have higher concentrations of major ions than shorter streams. The longitudinal increases in Si and K suggest that primary weathering contributes to the downstream solute increase. The hypothesis that weathering reactions in the hyporheic zone control stream chemistry was tested by modeling the downstream increase in solute concentration in von Guerard Stream in Taylor Valley. The average rates of solute supplied from these sources over the 5.2 km length of the stream were 6.1 × 10−9 mol Si L−1 m−1 and 3.7 × 10−9 mol K L−1 m−1, yielding annual dissolved Si loads of 0.02–1.30 mol Si m−2 of watershed land surface. Silicate minerals in streambed sediment were analyzed to determine the representative surface area of minerals in the hyporheic zone subject to primary weathering. Two strategies were evaluated to compute sediment surface area normalized weathering rates. The first applies a best linear fit to synoptic data in order to calculate a constant downstream solute concentration gradient, dC/dx (constant weathering rate contribution, CRC method); the second uses a transient storage model to simulate dC/dx, representing both hyporheic exchange and chemical weathering (hydrologic exchange, HE method). Geometric surface area normalized dissolution rates of the silicate minerals in the stream ranged from 0.6 × 10−12 mol Si m−2 s−1 to 4.5 × 10−12 mol Si m−2 s−1 and 0.4 × 10−12 mol K m−2 s−1to 1.9 × 10−12 mol K m−2 s−1. These values are an order of magnitude lower than geometric surface area normalized weathering rates determined in laboratory studies and are an order of magnitude greater than geometric surface area normalized weathering rates determined in a warmer, wetter setting in temperate basins, despite the cold temperatures, lack of precipitation and lack of organic material. These results suggest that the continuous saturation and rapid flushing of the sediment due to hyporheic exchange facilitates weathering in Dry Valley streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000834","usgsCitation":"Gooseff, M.N., McKnight, D.M., Lyons, W.B., and Blum, A.E., 2002, Weathering reactions and hyporheic exchange controls on stream water chemistry in a glacial meltwater stream in the McMurdo Dry Valleys: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 12, p. 15-1-15-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000834.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"15-1","endPage":"15-17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, McMurdo Dry Valleys","volume":"38","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcfbfe4b08c986b32eaa0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gooseff, Michael N.","contributorId":191367,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gooseff","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McKnight, Diane M.","contributorId":59773,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McKnight","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":16833,"text":"INSTAAR, University of Colorado","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399295,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyons, W. Berry","contributorId":193456,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lyons","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Berry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399296,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blum, Alex E. aeblum@usgs.gov","contributorId":2845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"Alex","email":"aeblum@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":399297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023887,"text":"70023887 - 2002 - Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T11:29:44.254712","indexId":"70023887","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California","docAbstract":"We describe the three-dimensional geometry and Quaternary slip history of the Puente Hills blind-thrust system (PHT) using seismic reflection profiles, petroleum well data, and precisely located seismicity. The PHT generated the 1987 Whittier Narrows (moment magnitude [Mw] 6.0) earthquake and extends for more than 40 km along strike beneath the northern Los Angeles basin. The PHT comprises three, north-dipping ramp segments that are overlain by contractional fault-related folds. Based on an analysis of these folds, we produce Quaternary slip profiles along each ramp segment. The fault geometry and slip patterns indicate that segments of the PHT are related by soft-linkage boundaries, where the fault ramps are en echelon and displacements are gradually transferred from one segment to the next. Average Quaternary slip rates on the ramp segments range from 0.44 to 1.7 mm/yr, with preferred rates between 0.62 and 1.28 mm/yr. Using empirical relations among rupture area, magnitude, and coseismic displacement, we estimate the magnitude and frequency of single (Mw 6.5-6.6) and multisegment (Mw 7.1) rupture scenarios for the PHT.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120010291","usgsCitation":"Shaw, J., Plesch, A., Dolan, J., Pratt, T.L., and Fiore, P., 2002, Puente Hills blind-thrust system, Los Angeles, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 8, p. 2946-2960, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010291.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2946","endPage":"2960","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231704,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 33.660353121928814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9012e4b0c8380cd7fafb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shaw, J.H.","contributorId":87261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shaw","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plesch, A.","contributorId":14603,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plesch","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolan, J.F.","contributorId":64813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pratt, T. L.","contributorId":53072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fiore, P.","contributorId":98910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fiore","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015019,"text":"1015019 - 2002 - Tag retention and survival of Age-0 Atlantic salmon following surgical implantation with passive integrated transponder tags","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T15:47:54.234239","indexId":"1015019","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Tag retention and survival of Age-0 Atlantic salmon following surgical implantation with passive integrated transponder tags","docAbstract":"We evaluated an alternative to using hypodermic needles to implant passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in the body cavities of juvenile salmonids. We used surgical techniques to place PIT tags into the body cavities of 3,037 age-0 Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and then held fish under hatchery conditions for 9 months. Tag retention was 99.8% (six fish lost tags), and survival was 94.3% (174 fish died) after controlling for initial mortality (0.7%). A single tagger was able to tag 80–100 fish per hour. Surgically implanting PIT tags into the body cavities of age-0 Atlantic salmon proved to be a viable alternative to using hypodermic needles.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022%3C0219:TRASOA%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Gries, G., and Letcher, B., 2002, Tag retention and survival of Age-0 Atlantic salmon following surgical implantation with passive integrated transponder tags: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 1, p. 219-222, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022%3C0219:TRASOA%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"219","endPage":"222","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4adde4b07f02db686fbb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gries, G.","contributorId":64604,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gries","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321831,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Letcher, B. H. 0000-0003-0191-5678","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0191-5678","contributorId":48132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Letcher","given":"B.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023814,"text":"70023814 - 2002 - Karst in evaporite rocks of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-03T16:03:38","indexId":"70023814","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1184,"text":"Carbonates and Evaporites","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Karst in evaporite rocks of the United States","docAbstract":"Evaporites are the most soluble of common rocks; they are dissolved readily to form the same range of karst features that typically are found in limestones and dolomites. Evaporites, including gypsum (or anhydrite) and salt, are present in 32 of the 48 contiguous United States, and they underlie about 35-40% of the land area. Evaporite outcrops typically contain sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, and springs. Other evidence of active karst in evaporites includes surface-collapse features and saline springs or saline plumes that result from dissolution of salt. Many evaporites, including some in the deeper subsurface, also contain evidence of paleokarst that is no longer active; this evidence includes dissolution breccias, breccia pipes, slumped beds, and collapse structures. Evaporites occur in 24 separate structural basins or geographic districts in the United States, and either local or extensive evaporite karst is known in almost all of these basins or districts. Human activities also have caused development of evaporite karst, primarily in salt deposits. Boreholes or underground mines may enable (either intentionally or inadvertently) unsaturated water to flow through or against salt deposits, thus allowing development of small to large dissolution cavities. If the dissolution cavity is large enough and shallow enough, successive roof failures can cause land subsidence or catastrophic collapse. Evaporite karst, both natural and human-induced, is far more prevalent than commonly believed.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbonates and Evaporites","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/BF03176473","issn":"08912556","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K., 2002, Karst in evaporite rocks of the United States: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 17, no. 2, p. 90-97, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03176473.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"90","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232430,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.06666839558117\n ],\n [\n -95.1416015625,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -94.833984375,\n 49.439556958940855\n ],\n [\n -94.4384765625,\n 48.83579746243093\n ],\n [\n -92.373046875,\n 48.60385760823255\n ],\n [\n -91.5380859375,\n 48.28319289548349\n ],\n [\n -90.615234375,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -89.4287109375,\n 48.16608541901253\n ],\n [\n -88.330078125,\n 48.37084770238363\n ],\n [\n -84.7705078125,\n 46.92025531537451\n ],\n [\n -84.5947265625,\n 46.58906908309182\n ],\n [\n -84.287109375,\n 46.619261036171515\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 46.37725420510028\n ],\n [\n -83.7158203125,\n 46.195042108660154\n ],\n [\n -83.408203125,\n 46.10370875598026\n ],\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 45.85941212790755\n ],\n [\n -82.44140625,\n 45.398449976304086\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 43.54854811091286\n ],\n [\n -83.056640625,\n 42.032974332441405\n ],\n [\n -82.6611328125,\n 41.77131167976407\n ],\n [\n -81.298828125,\n 42.261049162113856\n ],\n [\n -80.4638671875,\n 42.32606244456202\n ],\n [\n -78.8818359375,\n 43.004647127794435\n ],\n [\n -79.27734374999999,\n 43.45291889355468\n ],\n [\n -78.79394531249999,\n 43.739352079154706\n ],\n [\n -76.86035156249999,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -74.92675781249999,\n 45.058001435398296\n ],\n [\n -71.630859375,\n 45.089035564831015\n ],\n [\n -70.7080078125,\n 45.460130637921004\n ],\n [\n -70.09277343749999,\n 46.6795944656402\n ],\n [\n -69.3017578125,\n 47.487513008956554\n ],\n [\n -68.90625,\n 47.30903424774781\n ],\n [\n -68.203125,\n 47.42808726171425\n ],\n [\n -67.7197265625,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -67.6318359375,\n 45.9511496866914\n ],\n [\n -66.796875,\n 44.84029065139799\n ],\n [\n -68.2470703125,\n 44.08758502824518\n ],\n [\n -69.9169921875,\n 43.61221676817573\n ],\n [\n -70.5322265625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 42.61779143282346\n ],\n [\n -70.48828125,\n 42.13082130188811\n ],\n [\n -70.3564453125,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -70.3125,\n 42.293564192170095\n ],\n [\n -69.78515625,\n 41.96765920367816\n ],\n [\n -69.697265625,\n 41.409775832009565\n ],\n [\n -70.13671875,\n 41.07935114946899\n ],\n [\n -71.4111328125,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -71.8505859375,\n 41.178653972331674\n ],\n [\n -71.7626953125,\n 40.78054143186031\n ],\n [\n -73.47656249999999,\n 40.51379915504413\n ],\n [\n -74.00390625,\n 40.54720023441049\n ],\n [\n -73.740234375,\n 40.07807142745009\n ],\n [\n -74.3115234375,\n 39.26628442213066\n ],\n [\n -74.8388671875,\n 38.89103282648849\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 39.13006024213511\n ],\n [\n -75.3662109375,\n 39.198205348894795\n ],\n [\n -74.8388671875,\n 38.5825261593533\n ],\n [\n -75.146484375,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 37.19533058280065\n ],\n [\n -75.5419921875,\n 36.5978891330702\n ],\n [\n -75.1025390625,\n 35.85343961959182\n ],\n [\n -76.4208984375,\n 34.488447837809304\n ],\n [\n -78.046875,\n 33.7243396617476\n ],\n [\n -78.662109375,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -79.541015625,\n 32.657875736955305\n ],\n [\n -81.123046875,\n 31.615965936476076\n ],\n [\n -81.03515625,\n 29.99300228455108\n ],\n [\n -80.37597656249999,\n 28.459033019728043\n ],\n [\n -80.2001953125,\n 27.761329874505233\n ],\n [\n -79.7607421875,\n 26.667095801104814\n ],\n [\n -79.8486328125,\n 25.720735134412106\n ],\n [\n -80.15625,\n 24.926294766395593\n ],\n [\n -81.0791015625,\n 24.407137917727653\n ],\n [\n -82.2216796875,\n 24.407137917727653\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 24.886436490787712\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 25.045792240303445\n ],\n [\n -81.5185546875,\n 25.48295117535531\n ],\n [\n -82.1337890625,\n 26.15543796871355\n ],\n [\n -82.529296875,\n 26.745610382199022\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 27.566721430409707\n ],\n [\n -83.0126953125,\n 28.536274512989916\n ],\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -83.9794921875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -84.638671875,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -85.25390625,\n 29.611670115197406\n ],\n [\n -86.2646484375,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -87.1875,\n 30.259067203213018\n ],\n [\n -87.890625,\n 30.14512718337613\n ],\n [\n -88.5498046875,\n 30.334953881988564\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 30.29701788337205\n ],\n [\n -89.296875,\n 30.06909396443887\n ],\n [\n -89.2529296875,\n 29.611670115197406\n ],\n [\n -89.033203125,\n 29.267232865200878\n ],\n [\n -88.9892578125,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -89.5166015625,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -89.82421875,\n 29.152161283318915\n ],\n [\n -90.263671875,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -90.9228515625,\n 28.998531814051795\n ],\n [\n -91.49414062499999,\n 29.075375179558346\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -91.8017578125,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -92.28515625,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -92.98828125,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -94.21875,\n 29.6880527498568\n ],\n [\n -94.658203125,\n 29.34387539941801\n ],\n [\n -95.49316406249999,\n 28.690587654250685\n ],\n [\n -96.6796875,\n 28.110748760633534\n ],\n [\n -97.119140625,\n 27.488781168937997\n ],\n [\n -97.03125,\n 26.58852714730864\n ],\n [\n -96.94335937499999,\n 25.958044673317843\n ],\n [\n -97.294921875,\n 25.839449402063185\n ],\n [\n -99.052734375,\n 26.23430203240673\n ],\n [\n -99.580078125,\n 26.78484736105119\n ],\n [\n -99.7119140625,\n 27.332735136859146\n ],\n [\n -100.01953125,\n 27.955591004642553\n ],\n [\n -100.5908203125,\n 28.8831596093235\n ],\n [\n -101.2060546875,\n 29.49698759653577\n ],\n [\n -101.953125,\n 29.76437737516313\n ],\n [\n -102.4365234375,\n 29.649868677972304\n ],\n [\n -103.0078125,\n 29.036960648558267\n ],\n [\n -104.1064453125,\n 29.38217507514529\n ],\n [\n -104.80957031249999,\n 30.107117887092382\n ],\n [\n -104.9853515625,\n 30.713503990354965\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 31.690781806136822\n ],\n [\n -108.19335937499999,\n 31.80289258670676\n ],\n [\n -108.3251953125,\n 31.316101383495624\n ],\n [\n -110.9619140625,\n 31.27855085894653\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 32.43561304116276\n ],\n [\n -114.873046875,\n 32.76880048488168\n ],\n [\n -117.158203125,\n 32.47269502206151\n ],\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 32.95336814579932\n ],\n [\n -117.6416015625,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -118.16894531249999,\n 33.578014746143985\n ],\n [\n -118.2568359375,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -119.091796875,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -120.0146484375,\n 33.284619968887675\n ],\n [\n -120.673828125,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -120.7177734375,\n 34.84987503195418\n ],\n [\n -122.08007812499999,\n 36.4566360115962\n ],\n [\n -122.73925781250001,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -123.04687499999999,\n 38.09998264736481\n ],\n [\n -123.837890625,\n 39.027718840211605\n ],\n [\n -124.365234375,\n 40.04443758460859\n ],\n [\n -124.5849609375,\n 40.64730356252251\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 41.60722821271717\n ],\n [\n -124.71679687499999,\n 42.74701217318067\n ],\n [\n -124.3212890625,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -124.01367187499999,\n 45.336701909968106\n ],\n [\n -124.27734374999999,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 47.98992166741417\n ],\n [\n -124.8046875,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -123.662109375,\n 48.3416461723746\n ],\n [\n -123.26660156249999,\n 48.40003249610685\n ],\n [\n -123.22265625000001,\n 48.777912755501845\n ],\n [\n -123.31054687499999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4063e4b0c8380cd64d06","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Kenneth S.","contributorId":31541,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Kenneth S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}