Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site (GRKO) in southwestern Montana commemorates the frontier cattle era and its formative role in shaping the culture and history of the Western United States. The ranch was designated a national historic landmark in 1960 and a unit of the National Park Service (NPS) by Congress in 1972. The GRKO is unique because of its proximity to large-scale extraction, milling, and smelting of gold, silver, copper, and lead ore from the 1860s to the 1980s in the Butte mining district. During this time, mining and milling wastes were discarded in the upper Clark Fork Basin, resulting in the deposition of large amounts of waste materials (tailings) enriched with metallic contaminants (including cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, zinc, and the metalloid trace element arsenic) in soils and in nearby streams and floodplains. Denuded vegetation and fish kills attributed to large concentrations of heavy metals caused the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to designate a 120-mile section of the Clark Fork River (hereafter referred to as the “Clark Fork”), including GRKO, to be included on the National Priority List for Superfund cleanup in 1989. In 2018, with oversight from the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, the NPS began remediation of 2.6 miles of the Clark Fork as it flows through GRKO property.
In 2019, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in collaboration with the NPS, conducted a study using time-series data from backscatter signals from fixed-point turbidity and acoustic sensors with the intent to provide a high-resolution monitoring tool to estimate metallic-contaminant concentrations (MCCs) and loads during NPS remediation of the Clark Fork. Two monitoring sites at USGS streamgages on the Clark Fork on either side of GRKO property were instrumented with turbidity and acoustic sensors and surrogate relations were developed among time-series data and MCCs. The application of high-resolution surrogate data was used to infer contaminant source and fate and evaluate MCC values relative to aquatic-life standards. Using high-resolution surrogate data, it was determined that during spring runoff and storm-related runoff events, MCCs peaked at their highest values at streamflows markedly lower and prior to peak streamflow. Because MCCs peaked prior to streamflow peaks, it could be inferred that the source of MCCs originated from channel bed sediments in close spatial proximity to the monitoring site or from nearby streambanks and floodplains. High-resolution surrogate data revealed that copper concentrations in the Clark Fork exceeded chronic aquatic-life standards 90 percent of the time when streamflow exceeded 200 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) and exceeded acute aquatic-life standards 85 percent of the time when streamflow exceeded 260 ft3/s. These data helped support NPS management goals for evaluating variation in water quality during remediation of GRKO property, evaluating MCC values relative to aquatic-life standards, and quantifying benefits from Superfund remediation activities.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235021","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the National Park Service","usgsCitation":"Ellison, C.A., Sando, S.K., and Cleasby, T.E., 2023, Application of surrogate technology to predict real-time metallic-contaminant concentrations and loads in the Clark Fork near Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, Montana, water years 2019–20: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023–5021, 70 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235021.","productDescription":"Report: x, 70 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"84","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-133560","costCenters":[{"id":685,"text":"Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":417541,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9330BXM","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water quality and streamflow data for the Clark Fork near Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site in southwestern Montana, water years 2019–20"},{"id":500715,"rank":8,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114935.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":417543,"rank":6,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5021/images"},{"id":417542,"rank":5,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":417540,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5021/sir20235021.XML","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":8,"text":"xml"},"description":"SIR 2023–5021 XML"},{"id":417539,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5021/sir20235021.pdf","text":"Report","size":"8.46 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2023–5021"},{"id":418358,"rank":7,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20235021/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2023–5021"},{"id":417538,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5021/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Montana","otherGeospatial":"Clark Fork, Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.99863083744248,\n 47.014564748966194\n ],\n [\n -113.99863083744248,\n 45.54540728416404\n ],\n [\n -112.31070324373364,\n 45.54540728416404\n ],\n [\n -112.31070324373364,\n 47.014564748966194\n ],\n [\n -113.99863083744248,\n 47.014564748966194\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Wyoming-Montana Water Science Center
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The Taurus porphyry Cu-Mo district contains four mineralized porphyry centers in the eastern interior of Alaska. All four centers were emplaced during a magmatic episode that spanned from ca. 72 to 67 Ma, with seven distinct igneous suites. Each igneous suite resulted in hydrothermal alteration and mineralization, with younger pulses overprinting older pulses. Each magmatic-hydrothermal system is not present at all four mineralized centers. Apart from the Dennison occurrence, each mineralized center records pulses of repeated intermediate-silicic magmatism and associated alteration and mineralization.
Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry U-Pb zircon crystallization ages indicate that an early quartz porphyry dike swarm ranges in age from ca. 71 to 70 Ma and is associated with potassic, sericitic, and propylitic alteration. Quartz latite intrusions were emplaced at ca. 69 Ma and exhibit early sodiccalcic alteration overprinted by potassic, sericitic, and propylitic alteration. The Taurus monzonite suite is cut by quartz latite but yielded an ca. 70 Ma emplacement age and exhibits the largest footprint of potassic and sericitic alteration. Feldspar porphyry dikes were emplaced ca. 69 Ma and have significant tourmaline-bearing potassic and sericitic alteration. This suite was followed by development of an igneous breccia with a monzonitic igneous matrix. Sodic-calcic alteration was associated with the igneous brecciation. A small stock of monzonite was emplaced at ca. 68 Ma causing locally pervasive sericite-tourmaline-pyrite alteration. The youngest suite of magmatism dated in the district is a series of granodiorite porphyry dikes with weak sodic-calcic and propylitic alteration that truncates earlier alteration assemblages.
Mineralization in the district consists of chalcopyrite and molybdenite associated with sugary quartz veins with potassium feldspar and biotite alteration envelopes (A veins). Less common banded quartz-molybdenite veins (B veins) occur with potassium feldspar envelopes. Gold occurs throughout the district and is strongly correlated with copper grade. Sericitic alteration contains lower copper contents and is predominantly associated with quartz-pyrite veins with sericite envelopes (D veins). Pyrrhotite and local arsenopyrite are present in sericitic assemblages. Pyrrhotite also occurs as inclusions in pyrite within D veins.
Magmas across the district exhibit oxidized characteristics, evidenced by the presence of abundant magnetite, rare titanite, and elevated Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* in zircon. Zircon Th/U and Yb/Gd compositions suggest a fractionation path controlled by apatite, titanite, and hornblende. Zircon rare earth element ratios and trace element data indicate two distinct batches of magma evolved from mafic parental compositions to monzonite and granodioritic compositions via fractional crystallization. In the early pulse of magma (ca. 72–69 Ma), fractional crystallization was key to ore formation. Earlier, better mineralized suites evolve to less negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* > 0.7), indicating more oxidized and higher-water-pressure conditions evidenced by the suppression of plagioclase crystallization, compared to later, more poorly mineralized suites.
The temporal and spatial evolution of the district was determined from mapping and U-Pb and Re-Os geochronology. Mapping of igneous and hydrothermal assemblages indicates that the locus of the intrusive suites and hydrothermal systems shifted spatially over time, based on the presence of high-temperature (K-silicate–dominant) alteration, which is coincident with the highest Cu and Au grades. The earliest hydrothermal system was centered at Bluff and East Taurus and transitioned to West Taurus during emplacement of the second magmatic suite. Emplacement of the third magmatic suite was centered back at East Taurus, and the fourth and fifth suites were centered at West Taurus. The latest suites were widespread without a core of high-temperature alteration marking a central locus. East Taurus contains the overlap of six of the seven magmatic and hydrothermal suites and has the highest intersected grades and tonnages in the district. The Bluff and Dennison occurrences exhibit fewer igneous suites and hydrothermal assemblages with weak mineralization. Sodic-calcic alteration, common on the deep and distal flanks of porphyry systems, is only present at West Taurus and is indicative of a localized source of high-salinity nonmagmatic fluids.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Economic Geologists","doi":"10.5382/econgeo.4999","usgsCitation":"Kreiner, D.C., Holm-Denoma, C., Pianowski, L., Flood, Z., Stevenson, D.J., Graham, G.E., Vazquez, J.A., and Creaser, R.A., 2023, Geochronology and mapping constraints on the time-space evolution of the igneous and hydrothermal systems in the Taurus Cu-Mo district, eastern Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 118, no. 4, p. 745-778, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4999.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"745","endPage":"778","ipdsId":"IP-136126","costCenters":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":435302,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9RANVXY","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"U-Pb zircon data for igneous units related to mineralization in the eastern Yukon-Tanana upland, eastern Alaska"},{"id":435301,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P972SF7V","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Re-Os Geochronologic Data for Porphyry Deposits in the Yukon-Tanana Upland, Eastern Alaska"},{"id":435300,"rank":2,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9Q6GYMH","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Zircon Trace Element Data for Igneous Units Related to Mineralization in the Eastern Yukon-Tanana Upland and nearby areas, Eastern Alaska"},{"id":416484,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Yukon Territory","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -148.83742916901255,\n 65.07747914096919\n ],\n [\n -148.81156301688165,\n 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0000-0003-3229-5440","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3229-5440","contributorId":219763,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm-Denoma","given":"Christopher S.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pianowski, Laura 0000-0002-5346-8251","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-8251","contributorId":218817,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pianowski","given":"Laura","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":870926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flood, Zachary","contributorId":304555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Flood","given":"Zachary","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":66101,"text":"Kenorland Minerals","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Stevenson, David J.","contributorId":211426,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stevenson","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":870928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Graham, Garth E. 0000-0003-0657-0365 ggraham@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0657-0365","contributorId":1031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graham","given":"Garth","email":"ggraham@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Vazquez, Jorge A. 0000-0003-2754-0456 jvazquez@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2754-0456","contributorId":4458,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vazquez","given":"Jorge","email":"jvazquez@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":501,"text":"Office of Science Quality and Integrity","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5056,"text":"Office of the AD Energy and Minerals, and Environmental Health","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":870930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Creaser, Robert A 0000-0002-7672-035X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7672-035X","contributorId":304556,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Creaser","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A","affiliations":[{"id":36696,"text":"University of Alberta","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":870931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70246673,"text":"70246673 - 2023 - Electromagnetic and magnetic imaging of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-12T11:02:01.080867","indexId":"70246673","displayToPublicDate":"2023-05-26T07:10:17","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1612,"text":"Exploration Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Electromagnetic and magnetic imaging of the Stillwater Complex, Montana, USA","docAbstract":"Modelling and analysis of helicopter electromagnetic data result in resistivity and susceptibility models and derivatives of magnetic data that characterise shallow parts of the Stillwater Complex, critical for aiding exploration and expansion of globally scarce critical and battery mineral resources that include platinum group elements, nickel, copper and chromium. The magnetic susceptibly models derived from the electromagnetic data and the tilt derivative of the magnetic data image layering, mafic dikes, banded iron formation, and serpentinised peridotite. Known areas with contact-type mineralisation are generally characterised by low resistivities and susceptibilities where the volume of mineralised rock is large and/or the depth is shallow. We use iso-cluster and edge detection analysis of both resistivities and susceptibilities to identify potential mineralisation in poorly characterised regions as well as faults. Low resistivity layers beneath large landslides reflect water saturated porous slip surfaces which can interfere with drilling. This uncommon approach of tightly linking the resistivity and susceptibility models and magnetic anomaly data to rock property, surficial geologic, drill hole and soil geochemistry data to image the geology in the upper ∼100 m, aids identification of prospective mineralised regions as well landslides and faults that can impact mineral exploration and local hazards.
Mineral resource assessments performed by the U.S. Geological Survey provide a synthesis of available information about the location of known and suspected mineral deposits. This study focuses on skarn-hosted tungsten resources in the northern Rocky Mountain region of east-central Idaho and western Montana which have seen moderate tungsten trioxide production in the past from a variety of mineralization styles including skarn, vein and replacement, and wolframite-quartz veins. The area’s geology is dominated by large Cretaceous and Tertiary plutons that are emplaced into a belt of Mesoproterozoic to Permian sedimentary rock and affected by tectonism related to the Sevier and later Laramide orogenies. Known tungsten skarn mineral sites are associated with contacts between Cretaceous plutons and calcareous and argillaceous sedimentary or metasedimentary rocks, including two skarn deposits in Montana (Calvert and Browns Lake) that are consistent with an updated grade and tonnage model.
This study (1) delineates permissive tracts where undiscovered tungsten skarn deposits may occur within 1 kilometer of the surface; (2) presents a tungsten mineral site dataset from a variety of public sources; (3) evaluates currently available geochemical, geophysical, and radiometric age data in support of tract delineation; (4) provides probabilistic estimates of the amount of tungsten and tungsten-mineralized rock that could be contained in undiscovered deposits within one major tract; (5) estimates the value of total undiscovered deposits using economic filter analysis; and (6) provides a synthesis of metallogenic controls on regional tungsten skarn and granitoid-related mineral deposits.
Two permissive tracts were delineated: the Great Falls tectonic zone (GFTZ)-Cretaceous tract, for which a quantitative assessment was performed, and the Bitterroot tract, which was assessed in a qualitative manner. The quantitative three-part assessment, conducted in August 2019, indicates that undiscovered tungsten resources might exist in skarn-type deposits within the study area. Using a negative binomial function, a mean of 4 undiscovered deposits was calculated from panel estimates. Simulation results that combine an updated grade and tonnage model with estimates of undiscovered deposits include the amounts of ore and contained tungsten trioxide at different levels of uncertainty. A mean of 250,000 metric tons and median of 200,000 metric tons contained tungsten trioxide was calculated for the undiscovered deposits within the GFTZ-Cretaceous tract. The value of undiscovered deposits was estimated using a new economic filter that considers factors such as mine type, deposit depth, deposit geometry, metallurgical recovery rate, cutoff grade, and tract area.
A review of the regional Archean to Paleogene geology suggests that ore metal (copper, molybdenum, and tungsten) variations in intrusion-related deposits of Montana and Idaho may be controlled by a number of factors including the age and composition of underlying basement terranes, depth of emplacement, pluton chemistry and degree of fractionation, redox conditions, and aqueous fluid-melt partition coefficients.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20235012","programNote":"Mineral Resources Program","usgsCitation":"Andersen, A.K., Goldman, M.A., Bennett, M.M., Dicken, C.L., Brown, P.J., and Parks, H.L., 2023, Tungsten resources of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho— A synthesis and quantitative assessment of skarn-hosted resources: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2023-5012, 87 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20235012.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 87 p.; Data Release","numberOfPages":"87","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-122167","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":500706,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_114742.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":417441,"rank":1,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9094RVV","text":"Spatial data associated with tungsten skarn resource assessment of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho","description":"Goldman, M.A., Dicken, C.L., Brown, P.J., Andersen, A.K., Bennett, M.M., and Parks, H.L., 2022, Spatial data associated with tungsten skarn resource assessment of the northern Rocky Mountains, Montana and Idaho: U.S. Geological Survey data release, https://doi.org/10.5066/P9094RVV."},{"id":417443,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5012/sir20235012.pdf","text":"Report","size":"55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":417442,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2023/5012/covrthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana","otherGeospatial":"Northern Rocky Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.93058150555078,\n 48.9704513230287\n ],\n [\n -116.93058150555078,\n 43.38357304109826\n ],\n [\n -111.08762543219147,\n 43.38357304109826\n ],\n [\n -111.08762543219147,\n 48.9704513230287\n ],\n [\n -116.93058150555078,\n 48.9704513230287\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
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P.O. Box 158
Moffett Field, CA 94035
Trace-metal concentrations in sediment and in the clam Limecola petalum (World Register of Marine Species, 2020; formerly reported as Macoma balthica and M. petalum), clam reproductive activity, and benthic macroinvertebrate community structure were investigated in a mudflat 1 kilometer (km) south of the discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP) in south San Francisco Bay, California. This report includes the data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for January 2020–December 2020 (Cain and others, 2022). These data append to long-term datasets extending back to 1974. A major focus of the report is an integrated description of the 2020 data within the context of the longer, multidecadal dataset. This dataset supports the City of Palo Alto’s Near-Field Receiving- Water Monitoring Program, initiated in 1994.
Silver and copper contamination substantially decreased at the site in the 1980s following the implementation by PARWQCP of advanced wastewater-treatment and source-control measures. Since the 1990s, concentrations of these elements in surface sediments have continued to decrease, although more slowly. For example, from 1994 to 2020, the minimum annual mean silver concentration—0.20 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg)—was observed in multiple years. In 2020, silver concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 0.28 mg/kg. These concentrations are 2 to 3 times higher than the regional background concentration. Presently (2020), sediment-copper concentrations appear to be near the regional background level. Over the same period (1994–2020), sedimentary iron and zinc exhibited modest decreases. Sedimentary aluminum, chromium, mercury, nickel, and selenium have not exhibited any trend. Since 1994, silver and copper concentrations in L. petalum have varied seasonally, apparently in response to a combination of site-specific metal exposures and cyclic growth and reproduction, as reported previously. Seasonal patterns for other elements, including chromium, mercury, nickel, selenium, and zinc, generally were similar in timing and magnitude as those for silver and copper. Downward trends in the silver and zinc concentrations in L. petalum during 1994–2020 were evident and appeared to be related to the general physiological condition of the clam, indicated by a condition index.
Biological effects of elevated silver and copper contamination at the Palo Alto site have been interpreted from data collected during and after the recession of these contaminants. Concentrations of both elements in the soft tissues of L. petalum decreased with sedimentary copper and silver. This pattern was associated with changes in the reproductive activity of L. petalum, as well as the structure of the benthic invertebrate community. Reproductive activity of L. petalum increased as metal concentrations in L. petalum decreased (Hornberger and others, 2000), and presently is stable with almost all animals initiating reproduction in the fall and spawning the following spring. Analyses of the benthic community structure indicate that the infaunal invertebrate community has shifted from one dominated by several opportunistic species when silver and copper exposures were highest to one in which the species abundance is more evenly distributed, a pattern that indicates a more stable community that is subjected to fewer stressors. Importantly, this long-term change is unrelated to other metals and other measured environmental factors, including salinity and sediment composition. In addition, two of the opportunistic species (Ampelisca abdita and Streblospio benedicti) that brood their young and live on the surface of the sediment in tubes have shown a continual decrease in dominance coincident with the decrease in metals. Both species had short-lived rebounds in abundance in 2008, 2009, and 2010 and showed signs of increasing abundance in 2020. Heteromastus filiformis (a subsurface polychaete worm that lives in the sediment, consumes sediment and organic particles residing in the sediment, and reproduces by laying its eggs on or in the sediment) showed a concurrent increase in dominance and, in the last several years before 2008, showed a stable population. H. filiformis abundance increased slightly from 2011 to 2012 and returned to pre-2011 numbers in 2020.
The reproductive mode of most species that were present in 2020 was indicative of species that were capable of movement either as pelagic larvae or as mobile adults. Although oviparous species were lower in number in this group, the authors hypothesize that these species will return slowly as more species move back into the area. The use of functional ecology was highlighted in the 2020 benthic community data, which showed that the animals that have now returned to the mudflat are those that can respond successfully to a physical, nontoxic disturbance. Today, community data show a mix of species that consume the sediment, or filter feed, those that have pelagic larvae that must survive landing on the sediment, and those that brood their young. The long-term recovery observed after the 1970s can be ascribed to the decrease in sediment pollutants.
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Geology, Minerals, Energy, & Geophysics Science Center
Menlo Park, California
U.S. Geological Survey
Building 19, 350 N. Akron Rd.
P.O. Box 158
Moffett Field, CA 94035
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with Gwinnett County Department of Water Resources, established the Long-Term Trend Monitoring program in 1996 to monitor and analyze the hydrologic and water-quality conditions in Gwinnett County, Georgia. Gwinnett County is a suburban to urban area northeast of the city of Atlanta in north-central Georgia. The monitoring program currently consists of 15 watersheds ranging in size from 1.3 to about 161 square miles. This report synthesizes watershed characteristics and hydrologic and water-quality monitoring data collected for water years (WYs) 2002–20.
The 15 study watersheds were characterized for land-surface elevations, average land-surface slopes, septic densities, sanitary sewer densities, and detention pond areas. Temporal patterns in watershed characteristics were determined for land cover (2001–19), percent imperviousness (2000–20), population density (2000–20), and building density (1950–2022). In 2001, most of the watersheds had at least 45 percent of their land cover composed of developed land cover groups, and by 2019, at least 59 percent of each watershed was developed. Land cover changes occurred most rapidly between 2004 and 2008 at most watersheds. Percent imperviousness in the study watersheds varied substantially and ranged from 14.75 to 55.13 percent in 2019.
Precipitation and runoff were quantified at all study watersheds for WYs 2002–20, and the hydrologic cycle was evaluated both annually and seasonally. Several 1-year or longer droughts occurred during this period. Study area precipitation averaged 51.5 inches per year and runoff averaged 22.5 inches per year. Variations in annual runoff were largely determined by annual precipitation but were also dependent upon watershed storage. Runoff varied seasonally because of high evapotranspiration rates in the summer and changes in base flow associated with seasonal changes in watershed storage. Fifty-one percent of runoff in the study area occurred as base flow. Watersheds with higher imperviousness had higher stormflows because of increased surface runoff and lower base flows because of reduced infiltration that recharges watershed storage.
Turbidity, water temperature, and specific conductance were continuously measured at each study site. These constituents varied seasonally, diurnally, and with streamflow. A minimum of two base-flow and six stormflow samples were collected per year at each watershed and were analyzed for 21 water-quality constituents (water temperature, laboratory specific conductance, pH, and turbidity, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, suspended sediments, nutrients, base cations, trace metals, and total dissolved solids). Concentrations of most particulate constituents were approximately one-half or more orders of magnitude higher in stormflow samples than in base-flow samples. Total copper and zinc stormflow concentrations exceeded the national recommended aquatic life criteria for acute conditions to varying degrees.
Annual loads and yields were estimated for 12 constituents (which include suspended sediments, nutrients, base cations, trace metals, and total dissolved solids) using a surrogate regression model approach and the Beale load estimator. Loads were typically higher for years with higher runoff. The proportional range of annual loads for total suspended solids, suspended-sediment concentrations, total phosphorus, and total lead, however, were 3.2 to 4.8 times larger than for annual runoff. Higher-than-expected annual sediment loads occurred in the years that also had some of the highest peak flows during the period, indicating that large storms are responsible for much of the sediment transport. Large development projects in proximity to streams also were related to years with high sediment loads. Yields from the Crooked Creek and North Fork Peachtree Creek watersheds were typically among the highest for 8 of the 12 constituents. These watersheds had the two highest amounts of developed medium plus high intensity land cover and the two highest percentages of imperviousness. Moderate to strong correlations were identified between seven of the constituent yields and the percentage of developed medium and high intensity land cover groups. Temporal trends in concentrations and loads were identified for 140 of the 300 possible watershed-time period-constituent combinations. There were substantially more negative than positive temporal trends identified during WYs 2003–10, whereas the number of negative and positive temporal trends were similar during WYs 2010–20. Measures of sediment transport had the most negative temporal trends. A few watersheds had consistent trends across several constituents; however, these trends did not appear to be associated with temporal changes in development or imperviousness.
This study provides a thorough assessment of watershed characteristics, hydrology, and water-quality conditions and trends for the 15 study watersheds and can be used to identify possible factors that affect runoff and water quality and determine changes in water-quality conditions. Watershed managers can use these data and analyses to inform management decisions regarding the designated uses of streams, minimization of flooding, protection of aquatic habitats, and optimization of the effectiveness of best management practices.
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South Atlantic Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
1770 Corporate Drive, Suite 500
Norcross, GA 30093
https://www.usgs.gov/centers/lsawsc
A suite of complementary techniques was used to examine germanium (Ge), a byproduct critical element, and co-substituent trace elements in ZnS and mine wastes from four mineral districts where germanium is, or has been, produced within the United States. This contribution establishes a comprehensive workflow for characterizing Ge and other trace elements, which captures the full heterogeneity of samples through extensive pre-characterization. This process proceeded from optical microscopy, to scanning electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, to electron microprobe analysis, prior to synchrotron-based investigations. Utilizing non-destructive techniques enabled reanalysis, which proved essential for verifying observations and validating unexpected results. In cases where the Fe content was <0.3 wt% in ZnS, cathodoluminescence imaging proved to be an efficient means to qualitatively identify trace element zonation that could then be further explored by other micro-focused techniques. Micro-focused X-ray diffraction was used to map the distribution of the non-cubic ZnS polymorph, whereas micro-focused X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) phase mapping distinguished between Ge4+ hosted in primary ZnS and a weathering product, hemimorphite [Zn4Si2O7(OH)2·H2O]. Microprobe data and μ-XRF maps identified spatial relationships among trace elements in ZnS and implied substitutional mechanisms, which were further explored using Ge and copper (Cu) X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES). Both oxidation states of Ge (4+ and 2+) were identified in ZnS along with, almost exclusively, monovalent Cu. However, the relative abundance of Ge oxidation states varied among mineral districts and, sometimes, within samples. Further, bulk XANES measurements typically agreed with micro-focused XANES (μ-XANES) spectra, but unique micro-environments were detected, highlighting the importance of complementary bulk and micro-focused measurements. Some Ge μ-XANES utilized a high energy resolution fluorescence detector, which improved spectral resolution and spectral signal-to-noise ratio. This detector opens new opportunities for exploring byproduct critical elements in complex matrices. Overall, the non-destructive workflow employed here can be extended to other byproduct critical elements to more fully understand fundamental ore enrichment processes, which have practical implications for critical element exploration, resource quantification, and extraction.
The Silverton caldera in southwest Colorado, USA hosts polymetallic veins and pervasively altered rocks indicative of porphyry copper systems. Nearly a kilometer of erosion has exposed multiple levels of the hydrothermal systems from shallow lithocaps down to quartz-sericite-pyrite veins. New airborne electromagnetic and magnetic survey data are integrated with previous alteration mapping and porphyry models to show the subsurface geophysical response of shallow to deep levels of the porphyry system. Qualitative map views show lateral changes in the magnetization and resistivity of the hydrothermally altered rocks. The volcanic terrain exhibits high magnetization and high amplitude anomalies map near-surface plutonic rocks associated with porphyry systems. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on outcrops of hydrothermally altered rocks indicate magnetite content decreases upward and outward from the source intrusions where magnetic anomaly lows are observed over the lithocaps. The resistivity maps highlight hydrothermal alteration as resistivity lows with exception being rocks having propylitic alteration. Quantitative resistivity models show low resistivity zones with an apparent thickness around 50–150 m beneath quartz-sericite-pyrite veins interpreted to be the result of supergene processes that may continue today, and the calculated magnetic source depths occur near the top of this zone. The resistivity models also show rocks having propylitic, silicic, and quartz-alunite-pyrophyllite assemblages exhibit high resistivity with depth, and argillic alteration assemblages had high resistivity due to high quartz content. This integrated approach presented in a three-dimensional environment provides guidance when exploring for porphyry copper systems in less exposed terrains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105223","usgsCitation":"Anderson, E., Yager, D., Deszcz-Pan, M., Hoogenboom, B.E., Rodriguez, B.D., and Smith, B., 2023, Geophysical data provide three dimensional insights into porphyry copper systems in the Silverton caldera, Colorado, USA: Ore Geology Reviews, v. 152, 105223, 22 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105223.","productDescription":"105223, 22 p.","ipdsId":"IP-139706","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":445219,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105223","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435558,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P99JRNU2","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Magnetic susceptibility measurements on hydrothermally altered rocks in the Silverton caldera, southwest Colorado"},{"id":409918,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Silverton caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -108.41198468872895,\n 38.21942984890151\n ],\n [\n -108.41198468872895,\n 37.34604421849235\n ],\n [\n -107.19637481288558,\n 37.34604421849235\n ],\n [\n -107.19637481288558,\n 38.21942984890151\n ],\n [\n -108.41198468872895,\n 38.21942984890151\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"152","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, Eric D. 0000-0002-0138-6166","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0138-6166","contributorId":202072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"Eric D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":858106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yager, Douglas 0000-0001-5074-4022","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5074-4022","contributorId":202073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yager","given":"Douglas","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":858107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deszcz-Pan, Maria 0000-0002-6298-5314 maryla@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6298-5314","contributorId":1263,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deszcz-Pan","given":"Maria","email":"maryla@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":858108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoogenboom, Bennett Eugene 0000-0001-8096-3533","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8096-3533","contributorId":239871,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoogenboom","given":"Bennett","email":"","middleInitial":"Eugene","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":858109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rodriguez, Brian D. 0000-0002-2263-611X brod@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2263-611X","contributorId":836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"Brian","email":"brod@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":858110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, Bruce 0000-0002-1643-2997","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-2997","contributorId":214824,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Bruce","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":858111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70237216,"text":"70237216 - 2023 - Microbial endophytes and compost improve plant growth in two contrasting types of hard rock mining waste","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-03-31T15:01:33.263845","indexId":"70237216","displayToPublicDate":"2022-08-30T06:47:11","publicationYear":"2023","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2064,"text":"International Journal of Phytoremediation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Microbial endophytes and compost improve plant growth in two contrasting types of hard rock mining waste","docAbstract":"The re-vegetation of mining wastes with native plants is a comparatively low-cost solution for mine reclamation. However, re-vegetation fails when extreme pH values, low organic matter, or high concentrations of phytotoxic elements inhibit plant establishment and growth. Our aim was to determine whether the combined addition of municipal waste compost and diazotrophic endophytes (i.e., microorganisms that fix atmospheric N2 and live within plants) could improve plant growth, organic matter accumulation, and phytostabilization of trace element contaminants in two types of hard rock mine waste. We grew a widespread native perennial grass, Bouteloua curtipendula, for one month in alkaline waste rock (porphyry copper mine) and tailings (Ag-Pb-Au mine, amended with dolomite) sourced from southeastern Arizona, United States. B. curtipendula tolerated elevated concentrations of multiple phytotoxic trace elements in the tailings (Mn, Pb, Zn), stabilizing them in roots without foliar translocation. Adding compost and endophyte seed coats improved plant growth, microbial biomass, and organic matter accumulation despite stark differences in the geochemical and physical characteristics of the mining wastes. The widespread grass B. curtipendula is a potential candidate for re-vegetating mine wastes when seeded with soil additives to increase pH and with microbial and organic amendments to increase plant growth.
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians (MBCI), conducted a baseline assessment of the physical, chemical, and biological quality of selected streams and rivers within and contiguous to the Pearl River Community (PRC) in 2017 and 2018. The MBCI is a federally recognized tribe with territories in Mississippi and Tennessee. MBCI Tribal government and communities have sovereign authority over their natural resources and are responsible for protecting the quality of waters within the Tribal lands from sources of pollution and restoring impaired waters. The quality of these surface waters has a profound effect upon the health and welfare of MBCI Tribal members. Data generated from this study may be used with other relevant water-quality data for comparison and development of Tribal water-quality standards.
The PRC territory is drained by the Pearl River and associated tributaries. Water-quality and biological samples were collected and habitat surveys were conducted at sites on the mainstem of the Pearl River and major tributaries of the Pearl River—Wolf Creek, Beasha Creek, Jones Creek, and Kentawka Creek. The selected stream sites represent a range of land use/land cover and potential sources of alteration and contamination from within their respective drainage areas. In particular, Wolf Creek watershed has the highest relative percentage of developed land.
Ambient physicochemical properties, major ions, nutrients, and organic wastewater compounds (OWCs) were analyzed quarterly from surface-water samples from October 2017 through August 2018. Physicochemical properties were also measured in June 2018 over a continuous 48-hour period. Trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed from streambed sediments in August 2018. Biological samples included the collection of periphyton algae (August 2018), benthic macroinvertebrate (March 2017 and March 2018), and fish communities (April 2018). Physical stream habitat characteristics were assessed using qualitative (March 2017 and March 2018) and quantitative surveys (August 2018).
While not directly applicable, the State of Mississippi Water Quality Standards were used as reference to evaluate Tribal water quality. Physicochemical water-quality constituents—water temperature, specific conductance (SC), pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO)—were generally within natural ranges among sites and samples, with a few exceptions that exceeded existing Mississippi water-quality standards. pH and DO periodically were below the minimum State standards at some sampled sites. Specific conductance was also relatively high at both Wolf Creek sites but did not exceed the existing maximum standard for recreational waters.
The surface water among stream sites was predominantly calcium bicarbonate type, with a shift toward sodium-bicarbonate water type at the downstream Wolf Creek (Wolf DS) site. Major ion concentrations were generally highest at the Wolf Creek sites. Nutrient concentrations were also often highest at Wolf DS, but total nitrogen and total phosphorus periodically exceeded recommended State and Federal nutrient criteria thresholds among most sampled sites. Twenty-nine OWCs, including 10 known or suspected endocrine disruptors, were detected among sites. Concentrations of OWCs were relatively low, and only 19 percent of all detections were above the reporting level.
Concentrations of copper and nickel in streambed sediments were detected above consensus-based threshold-effect concentrations (TECs) at one site each, and arsenic and chromium exceeded TECs at most sites. Concentrations of all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in streambed sediments were low and well below TECs at all sites.
The periphyton, macroinvertebrate, and fish communities at most sampled sites appear typical of central Mississippi streams; however, the diversity, composition, and abundance of taxa sampled from Wolf DS were particularly distinctive compared to other sampled stream sites. Periphyton taxa richness was low at both Wolf Creek sites, and both sites had greater abundances of diatom taxa, which are indicative of high nutrient concentrations, than of soft-algae taxa. Similarly, Wolf DS had relatively low macroinvertebrate diversity, the fewest Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa, a high abundance of Tubificid taxa, and the lowest overall Mississippi-Benthic Index of Stream Quality score. Fish species richness was also relatively low at Wolf DS compared to some other sampled sites.
Habitat characteristics also appeared to be generally typical of most central Mississippi streams. Qualitative habitat assessment scores were at or above the regional least disturbed streams for Wolf DS, the upstream Wolf Creek (Wolf US) site, and Jones Creek. Habitat scores among the remaining sites indicate fair conditions. Quantitative and qualitative habitat characteristics indicate relatively lower habitat quality at the two Beasha Creek sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20225090","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians","usgsCitation":"Driver, L.J., Hicks, M.B., and Gill, A.C., 2022, Characterization of water quality, biology, and habitat of the Pearl River and selected tributaries contiguous to and within Tribal lands of the Pearl River Community of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, 2017–18: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5090, 64 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225090.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 64 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"80","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-128827","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":409704,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":503555,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_113879.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":409702,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5090/images"},{"id":409703,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9BX5Z48","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Habitat and biological assemblage data of streams within Tribal lands of the Pearl River Community of the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, 2017–18"},{"id":409701,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5090/sir20225090.XML"},{"id":409700,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5090/sir20225090.pdf","text":"Report","size":"2.39 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2022–5090"},{"id":409699,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5090/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Mississippi","otherGeospatial":"Pearl River Community","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89,\n 32.8667\n ],\n [\n -89.5,\n 32.8667\n ],\n [\n -89.5,\n 32.7333\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 32.7333\n ],\n [\n -89,\n 32.8667\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center
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All pathogenic organisms are exposed to abiotic influences such as the microclimates and chemical constituents of their environments. Even those pathogens that exist primarily within their hosts or vectors can be influenced directly or indirectly. Yersinia pestis, the flea-borne bacterium causing plague, is influenced by climate and its survival in soil suggests a potentially strong influence of soil chemistry. We summarize a series of controlled studies conducted over four decades in Russia by Dr. Evgeny Rotshild and his colleagues that investigated correlations between trace metals in soils, plants, and insects, and the detection of plague in free-ranging small mammals. Trace metal concentrations in plots where plague was detected were up to 20-fold higher or lower compared to associated control plots, and these differences were >2-fold in 22 of 38 comparisons. The results were statistically supported in eight studies involving seven host species in three families and two orders of small mammals. Plague tended to be positively associated with manganese and cobalt, and the plague association was negative for copper, zinc, and molybdenum. In additional studies, these investigators detected similar connections between pasturellosis and concentrations of some chemical elements. A One Health narrative should recognize that the chemistry of soil and water may facilitate or impede epidemics in humans and epizootics in non-human animals.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/ijerph19169979","usgsCitation":"Kosoy, M., and Biggins, D.E., 2022, Plague and trace metals in natural systems: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health., v. 19, no. 16, 9979, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169979.","productDescription":"9979, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-139292","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":446795,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169979","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":420659,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Uzbekistan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 89.61243249363457,\n 48.466692874478724\n ],\n [\n 97.55135950387046,\n 47.62550521415008\n ],\n [\n 100.05863199276087,\n 45.61730314876178\n ],\n [\n 107.59703605851308,\n 45.61644272490017\n ],\n [\n 117.91939263544919,\n 50.016697469514526\n ],\n [\n 114.52594957787551,\n 53.226451135161994\n ],\n [\n 104.46048981621641,\n 53.650228892772446\n ],\n [\n 93.26601227091152,\n 53.58743226668929\n ],\n [\n 86.19871833540293,\n 50.60502492758772\n ],\n [\n 89.61243249363457,\n 48.466692874478724\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 131.52445743282328,\n 42.959534327424876\n ],\n [\n 133.9963905892347,\n 42.029488763129535\n ],\n [\n 140.3914092267985,\n 47.95819400683317\n ],\n [\n 134.99148683585338,\n 48.88738814243581\n ],\n [\n 133.08363821719092,\n 44.63086350828141\n ],\n [\n 131.70164687710013,\n 44.96600756264411\n ],\n [\n 131.52445743282328,\n 42.959534327424876\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 53.655114406350464,\n 45.481667787108734\n ],\n [\n 57.50335847359082,\n 46.82513492063478\n ],\n [\n 58.23209315029882,\n 50.60820394065402\n ],\n [\n 54.78716384083083,\n 50.839955137287575\n ],\n [\n 51.03936589302583,\n 51.86712489459745\n ],\n [\n 46.9304799930151,\n 50.38992855031401\n ],\n [\n 46.094105965124754,\n 48.256122327868354\n ],\n [\n 48.57953872080762,\n 45.92189885652772\n ],\n [\n 51.235842842518906,\n 46.87566419536793\n ],\n [\n 52.97267495391941,\n 46.82532952286226\n ],\n [\n 53.655114406350464,\n 45.481667787108734\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 61.93106513607361,\n 43.52165246683586\n ],\n [\n 60.98567078825775,\n 41.00558370742854\n ],\n [\n 62.64289594949247,\n 39.713860066117434\n ],\n [\n 64.25179698173943,\n 39.272687744425355\n ],\n [\n 66.9157819290491,\n 40.774219802330464\n ],\n [\n 65.46901711769192,\n 43.7560452565958\n ],\n [\n 61.93106513607361,\n 43.52165246683586\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-08-12","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kosoy, Michael","contributorId":329584,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kosoy","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":78666,"text":"KB One Health, LLC","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":882651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Biggins, Dean E. 0000-0003-2078-671X bigginsd@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2078-671X","contributorId":2522,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biggins","given":"Dean","email":"bigginsd@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70234176,"text":"sir20225073 - 2022 - Element concentrations and grain size of sediment from the Similkameen River above Enloe Dam (Enloe Reservoir) near Oroville, Washington, 2019","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-23T17:11:51.754065","indexId":"sir20225073","displayToPublicDate":"2022-08-02T12:15:55","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2022-5073","displayTitle":"Element Concentrations and Grain Size of Sediment from the Similkameen River above Enloe Dam (Enloe Reservoir) near Oroville, Okanogan County, Washington, 2019","title":"Element concentrations and grain size of sediment from the Similkameen River above Enloe Dam (Enloe Reservoir) near Oroville, Washington, 2019","docAbstract":"In 2019, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a reconnaissance survey of concentrations of 41 trace elements present in bed sediment in the reservoir on the Similkameen River upstream from Enloe Dam, near Oroville, Washington. The Similkameen River drains a watershed containing highly mineralized geologic deposits with current (2019) and historical mining activity. Results of this survey indicated that surface and subsurface sediment are substantially enriched in element concentrations of silver (Ag), arsenic (As), gold (Au), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), tin (Sn), and tellurium (Te) relative to average concentrations found in upper continental-crustal material. Conversely, concentrations of mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in sediment above Enloe Dam (Enloe Reservoir) were generally less than average concentrations in upper continental-crustal material (Hg = 0.05 milligrams per kilogram [mg/kg]; Pb =17 mg/kg). Concentrations of most trace elements were higher in the less than 63-micrometer fraction (silt) and tended to be higher in subsurface than in surface sediment. The concentrations of trace elements were compared to consensus-based aquatic toxicity reference concentrations, Washington State Department of Ecology sediment management standards, and average concentrations of upper continental-crustal material. Arsenic concentrations were consistently elevated above these criteria among samples and often exceeded sediment management standards and aquatic toxicity reference values (both threshold effects and probable effects concentrations). High concentrations of As were measured in sediment with proportionally more material in the less than 63-micrometer size fraction; this result may be related to the presence of ore-processing waste material that has entered the aquatic system from approximately 125 years of mining operations in the basin. Elevated concentrations of chromium and copper that exceed the same criteria as arsenic (As) were measured less consistently and predominantly in the fine-grain size fraction.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20225073","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Grant County Public Utility District","usgsCitation":"Cox, S.E., Curran, C.A., Spanjer, A.R., Opatz, C.C., Takesue, R.K., and Bell, J.L., 2022, Element concentrations and grain size of sediment from the Similkameen River above Enloe Dam (Enloe Reservoir) near Oroville, Washington, 2019: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2022–5073, 47 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20225073.","productDescription":"Report: x, 47 p.; Data Release","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-120573","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":404706,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P9593V04","text":"USGS data release","description":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Sediment chemistry and characteristics of samples collected in 2019 from the Similkameen River above Enloe Dam, Okanogan County, Washington (ver. 3.0, March 2022):"},{"id":404703,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5073/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":404704,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5073/sir20225073.pdf","text":"Report","size":"6.5 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIR 2022-5073"},{"id":404707,"rank":5,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5073/images"},{"id":404705,"rank":3,"type":{"id":39,"text":"HTML Document"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir20225073/full","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"SIR 2022-5073"},{"id":404708,"rank":6,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2022/5073/sir20225073.XML"},{"id":503395,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_113359.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Washington","otherGeospatial":"Enloe Dam, Enloe Reservoir","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.520263671875,\n 48.96218736991556\n ],\n [\n -119.49554443359376,\n 48.96218736991556\n ],\n [\n -119.49554443359376,\n 48.98652581047831\n ],\n [\n -119.520263671875,\n 48.98652581047831\n ],\n [\n -119.520263671875,\n 48.96218736991556\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Washington Water Science Center
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Magnetotelluric (MT) imaging results from mineral provinces in Australia and in the United States show an apparent spatial relationship between crustal-scale electrical conductivity anomalies and major magmatic-hydrothermal iron oxide-apatite/iron oxide-copper-gold (IOA-IOCG) deposits. Although these observations have driven substantial interest in the use of MT data to image ancient fluid pathways, the exact cause of these anomalies has been unclear. Here, we interpret the conductors to be the result of graphite precipitation from CO2-rich magmatic fluids during cooling. These fluids would have exsolved from mafic magmas at mid- to lower-crustal depths; saline magmatic fluids that could drive mineralization were likely derived from related, more evolved intrusions at shallower crustal levels. In our model, the conductivity anomalies then mark zones that once were the deep roots of ancient magmatic-hydrothermal mineral systems.
Numerous porphyry copper-molybdenum-gold and epithermal deposits define a belt that extends from Eastern Alaska to western Yukon, Canada. An orientation study conducted near the Taurus porphyry deposit was designed to test methods that require minimal sample collection, preparation, and analytical time to determine the viability of indicator mineral studies as a reconnaissance exploration method. Bulk stream sediments and altered and mineralized rocks were sieved to the 0.105−0.25 millimeter fraction (+140, −60 mesh) and passed over a shaking table to create a moderate to heavy mineral separate that was mounted in epoxy and subsequently analyzed using automated scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. Seven polished thin sections of core were also analyzed. Among the advantages of automated SEM techniques compared to visual mineral identification are that thousands of grains can be rapidly identified in each sample (about 1 hour per sample) and small quantities of indicator minerals that may be missed during traditional visual analyses can be detected. Automated SEM analyses of stream sediment and rock samples show that specific minerals (chalcopyrite, bornite, and jarosite) are indicators of potential mineralized areas. Svanbergite, an aluminum sulfate phosphate mineral, was identified in mineralized rocks and in nearly all stream sediment samples (up to 9 kilometers) downstream from the Taurus and other porphyry occurrences but not epithermal occurrences. It was not identified in areas with no known mineralization and thus it is possibly one of the best indicator minerals for porphyry copper (+/- molybdenum, gold) occurrences.
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Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
P.O. Box 25046, Mail Stop 973
Denver, CO 80225
A mineral resource assessment of porphyry copper deposits in the Andes Mountains of South America was done in 2005 in cooperation with geological surveys in South America. The study identified 590 million metric tons (Mt) of copper in identified resources. Continued exploration and development in the region over a 15-year period provide an opportunity to compare the predicted assessment results with new discoveries and resource growth in previously known deposits. The 2005 assessment estimated that 145 undiscovered deposits could contain a mean of 750 Mt of copper. The actual number of deposits increased (2005 to 2020) from 69 to 120 and the amount of identified copper resources increased from 590 Mt to 1600 Mt. Although most of the new deposits and copper resources are concentrated in Miocene-Pliocene and Eocene-Oligocene mineral belts, new deposits have been discovered in Jurassic and Cretaceous mineral belts. Resource growth in porphyry copper deposits known in the Andes in 2005 (1100 Mt copper) exceeds copper resources in new discoveries since 2005 (490 Mt copper) by a factor of 2.
","language":"English","publisher":"MDPI","doi":"10.3390/min12070856","usgsCitation":"Hammarstrom, J.M., 2022, Porphyry copper: Revisiting mineral resource assessment predictions for the Andes: Minerals, v. 12, no. 7, 856, 16 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070856.","productDescription":"856, 16 p.","ipdsId":"IP-140495","costCenters":[{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":467177,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/min12070856","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":463534,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru","otherGeospatial":"Andes Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -69.79432602453565,\n 12.229181057251395\n ],\n [\n -72.55918156362284,\n 12.537432813959086\n ],\n [\n -76.65036967859689,\n 8.605264219541155\n ],\n [\n -77.5313933858952,\n 4.3693406583482925\n ],\n [\n -78.03745051314064,\n 2.6963330036336117\n ],\n [\n -80.38695741918035,\n -0.47205455519917905\n ],\n [\n -80.80161338650024,\n -2.2520394516831175\n ],\n [\n -80.20745101344558,\n -3.1286920017435165\n ],\n [\n -81.18381905086858,\n -4.57957764255103\n ],\n [\n -80.73214544887122,\n -6.693062878765687\n ],\n [\n -76.15676588601617,\n -14.088095700246114\n ],\n [\n -71.07781169266308,\n -18.490556597919138\n ],\n [\n -70.14188134509165,\n -20.601299794725108\n ],\n [\n -71.77867668947817,\n -30.551209231106185\n ],\n [\n -71.61309982345578,\n -32.65750327759366\n ],\n [\n -73.75380207476348,\n -37.103198977438375\n ],\n [\n -73.25962426683748,\n -39.181241938375045\n ],\n [\n -74.61479243735947,\n -43.40348965263467\n ],\n [\n -75.69968047112569,\n -46.99679687472076\n ],\n [\n -75.87322662335538,\n -51.99217180634778\n ],\n [\n -73.04829745961749,\n -55.277557092013176\n ],\n [\n -66.35857639199327,\n -56.21445837080163\n ],\n [\n -64.86061117758999,\n -55.12575235672263\n ],\n [\n -69.5600745959766,\n -53.32706117161835\n ],\n [\n -72.06309508958151,\n -50.212384137514036\n ],\n [\n -70.91451969501992,\n -45.696770852069086\n ],\n [\n -70.84919060171143,\n -44.78270586088089\n ],\n [\n -70.94031667549109,\n -43.40575601450507\n ],\n [\n -70.6763739285605,\n -36.809167109278675\n ],\n [\n -69.93587772692513,\n -32.32527333642332\n ],\n [\n -66.55284688307763,\n -25.724670861095262\n ],\n [\n -65.43320718050134,\n -18.581147027910305\n ],\n [\n -67.58114432906436,\n -13.871064160865842\n ],\n [\n -71.22569571936256,\n -11.865952287776778\n ],\n [\n -75.789182612127,\n -6.894347019135665\n ],\n [\n -75.9918537656379,\n -1.5538777228595677\n ],\n [\n -73.74052756869624,\n 3.7536278974839092\n ],\n [\n -69.79432602453565,\n 12.229181057251395\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"12","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-07-04","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammarstrom, Jane M. 0000-0003-2742-3460 jhammars@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-3460","contributorId":1226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammarstrom","given":"Jane","email":"jhammars@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":917598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70245771,"text":"70245771 - 2022 - Potential for critical mineral deposits in Maine, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-27T12:14:56.656893","indexId":"70245771","displayToPublicDate":"2022-06-28T07:11:47","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":15677,"text":"Atlantic Geoscience","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential for critical mineral deposits in Maine, USA","docAbstract":"An analysis of the potential for deposits of critical minerals and elements in Maine presented here includes data and discussions for antimony, beryllium, cesium, chromium, cobalt, graphite, lithium, manganese, niobium, platinum group elements, rhenium, rare earth elements, tin, tantalum, tellurium, titanium, uranium, vanadium, tungsten, and zirconium. Deposits are divided into two groups based on geological settings and common ore-deposit terminology. One group consists of known deposits (sediment-hosted manganese, volcanogenic massive sulphide, porphyry copper-molybdenum, mafic- and ultramafic-hosted nickel-copper [-cobalt-platinum group elements], pegmatitic lithium-cesium-tantalum) that are in most cases relatively large, well-documented, and have been explored extensively in the past. The second, and much larger group of different minerals and elements, comprises small deposits, prospects, and occurrences that are minimally explored or unexplored. The qualitative assessment used in this study relies on three key criteria: (1) the presence of known deposits, prospects, or mineral occurrences; (2) favourable geologic settings for having certain deposit types based on current ore deposit models; and (3) geochemical anomalies in rocks or stream sediments, including panned concentrates. Among 20 different deposit types considered herein, a high resource potential is assigned only to three: (1) sediment-hosted manganese, (2) mafic- and ultramafic-hosted nickel-copper(-cobalt-platinum group elements), and (3) pegmatitic lithium-cesium-tantalum. Moderate potential is assigned to 11 other deposit types, including: (1) porphyry copper-molybdenum (-rhenium, selenium, tellurium, bismuth, platinum group elements); (2) chromium in ophiolites; (3) platinum group elements in ophiolitic ultramafic rocks; (4) granite-hosted uranium-thorium; (5) tin in granitic plutons and veins; (6) niobium, tantalum, and rare earth elements in alkaline intrusions; (7) tungsten and bismuth in polymetallic veins; (8) vanadium in black shales; (9) antimony in orogenic veins and replacements; (10) tellurium in epithermal deposits; and (11) uranium in peat.
","language":"English","publisher":"Atlantic Geology","doi":"10.4138/atlgeo.2022.007","usgsCitation":"Slack, J.F., Beck, F., Bradley, D., Felch, M.M., Marvinney, R.G., and Whittaker, A., 2022, Potential for critical mineral deposits in Maine, USA: Atlantic Geoscience, v. 58, p. 155-191, https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2022.007.","productDescription":"37 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"191","ipdsId":"IP-138621","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":49175,"text":"Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":447292,"rank":0,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeo.2022.007","text":"External Repository"},{"id":418503,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","volume":"58","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-28","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Slack, John F. 0000-0001-6600-3130 jfslack@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6600-3130","contributorId":1032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Slack","given":"John","email":"jfslack@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":876278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beck, F.M.","contributorId":313567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beck","given":"F.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876279,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bradley, D.C.","contributorId":313568,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876280,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Felch, M. M.","contributorId":313569,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Felch","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876281,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Marvinney, Robert G.","contributorId":131130,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marvinney","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":7257,"text":"Maine Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":876282,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Whittaker, A.T.H.","contributorId":313570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Whittaker","given":"A.T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":876283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70232114,"text":"70232114 - 2022 - Global tellurium supply potential from electrolytic copper refining","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-07T11:42:35.843929","indexId":"70232114","displayToPublicDate":"2022-06-05T06:40:52","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10927,"text":"Resources, Conservation & Recycling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global tellurium supply potential from electrolytic copper refining","docAbstract":"The transition towards renewable energy requires increasing quantities of nonfuel mineral commodities, including tellurium used in certain photovoltaics. While demand for tellurium may increase markedly, the potential to increase tellurium supply is not well-understood. In this analysis, we estimate the quantity of tellurium contained in anode slimes generated by electrolytic copper refining by country between 1986 and 2018, including uncertainties. For 2018, the results indicate that 1930 (1500-2700, 95% confidence interval) metric tons of tellurium were contained in anode slimes globally. This is nearly quadruple the reported tellurium production for that year. China has the greatest potential to increase tellurium supplies. However, most of the tellurium potentially recoverable by Chinese refineries appears to come from copper mined elsewhere. Further research into the business decisions associated with tellurium recovery may help translate the physical availability of tellurium into economic availability. The methodology presented here can be applied to other byproduct elements.
The clean energy transition will require a vast increase in metal supply, yet new mineral deposit discoveries are declining, due in part to challenges associated with exploring under sedimentary and volcanic cover. Recently, several case studies have demonstrated links between lithospheric electrical conductors imaged using magnetotelluric (MT) data and mineral deposits, notably Iron Oxide Copper Gold (IOCG). Adoption of MT methods for exploration is therefore growing but the general applicability and relationship with many other deposit types remains untested. Here, we compile a global inventory of MT resistivity models from Australia, North and South America, and China and undertake the first quantitative assessment of the spatial association between conductors and three mineral deposit types commonly formed in convergent margin settings. We find that deposits formed early in an orogenic cycle such as volcanic hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) and copper porphyry deposits show weak to moderate correlations with conductors in the upper mantle. In contrast, deposits formed later in an orogenic cycle, such as orogenic gold, show strong correlations with mid-crustal conductors. These variations in resistivity response likely reflect mineralogical differences in the metal source regions of these mineral systems and suggest a metamorphic-fluid source for orogenic gold is significant. Our results indicate the resistivity structure of mineralized convergent margins strongly reflects late-stage processes and can be preserved for hundreds of millions of years. Discerning use of MT is therefore a powerful tool for mineral exploration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1038/s41598-022-11921-2","usgsCitation":"Kirkby, A., Czarnota, K., Huston, D.L., Champion, D.C., Doublier, M.P., Bedrosian, P.A., Duan, J., and Heinson, G., 2022, Lithospheric conductors reveal source regions of convergent margin mineral systems: Scientific Reports, v. 12, 8190, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11921-2.","productDescription":"8190, 10 p.","ipdsId":"IP-130445","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501609,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-11921-2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":501583,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Australia, China","otherGeospatial":"North America, South America","volume":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-05-17","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kirkby, Alison 0000-0003-1361-440X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1361-440X","contributorId":222461,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirkby","given":"Alison","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Czarnota, Karol","contributorId":259291,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Czarnota","given":"Karol","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huston, David L.","contributorId":259293,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Huston","given":"David","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Champion, David C.","contributorId":259290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Champion","given":"David","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doublier, Michael P.","contributorId":259292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doublier","given":"Michael","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bedrosian, Paul A. 0000-0002-6786-1038 pbedrosian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6786-1038","contributorId":839,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bedrosian","given":"Paul","email":"pbedrosian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":957960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Duan, Jinming","contributorId":367954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Duan","given":"Jinming","affiliations":[{"id":35920,"text":"Geoscience Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Heinson, Graham","contributorId":211596,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Heinson","given":"Graham","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":36897,"text":"University of Adelaide","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":957962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70230401,"text":"70230401 - 2022 - Preliminary petrographic and geochemical data for potential source rocks for sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Lake Superior portion of the Midcontinent Rift","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-09T23:24:24.563269","indexId":"70230401","displayToPublicDate":"2022-05-11T13:49:57","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary petrographic and geochemical data for potential source rocks for sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Lake Superior portion of the Midcontinent Rift","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Institute on Lake Superior Geology: Proceedings, 2022","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"68th Annual Meeting: Institute on Lake Superior Geology","conferenceDate":"May 10-11, 2022","conferenceLocation":"Sudbury, Ontario, Canada","language":"English","publisher":"Institute on Lake Superior Geology","usgsCitation":"Hayes, T.S., and Mazdab, F., 2022, Preliminary petrographic and geochemical data for potential source rocks for sediment-hosted stratabound copper deposits in the Lake Superior portion of the Midcontinent Rift, in Institute on Lake Superior Geology: Proceedings, 2022, v. 68, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, May 10-11, 2022, p. 27-28.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"27","endPage":"28","ipdsId":"IP-139851","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":410255,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":410254,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.lakesuperiorgeology.org/Volumes.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -90.28036239412515,\n 46.8\n ],\n [\n -90.28036239412515,\n 46.489824751406104\n ],\n [\n -89.49724152382714,\n 46.489824751406104\n ],\n [\n -89.49724152382714,\n 46.8\n ],\n [\n -90.28036239412515,\n 46.8\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"68","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, Timothy S. 0000-0002-1224-4219","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1224-4219","contributorId":290116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":840306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mazdab, Frank K.","contributorId":290118,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mazdab","given":"Frank K.","affiliations":[{"id":62341,"text":"University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences; 1040 E. 4th St.; Tucson, AZ 85721-0077","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":840307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70230801,"text":"70230801 - 2022 - Rock-to-metal ratio: A foundational metric for understanding mine wastes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-01T15:22:04.367002","indexId":"70230801","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-25T09:50:53","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rock-to-metal ratio: A foundational metric for understanding mine wastes","docAbstract":"The quantity of ore mined and waste rock (i.e., overburden or barren rock) removed to produce a refined unit of a mineral commodity, its rock-to-metal ratio (RMR), is an important metric for understanding mine wastes and environmental burdens. In this analysis, we provide a comprehensive examination of RMRs for 25 commodities for 2018. The results indicate significant variability across commodities. Precious metals like gold have RMRs in the range of 105–106, while iron ore and aluminum are on the order of 101. The results also indicate significant variability across operations for a single commodity. The interquartile range of RMRs for individual cobalt operations, for example, varies from 465 to 2157, with a global RMR of 859. RMR variability is mainly driven by ore grades and revenue contribution. The total attributable ore mined and waste rock removed in the production of these 25 commodities sums to 37.6 billion metric tons, 83% of which is attributable to iron ore, copper, and gold. RMRs provide an additional dimension for evaluating the impact of materials and material choice trade-offs. The results can enhance life cycle inventories and be extended to evaluate areas of surface disturbances, mine tailings, energy requirements, and associated greenhouse gas emissions.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/acs.est.1c07875","usgsCitation":"Nassar, N.T., Lederer, G.W., Brainard, J.L., Padilla, A.J., and Lessard, J.D., 2022, Rock-to-metal ratio: A foundational metric for understanding mine wastes: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 56, no. 10, p. 6710-6721, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07875.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"6710","endPage":"6721","ipdsId":"IP-133695","costCenters":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448020,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c07875","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":399668,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"56","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-04-25","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nassar, Nedal T. 0000-0001-8758-9732 nnassar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-9732","contributorId":197864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nassar","given":"Nedal","email":"nnassar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lederer, Graham W. 0000-0002-9505-9923","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-9923","contributorId":202407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lederer","given":"Graham","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841377,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Brainard, Jamie L. 0000-0002-1712-0821","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1712-0821","contributorId":201465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brainard","given":"Jamie","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841378,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Padilla, Abraham J. 0000-0002-8371-533X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8371-533X","contributorId":290608,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padilla","given":"Abraham","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":432,"text":"National Minerals Information Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":841379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lessard, Joseph D.","contributorId":290609,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lessard","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":62455,"text":"Apple Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":841380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70231662,"text":"70231662 - 2022 - Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the global ocean: New sources for critical metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T13:53:03.596218","indexId":"70231662","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-21T08:24:44","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"8","title":"Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the global ocean: New sources for critical metals","docAbstract":"The transition from a global hydrocarbon economy to a green energy economy and the rapidly growing middle class in developing countries are driving the need for considerable new sources of critical materials. Deep-ocean minerals, namely cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts and polymetallic nodules, are two such new resources generating interest.
Polymetallic nodules are essentially two-dimensional mineral deposits sitting on abyssal plain sediments at about 3,500–6,000 m water depths. Metals of economic interest enriched in nodules include nickel, copper, manganese, cobalt and molybdenum. Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts are also two-dimensional deposits forming pavements on rock outcrops on seamounts and ridges at water depths of 400–7,000 m. Metals of economic interest for crusts include cobalt, manganese, nickel, molybdenum, tellurium, platinum, vanadium and rare earth elements.
A conservative estimate is that 21.1 billion dry tons of polymetallic nodules exist in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) manganese nodule field, the largest in area and tonnage of the known global nodule fields. Based on that estimate, tonnages of many critical metals in the CCZ nodules are greater than those found in global terrestrial reserves. About 7.5 billion dry tons of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts are estimated to occur in the Pacific Ocean Prime Crust Zone, the area with the highest tonnage of critical-metal-rich crust deposits, with many elements contained therein estimated to be greater than those found in global terrestrial reserves.
Deep-ocean mining has not yet been carried out in the Exclusive Economic Zone of any nation, nor in the Areas beyond national jurisdiction, although extensive mineral exploration and environmental studies are being conducted and exploitation regulations codified, indicating that mining activities will likely begin in the near future. If deep-ocean mining follows the evolution of offshore production of petroleum, we can expect that about 35–45 per cent of the demand for critical metals will come from deep-ocean mines by 2065.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The United Nations convention on the law of the sea, part XI regime and the international seabed authority: A twenty-five year journey","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Brill","doi":"10.1163/9789004507388_013","usgsCitation":"Hein, J.R., and Mizell, K., 2022, Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the global ocean: New sources for critical metals, chap. 8 of The United Nations convention on the law of the sea, part XI regime and the international seabed authority: A twenty-five year journey, p. 177-197, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004507388_013.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"177","endPage":"197","ipdsId":"IP-120065","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":400806,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":400795,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004507388/BP000021.xml"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hein, James R. 0000-0002-5321-899X jhein@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":140835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"James","email":"jhein@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843289,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mizell, Kira 0000-0002-5066-787X kmizell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5066-787X","contributorId":4914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mizell","given":"Kira","email":"kmizell@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":843290,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70230029,"text":"sir20215101 - 2022 - Aquatic-life criteria compared to concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in streams near Fort Polk Military Reservation, Louisiana, December 2015–August 2016","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-04-02T19:40:54.308381","indexId":"sir20215101","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-14T08:38:54","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":334,"text":"Scientific Investigations Report","code":"SIR","onlineIssn":"2328-0328","printIssn":"2328-031X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2021-5101","displayTitle":"Aquatic-Life Criteria Compared to Concentrations of Cadmium, Copper, Lead, and Zinc in Streams near Fort Polk Military Reservation, Louisiana, December 2015–August 2016","title":"Aquatic-life criteria compared to concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in streams near Fort Polk Military Reservation, Louisiana, December 2015–August 2016","docAbstract":"The primary focus of this study was to document cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc concentrations in selected streams near the U.S. Army Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) and Fort Polk Military Reservation and to compare those values to Federal and State aquatic-life criteria guidelines. The acute aquatic-life criteria used for this study are as follows: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) aquatic-life criterion maximum concentration (CMC) based on hardness, the EPA CMC for copper based on the biotic ligand model (BLM), and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) acute aquatic-life criteria based on hardness. The chronic aquatic-life criteria used for this study are as follows: the EPA aquatic-life criterion continuous concentration (CCC) based on hardness, the EPA CCC for copper based on the BLM, and the LDEQ chronic aquatic-life criteria based on hardness.
Cadmium was detected in one stream-water sample collected near the Peason Ridge training area, hereinafter referred to as Peason Ridge, and one stream-water sample collected near North and South Fort Polk, hereinafter referred to as the Main Post. A cadmium concentration of an estimated (E) 0.48 microgram per liter (μg/L) in a stream-water sample collected during high stage near Peason Ridge exceeded the EPA CMC of 0.10 μg/L. A second cadmium concentration of E0.33 μg/L in a stream-water sample collected during low stage exceeded the EPA CMC of 0.22 μg/L, and a 4-day average cadmium concentration of E0.16 μg/L exceeded the EPA CCC of 0.14 μg/L.
Copper was detected in 34 stream-water samples collected near Peason Ridge and 22 stream-water samples collected near the Main Post. The EPA acute criteria for copper were exceeded 17 times in stream-water samples collected near Peason Ridge and 19 times in stream-water samples collected near the Main Post. The EPA chronic criteria for copper were exceeded five times in stream-water samples collected near Peason Ridge and seven times in stream-water samples collected near the Main Post.
Lead was detected in 31 stream-water samples collected near Peason Ridge and 16 stream-water samples collected near the Main Post. A concentration of 6.0 μg/L in a stream-water sample collected during high stage at site 2 near Peason Ridge exceeded the EPA CMC of 5.5 μg/L, and a concentration of 4.1 μg/L in a stream-water sample collected during high stage at site 4 near the Main Post exceeded the EPA CMC of 2.9 μg/L. The EPA chronic criteria for lead were exceeded nine times in stream-water samples collected near Peason Ridge and three times in stream-water samples collected near the Main Post. The LDEQ chronic criteria were exceeded two times in stream-water samples near Peason Ridge and none near the Main Post.
Zinc was detected in 35 stream-water samples collected near Peason Ridge and 17 stream-water samples collected near the Main Post. A concentration of 100 μg/L in a stream-water sample collected at site 3 near Peason Ridge exceeded the EPA CMC of 8.9 μg/L and the LDEQ acute aquatic-life criteria of 36 μg/L. One 4-day average zinc concentration, E28 μg/L for stream-water samples collected from site 3 near Peason Ridge, exceeded the EPA CCC of 8.2 μg/L; however, no concentrations of zinc exceeded the LDEQ chronic aquatic-life criteria near Peason Ridge or the Main Post.
The presence of copper, lead, and zinc at concentrations above the calculated acute or chronic aquatic-life criteria for some stream-water samples collected in relatively pristine streams near Peason Ridge and the Main Post indicates that these waters are susceptible to elevated trace element concentrations likely because of low ionic strength and hardness.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sir20215101","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Army Joint Readiness Training Center and the Fort Polk Military Reservation","usgsCitation":"Tollett, R.W., 2022, Aquatic-life criteria compared to concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in streams near Fort Polk Military Reservation, Louisiana, December 2015–August 2016: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2021–5101, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20215101.","productDescription":"Report: viii, 40 p.; Data Release; Dataset","numberOfPages":"52","onlineOnly":"Y","ipdsId":"IP-106720","costCenters":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":397567,"rank":3,"type":{"id":31,"text":"Publication XML"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5101/sir20215101.XML"},{"id":397566,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5101/sir20215101.pdf","text":"Report","size":"4.37 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":502115,"rank":7,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_112935.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":397571,"rank":6,"type":{"id":28,"text":"Dataset"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F7P55KJN","text":"USGS National Water Information System database","linkHelpText":"—USGS water data for the Nation"},{"id":397570,"rank":5,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/F74M93FJ","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Water-quality and grain-size data collected at three sites near the Peason Ridge training area and two sites near the Main Post at the Joint Readiness Training Center and Fort Polk, 2015–2016"},{"id":397568,"rank":4,"type":{"id":34,"text":"Image Folder"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5101/images"},{"id":397565,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2021/5101/coverthb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","otherGeospatial":"Fort Polk Military Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.39340209960938,\n 30.9187201197222\n ],\n [\n -92.58865356445312,\n 30.9187201197222\n ],\n [\n -92.58865356445312,\n 31.431006719178512\n ],\n [\n -93.39340209960938,\n 31.431006719178512\n ],\n [\n -93.39340209960938,\n 30.9187201197222\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Director, Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center
U.S. Geological Survey
640 Grassmere Park, Suite 100
Nashville, TN 37211
In this paper, an economical and effective soft pressure sensor for underwater sea lamprey detection is proposed, which consists of an array of piezoresistive elements between two layers of perpendicular copper tape electrodes, forming a passive resistor network. With multiplexers, the apparent resistance corresponding to each pixel of the sensing matrix can be measured directly, where the pixel is identified with the row and the column of the respective electrodes. However, this measured two-point resistance is not equal to the actual cell resistance for that pixel due to the crosstalk effect in the resistor network. Since the cell resistance reflects directly the pressure applied on each pixel, the relationship between the cell resistance and the measured two-point resistance is analyzed for a passive matrix of any size. More importantly, several regularized least-squares algorithms are proposed to reconstruct the cell resistance profile from the two-point resistance measurements, with enhanced robustness of the reconstruction in the presence of measurement noises and modeling errors. The proposed pressure sensor is applied to detect the suction attachment of sea lampreys, a devastating invasive species in the Great Lakes region. Experimental results demonstrate that the pressure sensor can successfully capture the rim profile of the lamprey’s sucking mouth. Moreover, the performance and computational complexity of the reconstruction algorithms with different regularization functions are compared.
","language":"English","publisher":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2022.3166693","usgsCitation":"Shi, H., Gonzalez-Afanador, I., Holbrook, C., Sepulveda, N., and Tan, X., 2022, Soft pressure sensor for underwater sea lamprey detection: IEEE Sensors Journal, v. 22, no. 10, p. 9932-9944, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2022.3166693.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"9932","endPage":"9944","ipdsId":"IP-137437","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":422010,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shi, Hongyang 0000-0003-4135-3673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4135-3673","contributorId":214760,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shi","given":"Hongyang","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":886497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gonzalez-Afanador, Ian","contributorId":270225,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez-Afanador","given":"Ian","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":886498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Holbrook, Christopher M. 0000-0001-8203-6856 cholbrook@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8203-6856","contributorId":139681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holbrook","given":"Christopher","email":"cholbrook@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":886499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sepulveda, Nelson","contributorId":264255,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nelson","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6601,"text":"Michigan State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":886500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tan, Xiaobo 0000-0002-5542-6266","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5542-6266","contributorId":214765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tan","given":"Xiaobo","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":886501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70237059,"text":"70237059 - 2022 - Hyperspectral remote sensing of white mica: A review of imaging and point-based spectrometer studies for mineral resources, with spectrometer design considerations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T15:46:20.818247","indexId":"70237059","displayToPublicDate":"2022-04-09T10:41:15","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3254,"text":"Remote Sensing of Environment","printIssn":"0034-4257","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hyperspectral remote sensing of white mica: A review of imaging and point-based spectrometer studies for mineral resources, with spectrometer design considerations","docAbstract":"Over the past ~30 years, hyperspectral remote sensing of chemical variations in white mica have proven to be useful for ore deposit studies in a range of deposit types. To better understand mineral deposits and to guide spectrometer design, this contribution reviews relevant papers from the fields of remote sensing, spectroscopy, and geology that have utilized spectral changes caused by chemical variation in white micas. This contribution reviews spectral studies conducted at the following types of mineral deposits: base metal sulfide, epithermal, porphyry, sedimentary rock hosted gold deposits, orogenic gold, iron oxide copper gold, and unconformity-related uranium. The structure, chemical composition, and spectral features of white micas, in this contribution defined as muscovite, paragonite, celadonite, phengite, illite, and sericite, are given. Reviewed laboratory spectral studies determined that shifts in the position of the white mica 2200 nm combination feature of 1 nm correspond to a change in Aloct content of approximately ±1.05%. Many of the reviewed spectral studies indicated that a shift in the position of the white mica 2200 nm combination feature of 1 nm was geologically significant.
A sensitivity analysis of spectrometer characteristics; bandpass, sampling interval, and channel position, is conducted using spectra of 19 white micas with deep absorption features to determine minimum characteristics required to accurately measure a shift in the position of the white mica 2200 nm combination feature. It was determined that a sampling interval < 16.3 nm and bandpass <17.5 nm are needed to achieve a root mean square error (RMSE) of 2 nm, whereas a sampling interval < 8.8 nm and bandpass <9.8 nm are needed to achieve a RMSE of 1 nm. For comparison, commonly used imaging spectrometers HyMap, AVIRIS-Classic, SpecTIR®'s AisaFENIX 1K, and HySpextm SWIR 384 have 2.1, 1.2, 0.96, and 0.95 nm RMSE in determining the position of the 2200 nm white mica combination feature, respectively.
An additional sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the effect of signal to noise ratio (SNR) on the RMSE of the position of the white mica 2200 nm combination feature, using spectra of 18 white micas with deep absorption features. For a spectrometer with sampling interval and bandpass of 1 nm, we estimate that RMSEs of 1 and 1.5 nm are achievable with spectra having a minimum SNR of approximately 246 and 64, respectively. For a spectrometer with sampling interval and bandpass of 5 nm, we estimate that RMSEs of 1 and 1.5 nm are attainable with spectra having a minimum SNR of approximately 431 and 84, respectively. When using a spectrometer with a sampling interval 8.8 nm and a bandpass of 9.8 nm, a RMSE of 1 is only achievable with convolved, noiseless reference spectra. For the 8.8_9.8 nm spectrometer, spectra with SNR of 250 and 100 result in RMSE of 1.1 and 1.3, respectively. Therefore, fine spectral resolution characteristics achieve RMSEs better than 1 nm for high SNR spectra while spectrometers with coarse spectral resolution have larger RMSE, perform well with noisy data, and are useful for white mica studies if RMSE of 1.1 to 1.5 nm is acceptable.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.rse.2022.113000","usgsCitation":"Meyer, J.M., Holley, E.A., and Kokaly, R.F., 2022, Hyperspectral remote sensing of white mica: A review of imaging and point-based spectrometer studies for mineral resources, with spectrometer design considerations: Remote Sensing of Environment, v. 275, 113000, 18 p., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113000.","productDescription":"113000, 18 p.","ipdsId":"IP-133226","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":448175,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2022.113000","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":435886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P92VF8HP","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"HySpex by NEO VNIR-1800 and SWIR-384 imaging spectrometer radiance and reflectance data, with associated ASD FieldSpec® NG calibration data, collected at Cripple Creek Victor mine, Cripple Creek, Colorado, 2017"},{"id":407517,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"275","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, John Michael 0000-0003-2810-9414","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2810-9414","contributorId":297062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holley, Elizabeth A. 0000-0003-2504-4555","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2504-4555","contributorId":265154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holley","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":6606,"text":"Colorado School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":853195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kokaly, Raymond F. 0000-0003-0276-7101","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-7101","contributorId":205165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kokaly","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":5078,"text":"Southwest Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":853196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70228752,"text":"sim3483 - 2022 - Geologic map of the South Boston 30' × 60' quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":17533,"text":"ofr93244 - 1993 - Preliminary geologic map of the South Boston 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina","indexId":"ofr93244","publicationYear":"1993","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary geologic map of the South Boston 30 x 60 minute quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70228752,"text":"sim3483 - 2022 - Geologic map of the South Boston 30' × 60' quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina","indexId":"sim3483","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"title":"Geologic map of the South Boston 30' × 60' quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-31T21:19:34.48763","indexId":"sim3483","displayToPublicDate":"2022-03-18T07:15:00","publicationYear":"2022","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":333,"text":"Scientific Investigations Map","code":"SIM","onlineIssn":"2329-132X","printIssn":"2329-1311","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"3483","displayTitle":"Geologic Map of the South Boston 30' × 60' Quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina","title":"Geologic map of the South Boston 30' × 60' quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina","docAbstract":"This 1:100,000-scale geologic map of the South Boston 30’ × 60’ quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina, provides geologic information for the Piedmont along the I–85 and U.S. Route 58 corridors and in the Roanoke River watershed, which includes the John H. Kerr Reservoir and Lake Gaston. The Raleigh terrane (located on the eastern side of the map) contains Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic(?) polydeformed, amphibolite-facies gneisses and schists. The Carolina slate belt of the Carolina terrane (located in the central part of the map) contains Neoproterozoic metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks at greenschist facies. Although locally complicated, the slate-belt structure mapped across the South Boston map area is generally a broad, complex anticlinorium of the Hyco Formation (here called the Chase City anticlinorium) and is flanked to the west and east by synclinoria, which are cored by the overlying Aaron and Virgilina Formations. The western flank of the Carolina terrane (located in the western-central part of the map) contains similar rocks at higher metamorphic grade. This terrane includes epidote-amphibolite-facies to amphibolite-facies gneisses of the Neoproterozoic Country Line complex, which extends north-northeastward across the map. The Milton terrane (located on the western side of the map) contains Ordovician amphibolite-facies metavolcanic and metasedimentary gneisses of the Cunningham complex.
Crosscutting relations and fabrics in mafic to felsic plutonic rocks constrain the timing of Neoproterozoic to late Paleozoic deformations across the Piedmont. In the eastern part of the map, a 5- to 9-kilometer-wide band of tectonic elements that contains two late Paleozoic mylonite zones (Nutbush Creek and Lake Gordon) and syntectonic granite (Buggs Island pluton) separates the Raleigh and Carolina terranes. Amphibolite-facies, infrastructural metaigneous and metasedimentary rocks east of the Lake Gordon mylonite zone are generally assigned to the Raleigh terrane. In the western part of the map area, a 5- to 8-kilometer-wide band of late Paleozoic tectonic elements includes the Hyco and Clover shear zones, syntectonic granitic sheets, and amphibolite-facies gneisses along the western margin of the Carolina terrane at its boundary with the Milton terrane. This band of tectonic elements is also the locus for early Mesozoic extensional faults associated with the early Mesozoic Scottsburg, Randolph, and Roanoke Creek rift basins.
The map shows fluvial terrace deposits of sand and gravel on hills and slopes near the Roanoke and Dan Rivers. The terrace deposits that are highest in altitude are the oldest. Saprolite regolith is spatially associated with geologic source units and is not shown separately on the map.
Mineral resources in the area include gneiss and granite quarried for crushed stone, tungsten-bearing vein deposits of the Hamme district, and copper and gold deposits of the Virgilina district. Surface-water resources are abundant and include rivers, tributaries, the John H. Kerr Reservoir, and Lake Gaston. Groundwater flow is concentrated in saprolite regolith, along fractures in the crystalline bedrock, and along fractures and bedding-plane partings in the Mesozoic rift basins.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/sim3483","usgsCitation":"Horton, J.W., Jr., Peper, J.D., Burton, W.C., Weems, R.E., and Sacks, P.E., 2022, Geologic map of the South Boston 30' × 60' quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3483, 1 sheet, scale 1:100,000, 46-p. pamphlet, https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3483. [Supersedes USGS Open-File Report 93–244.]","productDescription":"Pamphlet: vi, 46 p.; 1 Sheet: 62.00 x 35.00 inches; Data Release","numberOfPages":"46","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","ipdsId":"IP-112223","costCenters":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":501889,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_112691.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":396136,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3483/sim3483_map.pdf","text":"Map","size":"38.7 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3483 map"},{"id":396134,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3483/coverthb2.jpg"},{"id":396135,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3483/sim3483_pamphlet.pdf","text":"Pamphlet","size":"871 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"SIM 3483 pamphlet"},{"id":396935,"rank":4,"type":{"id":30,"text":"Data Release"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.5066/P98AQDR7","text":"USGS data release","linkHelpText":"Database for the Geologic Map of the South Boston 30' × 60' Quadrangle, Virginia and North Carolina"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina, Virginia","otherGeospatial":"South Boston 30 x 60 minute quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -79,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 36.5\n ],\n [\n -78,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -79,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -79,\n 36.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","contact":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Mail Stop 926A
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive
Reston, VA 20192