{"pageNumber":"3","pageRowStart":"50","pageSize":"25","recordCount":198,"records":[{"id":70031766,"text":"70031766 - 2008 - Natural history and breeding biology of the Rusty-breasted Antpitta (Grallaricula ferrugineipectus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:07","indexId":"70031766","displayToPublicDate":"2008-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2008","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natural history and breeding biology of the Rusty-breasted Antpitta (Grallaricula ferrugineipectus)","docAbstract":"We provide substantial new information on the breeding biology of the Rusty-breasted Antpitta (Grallaricula ferrugineipectus ferrugineipectus) from 40 nests during four consecutive breeding seasons at Yacambu National Park in Venezuela. Vocalizations are quite variable in G. ferrugineipectus. Nesting activity peaked in April when laying began for half of all nests monitored. The date of nest initiation pattern suggests this species is single-brooded. Both parents incubate and the percent of time they incubate is high (87-99%) throughout the incubation period. The incubation period averaged (?? SE) 17.0 ?? 0.12 days, while the nestling period averaged 13.37 ?? 0.37 days. G. f. ferrugineipectus has the shortest developmental time described for its genus. Time spent brooding nestlings decreased as nestlings grew, but was still greater at pin feather break day than observed in north temperate species. The growth rate constant based on mass (k = 0.41) and tarsus length (k = 0.24) was lower than the k for north temperate species of similar adult mass. All nesting mortality was caused by predation and overall daily survival rate (?? SE) was relatively low (0.94 ?? 0.01) yielding an estimated 15% nest success.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1676/07-007.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"Niklison, A.M., Areta, J., Ruggera, R., Decker, K.L., Bosque, C., and Martin, T.E., 2008, Natural history and breeding biology of the Rusty-breasted Antpitta (Grallaricula ferrugineipectus): Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 120, no. 2, p. 345-352, https://doi.org/10.1676/07-007.1.","startPage":"345","endPage":"352","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":212581,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/07-007.1"},{"id":240086,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"120","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6318e4b0c8380cd722ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Niklison, Alina M.","contributorId":21760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niklison","given":"Alina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Areta, J.I.","contributorId":79709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Areta","given":"J.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruggera, R.A.","contributorId":54798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruggera","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Decker, Karie L.","contributorId":51094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"Karie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bosque, C.","contributorId":13439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bosque","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":433029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70205900,"text":"70205900 - 2007 - Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-10T15:26:59","indexId":"70205900","displayToPublicDate":"2007-12-31T10:53:04","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil","docAbstract":"<p>Since 2005, oil price increases have greatly increased investment in the production of extra- heavy oil and natural bitumen (tar sands or oil sands) to supplement conventional oil supplies. These oils are characterised by their high viscosity, high density (low API gravity), and high concentrations of nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and heavy metals. Extra-heavy oil and natural bitumen are the remnants of very large volumes of conventional oils that have been generated and subsequently degraded, principally by bacterial action. Chemically and texturally, they resemble the residuum produced by refinery distillation of light oil. Although these viscous oils are much more costly to extract, transport and refine than conventional oils, production levels have increased to more than 1.6 million barrels per day, or just under 2% of world crude oil production. The resource base of extra-heavy oil and natural bitumen is immense and can easily support a substantial expansion in production. This resource base can make a major contribution to oil supply, if it can be extracted and transformed into useable refinery feedstock at sufficiently high rates and at costs that are competitive with alternative resources. Technology must continue to be developed to address emerging challenges (both environmental and economic) in the market supply chain.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"2007 survey of energy resources","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"World Energy Council ","usgsCitation":"Attanasi, E., and Meyer, R.F., 2007, Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil, chap. <i>of</i> 2007 survey of energy resources, p. 119-143.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"143","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources 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J. A.","contributorId":209896,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Trinnaman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772991,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clarke, A.","contributorId":209897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clarke","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772992,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":772813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, R. F.","contributorId":52167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":772814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":79687,"text":"cir1294 - 2007 - Proceedings for a workshop on deposit modeling, mineral resource assessment, and their role in sustainable development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-15T19:48:24.929632","indexId":"cir1294","displayToPublicDate":"2007-06-28T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1294","title":"Proceedings for a workshop on deposit modeling, mineral resource assessment, and their role in sustainable development","docAbstract":"<p>The world's use of nonfuel mineral resources continues to increase to support a growing population and increasing standards of living. The ability to meet this increasing demand is affected especially by concerns about possible environmental degradation associated with minerals production and by competing land uses. What information does the world need to support global minerals development in a sustainable way?</p><p>Informed planning and decisions concerning sustainability and future mineral resource supply require a long–term perspective and an integrated approach to resource, land use, economic, and environmental management worldwide. Such perspective and approach require unbiased information on the global distribution of identified and especially undiscovered resources, the economic and political factors influencing their development, and the potential environmental consequences of their exploitation.</p><p>The U.S. Geological Survey and the former Deposit Modeling Program of the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) sponsored a workshop on \"Deposit Modeling, Mineral Resource Assessment, and Their Role in Sustainable Development\" at the 31st International Geological Congress (IGC) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on August 18–19, 2000. The purpose of the workshop was to review the state-of-the-art in mineral deposit modeling and resource assessment and to examine the role of global assessments of nonfuel mineral resources in sustainable development.</p><p>The workshop addressed questions such as the following: Which of the available mineral deposit models and assessment methods are best suited for predicting the locations, deposit types, and amounts of undiscovered nonfuel mineral resources remaining in the world? What is the availability of global geologic, mineral deposit, and mineral exploration information? How can mineral resource assessments be used to address economic and environmental issues? Presentations included overviews of assessment methods applied in previous national and other small-scale assessments of large regions and of the resulting assessment products and their uses.</p><p>Twenty-seven people from Canada, China, Finland, Germany, Japan, Peru, Slovenia, South Africa, United States, and Venezuela participated in the 2-day post-Congress workshop. The attendees represented academia, government, environmental organizations, and the mining industry.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/cir1294","isbn":"9781411301275","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Deposit Modeling Program, International Union of Geological Sciences, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization","usgsCitation":"2007, Proceedings for a workshop on deposit modeling, mineral resource assessment, and their role in sustainable development (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1294, vi, 143 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1294.","productDescription":"vi, 143 p.","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":192001,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":402234,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_81500.htm"},{"id":9862,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2007/1294/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db654e02","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Briskey, Joseph A.","contributorId":77605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briskey","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":729050,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schulz, Klaus J. 0000-0003-2967-4765 kschulz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2967-4765","contributorId":2438,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schulz","given":"Klaus","email":"kschulz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":729051,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70207727,"text":"70207727 - 2007 - Sediment geochemical records of productivity and oxygen depletion along the margin of western North America during the past 60,000 years: Teleconnections with Greenland Ice and the Cariaco Basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-15T16:58:22.776645","indexId":"70207727","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-08T11:31:34","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sediment geochemical records of productivity and oxygen depletion along the margin of western North America during the past 60,000 years: Teleconnections with Greenland Ice and the Cariaco Basin","docAbstract":"<p><span>Many sediment records from the margins of the Californias (Alta and Baja) collected in water depths between 60 and 1200</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m contain anoxic intervals (laminated sediments) that can be correlated with interstadial intervals as defined by the oxygen-isotope composition of Greenland ice (Dansgaard–Oeschger, D–O, cycles). These intervals include all or parts of Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (OIS3; 60–24</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>ka), the Bölling/Alleröd warm interval (B/A; 15–13</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>ka), and the Holocene. This study uses organic carbon (Corg) and trace-element proxies for anoxia and productivity, namely elevated concentrations and accumulation rates of molybdenum and cadmium, in these laminated sediments to suggest that productivity may be more important than ventilation in producing changes in bottom-water oxygen (BWO) conditions on open, highly productive continental margins. The main conclusion from these proxies is that during the last glacial interval (LGI; 24–15</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>ka) and the Younger Dryas cold interval (YD; 13–11.6</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>cal</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>ka) productivity was lower and BWO levels were higher than during OIS3, the B/A, and the Holocene on all margins of the Californias. The Corg and trace-element profiles in the LGI–B/A–Holocene transition in the Cariaco Basin on the margin of northern Venezuela are remarkably similar to those in the transition on the northern California margin. Correlation between D–O cycles in Greenland ice with gray-scale measurements in varved sediments in the Cariaco Basin also is well established. Synchronous climate-driven changes as recorded in the sediments on the margins of the Californias, sediments from the Cariaco Basin, and in the GISP-2 Greenland ice core support the hypothesis that changes in atmospheric dynamics played a major role in abrupt climate change during the last 60</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>ka. Millennial-scale cycles in productivity and oxygen depletion on the margins of the Californias demonstrate that the California Current System was poised at a threshold whereby perturbations of atmospheric circulation produced rapid changes in circulation in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. It is likely that the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans were linked through the atmosphere. Warmer air temperatures during interstadials would have strengthened Hadley and Walker circulations, which, in turn, would have strengthened the subtropical high pressure systems in both the North Pacific and the North Atlantic, producing increased rainfall over the Cariaco Basin and increased upwelling along the margins of the Californias.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.006","usgsCitation":"Dean, W.E., 2007, Sediment geochemical records of productivity and oxygen depletion along the margin of western North America during the past 60,000 years: Teleconnections with Greenland Ice and the Cariaco Basin: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 26, no. 1-2, p. 98-114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.006.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"98","endPage":"114","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371055,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Continental margin of California","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -123.22265625000001,\n              41.86956082699455\n            ],\n            [\n              -125.3759765625,\n              41.672911819602085\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.92578125,\n              38.44498466889473\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.81640624999999,\n              34.92197103616377\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.0810546875,\n              32.54681317351514\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.54296874999999,\n              32.91648534731439\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.83886718750001,\n              35.496456056584165\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.55273437499999,\n              37.405073750176925\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.958984375,\n              39.67337039176558\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.57421875,\n              40.78054143186033\n            ],\n            [\n              -123.22265625000001,\n              41.86956082699455\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70031199,"text":"70031199 - 2007 - Organic petrology of Paleocene Marcelina Formation coals, Paso Diablo mine, western Venezuela: Tectonic controls on coal type","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:17","indexId":"70031199","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organic petrology of Paleocene Marcelina Formation coals, Paso Diablo mine, western Venezuela: Tectonic controls on coal type","docAbstract":"About 7??Mt of high volatile bituminous coal are produced annually from the four coal zones of the Upper Paleocene Marcelina Formation at the Paso Diablo open-pit mine of western Venezuela. As part of an ongoing coal quality study, we have characterized twenty-two coal channel samples from the mine using organic petrology techniques. Samples also were analyzed for proximate-ultimate parameters, forms of sulfur, free swelling index, ash fusion temperatures, and calorific value. Six of the samples represent incremental benches across the 12-13??m thick No. 4 bed, the stratigraphically lowest mined coal, which is also mined at the 10??km distant Mina Norte open-pit. Organic content of the No. 4 bed indicates an upward increase of woody vegetation and/or greater preservation of organic material throughout the life of the original mire(s). An upward increase in telovitrinite and corresponding decrease in detrovitrinite and inertinite illustrate this trend. In contrast, stratigraphically higher coal groups generally exhibit a 'dulling upward' trend. The generally high inertinite content, and low ash yield and sulfur content, suggest that the Paso Diablo coals were deposited in rain-fed raised mires, protected from clastic input and subjected to frequent oxidation and/or moisture stress. However, the two thinnest coal beds (both 0.7??m thick) are each characterized by lower inertinite and higher telovitrinite content relative to the rest of Paso Diablo coal beds, indicative of less well-established raised mire environments prior to drowning. Foreland basin Paleocene coals of western Venezuela, including the Paso Diablo deposit and time-correlative coal deposits of the Ta??chira and Me??rida Andes, are characterized by high inertinite and consistently lower ash and sulfur relative to Eocene and younger coals of the area. We interpret these age-delimited coal quality characteristics to be due to water availability as a function of the tectonic control of subsidence rate. It is postulated that slower subsidence rates dominated during the Paleocene while greater foreland basin subsidence rates during the Eocene-Miocene resulted from the loading of nappe thrust sheets as part of the main construction phases of the Andean orogen. South-southeastward advance and emplacement of the Lara nappes during the oblique transpressive collision of the Caribbean and South American tectonic plates in the Paleocene was further removed from the sites of peat deposition, resulting in slower subsidence rates. Slower subsidence in the Paleocene may have favored the growth of raised mires, generating higher inertinite concentrations through more frequent moisture stress. Consistently low ash yield and sulfur content would be due to the protection from clastic input in raised mires, in addition to the leaching of mineral matter by rainfall and the development of acidic conditions preventing fixation of sulfur. In contrast, peat mires of Eocene-Miocene age encountered rapid subsidence due to the proximity of nappe emplacement, resulting in lower inertinite content, higher and more variable sulfur content, and higher ash yield.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Coal Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2006.05.002","issn":"01665162","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P., and Martinez, M., 2007, Organic petrology of Paleocene Marcelina Formation coals, Paso Diablo mine, western Venezuela: Tectonic controls on coal type: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 71, no. 4, p. 505-526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2006.05.002.","startPage":"505","endPage":"526","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238884,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":211576,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2006.05.002"}],"volume":"71","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6fd6e4b0c8380cd75cc4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, P.C. 0000-0002-5957-2551","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":60756,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"P.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martinez, M.","contributorId":49910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martinez","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70031105,"text":"70031105 - 2007 - Reproductive biology of the violet-chested hummingbird in Venezuela and comparisons with other tropical and temperate hummingbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:16","indexId":"70031105","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1318,"text":"Condor","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reproductive biology of the violet-chested hummingbird in Venezuela and comparisons with other tropical and temperate hummingbirds","docAbstract":"We provide details on the breeding biology of the Violet-chested Hummingbird (Sternoclyta cyanopectus) based on 67 nests studied in Yacambu?? National Park, Venezuela, from 2002 through 2006. Clutch size was two white eggs, usually laid every other day. Fresh egg mass (0.95 ?? 0.14 g) was 15% of female mass. Incubation and nestling periods were 20.4 ?? 0.3 and 26.0 ?? 0.4 days, respectively. Nest attentiveness increased from 60% in early incubation to 68% in late incubation. The female spent 50% of her time brooding young nestlings, but ceased brooding by 13 days of age. Only the female fed the young, with a low rate of nest visitation (3.3 trips per hour) that did not increase with age of the young. Growth rate based on nestling mass (K = 0.28) was slow. Daily predation rates decreased across stages and were 0.064 ?? 0.044, 0.033 ?? 0.008, and 0.020 ?? 0.006 during the egg-laying, incubation, and nestling periods, respectively. Most, but not all, life history traits of the Violet-chested Hummingbird were similar to those reported for other tropical and temperate hummingbirds, providing further evidence that this family shows a relatively narrow range of life history variation. ?? The Cooper Ornithological Society 2007.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Condor","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1650/8305.1","issn":"00105422","usgsCitation":"Fierro-Calderon, K., and Martin, T.E., 2007, Reproductive biology of the violet-chested hummingbird in Venezuela and comparisons with other tropical and temperate hummingbirds: Condor, v. 109, no. 3, p. 680-685, https://doi.org/10.1650/8305.1.","startPage":"680","endPage":"685","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211514,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1650/8305.1"},{"id":238813,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"109","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aa8c1e4b0c8380cd85a6b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fierro-Calderon, Karolina","contributorId":13500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fierro-Calderon","given":"Karolina","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70032150,"text":"70032150 - 2007 - First description of the nest, eggs, and breeding behavior of the Mérida Tapaculo (<i>Scytalopus meridanus</i>)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-04-06T13:51:27","indexId":"70032150","displayToPublicDate":"2007-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2007","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3784,"text":"Wilson Journal of Ornithology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"First description of the nest, eggs, and breeding behavior of the Mérida Tapaculo (<i>Scytalopus meridanus</i>)","docAbstract":"<p><span>We provide the first description of the nest, eggs, and breeding behavior of the M&eacute;rida Tapaculo (</span><i>Scytalopus meridanus</i><span>). Data are from one pair in the moist cloud forest of Yacambu National Park, Venezuela during April&ndash;May 2004. Two nests, constructed by the same pair, were globular in structure and consisted of mossy material placed in a rock crevice of a muddy rock wall. The eggs were cream colored with an average mass of 4.19 g. Clutch sizes were one in the first nest and two in the second. The species showed bi-parental care in nest building and incubation. Nest attentiveness (percent time spent on the nest incubating) averaged 83.4 &plusmn; 14% (SD). Average on and off bouts were 33.24 and 6.34 min, respectively.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wilson Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1676/05-159.1","issn":"15594491","usgsCitation":"Decker, K.L., Niklison, A.M., and Martin, T.E., 2007, First description of the nest, eggs, and breeding behavior of the Mérida Tapaculo (<i>Scytalopus meridanus</i>): Wilson Journal of Ornithology, v. 119, no. 1, p. 121-124, https://doi.org/10.1676/05-159.1.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"121","endPage":"124","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":477158,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676/05-159.1","text":"External Repository"},{"id":242403,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":214659,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1676/05-159.1"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Yacambu National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -70.0323486328125,\n              9.481572085088517\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0323486328125,\n              9.83492007320997\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.45556640625,\n              9.83492007320997\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.45556640625,\n              9.481572085088517\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.0323486328125,\n              9.481572085088517\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1052e4b0c8380cd53c0f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Decker, Karie L.","contributorId":51094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Decker","given":"Karie","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Niklison, Alina M.","contributorId":21760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niklison","given":"Alina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":434747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Thomas E. 0000-0002-4028-4867 tmartin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4028-4867","contributorId":1208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Thomas","email":"tmartin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":434746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":78580,"text":"ds199 - 2006 - Digital geologic map and GIS database of Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:14:14","indexId":"ds199","displayToPublicDate":"2006-08-22T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":310,"text":"Data Series","code":"DS","onlineIssn":"2327-638X","printIssn":"2327-0271","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"199","title":"Digital geologic map and GIS database of Venezuela","docAbstract":"The digital geologic map and GIS database of Venezuela captures GIS compatible geologic and hydrologic data from the 'Geologic Shaded Relief Map of Venezuela,' which was released online as U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1038. Digital datasets and corresponding metadata files are stored in ESRI geodatabase format; accessible via ArcGIS 9.X. Feature classes in the geodatabase include geologic unit polygons, open water polygons, coincident geologic unit linework (contacts, faults, etc.) and non-coincident geologic unit linework (folds, drainage networks, etc.). Geologic unit polygon data were attributed for age, name, and lithologic type following the Lexico Estratigrafico de Venezuela. All digital datasets were captured from source data at 1:750,000. Although users may view and analyze data at varying scales, the authors make no guarantee as to the accuracy of the data at scales larger than 1:750,000.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ds199","collaboration":"See also OFR 2005-1038","usgsCitation":"Garrity, C.P., Hackley, P.C., and Urbani, F., 2006, Digital geologic map and GIS database of Venezuela (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 199, Spatial database, https://doi.org/10.3133/ds199.","productDescription":"Spatial database","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":190978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8496,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/199/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":8497,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":20,"text":"Read Me"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/199/README.txt","linkFileType":{"id":2,"text":"txt"}},{"id":8498,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/199/USGS_06_DS_199.zip"}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a97e4b07f02db65ade2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrity, Christopher P. 0000-0002-5565-1818 cgarrity@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"Christopher","email":"cgarrity@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":288961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Urbani, Franco","contributorId":67163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbani","given":"Franco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":288963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":76714,"text":"ofr20061109 - 2006 - Mapa Geologico de Venezuela a Escala 1:750,000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-01-29T20:59:14.658548","indexId":"ofr20061109","displayToPublicDate":"2006-05-13T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2006-1109","title":"Mapa Geologico de Venezuela a Escala 1:750,000","docAbstract":"Se presenta un mapa geologico digital de Venezuela sobre un fondo de relieve sombreado. Los datos geologicos e hidrologicos del norte del rio Orinoco proceden de la digitalizacion de mapas geologicos en papel a escala 1:500.000. Estos datos fueron integrados con el mapa geologico digital del Escudo de Guayana Venezolano, a su vez derivado de hojas en papel a escala 1:500.000. La informacion sobre los tipos de fallas mostrados en el mapa es igual que en las fuentes originales. Los poligonos geologicos fueron atribuidos por edad, litologia y nombre de la unidad siguiendo el Codigo geologico de Venezuela. Se incorporaron revisiones significativas de la geologia de la Cordillera de la Costa a partir de las nuevas hojas integradas a escala 1:25.000. Toda esta informacion geologico-estructural se sobrepuso a una imagen de relieve sombreado, producida por el procesamiento de los datos de radar interferometrico con 90 m (3 arcosegundos) de resolucion espacial obtenidos por la mision topografica de radar del transbordador espacial (SRTM). Las areas de la base de datos del SRTM carentes de informacion fueron llenadas por medio de la interpolacion de los datos de las celdas adyacentes. Para producir la imagen de relieve sombreado se uso una direccion de iluminacion de 315 deg con un angulo de 65 deg sobre el horizonte.  La proyeccion usada en el mapa es conica equidistante, con latitudes de 4 y 9 deg norte como paralelos estandar y una longitud de 66 deg al oeste como meridiano central.\r\n\r\nLos datos en el mapa proceden primordialment de hojas a escala 1:500.000 y el producto esta preparado para una impresion optima en escala 1:750.000. Los usuarios pueden obtener ampliaciones mayores, sin embargo no se garantiza la precision del mapa a escalas mas detalladas.\r\n\r\nEspecialmente en la region de Guayana, al sobreponer los mapas geologicos sobre la reciente imagen SRTM, se notan grandes discrepancias no sistematicas tanto en contactos como en fallas. Esto es debido a que los mapas geologicos de Guayana tienen como base topografica las imagenes de radar de vision lateral (SLAR), con muy control de campo de los a?os 1970's. La correccion de estos desfases esta planificada para el futuro.","language":"Spanish","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20061109","collaboration":"Spanish language version of OFR 2005-1038","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P.C., Urbani, F., Karlsen, A., and Garrity, C.P., 2006, Mapa Geologico de Venezuela a Escala 1:750,000 (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-1109, 8 map sheets, sizes vary, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20061109.","productDescription":"8 map sheets, sizes vary","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":7769,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1109/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":194520,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"750000","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699ebe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287683,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urbani, Franco","contributorId":67163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbani","given":"Franco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karlsen, Alex W.","contributorId":78789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alex W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":287686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garrity, Christopher P. 0000-0002-5565-1818 cgarrity@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"Christopher","email":"cgarrity@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":287684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70028823,"text":"70028823 - 2006 - Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:00","indexId":"70028823","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3804,"text":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999","docAbstract":"A rare, high-magnitude storm in northern Venezuela in December 1999 triggered debris flows and flash floods, and caused one of the worst natural disasters in the recorded history of the Americas. Some 15,000 people were killed. The debris flows and floods inundated coastal communities on alluvial fans at the mouths of a coastal mountain drainage network and destroyed property estimated at more than $2 billion. Landslides were abundant and widespread on steep slopes within areas underlain by schist and gneiss from near the coast to slightly over the crest of the mountain range. Some hillsides were entirely denuded by single or coalescing failures, which formed massive debris flows in river channels flowing out onto densely populated alluvial fans at the coast. The massive amount of sediment derived from 24 watersheds along 50 km of the coast during the storm and deposited on alluvial fans and beaches has been estimated at 15 to 20 million m3. Sediment yield for the 1999 storm from the approximately 200 km2 drainage area of watersheds upstream of the alluvial fans was as much as 100,000 m3/km2. Rapid economic development in this dynamic geomorphic environment close to the capital city of Caracas, in combination with a severe rain storm, resulted in the death of approximately 5% of the population (300,000 total prior to the storm) in the northern Venezuelan state of Vargas. ?? 2006 Gebru??der Borntraeger.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00442798","usgsCitation":"Larsen, M.C., and Wieczorek, G.F., 2006, Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999: Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Supplementband, v. 145, p. 147-175.","startPage":"147","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":236585,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2789e4b0c8380cd59996","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Larsen, M. C.","contributorId":66287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wieczorek, G. F.","contributorId":50143,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wieczorek","given":"G.","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":419892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70030778,"text":"70030778 - 2006 - Phylogeography, phylogeny and hybridization in trichechid sirenians: Implications for manatee conservation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T15:04:01.326936","indexId":"70030778","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2774,"text":"Molecular Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Phylogeography, phylogeny and hybridization in trichechid sirenians: Implications for manatee conservation","docAbstract":"<p><span>The three living species of manatees, West Indian (</span><i>Trichechus manatus</i><span>), Amazonian (</span><i>Trichechus inunguis</i><span>) and West African (</span><i>Trichechus senegalensis</i><span>), are distributed across the shallow tropical and subtropical waters of America and the western coast of Africa. We have sequenced the mitochondrial DNA control region in 330&nbsp;</span><i>Trichechus</i><span>&nbsp;to compare their phylogeographic patterns. In&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>.&nbsp;</span><i>manatus</i><span>&nbsp;we observed a marked population structure with the identification of three haplotype clusters showing a distinct spatial distribution. A geographic barrier represented by the continuity of the Lesser Antilles to Trinidad Island, near the mouth of the Orinoco River in Venezuela, appears to have restricted the gene flow historically in&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>.&nbsp;</span><i>manatus</i><span>. However, for&nbsp;</span><i>T. inunguis</i><span>&nbsp;we observed a single expanding population cluster, with a high diversity of very closely related haplotypes. A marked geographic population structure is likely present in&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>.&nbsp;</span><i>senegalensis</i><span>&nbsp;with at least two distinct clusters. Phylogenetic analyses with the mtDNA cytochrome&nbsp;</span><i>b</i><span>&nbsp;gene suggest a clade of the marine&nbsp;</span><i>Trichechus</i><span>&nbsp;species, with&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>.&nbsp;</span><i>inunguis</i><span>&nbsp;as the most basal trichechid. This is in agreement with previous morphological analyses. Mitochondrial DNA, autosomal microsatellites and cytogenetic analyses revealed the presence of hybrids between the&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>.&nbsp;</span><i>manatus</i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i>T</i><span>.&nbsp;</span><i>inunguis</i><span>&nbsp;species at the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil, extending to the Guyanas and probably as far as the mouth of the Orinoco River. Future conservation strategies should consider the distinct population structure of manatee species, as well as the historical barriers to gene flow and the likely occurrence of interspecific hybridization.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02771.x","usgsCitation":"Vianna, J.A., Bonde, R.K., Caballero, S., Giraldo, J.P., Lima, R.P., Clark, A., Marmontel, M., Morales-Vela, B., De Souza, M.J., Parr, L., Rodriguez-Lopez, M.A., Mignucci-Giannoni, A.A., Powell, J.A., and Santos, F.R., 2006, Phylogeography, phylogeny and hybridization in trichechid sirenians: Implications for manatee conservation: Molecular Ecology, v. 15, no. 2, p. 433-447, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02771.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"433","endPage":"447","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238922,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"15","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2006-01-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7a63e4b0c8380cd78ea1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vianna, J. A.","contributorId":23905,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vianna","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bonde, Robert K. 0000-0001-9179-4376 rbonde@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-4376","contributorId":2675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonde","given":"Robert","email":"rbonde@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":566,"text":"Southeast Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":428631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Caballero, S.","contributorId":86734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caballero","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Giraldo, J. P.","contributorId":30591,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Giraldo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lima, R. P.","contributorId":99948,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lima","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Clark, A.","contributorId":50476,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Marmontel, M.","contributorId":37671,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Marmontel","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morales-Vela, B.","contributorId":32481,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morales-Vela","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"De Souza, M. J.","contributorId":79288,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"De Souza","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Parr, L.","contributorId":38947,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Parr","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rodriguez-Lopez, M. A.","contributorId":99523,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez-Lopez","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Mignucci-Giannoni, A. A.","contributorId":11351,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mignucci-Giannoni","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Powell, J. A.","contributorId":69916,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Powell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Santos, F. R.","contributorId":42567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Santos","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":428629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}}
,{"id":70031148,"text":"70031148 - 2006 - Life-history and ecological correlates of geographic variation in egg and clutch mass among passerine species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:01","indexId":"70031148","displayToPublicDate":"2006-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2006","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1598,"text":"Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life-history and ecological correlates of geographic variation in egg and clutch mass among passerine species","docAbstract":"Broad geographic patterns in egg and clutch mass are poorly described, and potential causes of variation remain largely unexamined. We describe interspecific variation in avian egg and clutch mass within and among diverse geographic regions and explore hypotheses related to allometry, clutch size, nest predation, adult mortality, and parental care as correlates and possible explanations of variation. We studied 74 species of Passeriformes at four latitudes on three continents: the north temperate United States, tropical Venezuela, subtropical Argentina, and south temperate South Africa. Egg and clutch mass increased with adult body mass in all locations, but differed among locations for the same body mass, demonstrating that egg and clutch mass have evolved to some extent independent of body mass among regions. A major portion of egg mass variation was explained by an inverse relationship with clutch size within and among regions, as predicted by life-history theory. However, clutch size did not explain all geographic differences in egg mass; eggs were smallest in South Africa despite small clutch sizes. These small eggs might be explained by high nest predation rates in South Africa; life-history theory predicts reduced reproductive effort under high risk of offspring mortality. This prediction was supported for clutch mass, which was inversely related to nest predation but not for egg mass. Nevertheless, clutch mass variation was not fully explained by nest predation, possibly reflecting interacting effects of adult mortality. Tests of the possible effects of nest predation on egg mass were compromised by limited power and by counterposing direct and indirect effects. Finally, components of parental investment, defined as effort per offspring, might be expected to positively coevolve. Indeed, egg mass, but not clutch mass, was greater in species that shared incubation by males and females compared with species in which only females incubate eggs. However, egg and clutch mass were not related to effort of parental care as measured by incubation attentiveness. Ecological and life-history correlates of egg and clutch mass variation found here follow from theory, but possible evolutionary causes deserve further study. ?? 2006 The Society for the Study of Evolution. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Evolution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1554/05-429.1","issn":"00143820","usgsCitation":"Martin, T.E., Bassar, R., Bassar, S., Fontaine, J., Lloyd, P., Mathewson, H.A., Niklison, A.M., and Chalfoun, A., 2006, Life-history and ecological correlates of geographic variation in egg and clutch mass among passerine species: Evolution, v. 60, no. 2, p. 390-398, https://doi.org/10.1554/05-429.1.","startPage":"390","endPage":"398","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211626,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1554/05-429.1"},{"id":238946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"60","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a476ae4b0c8380cd6785f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Martin, T. E.","contributorId":10911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bassar, R.D.","contributorId":52787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassar","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bassar, S.K.","contributorId":103078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bassar","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fontaine, J.J.","contributorId":37940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fontaine","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lloyd, P.","contributorId":62405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lloyd","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mathewson, Heather A.","contributorId":70184,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mathewson","given":"Heather","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Niklison, Alina M.","contributorId":21760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Niklison","given":"Alina","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Chalfoun, A.","contributorId":15007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chalfoun","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":430250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":5200298,"text":"5200298 - 2005 - Checklist of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana Shield","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5200298","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":164,"text":"Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"seriesNumber":"No. 13.","title":"Checklist of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana Shield","docAbstract":"Distributions are given for 1850 species of terrestrial vertebrates in the Guiana Shield region of northeastern South America, with introductory text by the authors of each section.  Distributions cover the three Guianas (Guyana, Surinam, and French Guiana), and the states of the Venezuelan Guayna (Amazonas, Bolivar, and Delta Amacuro), and in some cases the states of the Brazilian portion of the Guiana Shield (Amazonas, Roraima, Para, and Amapa), and the Colombian portion of the Guiana Shield.  The first section is a checklist of amphibians of the Guiana Shield, by J. Celsa Sefiaris and Ross MacCulloch, detailing the distribution of 269 species.  The second section is a checklist of the reptiles of the Guiana Shield by Teresa C. S. de Avila Pires, detailing the distribution of 295 species.  The third section is a checklist of the birds of the Guiana Shield, by Chris Milensky, Wiltshire Hinds, Alexandre Aleixo, and Maria de Fatima C. Lima, detailing the distribution of 1004 species.  The fourth section is a checklist of the mammals of the Guiana Shield, by Burton K. Lim, Mark D. Engstrom, and Jose Ochoa G., detailing the distribution of 282 species.","language":"English","collaboration":"  PDF on file: 6484_Hollowell.pdf  2.8 MB","usgsCitation":"2005, Checklist of the terrestrial vertebrates of the Guiana Shield: Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington No. 13., ix, 98.","productDescription":"ix, 98","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4c8b"}
,{"id":70009,"text":"ofr20051038 - 2005 - Geologic shaded relief map of Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-07-31T11:26:57","indexId":"ofr20051038","displayToPublicDate":"2005-02-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2005-1038","title":"Geologic shaded relief map of Venezuela","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20051038","collaboration":"Spanish version available as OFR 2006-1109","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P.C., Urbani, F., Karlsen, A., and Garrity, C.P., 2005, Geologic shaded relief map of Venezuela (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1038, 2 sheets, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20051038.","productDescription":"2 sheets","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":188175,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":6242,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1038/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688258","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Urbani, Franco","contributorId":67163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbani","given":"Franco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Karlsen, Alex W.","contributorId":78789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karlsen","given":"Alex W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Garrity, Christopher P. 0000-0002-5565-1818 cgarrity@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"Christopher","email":"cgarrity@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70195415,"text":"70195415 - 2005 - Petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of mined coals, western Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-13T17:26:51","indexId":"70195415","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2033,"text":"International Journal of Coal Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of mined coals, western Venezuela","docAbstract":"<p><span>Upper Paleocene to middle Miocene coal samples collected from active mines in the western Venezuelan States of Táchira, Mérida and Zulia have been characterized through an integrated geochemical, mineralogical and petrographic investigation. Proximate, ultimate, calorific and forms of sulfur values, major and trace element, vitrinite reflectance, maceral concentrations and mineral matter content have been determined for 16 channel samples from 14 mines. Ash yield generally is low, ranging from &lt;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>1 to 17 wt.% (mean</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>=</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>5 wt.%) on a dry basis (db). Total sulfur content is low to moderate, ranging from 1 to 6 wt.%, db (average</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>=</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>1.7 wt.%). Calorific value ranges from 25.21 to 37.21 MJ/kg (10,840–16,000 Btu/lb) on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis (average</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>=</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>33.25 MJ/kg, 14,300 Btu/lb), placing most of the coal samples in the apparent rank classification of high-volatile bituminous. Most of the coal samples exhibit favorable characteristics on the various indices developed to predict combustion and coking behavior and concentrations of possible environmentally sensitive elements (As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Th and U) generally are similar to the concentrations of these elements in most coals of the world, with one or two exceptions. Concentrations of the liptinite maceral group range from &lt;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>1% to 70 vol.%. Five samples contain &gt;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>20 vol.% liptinite, dominated by the macerals bituminite and sporinite. Collotelinite dominates the vitrinite group; telinite was observed in quantities of ≤</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>1 vol.% despite efforts to better quantify this maceral by etching the sample pellets in potassium permanganate and also by exposure in an oxygen plasma chamber. Inertinite group macerals typically represent &lt;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>10 vol.% of the coal samples and the highest concentrations of inertinite macerals are found in distantly spaced (&gt;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>400 km) upper Paleocene coal samples from opposite sides of Lago de Maracaibo, possibly indicating tectonic controls on subsidence related to construction of the Andean orogen. Values of maximum reflectance of vitrinite in oil (</span><i>R</i><sub>o max</sub><span>) range between 0.42% and 0.85% and generally are consistent with the high-volatile bituminous rank classification obtained through ASTM methods. X-ray diffraction analyses of low-temperature ash residues indicate that kaolinite, quartz, illite and pyrite dominate the inorganic fraction of most samples; plagioclase, potassium feldspar, calcite, siderite, ankerite, marcasite, rutile, anatase and apatite are present in minor or trace concentrations. Semiquantitative values of volume percent pyrite content show a strong correlation with pyritic sulfur and some sulfide-hosted trace element concentrations (As and Hg). This work provides a modern quality dataset for the western Venezuela coal deposits currently being exploited and will serve as the foundation for an ongoing coal quality research program in Venezuela.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.coal.2005.02.006","usgsCitation":"Hackley, P.C., Warwick, P.D., and Gonzalez, E., 2005, Petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry of mined coals, western Venezuela: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 63, no. 1-2, p. 68-97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2005.02.006.","productDescription":"30 p.","startPage":"68","endPage":"97","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351576,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-71.33158,11.77628],[-71.36001,11.53999],[-71.94705,11.42328],[-71.62087,10.96946],[-71.63306,10.44649],[-72.07417,9.86565],[-71.69564,9.07226],[-71.26456,9.13719],[-71.04,9.85999],[-71.35008,10.21194],[-71.40062,10.96897],[-70.1553,11.37548],[-70.29384,11.84682],[-69.94324,12.16231],[-69.5843,11.45961],[-68.883,11.44338],[-68.23327,10.88574],[-68.19413,10.55465],[-67.29625,10.54587],[-66.22786,10.64863],[-65.65524,10.2008],[-64.89045,10.07721],[-64.32948,10.3896],[-64.31801,10.64142],[-63.07932,10.70172],[-61.88095,10.71563],[-62.73012,10.42027],[-62.38851,9.9482],[-61.58877,9.87307],[-60.8306,9.38134],[-60.67125,8.58017],[-60.1501,8.60276],[-59.75828,8.36703],[-60.55059,7.7796],[-60.63797,7.415],[-60.29567,7.04391],[-60.544,6.85658],[-61.15934,6.69608],[-61.13942,6.2343],[-61.4103,5.95907],[-60.73357,5.20028],[-60.60118,4.9181],[-60.96689,4.53647],[-62.08543,4.16212],[-62.80453,4.00697],[-63.0932,3.77057],[-63.88834,4.02053],[-64.62866,4.14848],[-64.81606,4.05645],[-64.36849,3.79721],[-64.40883,3.12679],[-64.27,2.49701],[-63.42287,2.41107],[-63.36879,2.2009],[-64.08309,1.91637],[-64.19931,1.49285],[-64.61101,1.32873],[-65.35471,1.09528],[-65.54827,0.78925],[-66.32577,0.72445],[-66.87633,1.25336],[-67.18129,2.25064],[-67.44709,2.60028],[-67.80994,2.82066],[-67.30317,3.31845],[-67.33756,3.54234],[-67.62184,3.83948],[-67.82301,4.50394],[-67.7447,5.22113],[-67.52153,5.55687],[-67.34144,6.09547],[-67.69509,6.26732],[-68.26505,6.15327],[-68.98532,6.2068],[-69.38948,6.09986],[-70.09331,6.96038],[-70.67423,7.08778],[-71.96018,6.99161],[-72.19835,7.34043],[-72.44449,7.42378],[-72.47968,7.63251],[-72.3609,8.00264],[-72.43986,8.40528],[-72.66049,8.62529],[-72.78873,9.08503],[-73.30495,9.152],[-73.0276,9.73677],[-72.90529,10.45034],[-72.61466,10.82198],[-72.22758,11.1087],[-71.97392,11.60867],[-71.33158,11.77628]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Venezuela\"}}]}","volume":"63","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff0451e4b0da30c1bfcd08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":728506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":728507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gonzalez, Eligio","contributorId":68161,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gonzalez","given":"Eligio","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":728508,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70035153,"text":"70035153 - 2005 - Overview of radiometric ages in three allochthonous belts of northern Venezuela: Old ones, new ones, and their impact on regional geology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-16T15:22:46.612845","indexId":"70035153","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3459,"text":"Special Paper of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of radiometric ages in three allochthonous belts of northern Venezuela: Old ones, new ones, and their impact on regional geology","docAbstract":"<p>The margin of northern Venezuela is a complex zone representing the orogenic events from basement formation to subsequent subduction and exhumation during transpressional collision. This boundary zone has six east-west–trending belts that each record a different segment of its development. This geologic complexity requires radiometric ages to unravel, and we herein provide 48 new ages including U-Pb (4), Rb-Sr (2),<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar (24), zircon and apatite fission-track (17), and<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup>C (1) ages to constrain the evolution of three of these belts. These three belts are the Cordillera de la Costa, Caucagua–El Tinaco, and Serranía del Interior belts.</p><p>In the Cordillera de la Costa belt, U-Pb geochronologic data indicate portions of the basement igneous and metaigneous rocks formed in the Cambro-Ordovician (513–471 Ma). New<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar data from Margarita Island indicate that some of the subduction complex was rapidly cooled and exhumed, whereas other portions indicate slower cooling. This contrasts with new<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar data from the Puerto Cabello portion of the subduction complex that has Eocene to Oligocene (42–28 Ma) cooling ages. New fission-track data imply the entire Cordillera de la Costa belt from Puerto Cabello to La Guaira (∼150 km) was uplifted at the same time.</p><p>In the Caucagua–El Tinaco belt, the oldest<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar amphibole ages from the Tinaquillo ultramafic complex are Jurassic (190 Ma). Additional amphibole<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar cooling ages are older than previously recorded in either the Tinaco or Tinaquillo complex. One amphibole<span>&nbsp;</span><sup>40</sup>Ar/<sup>39</sup>Ar cooling age for the Tinaco complex is similar to previous U-Pb results.</p><p>New apatite fission-track results from the Serranía del Interior foreland fold and thrust belt are synchronous with exhumation in the Cordillera de la Costa belt. In addition, several zircon fission-track ages in the Serranía del Interior belt are older than their fossil ages, indicating a Cretaceous minimum provenance age for Miocene beds.</p><p>Significant new findings from these geochronologic studies include (1) several igneous and metaigneous bodies that may be correlated with orogenic events in the Appalachians occur within the subduction mélange; (2) the Tinaquillo complex may record Jurassic rifting; (3) Cretaceous source rocks for the Serranía del Interior sedimentary strata; (4) exhumation of the subduction complex is segmented because two regions have significantly different cooling histories, with Margarita Island exhumed in the Cretaceous, whereas to the west, the Puerto Cabello region has widespread Paleogene cooling and exhumation ages; and (5) earthquake activity in 1812 caused uplift as recorded by exposure of Recent corals.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2394-9.91","usgsCitation":"Sisson, V., Ave Lallemant, H., Ostos, M., Blythe, A., Snee, L.W., Copeland, P., Wright, J., Donelick, R., and Guth, L., 2005, Overview of radiometric ages in three allochthonous belts of northern Venezuela: Old ones, new ones, and their impact on regional geology: Special Paper of the Geological Society of America, v. 394, p. 91-117, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2394-9.91.","productDescription":"27 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"117","costCenters":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":243291,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"northern Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.333984375,\n              7.18810087117902\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.1171875,\n              7.18810087117902\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.1171875,\n              12.211180191503997\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.333984375,\n              12.211180191503997\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.333984375,\n              7.18810087117902\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"394","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7216e4b0c8380cd76905","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sisson, V.B.","contributorId":101104,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sisson","given":"V.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449517,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ave Lallemant, H.G.","contributorId":101105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ave Lallemant","given":"H.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449518,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ostos, M.","contributorId":28444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ostos","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blythe, A.E.","contributorId":66002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blythe","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449513,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Snee, Lawrence W.","contributorId":199028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Snee","given":"Lawrence","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449516,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Copeland, Peter","contributorId":68554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Copeland","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449514,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Wright, J.E.","contributorId":52575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Donelick, R.A.","contributorId":64052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Donelick","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Guth, L.R.","contributorId":96917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guth","given":"L.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":449515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70027381,"text":"70027381 - 2005 - Raptor abundance and distribution in the Llanos wetlands of Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:19","indexId":"70027381","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2442,"text":"Journal of Raptor Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raptor abundance and distribution in the Llanos wetlands of Venezuela","docAbstract":"The Llanos of Venezuela is a 275 000-km2 freshwater wetland long recognized as an important habitat for waterbirds. However, little information exists on the raptor community of the region. We conducted raptor surveys in the Southwestern and Western Llanos during 2000-02 and detected 28 species representing 19 genera. Overall, areas of the Llanos that we sampled contained 52% of all raptor species and more than 70% of the kites, buteos, and subbuteos known to inhabit Venezuela. Regional differences in the mean number per route for four of the 14 most common species, the Crested Caracara (Caracara plancus), Black-collared Hawk (Busarellus nigricollis), American Kestrel (Falco sparverius), and Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), were significant (P < 0.0018) in relation to the wet or dry seasons. Of the 14 less common species, six were detected in only one season (wet or dry). The Southwestern and Western regions of the Llanos support a rich raptor community composed primarily of nonmigratory wetland-dependent and upland-terrestrial species. ?? 2005 The Raptor Research Foundation, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Raptor Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08921016","usgsCitation":"Jensen, W., Gregory, M., Baldassarre, G., Vilella, F., and Bildstein, K., 2005, Raptor abundance and distribution in the Llanos wetlands of Venezuela: Journal of Raptor Research, v. 39, no. 4, p. 417-428.","startPage":"417","endPage":"428","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":238519,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"39","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a950ae4b0c8380cd8178c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jensen, W.J.","contributorId":47573,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jensen","given":"W.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gregory, M.S.","contributorId":96476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gregory","given":"M.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Baldassarre, G.A.","contributorId":47486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baldassarre","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Vilella, F. J.","contributorId":82025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vilella","given":"F. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bildstein, K.L.","contributorId":90836,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bildstein","given":"K.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":413421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70027847,"text":"70027847 - 2005 - Petroleum geochemistry of oil and gas from Barbados: Implications for distribution of Cretaceous source rocks and regional petroleum prospectivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:21:18","indexId":"70027847","displayToPublicDate":"2005-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2005","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petroleum geochemistry of oil and gas from Barbados: Implications for distribution of Cretaceous source rocks and regional petroleum prospectivity","docAbstract":"Petroleum produced from the Barbados accretionary prism (at Woodbourne Field on Barbados) is interpreted as generated from Cretaceous marine shale deposited under normal salinity and dysoxic conditions rather than from a Tertiary source rock as previously proposed. Barbados oils correlate with some oils from eastern Venezuela and Trinidad that are positively correlated to extracts from Upper Cretaceous La Luna-like source rocks. Three distinct groups of Barbados oils are recognized based on thermal maturity, suggesting petroleum generation occurred at multiple levels within the Barbados accretionary prism. Biodegradation is the most significant process affecting Barbados oils resulting in increased sulfur content and decreased API gravity. Barbados gases are interpreted as thermogenic, having been co-generated with oil, and show mixing with biogenic gas is limited. Gas biodegradation occurred in two samples collected from shallow reservoirs at the Woodbourne Field. The presence of Cretaceous source rocks within the Barbados accretionary prism suggests that greater petroleum potential exists regionally, and perhaps further southeast along the passive margin of South America. Likewise, confirmation of a Cretaceous source rock indicates petroleum potential exists within the Barbados accretionary prism in reservoirs that are deeper than those from Woodbourne Field.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2005.05.003","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Hill, R., and Schenk, C.J., 2005, Petroleum geochemistry of oil and gas from Barbados: Implications for distribution of Cretaceous source rocks and regional petroleum prospectivity: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 22, no. 8, p. 917-943, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2005.05.003.","startPage":"917","endPage":"943","numberOfPages":"27","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211151,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2005.05.003"},{"id":238360,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a77c7e4b0c8380cd7858d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hill, R.J.","contributorId":92850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schenk, Christopher J. 0000-0002-0248-7305","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-7305","contributorId":72344,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schenk","given":"Christopher","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":415532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":5230276,"text":"5230276 - 2004 - Cryptotis meridensis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-11T11:56:11.654631","indexId":"5230276","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2654,"text":"Mammalian Species","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cryptotis meridensis","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"BioOne Complete","doi":"10.1644/761","usgsCitation":"Woodman, N., and D’az de Pascual, A., 2004, Cryptotis meridensis: Mammalian Species, no. 761, p. 1-5, https://doi.org/10.1644/761.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"5","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478000,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/761","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":200796,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Columbia, Venezuela","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -77.87109374999999,\n              6.577303118123862\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.43164062499999,\n              3.9519408561575817\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.83789062499999,\n              1.318243056862001\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.146484375,\n              -0.4394488164139641\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.94921875,\n              -2.460181181020993\n            ],\n            [\n              -70.6640625,\n              -3.162455530237848\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.015625,\n              -3.7765593098768635\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.697265625,\n              -4.477856485570586\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.08203125,\n              -1.669685500986571\n            ],\n            [\n              -69.521484375,\n              0\n            ],\n            [\n              -68.818359375,\n              1.0546279422758869\n            ],\n            [\n              -67.412109375,\n              1.4939713066293239\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.56640625,\n              0.4394488164139641\n            ],\n            [\n              -63.19335937499999,\n              2.7235830833483856\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.820312499999986,\n              4.740675384778373\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.46875,\n              6.140554782450308\n            ],\n            [\n              -59.58984374999999,\n              7.623886853120036\n            ],\n            [\n              -60.380859374999986,\n              9.535748998133615\n            ],\n            [\n              -65.47851562499999,\n              11.178401873711785\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.36718749999999,\n              12.125264218331578\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.5859375,\n              11.092165893502\n            ],\n            [\n              -77.87109374999999,\n              6.577303118123862\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","issue":"761","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acde4b07f02db67f3c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodman, N. 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":104176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"D’az de Pascual, A.","contributorId":60744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’az de Pascual","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":343898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70206008,"text":"70206008 - 2004 - Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T14:22:46","indexId":"70206008","displayToPublicDate":"2004-10-16T14:11:23","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"chapter":"4","title":"Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil","docAbstract":"<p>Crude oil is found in sedimentary rocks throughout the world, except, thus far, in Antarctica. In many places the oil has been degraded, so that it is represented by viscous black oil that is difficult to recover, transport, and refine. Depending upon the degree of degradation the result is extra-heavy oil or, in the extreme case, natural bitumen. Except in Canada, precise quantitative reserves and oilin-place data on a reservoir basis are seldom available because most countries and companies consider such information to be proprietary. Natural bitumen is the oil contained in clastic and carbonate reservoir rocks, most frequently in small deposits at, or near, the earth’s surface. These rocks are commonly referred to as tar sands or oil sands and have been mined since antiquity for use as paving. Occasionally such deposits are extremely large in areal extent and in contained resources, most notably those in northern Alberta, Canada. In 2003 only the Alberta bitumen deposits were being exploited as a source of crude oil. Similarly, reservoirs containing extra-heavy oil are geographically widespread but only one such deposit is sufficiently large to have a major supply and economic impact. That deposit is the Orinoco Oil Belt in Eastern Venezuela. Nowhere else in the world is such a concentration of extra heavy oil known or likely to exist. Definitions of terms used in this commentary may be found immediately prior to Table 4.1. The resource definitions are those of the World Petroleum Congress-Society of Petroleum Engineers-American Association of Petroleum Geologists, with minor additions. One such addition, e.g. is the term Original Reserves, comprised of Proved Reserves plus Cumulative Production, which tends to place new and mature reservoirs on a more nearly comparable basis than either term alone</p>","conferenceTitle":"2004 Survey of Energy Resources ","conferenceLocation":"Sydney, Australia","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","usgsCitation":"Meyer, R.F., and Attanasi, E., 2004, Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil, 2004 Survey of Energy Resources , Sydney, Australia, p. 93-117.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"117","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":368345,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"20","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Meyer, R. F.","contributorId":52167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":773277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Attanasi, Emil D. 0000-0001-6845-7160 attanasi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6845-7160","contributorId":198728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Attanasi","given":"Emil D.","email":"attanasi@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":773278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70027040,"text":"70027040 - 2004 - A modern vs. Permian black shale - the hydrography, primary productivity, and water-column chemistry of deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:30","indexId":"70027040","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1213,"text":"Chemical Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A modern vs. Permian black shale - the hydrography, primary productivity, and water-column chemistry of deposition","docAbstract":"The sediment currently accumulating in the Cariaco Basin, on the continental shelf of Venezuela, has an elevated organic-carbon content of approximately 5%; is accumulating under O2-depleted bottom-water conditions (SO42- reduction); is composed dominantly of foraminiferal calcite, diatomaceous silica, clay, and silt; and is dark greenish gray in color. Upon lithification, it will become a black shale. Recent studies have established the hydrography of the basin and the level of primary productivity and bottom-water redox conditions. These properties are used to model accumulation rates of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, V, and Zn on the seafloor. The model rates agree closely with measured rates for the uppermost surface sediment.The model is applied to the Meade Peak Phosphatic Shale Member of the Phosphoria Formation, a phosphate deposit of Permian age in the northwest United States. It too has all of the requisite properties of a black shale. Although the deposit is a world-class phosphorite, it is composed mostly of phosphatic mudstone and siltstone, chert, limestone, and dolomite. It has organic-carbon concentrations of up to 15%, is strongly enriched in several trace elements above a terrigenous contribution and is black. The trace-element accumulation defines a mean primary productivity in the photic zone of the Phosphoria Basin as moderate, at 500 g m-2 year-1 organic carbon, comparable to primary productivity in the Cariaco Basin. The source of nutrient-enriched water that was imported into the Phosphoria Basin, upwelled into the photic zone, and supported primary productivity was an O2 minimum zone of the open ocean. The depth range over which the water was imported would have been between approximately 100 and 600 m. The mean residence time of bottom water in the basin was approximately 4 years vs. 100 years in the Cariaco Basin. The bottom water was O2 depleted, but it was denitrifying, or NO3- reducing, rather than SO42- reducing. Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chemical Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.006","issn":"00092541","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., and Perkins, R., 2004, A modern vs. Permian black shale - the hydrography, primary productivity, and water-column chemistry of deposition: Chemical Geology, v. 206, no. 3-4, p. 177-197, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.006.","startPage":"177","endPage":"197","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209121,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.006"},{"id":235328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"206","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e483e4b0c8380cd466a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Perkins, R.B.","contributorId":49501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":57813,"text":"ofr20041322 - 2004 - Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":57813,"text":"ofr20041322 - 2004 - Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela","indexId":"ofr20041322","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":57813,"text":"ofr20041322 - 2004 - Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela","indexId":"ofr20041322","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela"},"id":1},{"subject":{"id":57813,"text":"ofr20041322 - 2004 - Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela","indexId":"ofr20041322","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":57813,"text":"ofr20041322 - 2004 - Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela","indexId":"ofr20041322","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela"},"id":2}],"supersededBy":{"id":57813,"text":"ofr20041322 - 2004 - Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela","indexId":"ofr20041322","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"title":"Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela"},"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-18T15:31:26","indexId":"ofr20041322","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2004-1322","title":"Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela","docAbstract":"<p>The digital shaded relief map of Venezuela is a composite of 3-arc-second (approximately 90-meter) elevation data, captured during the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) in February 2000. The SRTM, a joint project between the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), provides the most comprehensive international digital elevation dataset ever produced. The 11-day flight mission aboard the U.S. Space Shuttle Endeavour obtained elevation data for about 80% of the world's landmass through the use of single-pass Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology.</p><p>This publication includes a colorized relief image of Venezuela (GeoTIFF format) and the elevation data (ESRI Grid format) used for rendering the image. These datasets are intended to accompany U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005–1038 (<a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1038/\" data-mce-href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1038/\">http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1038/</a>) and U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 199 (<a href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/199/\" data-mce-href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/199/\">http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/2006/199/</a>). SRTM data in version 2.0 have been processed using the latest data-void filling algorithms and represent a significant improvement to the data used in version 1.0.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr20041322","usgsCitation":"Garrity, C.P., Hackley, P.C., and Urbani, F., 2004, Digital shaded-relief map of Venezuela (Version 2.0, 2009): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1322, 1 map; elevation data; metadata (7 p.), https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20041322.","productDescription":"1 map; elevation data; metadata (7 p.)","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":184815,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5791,"rank":100,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1322/","text":"index Page","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":360506,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1322/VEN_SRTM_90M.zip","text":"90-meter SRTM elevation data (ESRI Grid format)","size":"92 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}},{"id":360507,"rank":4,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1322/VEN_PAINTED_RELIEF.zip","text":"Shaded relief map of Venezuela (GeoTIFF format)","size":"21 MB","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"Venezuela","edition":"Version 2.0, 2009","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655510","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Garrity, Christopher P. 0000-0002-5565-1818 cgarrity@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5565-1818","contributorId":644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garrity","given":"Christopher","email":"cgarrity@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":5061,"text":"National Cooperative Geologic Mapping and Landslide Hazards","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hackley, Paul C. 0000-0002-5957-2551 phackley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5957-2551","contributorId":592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hackley","given":"Paul","email":"phackley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":257873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Urbani, Franco","contributorId":67163,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Urbani","given":"Franco","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":257875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70025652,"text":"70025652 - 2003 - Holocene evolution of the western Orinoco Delta, Venezuela","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70025652","displayToPublicDate":"2003-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2003","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Holocene evolution of the western Orinoco Delta, Venezuela","docAbstract":"The pristine nature of the Orinoco Delta of eastern Venezuela provides unique opportunities to study the geologic processes and environments of a major tropical delta. Remote-sensing images, shallow cores, and radiocarbon-dating of organic remains form the basis for describing deltaic environments and interpreting the Holocene history of the delta. The Orinoco Delta can be subdivided into two major sectors. The southeast sector is dominated by the Rio Grande-the principal distributary-and complex networks of anastomosing fluvial and tidal channels. The abundance of siliciclastic deposits suggests that fluvial processes such as over-bank flooding strongly influence this part of the delta. In contrast, the northwest sector is represented by few major distributaries, and overbank sedimentation is less widespread relative to the southeast sector. Peat is abundant and occurs in herbaceous and forested swamps that are individually up to 200 km2 in area. Northwest-directed littoral currents transport large volumes of suspended sediment and produce prominent mudcapes along the northwest coast. Mapping of surface sediments, vegetation, and major landforms identified four principal geomorphic systems within the western delta plain: (1) distributary channels, (2) interdistributary flood basins, (3) fluvial-marine transitional environments, and (4) marine-influenced coastal environments. Coring and radiocarbon dating of deltaic deposits show that the northern delta shoreline has prograded 20-30 km during the late Holocene sea-level highstand. Progradation has been accomplished by a combination of distributary avulsion and mudcape progradation. This style of deltaic progradation differs markedly from other deltas such as the Mississippi where distributary avulsion leads to coastal land loss, rather than shoreline progradation. The key difference is that the Orinoco Delta coastal zone receives prodigious amounts of sediment from northwest-moving littoral currents that transport sediment from as far away as the Amazon system (???1600 km). Late Holocene progradation of the delta has decreased delta-plain gradients, increased water levels, and minimized over-bank flooding and siliciclastic sedimentation in the northwest sector. These conditions, coupled with large amounts of direct precipitation, have led to widespread peat accumulation in interdistributary basins. Because peat-forming environments cover up to 5000 km2 of the delta plain, the Orinoco may be an excellent analogue for interpreting ancient deltaic peat deposits.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0479:HEOTWO>2.0.CO;2","issn":"00167606","usgsCitation":"Aslan, A., White, W., Warne, A., and Guevara, E., 2003, Holocene evolution of the western Orinoco Delta, Venezuela: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 115, no. 4, p. 479-498, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0479:HEOTWO>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"479","endPage":"498","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208846,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2003)115<0479:HEOTWO>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":234894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a31e4e4b0c8380cd5e311","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Aslan, A.","contributorId":9802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aslan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406026,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, W.A.","contributorId":24489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406027,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warne, A.G.","contributorId":97669,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warne","given":"A.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Guevara, E.H.","contributorId":89693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Guevara","given":"E.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":406028,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":5224157,"text":"5224157 - 2002 - A new species of small-eared shrew from Colombia and Venezuela (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae: Genus Cryptotis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:43","indexId":"5224157","displayToPublicDate":"2010-06-16T12:18:55","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3147,"text":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new species of small-eared shrew from Colombia and Venezuela (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae: Genus Cryptotis)","docAbstract":"Populations of small-eared shrews inhabiting the northern Cordillera Oriental of Colombia and adjoining Venezuelan highlands in the vicinity of Paramo de Tama have been referred alternatively to Cryptotis thomssi or Cryptotis meridensis.  Morphological and morphometrical study of this population indicates that it belongs to neither taxon, but represents a distinct, previously unrecognized species.  I describe this new species as Cryptotis tamensis and redescribe C. meridensis.  Recognition of the population at Paramo de Tama as a separate taxon calls into question the identities of populations of shrews currently represented only by single specimens from Cerro Pintado in the Sierra de Perija, Colombia, and near El Junquito in the coastal highlands of Venezuela.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","collaboration":"5911_Woodman.pdf","usgsCitation":"Woodman, N., 2002, A new species of small-eared shrew from Colombia and Venezuela (Mammalia: Soricomorpha: Soricidae: Genus Cryptotis): Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, v. 115, no. 2, p. 249-272.","productDescription":"249-272","startPage":"249","endPage":"272","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200288,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"115","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6aba4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Woodman, N. 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":104176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":340714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50118,"text":"pp1670 - 2002 - Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-23T16:49:51.059094","indexId":"pp1670","displayToPublicDate":"2003-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1670","title":"Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present","docAbstract":"<p>A sediment core from the Cariaco Basin on the Venezuelan continental shelf, which recovered sediment that has been dated back to 20 ka (thousand years ago), was examined for its major-element-oxide and trace-element composition. Cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) can be partitioned between a siliciclastic, terrigenous-derived fraction and two seawater-derived fractions. The two marine fractions are (1) a biogenic fraction represented by nutrient trace elements taken up mostly in the photic zone by phytoplankton, and (2) a hydrogenous fraction that has been derived from bottom water via adsorption and precipitation reactions. This suite of trace elements contrasts with a second suite of trace elements—barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), gallium (Ga), lithium (Li), the rare-earth elements, thorium (Th), yttrium (Y), and several of the major-element oxides—that has had solely a terrigenous source. The partitioning scheme, coupled with bulk sediment accumulation rates measured by others, allows us to determine the accumulation rate of trace elements in each of the three sediment fractions and of the fractions themselves.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The current export of organic matter from the photic zone, redox conditions and advection of bottom water, and flux of terrigenous debris into the basin can be used to calculate independently trace-element depositional rates. The calculated rates show excellent agreement with the measured rates of the surface sediment. This agreement supports a model of trace-element accumulation rates in the subsurface sediment that gives a 20-kyr history of upwelling into the photic zone (that is, primary productivity), bottom-water advection and redox, and provenance. Correspondence of extrema in the geochemical signals with global changes in sea level and climate demonstrates the high degree to which the basin hydrography and provenance have responded to the paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic regimes of the last 20 kyr.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The accumulation rate of the marine fraction of Mo increased abruptly at about 14.8 ka (calendar years), from less than 0.5 µg cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> to greater than 4 µg cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. Its accumulation rate remained high but variable until 8.6 ka, when it decreased sharply to 1 µg cm<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>. It continued to decrease to 4.0 ka, to its lowest value for the past 15 kyr, before gradually increasing to the present. Between 14.8 ka and 8.6 ka, its accumulation rate exhibited strong maxima at 14.4, 13.0, and 9.9 ka. The oldest maximum corresponds to melt-water pulse IA into the Gulf of Mexico. A relative minimum, centered at about 11.1 ka, corresponds to melt-water pulse IB; a strong maximum occurs in the immediately overlying sediment. The maximum at 13.0 ka corresponds to onset of the Younger Dryas cold event. This pattern to the accumulation rate of Mo (and V) can be interpreted in terms of its deposition from bottom water of the basin, the hydrogenous fraction, under SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> -reducing conditions, during times of intense bottom-water advection 14.8 ka to 11.1 ka and significantly less intense bottom-water advection 11 ka to the present.</p>\n<br>\n<p>The accumulation rate of Cd shows a pattern that is only slightly different from that of Mo, although its deposition was determined largely by the rain rate of organic matter into the bottom water, a biogenic fraction whose deposition was driven by upwelling of nutrient-enriched water into the photic zone. Its accumulation exhibits only moderately high rates, on average, during both melt-water pulses. Its highest rate, and that of upwelling, occurred during the Younger Dryas, and again following melt-water pulse IB. The marine fractions of Cu, Ni, and Zn also have a strong biogenic signal. The siliciclastic terrigenous debris, however, represents the dominant source, and host, of Cu, Ni, and Zn. All four trace elements have a consid-erably weaker hydrogenous signal than biogenic signal.</p>\n<br>\n<p>Accumulation rates of the terrigenous fraction, as reflected by accumulation rates of Th and Ga, show strong maxima at 16.2 and 12.7 ka and minima at 14.1 and 11.1 ka. Co, Li, REE, and Y have a similar distribution. The minima occurred during melt-water pulses IA and IB, the maxima during the Younger Dryas and the rise in sea level following the last glacial maximum.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/pp1670","usgsCitation":"Piper, D.Z., and Dean, W.E., 2002, Trace-element deposition in the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Shelf, under sulfate-reducing conditions: A history of the local hydrography and global climate, 20 ka to the present: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1670, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1670.","productDescription":"41 p.","numberOfPages":"41","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":86307,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/pdf/pp1670.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":120691,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":4304,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1670/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"Venezuela","otherGeospatial":"Cariaco Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -66.0,10.0 ], [ -66.0,11.0 ], [ -64.0,11.0 ], [ -64.0,10.0 ], [ -66.0,10.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b00e4b07f02db698283","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, David Z. dzpiper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2452,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piper","given":"David","email":"dzpiper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dean, Walter E. dean@usgs.gov","contributorId":1801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"Walter","email":"dean@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":240794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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