Two three-component seismometers (one surface and one borehole) were re-installed on the Savannah River Site (SRS), South Carolina in July 1992 to determine attenuation in the Coastal Plain sediment wedge and source parameters of local earthquakes. Four earthquakes M ∼ 1.8 to 3.6 were recorded during the next 6 months. The largest event was located near Summerville within the meizoseismal area for the 1886 Charleston earthquake. Two shocks were located 50 km to the east near Neeses, and one was located 20 km north of the SRS near Aiken. Although source parameters have been determined from strong motion data and short-period regional networks for east coast earthquakes, such as the Saguenay, Nahanni, and Mt. Laurier earthquakes (e.g., Atkinson, 1993), these are some of the first source parameters determined from broad-band digital recorders. Seismograms for the Summerville event are also available from Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Blacksburg, Virginia, providing estimates of t* beyond 200 km. Here we determine source parameters such as moment, stress drop, and the attenuation parameter t* using a non-linear least-squares algorithm. We do not correct for site response because the deepest borehole is not below the Coastal Plain sediments (about 300m thick at this site) and because only one station is available for most of the data. Values of t* are marginally higher from seismograms recorded at the surface when compared to records from the 91m depth borehole seismograph. A value of 170-200 bars was determined for the Brune stress drop of the Summerville event using the borehole data, which is high compared to a value of 50 bars usually specified for modeling strong motion in western North America, but similar to other estimates for eastern North America. A higher stress drop leads to a higher seismic risk because peak acceleration is approximately proportional to stress drop. Moreover, mid- to upper-crustal Qs are in the range of 2,000 to 3,000, which would permit the propagation of high frequency seismic waves. A comparison of the surface records from the SRS with a record from the USGS dense array at Parkfield, CA for an event at about the same distance range and moment as the Summerville event-SRS case shows that the peak acceleration of the Summerville event is 16 times higher than that for the event from California (stress drop of 21 bars).
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1785/gssrl.66.4.44","issn":"08950695","usgsCitation":"Fletcher, J.B., 1995, Source parameters and crustal Q for four earthquakes in South Carolina: Seismological Research Letters, v. 66, no. 4, p. 44-61, https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.66.4.44.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"44","endPage":"61","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":226661,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South 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Carolina\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"66","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9334e4b08c986b31a368","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fletcher, Joe B.","contributorId":8850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fletcher","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":380886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":31871,"text":"ofr954 - 1995 - Preliminary geologic map of the Lunenburg and Fort Mitchell 7.5' quadrangles, Virginia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-10T10:53:43","indexId":"ofr954","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"95-4","title":"Preliminary geologic map of the Lunenburg and Fort Mitchell 7.5' quadrangles, Virginia","docAbstract":"The Lunenburg and Fort Mitchell 7.5' quadrangles have been mapped as part of the Geology of the South-Central Virginia Piedmont Project, a regional geologic mapping project of the U.S. Geological Survey. The two quadrangles include parts of Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, and Charlotte counties, and are located in the east-central part of the South Boston 30'x60' quadrangle (Figure 1). A preliminary geologic map of this quadrangle has been published (Norton and others, 1993), and a reconnaissance map by Laney (1917) includes the western Fort Mitchell quadrangle. Aeromagnetic and aeroradioactivity maps that include the field area have been published by the U.S. Geological Survey (1978a, 1978b). The Lunenburg and Fort Mitchell quadrangles are adjacent to the north and northwest, respectively, to the previously mapped Wightman 7.5' quadrangle (Burton, 1993; Figure 1).
With respect to geologic provinces, the Lunenburg and Fort Mitchell quadrangles are located within the Carolina slate belt of the Carolina Terrane (Figure 1) and have not been previously mapped in detail. The Carolina slate belt in this area consists of volcanic and sedimentary rocks and associated intrusive igneous rocks that possess a regional slatey cleavage and have been subjected to lower greenschistfacies metamorphism. An earlier, pre-cleavage deformation and low-grade metamorphism may have occurred in the Late Proterozoic (Glover and Sinha, 1973). The rocks are locally poorly dated but probably are Late Proterozoic and Early Cambrian in age (Butler and Secor, 1991, and references therein). The Carolina slate belt may represent a subduction-related volcanic arc (Butler and Secor, 1991), or riftedarc complex (Feiss and others, 1993). Geochemical analysis and radioisotopic dating (U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar) of slate belt rocks in the South Boston 30 x 60' quadrangle by the U.S.G.S. are in progress.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/ofr954","usgsCitation":"Burton, W.C., 1995, Preliminary geologic map of the Lunenburg and Fort Mitchell 7.5' quadrangles, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-4, Report: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 38.34 x 28.98 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr954.","productDescription":"Report: 14 p.; 1 Plate: 38.34 x 28.98 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":160219,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0004/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":60060,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0004/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":354052,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1995/0004/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"scale":"24000","datum":"National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1927","country":"United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -78.5,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -78.25,\n 36.875\n ],\n [\n -78.25,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 37\n ],\n [\n -78.5,\n 36.875\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b0f6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, William C. 0000-0001-7519-5787 bburton@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7519-5787","contributorId":1293,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"William","email":"bburton@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207136,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":61350,"text":"mf2296 - 1995 - Detailed lithologic log of the Dow Chemical #1 B.L. Garrigan Drill Hole, Mississippi County, Arkansas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-10T20:58:58.611046","indexId":"mf2296","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2296","title":"Detailed lithologic log of the Dow Chemical #1 B.L. Garrigan Drill Hole, Mississippi County, Arkansas","docAbstract":"The geology and tectonic setting of the New Madrid region in southeastern Missouri has received considerable attention because of the area's high seismic activity. The largest recorded earthquakes in this area occurred in the winter of 1811-1812. These earthquakes has estimated magnitudes as large as 8.0 on the Richter scale (Johnsonton and Kanter, 1990) and affected an area of about 1 million square miles (Fuller, 1912). Today, an area of continuously high seismic activity defines the New Madrid seismic zone, which extends from northeastern Arkansas into southeastern Missouri and northwestern Tennessee. Seismicity is locally concentrated along two subsurface archers--the Blytheville and Pascola (Hildenbrand and others, 1977; Crone and others, 1985; Hildenbrand, 1985; McKeown, 1988). The Padcola arch is not pertinent to this study and, therefore will not be discusses further. The Blytheville arch is located in and is subparallel to the axis of the northeast-southwest-trending Reelfoot structural basin, which formed during early Paleozoic rifting (Ervin and McGinnis, 1975; fig. 1). The Reelfoot basin is filled with Cambrian and Ordovician sedimentary rocks (Grohskopf, 1955; Howe, 1984; Houseknevht, 1989; Collins and others, 1992) that are uncomfortably overlain by Cretacaous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks and underlain by crystalline rocks of the eastern granite-rhyolite province (see Bickford and others, 1986). The presence of some Late Proterozoic sedimentary rocks in the Reelfoot basin currently cannot be ruled out. The Dow Chemical #1 B.L. Garrigan drill hole (hereafter, Garrigan) penetrated Paleozoic rocks on the Blytheville arch. The Garrigan is locted in the Reelfoot basin in the NW1/4, NW1/4 sec. 28, T. 15 N., R. 10 E., Mississippi County, Arkansas (fig. 1) and was completed to a total depth of 12,038 ft from a ground elevation of 239 ft on April 11, 1982 (Swolfs, 1991). The Garrigan is the only reported drill hole that penetrates the subsurface Blytheville arch and is an important source of core from the Reelfoot basin (Collins and others, 1992). Therefore, this drill hole is important for understanding structure and Paleozoic stratigraphy in a basin where stratigraphic and structural data are sparse. Rocks in the Garrigan were originally logged and described by J.R. Howe (personal communication to D.S. Collins, 1990) and published as a composite stratigraphic section along with the rock description for the Dow Chemical #1 Wilson drill hole (Howe, 1984). F.A. McKeown later relogged the rocks in the Garrigan and presented a generalized log in McKeown and others (1990). Swolfs (1991) presented another version of the Garrigan drill-hole geologic section (fig. 2). Aided by new biostratigraphic information, Taylor and others (1991) corrected major errors in the characterization and correlation of rocks in the Garrigan (fig. 2). Collins (1991) described the insoluble residues from the cuttings of the Garrigan, but could not correlate them with the insoluble resides from rocks of the carbonate platform west of the basin. However Taylor and others (1991), Collins and others (1992), and Collins and Bohm (1993) did correlate fossils from the Garrigan to other drill holes in the Reelfoot basin and adjacent areas. Using these correlated data, Collins and Bohm (1993) provided information on the structural relief across a part of the Reelfoot basin. Collins and others (1992) also interpreted the depositional setting for the Paleozoic rocks of the Garrigan. This report presents a detailed lithologic log of the Paleozoic rocks penetrated by the Garrigan that differs from the lithologic logs of previous workers (Howe, 1984; McKeown and others, 1990; see also Dart, 1992, p. 18-19). The lithologic descriptions of the Garrigan are derived from observations of well cuttings and core. Cored intervals used were 11,426-11,402 ft, 10,229-10,200 ft, and 8,002-7,979 ft. These intervals were the only intervals cored during the Garrigan drill project. Detailed analyses of the core will be described in a subsequent report.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/mf2296","usgsCitation":"Collins, D.S., and Skipp, G.L., 1995, Detailed lithologic log of the Dow Chemical #1 B.L. Garrigan Drill Hole, Mississippi County, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2296, 2 Plates: 40.99 x 60.03 inches and 40.84 x 58.40 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2296.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 40.99 x 60.03 inches and 40.84 x 58.40 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490340,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5916.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":282183,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2296/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":282184,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2296/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":180126,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2296.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","county":"Mississippi County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -90.1,35.876944 ], [ -90.1,35.926111 ], [ -90.016667,35.926111 ], [ -90.016667,35.876944 ], [ -90.1,35.876944 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa8e4b07f02db667cfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, Donley S.","contributorId":93906,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"Donley","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":265487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Skipp, Gary L. 0000-0002-9404-0980 gskipp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-0980","contributorId":2102,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Skipp","given":"Gary","email":"gskipp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":265486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":38213,"text":"pp1538L - 1995 - Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538L","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"L","title":"Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Mo. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538L","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., 1995, Gravity of the New Madrid seismic zone; a preliminary study: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. L1-L18, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538L.","productDescription":"p. L1-L18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123915,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538l/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64516,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538l/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a24ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":219346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":25534,"text":"wri944127 - 1995 - Geohydrology, water quality, and nitrogen geochemistry in the saturated and unsaturated zones beneath various land uses, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, California, 1991-93","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-12T12:17:48","indexId":"wri944127","displayToPublicDate":"1995-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4127","title":"Geohydrology, water quality, and nitrogen geochemistry in the saturated and unsaturated zones beneath various land uses, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, California, 1991-93","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Eastern Municipal Water District, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and the Orange County Water District, has completed a detailed study of the Hemet groundwater basin. The quantity of ground water stored in the basin in August 1992 is estimated to be 327,000 acre-feet. Dissolved-solids concentration ranged from 380 to 700 mg/L (milligrams per liter), except in small areas where the concentration exceeded 1,000 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 10 mg/L nitrate (as nitrogen) in the southeastern part of the basin, in the Domenigoni Valley area, and beneath a dairy in the Diamond Valley area.
Seven sites representing selected land uses-- residential, turf grass irrigated with reclaimed water, citrus grove, irrigated farm, poultry farm, and dairy (two sites)--were selected for detailed study of nitrogen geochemistry in the unsaturated zone. For all land uses, nitrate was the dominant nitrogen species in the unsaturated zone.
Although nitrate was seasonally present in the shallow unsaturated zone beneath the residential site, it was absent at moderate depths, suggesting negligible migration of nitrate from the surface at this time. Microbial denitrification probably is occurring in the shallow unsaturated zone. High nitrate concentrations in the deep unsaturated zone (greater than 100 ft) suggest either significantly higher nitrate loading at some time in the past, or lateral movement of nitrate at depth.
Nitrate also is seasonally present in the shallow unsaturated zone beneath the reclaimed-water site, and (in contrast with the residential site), nitrate is perennially present in the deeper unsaturated zone. Microbial denitrification in the unsaturated zone and in the capillary fringe above the water table decreases the concentrations of nitrate in pore water to below the MCL before reaching the water table.
Pore water in the unsaturated zone beneath the citrus grove site contains very high concentrations of nitrate. Even though there are zones of microbial denitrification, nitrate seems to be migrating downward to the water table.
The presence of a shallow perched-water zone beneath the irrigated-farm site prevents the vertical movement of nitrate from the surface to the regional water table. Above the perched zone, nitrate concentrations in the unsaturated zone are variable, ranging from below the MCL to four times the MCL. Periodically, nitrate is flushed from the shallow unsaturated zone to the perched-water zone.
The unsaturated zone pore-moisture quality could not be adequately addressed because of the very dry conditions in the unsaturated zone beneath the poultry-farm site. Surficial clay deposits prevent water from percolating downward.
At the two dairy sites, nitrate loading in pore water at the surface was very high, as great as 7,000 mg/L. Microbial denitrification in the unsaturated zone causes such concentrations to decrease rapidly with depth. At a depth of 20 ft, nitrate concentration was less than 100 mg/L. In areas where the depth to water is less than 20 ft, nitrate loading to ground water can be very high, whereas in areas where depth to water is greater than 100 ft, most of the nitrate is microbially removed before reaching the water table.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944127","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Eastern Municipal Water District, the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, and the Orange County Water District","usgsCitation":"Rees, T.F., Bright, D., Fay, R.G., Christensen, A.H., Anders, R., Baharie, B.S., and Land, M.T., 1995, Geohydrology, water quality, and nitrogen geochemistry in the saturated and unsaturated zones beneath various land uses, Riverside and San Bernardino counties, California, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4127, vii, 267 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944127.","productDescription":"vii, 267 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":54255,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4127/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":124356,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4127/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Riverside County, San Bernardino County","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.25,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116.5,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -118.25,\n 34.5\n ],\n [\n -118.25,\n 33.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8758","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rees, Terry F.","contributorId":9688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rees","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bright, Daniel J. djbright@usgs.gov","contributorId":1758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bright","given":"Daniel J.","email":"djbright@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":194083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fay, Ronald G.","contributorId":78808,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fay","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christensen, Allen H. 0000-0002-7061-5591 ahchrist@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7061-5591","contributorId":1510,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"Allen","email":"ahchrist@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Anders, Robert 0000-0002-2363-9072 randers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2363-9072","contributorId":1210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anders","given":"Robert","email":"randers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":194084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Baharie, Brian S.","contributorId":204180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baharie","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Land, Michael T. 0000-0001-5141-0307 mtland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5141-0307","contributorId":173276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Land","given":"Michael","email":"mtland@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":194080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":66164,"text":"i2341 - 1995 - Geologic map of the Duncan Peak and southern part of the Cisco Grove 7 1/2' quadrangles, Placer and Nevada Counties, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-31T20:01:58.528539","indexId":"i2341","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2341","title":"Geologic map of the Duncan Peak and southern part of the Cisco Grove 7 1/2' quadrangles, Placer and Nevada Counties, California","docAbstract":"This map covers an area of 123 km2 on the west \nslope of the Sierra Nevada, an uplifted and west-tilted \nrange in eastern California (fig. 1). The area is located \n20 km west of Donner Pass, which lies on the east escarpment of the range, and about 80 km east of the Great \nValley Province. Interstate Highway 80 is the major route \nover the range at this latitude and secondary roads, which \nspur off from this highway, provide access to the northern \npart of the area. None of the secondary roads crosses \nthe deep canyon cut by the North Fork of the American \nRiver, however, and access to the southern part of \nthe area is provided by logging roads that spur off from \nthe Foresthill Divide Road that extends east from Auburn to the Donner Pass area (fig. 1).","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/i2341","usgsCitation":"Harwood, D.S., Fisher, G.R., and Waugh, B.J., 1995, Geologic map of the Duncan Peak and southern part of the Cisco Grove 7 1/2' quadrangles, Placer and Nevada Counties, California: U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2341, Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 39.00 × 45.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2341.","productDescription":"Report: 12 p.; 1 Plate: 39.00 × 45.00 inches","numberOfPages":"12","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":280393,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":107384,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2341/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10238"},{"id":91513,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2341/pdf/i2341_plate1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":91514,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2341/pdf/i2341_report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":398587,"rank":5,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10238.htm"}],"scale":"24000","projection":"Polyconic projection","country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Nevada County, Placer County","otherGeospatial":"Duncan Peak and Cisco Grove quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.625,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -120.625,\n 39.333\n ],\n [\n -120.5,\n 39.333\n ],\n [\n -120.5,\n 39.125\n ],\n [\n -120.625,\n 39.125\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db6992fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Harwood, David S.","contributorId":48153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harwood","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, G. Reid Jr.","contributorId":107184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"G.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"Reid","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274087,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Waugh, Barbara J.","contributorId":84660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waugh","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":274086,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38209,"text":"pp1538I - 1995 - Characterization of the Cottonwood Grove and Ridgely faults near Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, from high-resolution seismic reflection data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538I","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"I","title":"Characterization of the Cottonwood Grove and Ridgely faults near Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, from high-resolution seismic reflection data","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538I","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Shedlock, K.M., and Odum, J.K., 1995, Characterization of the Cottonwood Grove and Ridgely faults near Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, from high-resolution seismic reflection data: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. I1-I10, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538I.","productDescription":"p. I1-I10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123991,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538i/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64512,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538i/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4d0d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, William J. 0000-0001-8699-0786 wstephens@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8699-0786","contributorId":695,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"William","email":"wstephens@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":219336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shedlock, Kaye M.","contributorId":61788,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shedlock","given":"Kaye","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29384,"text":"wri944003 - 1995 - Factors affecting water quality and net flux of solutes in two stream basins in the Quabbin Reservoir drainage basin, central Massachusetts, 1983-85","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-16T21:40:08.31276","indexId":"wri944003","displayToPublicDate":"1995-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4003","title":"Factors affecting water quality and net flux of solutes in two stream basins in the Quabbin Reservoir drainage basin, central Massachusetts, 1983-85","docAbstract":"The factors that affect stream-water quality were studied at West Branch Swift River (Swift River), and East Branch Fever Brook (Fever Brook), two forested watersheds that drain into the Quabbin Reservoir, central Massachusetts, from December 1983 through August 1985. Spatial and temporal variations of chemistry of precipitation, surface water; and ground water and the linkages between chemical changes and hydrologic processes were used to identify the mechanisms that control stream chemistry. Precipitation chemistry was dominated by hydrogen ion (composite p.H 4.23), sulfate, and nitrate. Inputs of hydrogen and nitrate from pre- cipitation were almost entirely retained in the basins, whereas input of sulfate was approximately balanced by export by streamflow draining the basins. Both streams were poorly buffered, with mean pH near 5.7, mean alkalinity less than 30 microequivalents per liter, and sulfate concen- trations greater than 130 microequivalents per liter. Sodium and chloride, derived primarily from highway deicing salts, were the dominant solutes at Fever Brook. After adjustments for deicing salts, fluxes of base cations during the 21-month study were 2,014 and 1,429 equivalents per hectare in Swift River and Fever Brook, respectively. Base cation fluxes were controlled primarily by weathering of hornblende (Fever Brook) and plagioclase (Swift River). The overall weathering rate was greater in the Swift River Basin because easily weathered gabbro underlies one subbasin which comprises 11.2 percent of the total basin area but contributed about 77 percent of the total alkalinity. Alkalinity export was nearly equal in the two basins, however, because some alkalinity was generated in wetlands in the Fever Brook Basin through bacterial sulfate reduction coupled with organic-carbon oxidation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944003","usgsCitation":"Rittmaster, R., and Shanley, J.B., 1995, Factors affecting water quality and net flux of solutes in two stream basins in the Quabbin Reservoir drainage basin, central Massachusetts, 1983-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4003, v, 66 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944003.","productDescription":"v, 66 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":58230,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4003/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123548,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4003/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":396050,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47918.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Massachusetts","otherGeospatial":"Quabbin Reservoir drainage basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -72.4167,\n 42.4583\n ],\n [\n -72.1833,\n 42.4583\n ],\n [\n -72.1833,\n 42.5458\n ],\n [\n -72.4167,\n 42.5458\n ],\n [\n -72.4167,\n 42.4583\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a05e4b07f02db5f879b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rittmaster, R. L.","contributorId":55861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rittmaster","given":"R. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209628,"text":"70209628 - 1995 - Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984–1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-16T14:02:37.312524","indexId":"70209628","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-20T08:58:26","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2316,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dust deposition in southern Nevada and California, 1984–1989: Relations to climate, source area, and source lithology","docAbstract":"Dust samples collected annually for 5 years from 55 sites in southern Nevada and California provide the first regional source of information on modern rates of dust deposition, grain size, and mineralogical and chemical composition relative to climate and to type and lithology of dust source. The average silt and clay flux (rate of deposition) in southern Nevada and southeastern California ranges from 4.3 to 15.7 g/m2/yr, but in southwestern California the average silt and clay flux is as high as 30 g/m2/yr. The climatic factors that affect dust flux interact with each other and with the factors of source type (playas versus alluvium), source lithology, geographic area, and human disturbance. Average dust flux increases with mean annual temperature but is not correlated to decreases in mean annual precipitation because the regional winds bring dust to relatively wet areas. In contrast, annual dust flux mostly reflects changes in annual precipitation (relative drought) rather than temperature. Although playa and alluvial sources produce about the same amount of dust per unit area, the total volume of dust from the more extensive alluvial sources is much larger. In addition, playa and alluvial sources respond differently to annual changes in precipitation. Most playas produce dust that is richer in soluble salts and carbonate than that from alluvial sources (except carbonate‐rich alluvium). Gypsum dust may be produced by the interaction of carbonate dust and anthropogenic or marine sulfates. The dust flux in an arid urbanizing area may be as much as twice that before disturbance but decreases when construction stops. The mineralogic and major‐oxide composition of the dust samples indicates that sand and some silt is locally derived and deposited, whereas clay and some silt from different sources can be far‐traveled. Dust deposited in the Transverse Ranges of California by the Santa Ana winds appears to be mainly derived from sources to the north and east.
The Summitville Mine, located near the old mining town of Summitville in Rio Grande County, Colorado, operated between July 1986 and December 1992 as a large-tonnage open-pit heap-leach gold mine. During its 6 years of existence the trace metal levels in drainage water from the mine site were elevated over historical (pre-1986) levels (Moran and Wentz, 1974) due to input from three sources—heap leach water, seeps that occur throughout the mine workings, and an increase in the metal load of water coming from the old Reynolds Adit. Mine-drainage waters flow into Wightman Fork, a small tributary of the Alamosa River, which in turn flows east into the San Luis Valley. The increase in the trace metal burden of the Alamosa River watershed is of concern to farmers, land owners, and Federal and State wildlife agencies.
The information presented here is largely abstracted from reports previously published (Balistrieri and others, 1995; Gough and others, 1995).
During the Pinedale (Late Wisconsinan) glaciation, an outlet glacier from a mountain ice field flowed eastward across the Continental Divide through Marias Pass in northwestern Montana. This outlet glacier was the major source of the Two Medicine glacier, a large piedmont glacier that extended from the mountain front east about 55 km onto the plains. An accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon age of 12 194 ± 145 BP (AA-9530) was obtained from a wood fragment, underlying a Glacier Peak tephra and a Mount Saint Helens set J tephra in a section of lake sediments, near Marias Pass. This radiocarbon age provides a minimum date of deglaciation for the Marias Pass area that is about 800 years older than a previous estimate. Furthermore, the radiocarbon age indicates that the Two Medicine glacier was no longer being supplied by its major source and if it still existed was only as a dying, stagnant ice mass.
","language":"English","publisher":"Canadian Science Publishing","doi":"10.1139/e95-106","usgsCitation":"Carrara, P.E., 1995, A 12 000 year radiocarbon date of deglaciation from the Continental Divide of northwestern Montana: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, no. 9, p. 1303-1307, https://doi.org/10.1139/e95-106.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1303","endPage":"1307","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374501,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana ","otherGeospatial":"Northwestern Montana","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.5869140625,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -112.54394531249999,\n 47.15984001304432\n ],\n [\n -112.54394531249999,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -116.5869140625,\n 49.03786794532644\n ],\n [\n -116.5869140625,\n 47.15984001304432\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"32","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carrara, Paul E. pcarrara@usgs.gov","contributorId":1342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrara","given":"Paul","email":"pcarrara@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":6660,"text":"fs07394 - 1995 - Floods in southeast Texas, October 1994","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T15:43:47","indexId":"fs07394","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"073-94","title":"Floods in southeast Texas, October 1994","docAbstract":"Rainfall in southeast Texas, which ranged in amounts from about 8 to more than 28 inches during October 15–19, 1994, caused severe flooding in parts of a 38-county area. A combination of meteorological events—residual atmospheric moisture over southern Texas associated with Hurricane Rosa from the Pacific Coast of Mexico and low-level moisture from the Gulf of Mexico drawn inland to a warm front by a strong low-pressure system over the southern Rocky Mountains—spawned vigorous thunderstorms that produced rainfall amounts that may exceed records for the area.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Houston, TX","doi":"10.3133/fs07394","usgsCitation":"Liscum, F., and East, J., 1995, Floods in southeast Texas, October 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 073-94, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs07394.","productDescription":"2 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":719,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/fs-073-94/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":117419,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/fs_073_94.bmp"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liscum, Fred","contributorId":95463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liscum","given":"Fred","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":153116,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, Jeffery W. jweast@usgs.gov","contributorId":1683,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"Jeffery W.","email":"jweast@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":153115,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70209352,"text":"70209352 - 1995 - Low-grade, M1 metamorphism of the Douglas Island Volcanics, western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-01T14:27:22.388851","indexId":"70209352","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T13:57:59","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Low-grade, M1 metamorphism of the Douglas Island Volcanics, western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska","title":"Low-grade, M1 metamorphism of the Douglas Island Volcanics, western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska","docAbstract":"The western metamorphic belt is part of the Coast plutonic-metamorphic complex of western Canada and southeastern Alaska that developed during collision of the Alexander terrane and Gravina assemblage on the west against the Yukon Prong and Stikine terranes to the east. Deformation, metamorphism, and plutonism range from about 120 to 50 Ma. Subgreenschist to lower greenschist facies metabasalts exposed along the west end of the western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska, record the earliest metamorphic event (M1). The protolith of the M1, low-grade metamorphic mineral assemblages is mostly arc-affinity basaltic rocks of the Douglas Island Volcanics. The most common metamorphic mineral assemblages are chlorite-epidote-actinolite with or without pumpellyite and stilpnomelane. There is no systematic distribution of metamorphic mineral assemblages in the study area, and all assemblages are in the pumpellyite-actinolite facies near the transition to the lower greenschist facies. Different low variance assemblages can be attributed to minor differences in pressure (P), temperature (T), or X CO2 . Mineral chemistry and phase equilibria suggest that thermal peak metamorphism of pumpellyite-bearing assemblages occurred at about 325 °C and 2 to 4.8 kbar.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE296-p51","usgsCitation":"Himmelberg, G.R., Brew, D.A., and Ford, A., 1995, Low-grade, M1 metamorphism of the Douglas Island Volcanics, western metamorphic belt near Juneau, Alaska: GSA Special Papers, v. 51, no. 66, p. 51-66, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE296-p51.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"51","endPage":"66","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373719,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","city":"Juneau","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 57.79794388498275\n ],\n [\n -132.802734375,\n 57.79794388498275\n ],\n [\n -132.802734375,\n 58.82511777083639\n ],\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 58.82511777083639\n ],\n [\n -135.439453125,\n 57.79794388498275\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"51","issue":"66","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Himmelberg, Glen R.","contributorId":57921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himmelberg","given":"Glen","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brew, David A. dbrew@usgs.gov","contributorId":3244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brew","given":"David","email":"dbrew@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ford, Arthur B.","contributorId":52578,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ford","given":"Arthur B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":786372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":38204,"text":"pp1538E - 1995 - Geophysical setting of the Reelfoot Rift and relations between rift structures and the New Madrid seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538E","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"E","title":"Geophysical setting of the Reelfoot Rift and relations between rift structures and the New Madrid seismic zone","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/Central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538E","usgsCitation":"Hildenbrand, T., and Hendricks, J.D., 1995, Geophysical setting of the Reelfoot Rift and relations between rift structures and the New Madrid seismic zone: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. E1-E30, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538E.","productDescription":"p. E1-E30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123910,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538e/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64504,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538e/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a8223","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hildenbrand, T.G.","contributorId":83892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hildenbrand","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hendricks, J. D.","contributorId":40187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hendricks","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70245137,"text":"70245137 - 1995 - Stratigraphic and structural synthesis of a Miocene extensional terrane, southeast California and west-central Arizona","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-16T15:33:56.108306","indexId":"70245137","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T10:19:54","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5935,"text":"Bulletin of the Geological Society of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stratigraphic and structural synthesis of a Miocene extensional terrane, southeast California and west-central Arizona","docAbstract":"Detailed stratigraphy and isotopic dating of stratigraphic sections in the Colorado River extensional corridor support a regional correlation of highly faulted Tertiary stratigraphic sequences and provide a chronologic framework for interpreting the evolution of low-angle normal (detachment) faults. On the basis of this correlation, we define six tilting domains in the upper plate of the Whipple, Chemehuevi, and Rawhide detachment faults and identify three discrete episodes of detachment faulting that began in the early Miocene and ended in middle Miocene time. Episodes of rapid detachment faulting are indicated by extreme tilting of upper-plate fault blocks and overlying Miocene sequences, fanning dips of basinal deposits, and angular unconformities that represent short time gaps in the accumulation of syntectonic sequences.
During the first episode of detachment faulting at about 20 Ma, the upper plate segmented to form the domains. Basin subsidence and extreme tilting of upper-plate fault blocks and syntectonic deposits characterized the eastern Topock, Crossman, Aubrey, Parker Dam, and Buckskin-Rawhide domains, whereas the western Mopah domain was the site of abundant volcanic activity but no basins or tilting. A second episode of extension at about 18 Ma produced extreme tilts in the Buckskin-Rawhide domain but upper-plate blocks in the Mopah domain tilted moderately. A third regionwide faulting episode between 14 and 12 Ma was due to localized uplift of middle and lower crust and eventual exposure of the detachment faults and their footwalls. The upper-plate fault blocks responded passively to localized slip on the detachment faults. Rapid extension began on the Whipple-Chemehuevi detachment fault at 20 Ma and had shifted southward to the Buckskin-Rawhide detachment fault by 18 Ma; volcanic activity also shifted southward to the Buckskin-Rawhide domain at this time. The southward shift of rapid extension and volcanism probably represents buildup and release of strain at localized sites in the lower plate. Otherwise, stratigraphic and structural relations indicate that the locations of upper-plate basins, faulting and tilting of upper-plate blocks, and position of the breakaway zone remained stable throughout the major phases of extension.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0241:SASSOA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nielson, J.E., and Beratan, K.K., 1995, Stratigraphic and structural synthesis of a Miocene extensional terrane, southeast California and west-central Arizona: Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 107, no. 2, p. 241-252, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<0241:SASSOA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"241","endPage":"252","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, California","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -115.63925306119957,\n 35.1120498760428\n ],\n [\n -115.63925306119957,\n 33.98772646876533\n ],\n [\n -113.74781991261354,\n 33.98772646876533\n ],\n [\n -113.74781991261354,\n 35.1120498760428\n ],\n [\n -115.63925306119957,\n 35.1120498760428\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nielson, Jane E.","contributorId":9701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nielson","given":"Jane","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Beratan, Kathi K.","contributorId":304218,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Beratan","given":"Kathi","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70018950,"text":"70018950 - 1995 - Upper Eocene impactites of the U.S. East Coast; depositional origins, biostratigraphic framework, and correlation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-03-11T16:57:48.46275","indexId":"70018950","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3000,"text":"Palaios","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Upper Eocene impactites of the U.S. East Coast; depositional origins, biostratigraphic framework, and correlation","docAbstract":"Similar successions of planktonic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, and bolboformids document coeval deposition of the Exmore impact breccia (Virginia Coastal Plain) and an impact ejecta layer at DSDP Site 612 (New Jersey Continental Slope). Both impactites accumulated in the late Eocene during the early part of biochrons P15 (planktonic foraminifera) and NP 19-20 (calcareous nannofossils), approximately 35.5-35.2 Ma. The impactite at Site 612 is part of an allochthonous debriite, 22.8 cm thick, displaced from the Toms Canyon impact crater, 40 km north-northwest of Site 612. The Exmore breccia, possibly 2000 m thick, is composed of debris displaced from the Chesapeake Bay impact crater, located in southeastern Virginia, 330 km southwest of Site 612.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.2307/3515005","usgsCitation":"Poag, C.W., and Aubry, M., 1995, Upper Eocene impactites of the U.S. East Coast; depositional origins, biostratigraphic framework, and correlation: Palaios, v. 10, no. 1, p. 16-43, https://doi.org/10.2307/3515005.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"16","endPage":"43","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":226853,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"U.S. East Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -67.08766028227085,\n 44.95631103522655\n ],\n [\n -70.44118868634526,\n 44.01391919405228\n ],\n [\n -74.41496110172552,\n 40.43339004771923\n ],\n [\n -76.19998402687243,\n 38.39327787925083\n ],\n [\n -75.93588860869077,\n 36.136601763707844\n ],\n [\n -75.43873440241883,\n 36.22653572464936\n ],\n [\n -74.89677536119754,\n 37.50240329537155\n ],\n [\n -73.80504742581402,\n 38.35953695705419\n ],\n [\n -69.72052971064771,\n 41.1818850476843\n ],\n [\n -66.58539122753143,\n 44.73537930799378\n ],\n [\n -67.08766028227085,\n 44.95631103522655\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbd3be4b08c986b328f25","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Poag, C. Wylie","contributorId":52714,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Wylie","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":381175,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aubry, Marie-Pierre","contributorId":174332,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Aubry","given":"Marie-Pierre","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":27421,"text":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Rutgers University 610 Taylor Road Piscataway NJ 08854-8066, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":381176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207966,"text":"70207966 - 1995 - Spatial and temporal patterns of late quaternary eolian deposition, Eastern Colorado, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-21T15:13:28","indexId":"70207966","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-21T15:01:00","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of late quaternary eolian deposition, Eastern Colorado, U.S.A","docAbstract":"Eolian sediment covers about 60% of Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains; about 30% of the sediment is sand and 70% is loess. Initially, flood plains were the principal sources of eolian sediment, but during the Holocene, dunes formed from older eolian sand and alluvium on uplands. Since latest Pleistocene time, dominant dune-forming winds have been northwesterly in the northern part of the region and southwesterly in the southern part. At present, sand sheets and dunes, mainly parabolic types, are stable and covered with vegetation. In dunes, sand is commonly 20–30 m thick but elsewhere averages < 10 m. Three sand units are recognized on the basis of bedforms, topographic expression, and soil development. Preliminary age limits for the three units, based on 26 numerical ages, are 22.5–9 ka, 8−1 ka, and l.0−0. 15 ka. The middle unit is the product of multiple episodes of eolian activity that are not yet accurately dated. Loess is widespread but thin (generally < 2.4 m). Three units — middle Pleistocene, late Pleistocene. and Holocene — are recognized on the basis of differences in soil-profile development and stratigraphic position; late Pleistocene loess is by far the most common loess.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/0277-3791(95)00005-A","usgsCitation":"Madole, R.F., 1995, Spatial and temporal patterns of late quaternary eolian deposition, Eastern Colorado, U.S.A: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 14, no. 2, p. 155-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00005-A.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"155","endPage":"177","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371422,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Eastern Colorado","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.62255859375,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 38.59970036588819\n ],\n [\n -103.22753906249999,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -105.62255859375,\n 40.43022363450862\n ],\n [\n -105.62255859375,\n 38.59970036588819\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madole, Richard F. 0000-0002-9081-570X madole@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9081-570X","contributorId":1340,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madole","given":"Richard","email":"madole@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207886,"text":"70207886 - 1995 - Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:18:00","indexId":"70207886","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-16T16:16:30","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii","docAbstract":"We have studied 30 quenched tholeiitic lava flows recovered by 20 dredge hauls and one submersible dive along Puna Ridge, the submarine part of the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Glass grains from numerous additional flows were recovered in turbidite sands cored in the Hawaiian Trough. These quenched lavas document variable primary magma compositions; olivine and multiphase crystallization and fractionation; degassing; wall-rock stoping and assimilation; mixing in the crustal reservoir and the rift zone; entrainment of olivine xenocrysts from a hot, ductile, olivine cumulate body; and disruption of gabbro wallrocks in the rift zone.
Glass grains in turbidite sands contain up to 15⋅0wt% MgO, in contrast to < 7⋅0wt% MgO for the sampled glass rinds on lavas. The most forsteritic olivine phenocryst (F090·7) is in equilibrium with primary Kilauea liquid containing an average 16⋅5 wt% MgO, but ranging from 13⋅4 to 18⋅4%. Lavas and glass grains have more restricted P2O5/K2O and TiO2/K2O than glass inclusions in olivine, because more diverse liquids trapped as glass inclusions are mixed and homogenized before eruption. Variable trace element compositions in glass grains and whole rocks indicate that the primary liquids form by partial melting of mantle sources retaining clinopyroxene and garnet.
Orthopyroxene xenocrysts formed at moderate pressures provide evidence for a sub-crustal staging zone. Chromite and olivine crystallize in the crustal magma reservoir as the liquid cools from an average 1346°C to ∼1170°C. Low viscosities of the primary liquids (0·4 Pas) facilitate olivine settling, and the crystallized olivine forms an olivine cumulate body at the base of the reservoir. Olivine is deformed as the hot ductile dunite body flows down and away from the summit. This flow drives instability of the Hilina landslide on Kilauea. Dikes intrude the dunite, and magma flowing through the dikes disaggregates and entrains olivine xenocrysts in Puna Ridge magmas.
Primary liquids pond at or near the base of Kilauea's crustal reservoir because they are denser than more fractionated liquids that occupy the upper parts of the reservoir. The sulfur and water contents of glass rinds indicate that fractionated liquids near the top of the reservoir degas at low pressure, a process that increases their density and causes them to sink to levels where they mix with resident undegassed, near-primary liquid. The fractionated liquids near the top of the magma reservoir acquire excess Cl, owing to assimilation of hydrothermally altered roofrocks.
Magma flowing into the rift zone encounters and mixes with low-temperature, multiphase-fractionated melt. The mixed magmas typically contain rare orthopyroxene, plagioclase as sodic as andesine, olivine as fayalitic as F075 and Fe-rich augite derived from the fractionated magma. Magma flowing through dikes also dislodged fragments of gabbroic wallrocks that occur as xenoliths.
The interrelations in the Kilauean submarine lavas between host glass and glass inclusion compositions, volatile contents and mineral chemistry reveal an extraordinarily complex sequence of petrogenetic processes and events that are difficult or impossible to determine in subaerial Kilauea lavas because of crystallization, reequilibration and degassing during or after their eruption.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford University Press","doi":"10.1093/petrology/36.2.299","usgsCitation":"Clague, D.A., Moore, J.G., Dixon, J., and Friesen, W., 1995, Petrology of Submarine Lavas from Kilauea's Puna Ridge, Hawaii: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, no. 2, p. 299-349, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.2.299.","productDescription":"51 p.","startPage":"299","endPage":"349","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371327,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Puna Ridge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 19.228176737766262\n ],\n [\n -153.69873046875,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 20.694461597907797\n ],\n [\n -154.775390625,\n 19.228176737766262\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"36","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D. A.","contributorId":190950,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dixon, J.E.","contributorId":53093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dixon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friesen, W.B.","contributorId":75532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friesen","given":"W.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207654,"text":"70207654 - 1995 - The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy: Discussion and reply","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:46:39.226387","indexId":"70207654","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T14:05:18","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy: Discussion and reply","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0120:TPFCTO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Outerbridge, W., Rice, C.L., Belkin, H.E., Henry, T., and Kunk, M.J., 1995, The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy: Discussion and reply: GSA Bulletin, v. 108, no. 1, p. 120-125, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0120:TPFCTO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"120","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370947,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -82.2216796875,\n 37.45741810262938\n ],\n [\n -81.67236328125,\n 37.735969208590504\n ],\n [\n -81.9580078125,\n 38.46219172306828\n ],\n [\n -84.39697265625,\n 37.59682400108367\n ],\n [\n -83.4521484375,\n 36.721273880045004\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"108","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Outerbridge, William wouterbridge@usgs.gov","contributorId":2807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Outerbridge","given":"William","email":"wouterbridge@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":778766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, C. L.","contributorId":60658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Henry, T.W.","contributorId":7707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207653,"text":"70207653 - 1995 - Composition of biotite phenocrysts in Ordovician tephras casts doubt on the proposed trans-Atlantic correlation of the Millbrig K-bentonite (United States) and the Kinnekulle K-bentonite (Sweden)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-04T15:50:15.003068","indexId":"70207653","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T13:46:26","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Composition of biotite phenocrysts in Ordovician tephras casts doubt on the proposed trans-Atlantic correlation of the Millbrig K-bentonite (United States) and the Kinnekulle K-bentonite (Sweden)","docAbstract":"Biotite phenocryst compositions in three thick, widespread Ordovician K-bentonites, the Deicke and Millbrig from Big Ridge, Alabama, and the Kinnekulle from Mossen, Västergötland, Sweden, fall into three distinct groups, and so the proposed intercontinental correlation of the Millbrig and the Kinnekulle is suspect. Because the biotites are nearly pristine compositionally, electron microprobe analyses provide a precise geochemical fingerprint of each bed. Millbrig and Kinnekulle biotites contain more FeO* and MnO and less MgO and TiO2 than do Deicke biotites. Millbrig biotites contain more MgO and less TiO2 than Kinnekulle biotites, and Kinnekulle biotites contain appreciably more Al2O3 than either Deicke or Millbrig biotites. Each of these tephras was unmistakably the product of a gigantic explosive volcanic eruption, but the differences in phenocryst chemistry point to derivation from three compositionally different magma batches.
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\"}}]}","volume":"23","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haynes, John T.","contributorId":54842,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haynes","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Melson, W.G.","contributorId":77299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melson","given":"W.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70248332,"text":"70248332 - 1995 - Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure, Santa Barbara Basin, California continental borderland","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-07T18:06:38.257616","indexId":"70248332","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T13:01:48","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure, Santa Barbara Basin, California continental borderland","docAbstract":"The morphology and internal geometry of a mudflow deposit on the mainland slope of the Santa Barbara Basin are defined using high-resolution seismic-reflection data in combination with core samples. Sediment failure occurred on a 4 degrees slope in the uppermost part of late Quaternary well-bedded slope deposits. The failure zone extends from water depths of 374-510 m near the base of slope, occupies an area of 4 km 2 , and involved the translation of 0.01-0.02 km 3 of sediment. Major geomorphic features of the mudflow deposit include a headscarp 6-8 m high, a scar 50-700 m wide, and a main body 1 km long and 12 m thick. The hummocky surface of the mudflow deposits, their chaotic internal structure, and the bulbous toe tapering upslope to a thin tail are consistent with mass flow involving extensive internal deformation. Sediment failed in stages, ending with upslope retrogressive retreat of the headwall along the east side of the failure zone. Known sedimentation rates of 0.8-1.4 m/k.y., as well as the presence of a thin (0.15-0.5 m thick) sediment cap resting atop the scar surface, indicate that the failure probably occurred within the past few centuries. A geotechnical analysis incorporating the results of both static and dynamic triaxial strength tests shows that the failure was probably caused by a strong (M nearly equal 7.5) nearby earthquake. The weakened sediment that remained after earthquake shaking continued to flow down the gentle basin slope under the stresses generated by gravity alone. The analysis also shows that much of the slope sediment is marginally stable and that additional mudflows will probably occur during future strong seismic shaking.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1306/D4268022-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Edwards, B.D., Lee, H., and Field, M.E., 1995, Mudflow generated by retrogressive slope failure, Santa Barbara Basin, California continental borderland: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. A65, no. 1, p. 57-68, https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268022-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"57","endPage":"68","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420637,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"http://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Santa Barbara Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.08307971743301,\n 34.61195481822385\n ],\n [\n -121.08307971743301,\n 33.69657785984079\n ],\n [\n -119.03665816737208,\n 33.69657785984079\n ],\n [\n -119.03665816737208,\n 34.61195481822385\n ],\n [\n -121.08307971743301,\n 34.61195481822385\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"A65","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edwards, Brian D. bedwards@usgs.gov","contributorId":3161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Brian","email":"bedwards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, Homa J. hjlee@usgs.gov","contributorId":1021,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"Homa J.","email":"hjlee@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":882551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Field, Michael E. mfield@usgs.gov","contributorId":2101,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Field","given":"Michael","email":"mfield@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":882552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207651,"text":"70207651 - 1995 - Age of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:39:37.573372","indexId":"70207651","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T12:59:10","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1344,"text":"Cretaceous Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Age of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior of the United States","docAbstract":"High precision 40Ar/39Ar laser-microprobe ages of individual sanidines,40Ar/39Ar plateau age spectra on bulk sanidine concentrates, U-Pb zircon ages, and zircon and apatite fission-track ages from three bentonites bracketing the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior of the United States suggest an age for the boundary of 93.1 ± 0.3 (2σ. The lowermost bentonite comes from the Upper Cenomanian Sciponoceras gracile biozone, and gives a weighted mean laser-fusion single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar age of 93.50 ± 0.52 Ma (2σ, standard error of the mean, n = 14) for sanidine. The middle bentonite comes from the Upper Cenomanian Neocardioceras juddii biozone, accepted in both North America and Europe as the uppermost Cenomanian ammonite zone; it gives an average single-crystal 40 /39Ar age of 93.33 ± 0.50 Ma (n = 29), a bulk-sample 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 93.09 ± 0.34 Ma (2σ) for sanidine, and concordant 206Pb/238U and 207 Pb/235U ages of 93.48 ± 0.32 Ma on zircon. The upper bentonite comes from near the base of the Turonian, immediately above the first occurrence of the basal Turonian bivalve Mytiloides and sanidines from it give an average single-crystal 40Ar/39Ar age of 93.46 ± 0.60 Ma (n = 12) and a bulk-sample 40 Ar/39Ar plateau age of 92.87 ± 0.34 Ma. The composition of these Cenomanian-Turonian bentonites from Colorado and Utah, the types of phenocrysts present, and the morphology of included zircons all indicate that the pre-alteration ash was rhyolitic and probably generated in a subduction setting involving a significant crustal component.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/cres.1995.1007","usgsCitation":"Kowallis, B.J., Christiansen, E.H., Deino, A.L., Kunk, M.J., and Heaman, L., 1995, Age of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary in the Western Interior of the United States: Cretaceous Research, v. 16, no. 1, p. 109-129, https://doi.org/10.1006/cres.1995.1007.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"129","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370944,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Western Interior of the United 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\"}}]}","volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kowallis, B. J.","contributorId":60717,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kowallis","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, Eric H.","contributorId":206801,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Christiansen","given":"Eric","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":6681,"text":"Brigham Young University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Deino, Alan L. 0000-0002-0099-9382","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0099-9382","contributorId":218428,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Deino","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":38176,"text":"Berkeley Geochronology Center","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Heaman, L.","contributorId":8651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heaman","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70207424,"text":"70207424 - 1995 - Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-19T10:02:43","indexId":"70207424","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-02T09:59:21","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2389,"text":"Journal of Metamorphic Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska","docAbstract":"The Ruby terrane is an elongate fragment of continental crustal rocks that is structurally overlain by thrust slices of oceanic crust. Our results from the Kokrines Hills, in the south‐central part of the Ruby terrane, demonstrate that the low‐angle schistose fabric formed under high‐P/low‐T conditions, at peak conditions of 10.8‐13.2 kbar and 425‐550° C, consistent with the rare occurrence of glaucophane. White mica 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages from these blueschists indicate that the metamorphism occurred prior to 144 ± 1 Ma. The blueschist facies assemblages are partially replaced by greenschist facies assemblages in the eastern Kokrines Hills. In contrast, in the central and western Kokrines Hills, upper amphibolite to lower granulite facies metamorphism associated with extensive late Early Cretaceous plutonism has completely overprinted any evidence of an earlier high‐P/T metamorphic history. Deformation accompanying the plutonism produced recumbent isoclinal folds in the plutonic rocks and pelitic gneisses of the wallrock; decompression reactions in the pelitic gneisses suggest that the deformation occurred during exhumation. Thermochronological data bracket the time of intrusion and cooling below 500° C between 118 ± 3 and 109 ± 1 Ma.
Our data from the schists of the Ruby terrane support the general assumption of many authors that the Ruby terrane was subducted beneath an oceanic island arc. This tectonic history is similar to that described for other large continental crustal blocks in northern and central Alaska, in the Brooks Range, Seward Peninsula and Yukon‐Tanana Upland. The current orientation of the Ruby terrane at an oblique angle to these other crustal blocks and to the Cordilleran trend is due to post‐collisional tectonic processes that have greatly modified the original continental margin.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x","usgsCitation":"Roeske, S.M., Dusel-Bacon, C., Aleinikoff, J.N., Snee, L., and Lanphere, M.A., 1995, Metamorphic and structural history of continental crust at a Mesozoic collisional margin, the Ruby terrane, central Alaska: Journal of Metamorphic Geology, v. 13, no. 1, p. 25-40, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1995.tb00203.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"25","endPage":"40","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370469,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 61.77312286453146\n ],\n [\n -141.50390625,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -159.78515624999997,\n 61.77312286453146\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"13","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-05-05","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dusel-Bacon, Cynthia 0000-0001-8481-739X cdusel@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8481-739X","contributorId":2797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusel-Bacon","given":"Cynthia","email":"cdusel@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777965,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Aleinikoff, John N. 0000-0003-3494-6841 jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3494-6841","contributorId":1478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aleinikoff","given":"John","email":"jaleinikoff@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":777966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Snee, L.W.","contributorId":99981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snee","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":777967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lanphere, Marvin A. alder@usgs.gov","contributorId":2696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanphere","given":"Marvin","email":"alder@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":777968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70198727,"text":"70198727 - 1995 - Middle Tertiary extension recorded by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, Plush Ranch Basin, western Transverse Ranges, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-15T15:31:12","indexId":"70198727","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T15:31:04","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2451,"text":"Journal of Sedimentary Research","onlineIssn":"1938-3681","printIssn":"1527-1404","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Middle Tertiary extension recorded by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, Plush Ranch Basin, western Transverse Ranges, California","docAbstract":"The Plush Ranch Formation (upper Oligocene and lower Miocene) consists of more than 1800 m of nonmarine sedimentary and volcanic rocks that record the history of an extensional basin referred to here as the Plush Ranch basin. Distinctive depositional facies, provenance, and sediment transport directions along each basin margin suggest an asymmetric basin shape that is consistent with a half-graben origin. The northern basin margin consists of sandstone-dominated alluvial-plain deposits (0.1-1.5 m thick, normally graded, lenticular sandstone beds). Small deltaic sequences 1-2 m thick were formed where these alluvial systems flowed southward into a lake. Lenses of massive, boulder-rich granitic breccia that represent rockslide deposits derived from a nearby northern granitic provenance interfinger with the alluvial-plain facies. In contrast to the northern margin, the southern basin margin is represented by coarse-grained fan-delta deposits. Matrix- and clast-supported lenticular conglomerate beds 0.2-5 m thick with interbedded trough-cross-bedded pebbly sandstone represent braided-stream and flood-flow and/or noncohesive debris-flow deposits of alluvial fans that drained a highland area to the south. The alluvial-fan deposits interfinger to the north with several types of subaqueous sediment-gravity-flow facies including turbidite sandstone beds and matrix-supported debris-flow conglomerate. Each of the basin-margin depositional systems grades basinward and to the east into lacustrine deposits that include organic-rich dark shale, evaporite, and limestone. The lacustrine deposits represent the central and eastern parts of the Plush Ranch basin, which received little coarse siliciclastic sediment. Basalt deposits that are at least 50 m thick in the west and thicken eastward are interbedded mainly with the lacustrine facies. The southern margin of the Plush Ranch basin formed along a north-dipping, normal-slip fault along which dip separation increased toward the southwest; the northern margin developed on the tilted hanging-wall block of this fault. This fault was later reactivated in post-middle Miocene time as the present left-lateral strike-slip Big Pine fault. The Plush Ranch is one of several extensional and transtensional basins that formed in southern California and western Arizona about 25-20 Ma as a response to the change from a convergent to a strikeslip tectonic regime along western North America.
","language":"English","publisher":"SEPM","doi":"10.1306/D4268284-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.B., and Stanley, R.G., 1995, Middle Tertiary extension recorded by lacustrine fan-delta deposits, Plush Ranch Basin, western Transverse Ranges, California: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 65, no. 4b, p. 455-468, https://doi.org/10.1306/D4268284-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"455","endPage":"468","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":356536,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Plush Ranch Basin","volume":"65","issue":"4b","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c110fa0e4b034bf6a811712","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cole, Ronald B.","contributorId":190386,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cole","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":742749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stanley, Richard G. 0000-0001-6192-8783 rstanley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-8783","contributorId":1832,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"Richard","email":"rstanley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":742750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70244786,"text":"70244786 - 1995 - Plutonism at the interior margin of the Jurassic magmatic arc, Mojave Desert, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-06-14T19:01:38.988523","indexId":"70244786","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-01T13:54:01","publicationYear":"1995","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5614,"text":"Special Papers of the Geological Society of America","printIssn":"0072-1077","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"title":"Plutonism at the interior margin of the Jurassic magmatic arc, Mojave Desert, California","docAbstract":"The inland edge of the Jurassic magmatic belt passes through the eastern Mojave Desert, where it was emplaced in ancient continental crust. Three intrusive units exposed there—the Ship and Clipper Mountains plutons and a dike swarm in the Old Woman and Piute Mountains and Kilbeck Hills—are broadly similar to each other and to other intrusions of Jurassic age, but they differ from one another in detail and all show very clear evidence for interaction with the ancient crust.
All three intrusive units are primarily metaluminous and range from mafic to moderately felsic in composition. The Ship Mountains pluton and dikes included both mafic and felsic magmas that mingled locally. The Clipper Mountains pluton comprises a compositional continuum from hornblende gabbro through granodiorite, at least partly a result of crystal accumulation processes. The ca. 160-Ma Clipper Mountains pluton was emplaced syntectonically with thrusting at a depth of approximately 15 km. The ca. 145-Ma dike swarm intruded at approximately 12 km, and the Ship Mountains pluton at <5 km. The Ship Mountains pluton, which is not well dated, initially overlay the dike swarm prior to Late Cretaceous and Tertiary extension and may have a similar age.
The intrusions are all enriched in incompatible elements and have isotopic compositions that are more evolved than any plausible mantle source (high 87Sr/86Sr, low εNd, high 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb compared with 206Pb/204Pb). Ship Mountains and most dike samples are less evolved in Nd and Sr than the Mojave crust, but the Clipper Mountains Nd-Sr array is coincident with the less evolved portion of the field of ancient Mojave crust. Extremely strong U-Pb inheritance in Clipper zircons and moderate inheritance in dike zircons verifies the crustal component. We interpret Ship and dike rocks to be hybrids of ancient enriched mantle-derived mafic magmas and the ancient crust; the Clipper Mountains pluton could represent a restite-rich magma entirely derived from the Mojave crust, although a modest mantle contribution is likely.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/SPE299-p351","usgsCitation":"Gerber, M.E., Miller, C., and Wooden, J., 1995, Plutonism at the interior margin of the Jurassic magmatic arc, Mojave Desert, California, chap. of Jurassic magmatism and tectonics of the North American cordillera: Special Papers of the Geological Society of America, v. 299, p. 351-374, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE299-p351.","productDescription":"24 p.","startPage":"351","endPage":"374","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":418105,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mojave Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.85693727635507,\n 34.79500202293755\n ],\n [\n -118.41358859721142,\n 34.667196658172216\n ],\n [\n -118.01287289116914,\n 34.40019901226566\n ],\n [\n -117.40001357604609,\n 34.26881448561994\n ],\n [\n -116.7400112366823,\n 34.30776468504658\n ],\n [\n -116.49840323745104,\n 34.08355471130774\n ],\n [\n -115.95174840754942,\n 34.07455654422954\n ],\n [\n -115.41549650681648,\n 33.815462345773426\n ],\n [\n -114.47852890004164,\n 33.72353178191754\n ],\n [\n -114.50210041216164,\n 33.80191611974428\n ],\n [\n -114.49620753413154,\n 33.86555058336212\n ],\n [\n -114.49620753413154,\n 33.92424802332518\n ],\n [\n -114.42549299777117,\n 34.026871269488495\n ],\n [\n -114.40192148565114,\n 34.090337838075655\n ],\n [\n -114.24870665687021,\n 34.16350941179081\n ],\n [\n -114.13084909626946,\n 34.27558273541166\n ],\n [\n -114.13084909626946,\n 34.319396911101165\n ],\n [\n -114.22513514475021,\n 34.37778024951248\n ],\n [\n -114.32531407126068,\n 34.45556142688173\n ],\n [\n -114.37245709550106,\n 34.47985320426939\n ],\n [\n -114.37245709550106,\n 34.52841554394702\n ],\n [\n -114.42549299777117,\n 34.60605641139482\n ],\n [\n -114.44906450989117,\n 34.71269416385692\n ],\n [\n -114.54924343640201,\n 34.77080234566432\n ],\n [\n -114.57870782655212,\n 34.838543547460205\n ],\n [\n -114.61995797276239,\n 34.87722780116373\n ],\n [\n -114.62585085079212,\n 35.00765276385205\n ],\n [\n -116.44085728404198,\n 36.40958426128131\n ],\n [\n -117.34836050066673,\n 36.84467226715094\n ],\n [\n -117.41907503702711,\n 36.466474083053185\n ],\n [\n -117.76675484079928,\n 36.466474083053185\n ],\n [\n -117.99068420594024,\n 36.66525977802792\n ],\n [\n -118.1262204006309,\n 36.480690021325344\n ],\n [\n -118.1262204006309,\n 36.21965056702555\n ],\n [\n -117.90818391352005,\n 35.647079823784495\n ],\n [\n -118.10854176654101,\n 35.53206879729291\n ],\n [\n -118.41497142410253,\n 35.05108163187495\n ],\n [\n -118.85693727635507,\n 34.79500202293755\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"299","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Miller, David M. 0000-0003-3711-0441 dmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-0441","contributorId":140769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"David M.","email":"dmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":309,"text":"Geology and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":875418,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Busby, Cathy","contributorId":113649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busby","given":"Cathy","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875419,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Gerber, Miquette E.","contributorId":308717,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gerber","given":"Miquette","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, Calvin F.","contributorId":18437,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Calvin F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joseph L.","contributorId":32209,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joseph L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":875417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ]}