The identification of parasites in tissue sections is often difficult and fresh specimens are always required for accurate taxonomical classification. However, histological sections are in many cases the only material available and the identification of parasites in sections the subject of the recent histopathology workshop held in Dublin. The group reviewed the characteristics of representative protozoan and metazoan parasites in sections and identified key features to aid identification. A CD from the workshop will be compiled as a reference source.
","language":"English","issn":"01080288","usgsCitation":"Nowak, B., Elliott, D., and Bruno, D., 2002, The identification of parasites in fish tissue sections: Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists, v. 22, no. 2, p. 173-177.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"173","endPage":"177","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":320570,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://eafp.org/bulletin-archive/"}],"volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bacd9e4b08c986b3237aa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nowak, B.","contributorId":84948,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elliott, D.G.","contributorId":58226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elliott","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bruno, D.W.","contributorId":44319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruno","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008374,"text":"1008374 - 2002 - Fecampia erythrocephala rediscovered: prevalence and distribution of a parasitoid of the European shore crab, Carcinus maenas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-08T12:38:31","indexId":"1008374","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2560,"text":"Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom","onlineIssn":"1469-7769","printIssn":" 0025-315","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Fecampia erythrocephala rediscovered: Prevalence and distribution of a parasitoid of the European shore crab, Carcinus maenas","title":"Fecampia erythrocephala rediscovered: prevalence and distribution of a parasitoid of the European shore crab, Carcinus maenas","docAbstract":"An ecological assessment of Fecampia erythrocephala, reporting its habitat distribution, abundance, host specificity, size-specific prevalence, frequency distribution among hosts, effect on host growth, and its site specificity within these hosts is presented. At the Isle of Man and near Plymouth, Fecampia erythrocephala cocoons were generally abundant on the undersides of rocks in the Ascophyllum and Fucus serratus zones. Infected crabs were also most common in these habitats. Both Carcinus maenas and Cancer pagurus were parasitized at similar prevalences, although the former species was relatively much more common in the habitats where the worm cocoons were abundant. Fecampia erythrocephala did not infect crabs larger than 11 mm carapace width, and prevalence decreased significantly with crab size. Prevalences reached 11% in areas where cocoons were abundant. Together with the large size of these worms relative to the size of the host crabs and the observations on worm emergence, these life history features indicate that F. erythrocephala is a parasitoid of young shore crabs. Fecampia erythrocephala cocoon abundance is often high in localized areas and size-prevalence information suggests that worms mature rapidly in these crabs. This suggests that F. erythrocephala is an important contributor to crab mortality and to the ecology of shore crabs at these sites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","doi":"10.1017/S0025315402006446","usgsCitation":"Kuris, A.M., Torchin, M.E., and Lafferty, K.D., 2002, Fecampia erythrocephala rediscovered: prevalence and distribution of a parasitoid of the European shore crab, Carcinus maenas: Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, v. 82, no. 6, p. 955-960, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315402006446.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"955","endPage":"960","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130855,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"82","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f6de1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuris, Armand M.","contributorId":54332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuris","given":"Armand","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torchin, Mark E.","contributorId":25685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torchin","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lafferty, Kevin D. 0000-0001-7583-4593 klafferty@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7583-4593","contributorId":1415,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lafferty","given":"Kevin","email":"klafferty@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008327,"text":"1008327 - 2002 - Alien annual plants and wildfire in desert tortoise habitat: status, ecological effects, and management","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:39","indexId":"1008327","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1210,"text":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Alien annual plants and wildfire in desert tortoise habitat: status, ecological effects, and management","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M., and Esque, T., 2002, Alien annual plants and wildfire in desert tortoise habitat: status, ecological effects, and management: Chelonian Conservation and Biology, v. 4, p. 330-340.","productDescription":"p. 330-340","startPage":"330","endPage":"340","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132424,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db6880a5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, M.L.","contributorId":70322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Esque, T. C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1008239,"text":"1008239 - 2002 - The use of geographic information for fire management planning in Yosemite National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-14T07:15:59","indexId":"1008239","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3561,"text":"The George Wright Forum","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The use of geographic information for fire management planning in Yosemite National Park","docAbstract":"Fire has played a critical role in the ecosystems of Yosemite National park for millennia. Before the advent of Euro-Americans, lightning fires and fires set by Native Americans burned freely across the landscape. These fires burned periodically, with the interval between fires dependent on the availability of ignition sources, adequate fuels, and weather conducive to burning. As a result, different vegetation types burned at different intervals.
","language":"English","publisher":"George Wright Society","usgsCitation":"Van Wagtendonk, J.W., van Wagtendonk, K.A., Meyer, J.B., and Paintner, K.J., 2002, The use of geographic information for fire management planning in Yosemite National Park: The George Wright Forum, v. 19, no. 1, p. 19-39.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"19","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132208,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":329140,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/43597785"}],"otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.1541748046875,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -109.5721435546875,\n 43.89789239125797\n ],\n [\n -109.5721435546875,\n 45.07352060670971\n ],\n [\n -111.1541748046875,\n 45.07352060670971\n ],\n [\n -111.1541748046875,\n 43.89789239125797\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4ead","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Wagtendonk, Jan W. jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","contributorId":2648,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Wagtendonk","given":"Jan","email":"jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317119,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"van Wagtendonk, Kent A.","contributorId":175027,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"van Wagtendonk","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317118,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, Joseph B.","contributorId":175028,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317117,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Paintner, Kara J.","contributorId":115373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paintner","given":"Kara","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70025061,"text":"70025061 - 2002 - Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:55","indexId":"70025061","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar","docAbstract":"A new high-resolution directional borehole radar-logging tool (DBOR tool) was used to log three wells at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The radar system uses identical directional cavity-backed monopole transmitting and receiving antennas that can be mechanically rotated while the tool is stationary or moving slowly in a borehole. Faster reconnaissance logging with no antenna rotation was also done to find zones of interest. The microprocessor-controlled motor/encoder in the tool can rotate the antennas azimuthally, to a commanded angle, accurate to a within few degrees. The three logged wells in the unsaturated zone at the INEEL had been cored with good core recovery through most zones. After coring, PVC casing was installed in the wells. The unsaturated zone consists of layered basalt flows that are interbedded with thin layers of coarse-to-fine grained sediments. Several zones were found that show distinctive signatures consistent with fractures in the basalt. These zones may correspond to suspected preferential flow paths. The DBOR data were compared to core, and other borehole log information to help provide better understanding of hydraulic flow and transport in preferential flow paths in the unsaturated zone basalts at the INEEL.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering","conferenceTitle":"9th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar","conferenceDate":"29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002","conferenceLocation":"Santa Barbara, CA","language":"English","doi":"10.1117/12.462208","issn":"0277786X","usgsCitation":"Moulton, C., Wright, D., Hutton, S., Smith, D., and Abraham, J., 2002, Basalt-flow imaging using a high-resolution directional borehole radar, in Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, v. 4758, Santa Barbara, CA, 29 April 2002 through 2 May 2002, p. 13-18, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.462208.","startPage":"13","endPage":"18","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209567,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.462208"},{"id":236170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"4758","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059efc2e4b0c8380cd4a433","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moulton, C.W.","contributorId":81681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moulton","given":"C.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, D.L.","contributorId":88758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hutton, S.R.","contributorId":50337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hutton","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D.V.G.","contributorId":57249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D.V.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Abraham, J.D.","contributorId":20686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abraham","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1008332,"text":"1008332 - 2002 - Fire management of California shrubland landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-11T16:03:06","indexId":"1008332","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire management of California shrubland landscapes","docAbstract":"Fire management of California shrublands has been heavily influenced by policies designed for coniferous forests, however, fire suppression has not effectively excluded fire from chaparral and coastal sage scrub landscapes and catastrophic wildfires are not the result of unnatural fuel accumulation. There is no evidence that prescribed burning in these shrublands provides any resource benefit and in some areas may negatively impact shrublands by increasing fire frequency. Therefore, fire hazard reduction is the primary justification for prescription burning, but it is doubtful that rotational burning to create landscape age mosaics is a cost effective method of controlling catastrophic wildfires. There are problems with prescription burning in this crown-fire ecosystem that are not shared by forests with a natural surface-fire regime. Prescription weather conditions preclude burning at rotation intervals sufficient to effect the control of fires ignited under severe weather conditions. Fire management should focus on strategic placement of prescription burns to both insure the most efficient fire hazard reduction and to minimize the amount of landscape exposed to unnaturally high fire frequency. A major contributor to increased fire suppression costs and increased loss of property and lives is the continued urban sprawl into wildlands naturally subjected to high intensity crown fires. Differences in shrubland fire history suggest there may be a need for different fire management tactics between central coastal and southern California. Much less is known about shrubland fire history in the Sierra Nevada foothills and interior North Coast Ranges, and thus it would be prudent to not transfer these ideas too broadly across the range of chaparral until we have a clearer understanding of the extent of regional variation in shrubland fire regimes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-001-0034-Y","usgsCitation":"Keeley, J.E., 2002, Fire management of California shrubland landscapes: Environmental Management, v. 29, no. 3, p. 395-408, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-001-0034-Y.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"395","endPage":"408","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fae4b07f02db5f3dfd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keeley, Jon E. 0000-0002-4564-6521 jon_keeley@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4564-6521","contributorId":1268,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keeley","given":"Jon","email":"jon_keeley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":317441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024371,"text":"70024371 - 2002 - Nitrogen retention in rivers: Model development and application to watersheds in the northeastern U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024371","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nitrogen retention in rivers: Model development and application to watersheds in the northeastern U.S.A.","docAbstract":"A regression model (RivR-N) was developed that predicts the proportion of N removed from streams and reservoirs as an inverse function of the water displacement time of the water body (ratio of water body depth to water time of travel). When applied to 16 drainage networks in the eastern U.S., the RivR-N model predicted that 37% to 76% of N input to these rivers is removed during transport through the river networks. Approximately half of that is removed in 1st through 4th order streams which account for 90% of the total stream length. The other half is removed in 5th order and higher rivers which account for only about 10% of the total stream length. Most N removed in these higher orders is predicted to originate from watershed loading to small and intermediate sized streams. The proportion of N removed from all streams in the watersheds (37-76%) is considerably higher than the proportion of N input to an individual reach that is removed in that reach (generally <20%) because of the cumulative effect of continued nitrogen removal along the entire flow path in downstream reaches. This generally has not been recognized in previous studies, but is critical to an evaluation of the total amount of N removed within a river network. At the river network scale, reservoirs were predicted to have a minimal effect on N removal. A fairly modest decrease (<10 percentage points) in the N removed at the river network scale was predicted when a third of the direct watershed loading was to the two highest orders compared to a uniform loading.","largerWorkTitle":"Biogeochemistry","language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1015745629794","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Seitzinger, S., Styles, R., Boyer, E., Alexander, R.B., Billen, G., Howarth, R.W., Mayer, B., and Van Breemen, N., 2002, Nitrogen retention in rivers: Model development and application to watersheds in the northeastern U.S.A., in Biogeochemistry, v. 57-58, p. 199-237, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015745629794.","startPage":"199","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":501035,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://research.wur.nl/en/publications/nitrogen-retention-in-rivers-model-development-and-application-to","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207176,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1015745629794"},{"id":231886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"57-58","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66f0e4b0c8380cd730ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Seitzinger, S.P.","contributorId":83704,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seitzinger","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Styles, R.V.","contributorId":15789,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Styles","given":"R.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Boyer, E.W.","contributorId":56358,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Boyer","given":"E.W.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6738,"text":"The Pennsylvania State University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Alexander, R. B.","contributorId":108103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alexander","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401037,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Billen, G.","contributorId":60811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Billen","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Howarth, R. W.","contributorId":48126,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Howarth","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":12722,"text":"Cornell University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mayer, B.","contributorId":84538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mayer","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Van Breemen, N.","contributorId":34686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Breemen","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70024732,"text":"70024732 - 2002 - Ontogenetic behavior, migration, and social behavior of pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus, and shovelnose sturgeon, S. platorynchus, with notes on the adaptive significance of body color","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024732","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ontogenetic behavior, migration, and social behavior of pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus, and shovelnose sturgeon, S. platorynchus, with notes on the adaptive significance of body color","docAbstract":"We conducted laboratory studies on the ontogenetic behavior of free embryos (first life interval after hatching) and larvae (first feeding interval) of pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. Migration styles of both species were similar for timing of migration (initiation by embryos on day 0 after hatching and cessation by larvae on days 12-13 at 236-243 cumulative temperature degree units), migration distance (about 13 km), life interval when most distance was moved (embryo), and diel behavior of embryos (diurnal). However, the species differed for two behaviors: movement characteristics of embryos (peak movement rate of pallid sturgeon was only one-half the peak rate of shovelnose sturgeon, but pallid sturgeon continued the lower rate for twice as long) and diel behavior of larvae (pallid sturgeon were diurnal and shovelnose sturgeon were nocturnal). Thus, the species used different methods to move the same distance. Migrating as poorly developed embryos suggests a migration style to avoid predation at the spawning site, but moving from spawning habitat to rearing habitat before first feeding could also be important. Migrants of both species preferred bright habitat (high illumination intensity and white substrate), a behavioral preference that may characterize the migrants of many species of sturgeon. Both species were remarkably similar for swimming height above the bottom by age, and day 7 and older migrants may swim far above the bottom and move far downstream. A migration of 12 or 13 days will probably not distribute larvae throughout the population's range, so an older life interval likely initiates a second longer downstream migration (2-step migration). By day 2, individuals of both species were a black-tail phenotype (light grey body with a black-tail that moved conspicuously during swimming). Aggregation behavior suggests that black-tail is a visual signal used for group cohesion.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1014950202783","issn":"03781909","usgsCitation":"Kynard, B., Henyey, E., and Horgan, M., 2002, Ontogenetic behavior, migration, and social behavior of pallid sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus, and shovelnose sturgeon, S. platorynchus, with notes on the adaptive significance of body color: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 63, no. 4, p. 389-403, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014950202783.","startPage":"389","endPage":"403","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207693,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014950202783"},{"id":232852,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"63","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6e54e4b0c8380cd755c5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henyey, E.","contributorId":28773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henyey","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Horgan, Martin","contributorId":23492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horgan","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014982,"text":"1014982 - 2002 - Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-12T16:57:43.636246","indexId":"1014982","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring","title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring","docAbstract":"Concern for the status of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) has increased as harvest for conch and eel bait has increased and spawning habitat has decreased. In early 1999 a workshop was held at the behest of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission to design a statistically valid survey of horseshoe crab spawning in Delaware Bay. The survey that resulted was a redesign of a volunteer-based spawning survey that began in 1990, and its network of volunteers was relied on to implement the three-stage sampling design in 1999. During May and June of 1999, 163 participants surveyed during the highest of the daily high tides on 16 beaches (8 on each site of Delaware Bay). During the first half of the spawning season, spawning was associated with lunar phases, but moderated by wave height. Disproportionately more spawning occurred within 3 d of the first new and full moons, and spawning activity (measured by an index of female density) was correlated inversely to the percent of beaches with waves ≥0.3 m. Spawning was heaviest on the Delaware shore around the full moon in May in spite of low waves in New Jersey during the new and full moons in May. Number of beaches sampled was the most important factor in determining the precision of the spawning index and power to detect a decline. Explicit consideration of statistical power has been absent from the current debate on horseshoe crab status and harvest. Those who argue against harvest restrictions because of a lack of statistically significant declines take on a burden to show that the surveys they cite have high statistical power. We show the Delaware Bay spawning survey will achieve high statistical power with sufficient sampling intensity and duration. We recommend that future Delaware Bay spawning surveys sample on 3 d around each new and full moon in May and June and increase the number of beaches to ensure high statistical power to detect trends in baywide spawning activity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02696055","usgsCitation":"Smith, D., Pooler, P., Swan, B., Michels, S., Hall, W., Himchak, P., and Millard, M.J., 2002, Spatial and temporal distribution of horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) Spawning Delaware Bay: Implications for monitoring: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 1, p. 115-125, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02696055.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"115","endPage":"125","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Delaware, New Jersey","otherGeospatial":"Delaware Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.421142578125,\n 39.081040177486095\n ],\n [\n -75.30853271484374,\n 38.88889501576177\n ],\n [\n -75.2178955078125,\n 38.805470223177466\n ],\n [\n -75.08880615234375,\n 38.777640223073355\n ],\n [\n -74.9761962890625,\n 38.82045110711473\n ],\n [\n -74.96246337890625,\n 38.953001345359894\n ],\n [\n -74.89654541015625,\n 39.08530414503412\n ],\n [\n -74.90203857421875,\n 39.22587043822116\n ],\n [\n -75.43762207031251,\n 39.281167913914636\n ],\n [\n -75.421142578125,\n 39.081040177486095\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"25","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e6f48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pooler, P.S.","contributorId":78686,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pooler","given":"P.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swan, B.L.","contributorId":92204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swan","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321739,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Michels, S.F.","contributorId":34867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michels","given":"S.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hall, W.R.","contributorId":22284,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hall","given":"W.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Himchak, P.J.","contributorId":90252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Himchak","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Millard, M. J.","contributorId":40555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Millard","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024696,"text":"70024696 - 2002 - Hazard assessment of selenium to endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-24T15:53:17","indexId":"70024696","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hazard assessment of selenium to endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus)","docAbstract":"A hazard assessment was conducted based on information derived from two reproduction studies conducted with endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus) at three sites near Grand Junction, CO, USA. Selenium contamination of the upper and lower Colorado River basin has been documented in water, sediment, and biota in studies by US Department of the Interior agencies and academia. Concern has been raised that this selenium contamination may be adversely affecting endangered fish in the upper Colorado River basin. The reproduction studies with razorback suckers revealed that adults readily accumulated selenium in various tissues including eggs, and that 4.6 μg/g of selenium in food organisms caused increased mortality of larvae. The selenium hazard assessment protocol resulted in a moderate hazard at the Horsethief site and high hazards at the Adobe Creek and North Pond sites. The selenium hazard assessment was considered conservative because an on-site toxicity test with razorback sucker larvae using 4.6 μg/g selenium in zooplankton caused nearly complete mortality, in spite of the moderate hazard at Horsethief. Using the margin of uncertainty ratio also suggested a high hazard for effects on razorback suckers from selenium exposure. Both assessment approaches suggested that selenium in the upper Colorado River basin adversely affects the reproductive success of razorback suckers.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01080-4","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Hamilton, S.J., Holley, K., and Buhl, K., 2002, Hazard assessment of selenium to endangered razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus): Science of the Total Environment, v. 291, no. 1-3, p. 111-121, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01080-4.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"111","endPage":"121","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232885,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207716,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01080-4"}],"volume":"291","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2fc4e4b0c8380cd5d077","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hamilton, S. J.","contributorId":27817,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hamilton","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holley, K.M.","contributorId":13405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holley","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Buhl, K.J.","contributorId":19728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buhl","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014936,"text":"1014936 - 2002 - Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:28:23.982555","indexId":"1014936","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife","docAbstract":"Evidence pointing to thiamine deficiency as a primary factor in early mortality syndrome in feral salmonids from the Great Lakes and New York's Finger Lakes continues to mount. Such deficiency is believed to be the result of the consumption of nontraditional forage fish, such as alewife Alosa pseudoharengus, that contain thiaminase activity. The source of thiaminase within these forage fish has not been reported. In this study, we report finding thiaminase-positive Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus and other Paenibacillaceae that are closely related to P. thiaminolyticus in the viscera of frozen alewives. Thiaminase-positive bacteria associated with alewife viscera have not previously been reported. Because viable thiaminase-positive cultures were found in only 25% of the fish, bacteria should be considered as only one potential source of thiaminase in alewives.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Fisheries Society","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0171:IOTPBF%3E2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Honeyfield, D., and Hinterkopf, J.P., 2002, Isolation of thiaminase-positive bacteria from alewife: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 131, no. 1, p. 171-175, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131%3C0171:IOTPBF%3E2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"171","endPage":"175","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130890,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"131","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa7e4b07f02db66716f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Honeyfield, D. C. 0000-0003-3034-2047","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3034-2047","contributorId":73136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Honeyfield","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":321587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hinterkopf, J. P.","contributorId":11145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hinterkopf","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024288,"text":"70024288 - 2002 - Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024288","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites","docAbstract":"Riparian municipal wells, that are located on riverbanks, are specifically designed to capture a portion of the river water through induced infiltration. Runoff from agricultural watersheds is found to carry enormous amounts of pesticides and nitrate. While the risk of contamination for a vast majority of sites with small-capacity vertical wells is low, potential exists for medium to large capacity collector wells to capture a fraction of the surface water contaminants during flood. Prior monitoring and current modeling results indicate that a small-capacity (peak pumpage 0.0315 m3/s) vertical bank filtration well may not be affected by river water nitrate and atrazine even during flood periods. For a medium capacity (0.0875-0.175 m3/s) hypothetical collector well at the same site, potential exists for a portion of the river water nitrate and atrazine to enter the well during flood periods. Various combinations of hydraulic conductivity of the riverbed or bank material were used. For nitrate, it was assumed either no denitrification occurred during the period of simulation or a half-life of 2 years. Equilibrium controlled sorption (organic carbon partition coefficient of 52 ml/g) and a half-life of between 7.5 and 15 weeks were considered for atrazine. Combinations of these parameters were used in various simulations. Peak concentrations of atrazine or nitrate in pumped water could vary from less than 1% to as high as 90% of that in the river. It was found that a combination of river stage, pumping rates, hydraulic properties of the riverbed and bank, and soil/pesticide properties could affect contaminant entry from river water to any of these wells. If the hydraulic conductivity of the bed and bank material were low, atrazine would not reach the pumping well with or without sorption and degradation. However, for moderately low permeable bank and bed materials, some atrazine from river water could enter a hypothetical collector well while pumping at 0.0875 m3/s. It was interesting to note that doubling the pumpage of this collector well would bring in more ground water from the aquifer (with no atrazine) and thus have a lower concentration of atrazine in the filtrate. For highly conductive banks, it is possible to find some atrazine at a vertical well for a sustained pumpage rate of 0.0125 m3/s if the effect of sorption is neglected. However, with equilibrium sorption, the concentration would be below the detection limit. On the other hand, if a collector well of capacity 0.0875 m3/s is used at the place of the vertical well with highly conductive banks, atrazine concentration in the filtrate would be about 80% of river water even assuming equilibrium sorption and a half-life of 7.5 weeks. Remediation of river water contamination of the aquifer using 'scavenger' wells between the river and the pumping well(s) was not a feasible option due to the contact of the aquifer with a highly conductive bank at the site. However, moving the existing pumping well(s) 100 m upstream would have negligible impact from the bank-stored water. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Ray, C., Soong, T., Lian, Y., and Roadcap, G., 2002, Effect of flood-induced chemical load on filtrate quality at bank filtration sites: Journal of Hydrology, v. 266, no. 3-4, p. 235-258, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3.","startPage":"235","endPage":"258","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207190,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00168-3"},{"id":231919,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"266","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05dee4b0c8380cd50fd8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ray, C.","contributorId":40758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Soong, T.W.","contributorId":9427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soong","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lian, Y.Q.","contributorId":72565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lian","given":"Y.Q.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Roadcap, G.S.","contributorId":8642,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roadcap","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1008250,"text":"1008250 - 2002 - Management and conservation of San Francisco Bay salt ponds: effects of pond salinity, area, tide, and season on Pacific Flyway waterbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-05-09T14:18:38.454827","indexId":"1008250","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Management and conservation of San Francisco Bay salt ponds: effects of pond salinity, area, tide, and season on Pacific Flyway waterbirds","docAbstract":"Throughout the world, coastal salt ponds provide habitat for large numbers and diversities of water- birds. San Francisco Bay contains the most important coastal salt pond complexes for waterbirds in the United States, supporting more than a million waterbirds through the year. As an initial step in attempting to understand how the anticipated conversion of salt ponds to tidal marsh might affect the Bay's bird populations, the number of birds using salt ponds on high and low tides was counted during the winter months of 1999/00 and 2000/01. Be- havior and habitat use of birds in these ponds were assessed, and the effects of tide cycle, pond salinity, and pond area on bird use were examined. We recorded 75 species ofwaterbirds in surveys of salt ponds in the South Bay from September 1999 to February 2001, totaling over a million bird use days on high tide. Shorebirds and dabbling ducks were the most abundant groups of birds using the salt ponds. Waterbird numbers and diversity were significantly affected by the salinity of ponds in a non-linear fashion with lower numbers and diversity on the highest salinity ponds. With the exception of ducks and Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), tide height at the Bay significantly affect- ed bird numbers in the salt ponds with ponds at high tides having higher numbers of birds than the same ponds on low tides. Considerable numbers of birds fed in the salt ponds on high and low tides, although this varied greatly by species. Habitat use varied by tide. Management recommendations include maintaining ponds of varying salini- ties and depths. Restoring salt ponds to tidal marsh should proceed with caution to avoid loss of waterbird diversity and numbers in San Francisco Bay.
","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","usgsCitation":"Warnock, N., Page, G.W., Ruhlen, T.D., Nur, N., Takekawa, J.Y., and Hanson, J.T., 2002, Management and conservation of San Francisco Bay salt ponds: effects of pond salinity, area, tide, and season on Pacific Flyway waterbirds: Waterbirds, v. 25, p. 79-92.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"79","endPage":"92","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130686,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a81e4b07f02db64a216","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Warnock, Nils","contributorId":64534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Warnock","given":"Nils","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Page, Gary W.","contributorId":46015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Page","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317148,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruhlen, Tamiko D.","contributorId":175034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ruhlen","given":"Tamiko","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nur, Nadav","contributorId":175035,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nur","given":"Nadav","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":317150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hanson, Janet T.","contributorId":175036,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hanson","given":"Janet","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317149,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1008251,"text":"1008251 - 2002 - Activity patterns and time budgets of the declining sea otter population at Amchitka Island, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-17T16:47:55","indexId":"1008251","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Activity patterns and time budgets of the declining sea otter population at Amchitka Island, Alaska","docAbstract":"Time budgets of predators may reflect population status if time spent foraging varies with local prey abun- dance. We assumed that the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) population at Amchitka Island, Alaska, USA, had been at equilibrium since the early 1960s and collected time budgets of otters to be used to represent future conditions of currently expanding sea otter populations. We used radiotelemetry to monitor activity-time budgets of otters from August 1992 to March 1994. Sea otter activity was directly linked to sex, age, weather condition, season, and time of day. Sea otters differed in percent time foraging among cohorts but not within cohorts. Percent time foraging ranged from 21% for females with very young (≤ 3weeks of age) dependent pups to 52% for females with old (≥10 weeks of age) pups. Otters foraged more and hauled out more as local sea conditions worsened. Adult males spent less time foraging during winter and spring, consistent with seasonal changes in prey selection. Time spent for- aging was similar to that reported for otters in California and an established population in Prince William Sound, Alaska, but greater than that of otters in recently established populations in Oregon and Alaska. Despite current evidence indicating that the population was in decline during our study, we were unable to recognize this change using time budgets. Our results illustrate the importance of stratifying analyses of activity patterns by age and sex cohorts and the complexity inherent in comparisons of behavioral data between different populations relying on distinct prey bases.
The vesicularity, permeability, and structure of pumice clasts provide insight into conditions of vesiculation and fragmentation during Plinian fall and pyroclastic flow-producing phases of the ~7,700 cal. year B.P. climactic eruption of Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), Oregon. We show that bulk properties (vesicularity and permeability) can be correlated with internal textures and that the clast structure can be related to inferred changes in eruption conditions. The vesicularity of all pumice clasts is 75–88%, with >90% interconnected pore volume. However, pumice clasts from the Plinian fall deposits exhibit a wider vesicularity range and higher volume percentage of interconnected vesicles than do clasts from pyroclastic-flow deposits. Pumice permeabilities also differ between the two clast types, with pumice from the fall deposit having higher minimum permeabilities (~5×10–13 m2) and a narrower permeability range (5–50×10–13 m2) than clasts from pyroclastic-flow deposits (0.2–330×10–13 m2). The observed permeability can be modeled to estimate average vesicle aperture radii of 1–5 µm for the fall deposit clasts and 0.25–1 µm for clasts from the pyroclastic flows. High vesicle number densities (~109 cm–3) in all clasts suggest that bubble nucleation occurred rapidly and at high supersaturations. Post-nucleation modifications to bubble populations include both bubble growth and coalescence. A single stage of bubble nucleation and growth can account for 35–60% of the vesicle population in clasts from the fall deposits, and 65–80% in pumice from pyroclastic flows. Large vesicles form a separate population which defines a power law distribution with fractal dimension D=3.3 (range 3.0–3.5). The large D value, coupled with textural evidence, suggests that the large vesicles formed primarily by coalescence. When viewed together, the bulk properties (vesicularity, permeability) and textural characteristics of all clasts indicate rapid bubble nucleation followed by bubble growth, coalescence and permeability development. This sequence of events is best explained by nucleation in response to a downward-propagating decompression wave, followed by rapid bubble growth and coalescence prior to magma disruption by fragmentation. The heterogeneity of vesicle sizes and shapes, and the absence of differential expansion across individual clasts, suggest that post-fragmentation expansion played a limited role in the development of pumice structure. The higher vesicle number densities and lower permeabilities of pyroclastic-flow clasts indicate limited coalescence and suggest that fragmentation occurred shortly after decompression. Either increased eruption velocities or increased depth of fragmentation accompanying caldera collapse could explain compression of the pre-fragmentation vesiculation interval.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of Volcanology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s00445-002-0230-5","issn":"02588900","usgsCitation":"Klug, C., Cashman, K., and Bacon, C.R., 2002, Structure and physical characteristics of pumice from the climactic eruption of Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), Oregon: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 64, no. 7, p. 486-501, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-002-0230-5.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"486","endPage":"501","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207242,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-002-0230-5"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Mount Mazama, Crater Lake","volume":"64","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9c2be4b08c986b31d2f8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klug, C.","contributorId":61210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klug","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400444,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cashman, K.","contributorId":77702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cashman","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400445,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1013196,"text":"1013196 - 2002 - A near-surface, daytime occurrence of two mesopelagic fish species (Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Leuroglossus schmidti) in a glacial fjord","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-11T13:06:15","indexId":"1013196","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1663,"text":"Fishery Bulletin","printIssn":"0090-0656","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A near-surface, daytime occurrence of two mesopelagic fish species (Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Leuroglossus schmidti) in a glacial fjord","docAbstract":"The northern lampfish (Stenobrachius leucopsarus, family Myctophidae) and northern smoothtongue (Leuroglossus schmidti, family Bathylagidae) are mesopelagic fishes, defined by their vertical distribution in the mesopelagic zone (200–1000 m) during daylight hours. Northern lampfish range from the Bering Sea to southern California (Shimada, 1948), where their abundance is highest along the continental slope and decreases over the continental shelf. They are the most abundant species in the mesopelagic zone of the Bering Sea (Pearcy et al., 1977; Sobolevsky et al., 1996), the Gulf of Alaska (Purcell, 1996), and the eastern North Pacific Ocean off Oregon (Pearcy, 1964; Pearcy et al., 1977). Northern smoothtongue also concentrate in areas bordering the continental slope and are widely distributed from southern British Columbia to the Bering Sea (Peden, 1981) and are very abundant in the Okhotsk Sea (Sobolevsky et al., 1996).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Abookire, A.A., Piatt, J.F., and Speckman, S., 2002, A near-surface, daytime occurrence of two mesopelagic fish species (Stenobrachius leucopsarus and Leuroglossus schmidti) in a glacial fjord: Fishery Bulletin, v. 100, p. 376-380.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"376","endPage":"380","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131716,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":341112,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://aquaticcommons.org/15216/"}],"volume":"100","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b23e4b07f02db6ade2e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Abookire, Alisa A.","contributorId":107224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abookire","given":"Alisa","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":318532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Speckman, Suzann G.","contributorId":88217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Speckman","given":"Suzann G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014692,"text":"1014692 - 2002 - Practical application of disease resistance: A brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-13T12:04:13.067008","indexId":"1014692","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":853,"text":"Aquaculture","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Practical application of disease resistance: A brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis","docAbstract":"Selection is unwittingly influenced by nuances of fish culturists and adaptation of fish to intensive culture within artificial environments. When pathogens are present, susceptible individuals may be selectively eliminated from a population, accounting for inter-specific and intra-specific differences in susceptibility to disease. Biologists often intensify such selection to enhance resistance. Particularly important to this discourse is the selective breeding program initiated by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (Rome, NY, USA) to produce brown trout (Salmo salar) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) that are resistant to Aeromonas salmonicida. This program, specifically as it relates to brook trout, is reviewed throughout the current manuscript. In addition, we present a comparison between the performance of the Rome strain of brook trout to that of the Owhi strain of brook trout during a 17-month production cycle at the Ed Weed Fish Culture Station (Grand Isle, VT, USA) and after stocking into Vermont waters. The Owhi strain is used in recreational fisheries because it has good post-stocking survival, but these fish are sensitive to furunculosis. Our data indicated that the Rome strain had a food conversion rate of 1.3 that was slightly less than the 1.1 conversion rate of the Owhi brook trout. The growth rate measured as Monthly Temperature Units per inch (MTU/in.) among Rome brook trout (24.9 MTU/in.) was better than the Owhi brook trout (29.5 MTU/in.). Both the average length (23.6 cm) and weight (159.7 g) of individual Rome brook trout were superior to those of the Owhi strain (20.4 cm and 78.2 g, respectively). Just prior to stocking, survival within the hatchery was 84% among the Rome trout, but only 51% among the Owhi brook trout and mortality was attributed to a persistent epizootic of furunculosis. Microbiological assays indicated that the prevalence of A. salmonicida in dermal mucus attained equivalent levels within both strains of fish at different phases of the production cycle. The level of systemic infection, however, was regulated to a much greater extent by the Rome strain of brook trout throughout production. Our results indicated that the Rome brook trout strain satisfies management objectives for establishing an effective recreational brook trout fishery. Use of this strain also reduces management issues that complicate production when A. salmonicida is enzootic.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00863-8","usgsCitation":"Cipriano, R.C., Marchant, D., Jones, T., and Schachte, J.H., 2002, Practical application of disease resistance: A brook trout fishery selected for resistance to furunculosis: Aquaculture, v. 206, no. 1/2, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00863-8.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":418,"text":"National Fish Health Research Laboratory","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131350,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","city":"Grand Isle","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.35296630859375,\n 44.70770622183535\n ],\n [\n -73.35433959960938,\n 44.679395168267874\n ],\n [\n -73.32138061523438,\n 44.67353598094039\n ],\n [\n -73.28842163085938,\n 44.67548910920999\n ],\n [\n -73.2568359375,\n 44.718441276800455\n ],\n [\n -73.24722290039062,\n 44.75453548416007\n ],\n [\n -73.2733154296875,\n 44.7691618526244\n ],\n [\n -73.29940795898438,\n 44.767211884106956\n ],\n [\n -73.33099365234375,\n 44.74868389996833\n ],\n [\n -73.3447265625,\n 44.73600343509071\n ],\n [\n -73.35296630859375,\n 44.70770622183535\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"206","issue":"1/2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db681cfa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cipriano, R. C.","contributorId":12400,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cipriano","given":"R.","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320926,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marchant, D.","contributorId":21912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marchant","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jones, T.E.","contributorId":47327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"T.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schachte, J. H.","contributorId":27399,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schachte","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":320928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015252,"text":"1015252 - 2002 - Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T10:15:41","indexId":"1015252","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada","title":"Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada","docAbstract":"The pattern of geographic variation in morphologic characters of the black bear (Ursus americanus) was assessed at 13 sites in the eastern United States and Canada. Thirty measurements from 206 males and 207 females were recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm using digital calipers and subjected to principal components analysis. A matrix of correlations among skull characters was computed, and the first 3 principal components were extracted. These accounted for 90.5% of the variation in the character set for males and 87.1% for females. Three-dimensional projection of localities onto principal components showed that, for males and females, largest individuals occurred in the more southern localities (e.g., males--Louisiana-Mississippi, eastern Texas; females--Louisiana-eastern Texas) and the smallest animals occurred in the northernmost locality (Quebec). Generally, bears were similar morphologically to those in nearby geographic areas. For males, correlations between morphologic variation and environmental factors indicated a significant relationship between size variation and mean January temperature, mean July temperature, mean annual precipitation, latitude, and actual evapotranspiration; for females, a significant relationship was observed between morphologic variation and mean annual temperature, mean January temperature, mean July temperature, latitude, and actual evapotranspiration. There was no significant correlation for either sex between environmental factors and projections onto components II and III.
","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","doi":"10.2307/3672913","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, M., Kennedy, P., Bogan, M., and Waits, J., 2002, Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 47, no. 2, p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.2307/3672913.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ff3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, M.L.","contributorId":11170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, P.K.","contributorId":87503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogan, M.A.","contributorId":17939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waits, J.L.","contributorId":92630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waits","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1015245,"text":"1015245 - 2002 - Extreme floods, channel change, and riparian forests along ephemeral streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T09:58:02","indexId":"1015245","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extreme floods, channel change, and riparian forests along ephemeral streams","docAbstract":"The geomorphic effectiveness of extreme floods increases with aridity and decreasing watershed size. Therefore, in small dry watersheds extreme floods should control the age structure and spatial distribution of populations of disturbance-dependent riparian trees. We examined the influence of extreme floods on the bottomland morphology and forest of ephemeral streams in a semiarid region. Along six stream reaches on the Colorado Piedmont we examined channel changes by analyzing a rectified sequence of aerial photographs spanning 56 yr, and we investigated the spatial distribution of different-aged patches of forest by aging 189 randomly sampled cottonwood trees. Channel change in these ephemeral sand-bed streams is dominated by widening, which occurs over a span of hours during infrequent floods, and postflood narrowing, which occurs over decades between floods. Narrowing is accelerated where reliable moisture increases the density and growth rate of vegetation on the former bed. Reproduction of cottonwood trees has occurred mostly in former channel bed during periods of channel narrowing beginning after floods in 1935 and 1965 and continuing for as long as two decades. Thus cottonwood establishment is related to low flows at the time scale of a year, but to high flows at the time scale of decades. At sites that have not experienced major floods in the last 80 yr, little channel change has occurred, cottonwood reproduction has been limited, tree density has declined, and succession to grassland is occurring. Because channel change and tree reproduction in this region are driven by infrequent local events, channel width and tree age distributions vary greatly over time and among sites. For the same reason, riparian forests along these ephemeral streams can be as wide as forests along perennial rivers with much higher mean discharge.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0409:EFCCAR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., and Lee, V., 2002, Extreme floods, channel change, and riparian forests along ephemeral streams: Ecological Monographs, v. 72, no. 3, p. 409-425, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0409:EFCCAR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"425","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f899a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, V.J.","contributorId":23895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"V.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015240,"text":"1015240 - 2002 - Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-13T17:22:38","indexId":"1015240","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival","docAbstract":"Estimation of avian nest survival has traditionally involved simple measures of apparent nest survival or Mayfield constant-nest-survival models. However, these methods do not allow researchers to build models that rigorously assess the importance of a wide range of biological factors that affect nest survival. Models that incorporate greater detail, such as temporal variation in nest survival and covariates representative of individual nests represent a substantial improvement over traditional estimation methods. In an attempt to improve nest survival estimation procedures, we introduce the nest survival model now available in the program MARK and demonstrate its use on a nesting study of Mountain Plovers (Charadrius montanus Townsend) in Montana, USA. We modeled the daily survival of Mountain Plover nests as a function of the sex of the incubating adult, nest age, year, linear and quadratic time trends, and two weather covariates (maximum daily temperature and daily precipitation) during a six-year study (1995–2000). We found no evidence for yearly differences or an effect of maximum daily temperature on the daily nest survival of Mountain Plovers. Survival rates of nests tended by female and male plovers differed (female rate = 0.33; male rate = 0.49). The estimate of the additive effect for males on nest survival rate was 0.37 (95% confidence limits were 0.03, 0.71) on a logit scale. Daily survival rates of nests increased with nest age; the estimate of daily nest-age change in survival in the best model was 0.06 (95% confidence limits were 0.04, 0.09) on a logit scale. Daily precipitation decreased the probability that the nest would survive to the next day; the estimate of the additive effect of daily precipitation on the nest survival rate was −1.08 (95% confidence limits were −2.12, −0.13) on a logit scale. Our approach to modeling daily nest-survival rates allowed several biological factors of interest to be easily included in nest survival models and allowed us to generate more biologically meaningful estimates of nest survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3476:ATFMAN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dinsmore, S., White, G.C., and Knopf, F., 2002, Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival: Ecology, v. 83, no. 12, p. 3476-3488, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3476:ATFMAN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3476","endPage":"3488","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69924c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinsmore, S.J.","contributorId":85114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinsmore","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knopf, F.L.","contributorId":26998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015248,"text":"1015248 - 2002 - Razorback sucker movements and habitat use in the San Juan River inflow, Lake Powell, Utah, 1995-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-13T17:22:09","indexId":"1015248","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Razorback sucker movements and habitat use in the San Juan River inflow, Lake Powell, Utah, 1995-1997","docAbstract":"Seventeen subadult, hatchery-reared razorback suckers (Xyrauchen texanus; (x̄ = 456 mm total length) were implanted with sonic transmitters and tracked for 23 months in the lower 89.6 km of the San Juan River (San Juan arm of Lake Powell, Utah). Fish were released at 2 sites, and 9 made extensive up-and downstream movements (x = 47.8 km; contact was lost with 4, and 4 others presumably died or lost their transmitters). The San Juan arm is primarily inundated canyon; however, most fish contacts occurred in shallow coves and shoreline with thick stands of flooded salt cedar in the upper inflow area. Eight fish frequented the Piute Farms river/lake mixing zone, and at least 4 moved upstream into the San Juan River. Seven fish were found in 2 aggregations in spring (3 fish in Neskahi Bay in 1996 and 4 fish just downstream of Piute Farms in 1997), and these may have been associated with spawning activity. Continued presence of razorback suckers in the Piute Farms area and lower San Juan River suggests the San Juan inflow to Lake Powell could be used as an alternate stocking site for reintroduction efforts.
","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","usgsCitation":"Karp, C., and Mueller, G., 2002, Razorback sucker movements and habitat use in the San Juan River inflow, Lake Powell, Utah, 1995-1997: Western North American Naturalist, v. 62, no. 1, p. 106-111.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"111","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14969,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41717163","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1692.000000000000000"},{"id":132404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karp, C.A.","contributorId":81454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karp","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, G.","contributorId":81852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70196855,"text":"70196855 - 2002 - Are asbestos minerals common in US vermiculite deposits?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-05-04T13:30:16","indexId":"70196855","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5683,"text":"North American Mineral News","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Are asbestos minerals common in US vermiculite deposits?","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Van Gosen, B.S., Lowers, H., Bush, A., Meeker, G.P., Plumlee, G.S., Brownfield, I.K., and Sutley, S.J., 2002, Are asbestos minerals common in US vermiculite deposits?: North American Mineral News, v. 87, p. 8-12.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"8","endPage":"12","costCenters":[{"id":35995,"text":"Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":353971,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"87","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5aff0b9de4b0da30c1bfcfa1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Gosen, Bradley S. 0000-0003-4214-3811 bvangose@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4214-3811","contributorId":1174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Gosen","given":"Bradley","email":"bvangose@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":387,"text":"Mineral Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowers, Heather A. hlowers@usgs.gov","contributorId":149265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowers","given":"Heather A.","email":"hlowers@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":734747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bush, Alfred L.","contributorId":48977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Alfred L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meeker, Gregory P.","contributorId":62974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meeker","given":"Gregory","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Plumlee, Geoffrey S. 0000-0002-9607-5626 gplumlee@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-5626","contributorId":960,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plumlee","given":"Geoffrey","email":"gplumlee@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":734750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Brownfield, Isabelle K.","contributorId":97108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brownfield","given":"Isabelle","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sutley, Stephan J.","contributorId":78417,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutley","given":"Stephan","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":734752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":2001205,"text":"2001205 - 2002 - A field guide to amphibian larvae and eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-03-07T18:17:17.908055","indexId":"2001205","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"USGS/BRD/ITR-2002-0004","title":"A field guide to amphibian larvae and eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa","docAbstract":"Apparent worldwide declines in amphibian populations (Pechmann and Wake 1997) have stimulated interest in amphibians as bioindicators of the health of ecosystems. Because we have little information on the population status of many species, there is interest by public and private land management agencies in monitoring amphibian populations. Amphibian egg and larval surveys are established methods of surveying pond-breeding amphibians. Adults may be widely dispersed across the landscape, but eggs and larvae are confined to the breeding site during a specific season of the year. Also, observations of late-stage larvae or metamorphs are evidence of successful reproduction, which is an important indicator of the viability of the population. The goal of this guide is to help students, natural resources personnel, and biologists identify eggs and larval stages of amphibians in the field without the aid of a microscope.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Parmelee, J., Knutson, M.G., and Lyon, J., 2002, A field guide to amphibian larvae and eggs of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Iowa: Information and Technology Report USGS/BRD/ITR-2002-0004, 48 p.","productDescription":"48 p.","numberOfPages":"48","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":311071,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/itr/2002/0004/itr20020004.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1.55 MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":197646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa, Minnesota, 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G.","contributorId":55375,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knutson","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325560,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lyon, J.E.","contributorId":46649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyon","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":325559,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185187,"text":"70185187 - 2002 - Life-history implications of large-scale spatial variation in adult survival of black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-02T14:25:34.906878","indexId":"70185187","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Life-history implications of large-scale spatial variation in adult survival of black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans)","docAbstract":"We used capture-recapture methods to estimate adult survival rates for adult female Black Brant (Branta bernicla nigricans; hereafter “brant”) from three colonies in Alaska, two on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, and one on Alaska's Arctic coast. Costs of migration and reproductive effort varied among those colonies, enabling us to examine variation in survival in relation to variation in these other variables. We used the Barker model in program MARK to estimate true annual survival for brant from the three colonies. Models allowing for spatial variation in survival were among the most parsimonious models but were indistinguishable from a model with no spatial variation. Point estimates of annual survival were slightly higher for brant from the Arctic (0.90 ± 0.036) than for brant from either Tutakoke River (0.85 ± 0.004) or Kokechik Bay (0.86 ± 0.011). Thus, our survival estimates do not support a hypothesis that the cost of longer migrations or harvest experienced by brant from the Arctic reduced their annual survival relative to brant from the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Spatial variation in survival provides weak support for life-history theory because brant from the region with lower reproductive investment had slightly higher survival.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0510:LHIOLS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Sedinger, J.S., Chelgren, N., Lindberg, M.S., Obritchkewitch, T., Kirk, M.T., Martin, P.D., Anderson, B.A., and Ward, D.H., 2002, Life-history implications of large-scale spatial variation in adult survival of black brant (Branta bernicla nigricans): The Auk, v. 119, no. 2, p. 510-515, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0510:LHIOLS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"510","endPage":"515","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478754,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0510:lhiols]2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":337692,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Oliktok Point, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -164.55833694023414,\n 60.91865141322572\n ],\n [\n -164.55833694023414,\n 62.30860732906697\n ],\n [\n -166.66382709237251,\n 62.30860732906697\n ],\n [\n -166.66382709237251,\n 60.91865141322572\n ],\n [\n -164.55833694023414,\n 60.91865141322572\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.08095801819047,\n 70.49306944714931\n ],\n [\n -150.08095801819047,\n 69.68662280831819\n ],\n [\n -148.01236166636488,\n 69.68662280831819\n ],\n [\n -148.01236166636488,\n 70.49306944714931\n ],\n [\n -150.08095801819047,\n 70.49306944714931\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"119","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba41ee4b0849ce97dc762","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sedinger, James S.","contributorId":84861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sedinger","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":12742,"text":"University of Nevada Reno","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chelgren, Nathan 0000-0003-0944-9165 nchelgren@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0944-9165","contributorId":3134,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chelgren","given":"Nathan","email":"nchelgren@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lindberg, Mark S.","contributorId":63292,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindberg","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":7211,"text":"University of Alaska, Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Obritchkewitch, Tim","contributorId":189378,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Obritchkewitch","given":"Tim","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kirk, Morgan T.","contributorId":189379,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kirk","given":"Morgan","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Martin, Philip D.","contributorId":146442,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Martin","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Anderson, Betty A.","contributorId":189383,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"Betty","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684669,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ward, David H. 0000-0002-5242-2526 dward@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5242-2526","contributorId":3247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"David","email":"dward@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":684670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":1015246,"text":"1015246 - 2002 - Economic costs of electrical system instability and power outages caused by snakes on the Island of Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-18T14:08:26.681477","indexId":"1015246","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2018,"text":"International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economic costs of electrical system instability and power outages caused by snakes on the Island of Guam","docAbstract":"The Brown Tree Snake, Boiga irregularis, is an introduced species on Guam where it causes frequent electrical power outages. The snake's high abundance, its propensity for climbing, and use of disturbed habitats all contribute to interruption of Guam's electrical service and the activities that depend on electrical power. Snakes have caused more than 1600 power outages in the 20-yr period of 1978–1997 and most recently nearly 200 outages per year. Single outages spanning the entire island and lasting 8 or more hours are estimated to cost in excess of \\$3,000,000 in lost productivity, but the costs of outages that involve only parts of the island or those of shorter durations are more difficult to quantify. Costs to the island's economy have exceeded $4.5 M per year over a 7-yr period without considering repair costs, damage to electrical equipment, and lost revenues. Snakes pose the greatest problem on high voltage transmission lines, on transformers, and inside electrical substations.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0964-8305(01)00108-1","usgsCitation":"Fritts, T.H., 2002, Economic costs of electrical system instability and power outages caused by snakes on the Island of Guam: International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, v. 49, p. 93-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(01)00108-1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Guam","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 144.5526123046875,\n 13.19917004906758\n ],\n [\n 144.9968719482422,\n 13.19917004906758\n ],\n [\n 144.9968719482422,\n 13.686019186915203\n ],\n [\n 144.5526123046875,\n 13.686019186915203\n ],\n [\n 144.5526123046875,\n 13.19917004906758\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625e12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}