We describe the diet of Crotalus lepidus klauberi (Banded Rock Rattlesnake) using samples collected in the field and from museum specimens, as well as several records from unpublished reports. Most records (approximately 91%) were from the northern Sierra Madrean Archipelago. Diet consisted of 55.4% lizards, 28.3% scolopendromorph centipedes, 13.8% mammals, 1.9% birds, and 0.6% snakes. Sceloporus spp. comprised 92.4% of lizards. Extrapolation suggests that Sceloporus jarrovii represents 82.3% of lizard records. Diet was independent of geographic distribution (mountain range), sex, source of sample (stomach vs. intestine/feces), and age class. However, predator snout–vent length differed significantly among prey types; snakes that ate birds were longest, followed in turn by those that ate mammals, lizards, and centipedes. Collection date also differed significantly among prey classes; the mean date for centipede records was later than the mean date for squamate, bird, or mammal records. We found no difference in the elevation of collection sites among prey classes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0589:DOCLKB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Holycross, A.T., Painter, C.W., Prival, D.B., Swann, D., Schroff, M.J., Edwards, T., and Schwalbe, C., 2002, Diet of Crotalus lepidus klauberi (Banded Rock Rattlesnake): Journal of Herpetology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 589-597, https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0589:DOCLKB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"589","endPage":"597","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231932,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a00d3e4b0c8380cd4f93a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holycross, Andrew T.","contributorId":194889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Holycross","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399109,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Painter, C. W.","contributorId":42149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Painter","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399107,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prival, D. B.","contributorId":10954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prival","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399103,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Swann, Don","contributorId":191890,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swann","given":"Don","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399104,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schroff, M. J.","contributorId":72164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schroff","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399108,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Edwards, Taylor","contributorId":62337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"Taylor","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399106,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399105,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024106,"text":"70024106 - 2002 - Estradiol-induced gene expression in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024106","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2782,"text":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estradiol-induced gene expression in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)","docAbstract":"Vitellogenin (Vtg) and estrogen receptor (ER) gene expression levels were measured in largemouth bass to evaluate the activation of the ER-mediated pathway by estradiol (E2). Single injections of E2 ranging from 0.0005 to 5 mg/kg up-regulated plasma Vtg in a dose-dependent manner. Vtg and ER mRNAs were measured using partial cDNA sequences corresponding to the C-terminal domain for Vtg and the ligand-binding domain of ER?? sequences. After acute E2-exposures (2 mg/kg), Vtg and ER mRNAs and plasma Vtg levels peaked after 2 days. The rate of ER mRNA accumulation peaked 36-42 h earlier than Vtg mRNA. The expression window for ER defines the primary response to E2 in largemouth bass and that for Vtg a delayed primary response. The specific effect of E2 on other estrogen-regulated genes was tested during these same time windows using differential display RT-PCR. Specific up-regulated genes that are expressed in the same time window as Vtg were ERp72 (a membrane-bound disulfide isomerase) and a gene with homology to an expressed gene identified in zebrafish. Genes that were expressed in a pattern that mimics the ER include the gene for zona radiata protein ZP2, and a gene with homology to an expressed gene found in winter flounder. One gene for fibrinogen ?? was down-regulated and an unidentified gene was transiently up-regulated after 12 h of exposure and returned to basal levels by 48 h. Taken together these studies indicate that the acute molecular response to E2 involves a complex network of responses over time. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0303-7207(02)00224-1","issn":"03037207","usgsCitation":"Bowman, C., Kroll, K., Gross, T., and Denslow, N., 2002, Estradiol-induced gene expression in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, v. 196, no. 1-2, p. 67-77, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(02)00224-1.","startPage":"67","endPage":"77","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207237,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0303-7207(02)00224-1"},{"id":232024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"196","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0bc0e4b0c8380cd52872","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowman, C.J.","contributorId":37501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowman","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400044,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kroll, K.J.","contributorId":37921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kroll","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400045,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, T.G.","contributorId":86929,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denslow, N. D.","contributorId":101606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Denslow","given":"N. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024033,"text":"70024033 - 2002 - Characterization and isolation of an extracellular serine protease from the tomato pathogen Colletotrichum coccodes, and it's role in pathogenicity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70024033","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2799,"text":"Mycological Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization and isolation of an extracellular serine protease from the tomato pathogen Colletotrichum coccodes, and it's role in pathogenicity","docAbstract":"Extracellular enzymes play an important role in the pathogenicity and virulence of phytopathogenic fungi. Several isolates of Colletotrichum coccodes, causal agent of anthracnose on tomato, were screened to determine the relationship between protease activity and virulence. A direct relationship was observed between extracellular protease activity and the induction of disease symptoms of fruit and mortality in plants. Isolate Cc155 exhibited the highest protease activity after five days of growth in protease induction medium and produced an extracellular serine protease (sp78) that was 78 kDa, auto-degradative, glucose repressible, and non-glycosylated. To determine the role of sp78 in pathogenicity, a uv-induced extracellular protease deficient mutant (np155) was generated from the wildtype isolate Cc155. Np155 maintained growth rates comparable to Cc155 and produced wildtype levels of extracellular cellulase but did not produce extracellular protease. Unlike Cc155, np155 caused no disease symptoms on tomato fruit and 0% mortality on tomato seedlings. These results suggest that extracellular protease activity is required for pathogenicity and virulence of C. coccodes, and that the elimination of protease activity transforms a virulent pathogen to a non-pathogenic endophyte.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mycological Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1017/S0953756202006883","issn":"09537562","usgsCitation":"Redman, R.S., and Rodriguez, R.J., 2002, Characterization and isolation of an extracellular serine protease from the tomato pathogen Colletotrichum coccodes, and it's role in pathogenicity: Mycological Research, v. 106, no. 12, p. 1427-1434, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0953756202006883.","startPage":"1427","endPage":"1434","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207259,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0953756202006883"},{"id":232059,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"106","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4aee4b0c8380cd4be67","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Redman, R. S.","contributorId":26094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redman","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rodriguez, R. J.","contributorId":53107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rodriguez","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023866,"text":"70023866 - 2002 - Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:20:18","indexId":"70023866","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reactivity and mobility of new and old mercury deposition in a boreal forest ecosystem during the first year of the METAALICUS study","docAbstract":"The METAALICUS (Mercury Experiment To Assess Atmospheric Loading In Canada and the US) project is a whole ecosystem experiment designed to study the activity, mobility, and availability of atmospherically deposited mercury. To investigate the dynamics of mercury newly deposited onto a terrestrial ecosystem, an enriched stable isotope of mercury (202Hg) was sprayed onto a Boreal forest subcatchment in an experiment that allowed us, for the first time, to monitor the fate of “new” mercury in deposition and to distinguish it from native mercury historically stored in the ecosystem. Newly deposited mercury was more reactive than the native mercury with respect to volatilization and methylation pathways. Mobility through runoff was very low and strongly decreased with time because of a rapid equilibration with the large native pool of “bound” mercury. Over one season, only ∼8% of the added 202Hg volatilized to the atmosphere and less than 1% appeared in runoff. Within a few months, approximately 66% of the applied 202Hg remained associated with above ground vegetation, with the rest being incorporated into soils. The fraction of 202Hg bound to vegetation was much higher than seen for native Hg (<5% vegetation), suggesting that atmospherically derived mercury enters the soil pool with a time delay, after plants senesce and decompose. The initial mobility of mercury received through small rain events or dry deposition decreased markedly in a relatively short time period, suggesting that mercury levels in terrestrial runoff may respond slowly to changes in mercury deposition rates.
The discovery of large gas hydrate accumulations in terrestrial permafrost regions of the Arctic and beneath the sea along the outer continental margins of the world's oceans has heightened interest in gas hydrates as a possible energy resource. However, significant to potentially insurmountable technical issues must be resolved be fore gas hydrates can be considered a viable option for affordable supplies of natural gas.
The combined information from Arctic gas hydrate studies shows that, in permafrost regions, gas hydrates may exist at subsurface depths ranging from about 130 to 2000 m. The presence of gas hydrates in offshore continental margins has been inferred mainly from anomalous seismic reflectors, known as bottom-simulating reflectors, that have been mapped at depths below the sea floor ranging from about 100 to 1100 m. Current estimates of the amount of gas in the world's marine and permafrost gas hydrate accumulations are in rough accord at about 20,000 trillion m3.
Disagreements over fundamental issues such as the volume of gas stored within delineated gas hydrate accumulations and the concentration of gas hydrates within hydrate-bearing strata have demonstrated that we know little about gas hydrates. Recently, however, several countries, including Japan, India, and the United States, have launched ambitious national projects to further examine the resource potential of gas hydrates. These projects may help answer key questions dealing with the properties of gas hydrate reservoirs, the design of production systems, and, most important, the costs and economics of gas hydrate production.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists","publisherLocation":"Tulsa, OK","doi":"10.1306/61EEDDD2-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Collett, T.S., 2002, Energy resource potential of natural gas hydrates: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, no. 11, p. 1971-1992, https://doi.org/10.1306/61EEDDD2-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1971","endPage":"1992","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231678,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"86","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a094ce4b0c8380cd51e6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collett, T. S. 0000-0002-7598-4708","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7598-4708","contributorId":86342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collett","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399983,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023892,"text":"70023892 - 2002 - A fault constitutive relation accounting for thermal pressurization of pore fluid","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:23:58.088659","indexId":"70023892","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A fault constitutive relation accounting for thermal pressurization of pore fluid","docAbstract":"The heat generated in a slip zone during an earthquake can raise fluid pressure and thereby reduce frictional resistance to slip. The amount of fluid pressure rise depends on the associated fluid flow. The heat generated at a given time produces fluid pressure that decreases inversely with the square root of hydraulic diffusivity times the elapsed time. If the slip velocity function is crack-like, there is a prompt fluid pressure rise at the onset of slip, followed by a slower increase. The stress drop associated with the prompt fluid pressure rise increases with rupture propagation distance. The threshold propagation distance at which thermally induced stress drop starts to dominate over frictionally induced stress drop is proportional to hydraulic diffusivity. If hydraulic diffusivity is 0.02 m2/s, estimated from borehole samples of fault zone material, the threshold propagation distance is 300 m. The stress wave in an earthquake will induce an unknown amount of dilatancy and will increase hydraulic diffusivity, both of which will lessen the fluid pressure effect. Nevertheless, if hydraulic diffusivity is no more than two orders of magnitude larger than the laboratory value, then stress drop is complete in large earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2002JB001942","usgsCitation":"Andrews, D., 2002, A fault constitutive relation accounting for thermal pressurization of pore fluid: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ESE 15-1-ESE 15-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JB001942.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"ESE 15-1","endPage":"ESE 15-8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478615,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jb001942","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231785,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3cbe4b0c8380cd4621c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Andrews, D.J.","contributorId":7416,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andrews","given":"D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399233,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023934,"text":"70023934 - 2002 - Mitochondrial DNA variability among Lake Baikal omul Coregonus autumnalis migratorius (Georgi)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:20:05","indexId":"70023934","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":656,"text":"Advances in Limnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mitochondrial DNA variability among Lake Baikal omul Coregonus autumnalis migratorius (Georgi)","docAbstract":"Omul, Coregonus autumnalis, are a commercially important coregonine fish from Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia. In Lake Baikal, three morphotypes recognized by fishery experts occupy different zones in the lake: they are referred to as \"littoral,\" \"pelagic,\" and \"benthic\". Expressed character divergence was supported by whole-body morphometric analysis, but it is not known whether discrete genetic differences accompany the observed morphological variation. This study was designed to assess the genetic variation of three different omul morphotypes sampled from different locations in Lake Baikal that were segregated by morphotype in multivariate analysis. We surveyed genetic variation with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of specific gene loci amplified with the polymerase chain reaction. Sequence variation was localized in the mitochondrial control region. Though no discrete genetic markers were found, there is evidence of reproductive segregation by geographic location that corroborates geographic variation in morphological characters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart","issn":"00711128","usgsCitation":"Burnham-Curtis, M.K., Ramme, T., Todd, T.N., Bronte, C., Fleischer, G., Pronin, N., and Maistrenko, S., 2002, Mitochondrial DNA variability among Lake Baikal omul Coregonus autumnalis migratorius (Georgi): Advances in Limnology, v. 57, p. 85-95.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"95","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231824,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321490,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510470594/Archiv_Advances_in_Limnology_57_Biology"}],"volume":"57","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5b76e4b0c8380cd6f58a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burnham-Curtis, M. K.","contributorId":39328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burnham-Curtis","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ramme, T.M.","contributorId":80861,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramme","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Todd, T. N.","contributorId":13931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Todd","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":399393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bronte, C.R.","contributorId":20100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fleischer, G.W.","contributorId":33281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleischer","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pronin, N.M.","contributorId":44106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pronin","given":"N.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Maistrenko, S.G.","contributorId":12428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maistrenko","given":"S.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023840,"text":"70023840 - 2002 - Rates and timing of earth surface processes from in situ-produced cosmogenic Be-10","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-16T16:26:26.432143","indexId":"70023840","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3281,"text":"Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Rates and timing of earth surface processes from in situ-produced cosmogenic Be-10","title":"Rates and timing of earth surface processes from in situ-produced cosmogenic Be-10","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Mineralogical Society of America","doi":"10.2138/rmg.2002.50.4","usgsCitation":"Bierman, P.R., Caffee, M.W., Davis, P.T., Marsella, K., Pavich, M., Colgan, P., Mickelson, D., and Larsen, J., 2002, Rates and timing of earth surface processes from in situ-produced cosmogenic Be-10: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, v. 50, no. 1, p. 147-205, https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2002.50.4.","productDescription":"59 p.","startPage":"147","endPage":"205","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232193,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a953fe4b0c8380cd818c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bierman, Paul R. 0000-0001-9627-4601","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9627-4601","contributorId":19041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bierman","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caffee, Marc W. 0000-0002-6846-8967","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6846-8967","contributorId":193417,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caffee","given":"Marc","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13186,"text":"Purdue University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, P. Thompson","contributorId":269510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thompson","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Marsella, K.","contributorId":51060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsella","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pavich, Milan","contributorId":32241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pavich","given":"Milan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Colgan, P.","contributorId":76504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colgan","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Mickelson, D.","contributorId":98914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mickelson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Larsen, J.","contributorId":74544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70024148,"text":"70024148 - 2002 - On the relations between cratonic lithosphere thickness, plate motions, and basal drag","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-04T18:39:05.927103","indexId":"70024148","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3525,"text":"Tectonophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"On the relations between cratonic lithosphere thickness, plate motions, and basal drag","docAbstract":"An overview of seismic, thermal, and petrological evidence on the structure of Precambrian lithosphere suggests that its local maximum thickness is highly variable (140-350 km), with a bimodal distribution for Archean cratons (200-220 km and 300-350 km). We discuss the origin of such large differences in lithospheric thickness, and propose that the lithospheric base can have large depth variations over short distances. The topography of Bryce Canyon (western USA) is proposed as an inverted analog of the base of the lithosphere. The horizontal and vertical dimensions of Archean cratons are strongly correlated: larger cratons have thicker lithosphere. Analysis of the bimodal distribution of lithospheric thickness in Archean cratons shows that the \"critical\" surface area for cratons to have thick (>300 km) keels is >6-8 ?? 106 km2 . Extrapolation of the linear trend between Archean lithospheric thickness and cratonic area to zero area yields a thickness of 180 km. This implies that the reworking of Archean crust should be accompanied by thinning and reworking of the entire lithospheric column to a thickness of 180 km in accord with thickness estimates for Proterozoic lithosphere. Likewise, extrapolation of the same trend to the size equal to the total area of all Archean cratons implies that the lithospheric thickness of a hypothesized early Archean supercontinent could have been 350-450 km decreasing to 280-400 km for Gondwanaland. We evaluate the basal drag model as a possible mechanism that may thin the cratonic lithosphere. Inverse correlations are found between lithospheric thickness and (a) fractional subduction length and (b) the effective ridge length. In agreement with theoretical predictions, lithospheric thickness of Archean keels is proportional to the square root of the ratio of the craton length (along the direction of plate motion) to the plate velocity. Large cratons with thick keels and low plate velocities are less eroded by basal drag than small fast-moving cratons. Basal drag may have varied in magnitude over the past 4 Ga. Higher mantle temperatures in the Archean would have resulted in lower mantle viscosity. This in turn would have reduced basal drag and basal erosion, and promoted the preservation of thick (>300 km) Archean keels, even if plate velocities were high during the Archean.
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00425-0","issn":"00401951","usgsCitation":"Artemieva, I., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, On the relations between cratonic lithosphere thickness, plate motions, and basal drag: Tectonophysics, v. 358, no. 1-4, p. 211-231, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00425-0.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"211","endPage":"231","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"358","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6dede4b0c8380cd753df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Artemieva, I.M.","contributorId":71728,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Artemieva","given":"I.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024119,"text":"70024119 - 2002 - Waveform inversion of oscillatory signatures in long-period events beneath volcanoes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T16:11:41.370703","indexId":"70024119","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Waveform inversion of oscillatory signatures in long-period events beneath volcanoes","docAbstract":"The source mechanism of long-period (LP) events is examined using synthetic waveforms generated by the acoustic resonance of a fluid-filled crack. We perform a series of numerical tests in which the oscillatory signatures of synthetic LP waveforms are used to determine the source time functions of the six moment tensor components from waveform inversions assuming a point source. The results indicate that the moment tensor representation is valid for the odd modes of crack resonance with wavelengths 2L/n, 2W/n, n = 3, 5, 7, …, where L and W are the crack length and width, respectively. For the even modes with wavelengths 2L/n, 2W/n, n = 2, 4, 6, …, a generalized source representation using higher-order tensors is required, although the efficiency of seismic waves radiated by the even modes is expected to be small. We apply the moment tensor inversion to the oscillatory signatures of an LP event observed at Kusatsu-Shirane Volcano, central Japan. Our results point to the resonance of a subhorizontal crack located a few hundred meters beneath the summit crater lakes. The present approach may be useful to quantify the source location, geometry, and force system of LP events, and opens the way for moment tensor inversions of tremor.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB001704","usgsCitation":"Kumagai, H., Chouet, B., and Nakano, M., 2002, Waveform inversion of oscillatory signatures in long-period events beneath volcanoes: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B11, p. ESE 7-1-ESE 7-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001704.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"ESE 7-1","endPage":"ESE 7-13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478774,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb001704","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231565,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"107","issue":"B11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-11-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcf9ee4b08c986b32e9e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kumagai, Hiroyuki","contributorId":71337,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kumagai","given":"Hiroyuki","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400085,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B. A.","contributorId":31813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nakano, M.","contributorId":43528,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nakano","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400084,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023937,"text":"70023937 - 2002 - Comparison of shear-wave slowness profiles at 10 strong-motion sites from noninvasive SASW measurements and measurements made in boreholes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-21T11:29:08.384329","indexId":"70023937","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of shear-wave slowness profiles at 10 strong-motion sites from noninvasive SASW measurements and measurements made in boreholes","docAbstract":"The spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) method is a relatively new in situ method for determining shear-wave slownesses. All measurements are made on the ground surface, making it much less costly than methods that require boreholes. The SASW method uses a number of active sources (ranging from a commercial Vibroseis truck to a small handheld hammer for the study conducted here) and different receiver spacings to map a curve of apparent phase velocity versus frequency. With the simplifying assumption that the phase velocities correspond to fundamental mode surface waves, forward modeling yields an estimate of the sub-surface shear-wave slownesses. To establish the reliability of this indirect technique, we conducted a blind evaluation of the SASW method. SASW testing was performed at 10 strong-motion stations at which borehole seismic measurements were previously or subsequently made; if previously made, the borehole results were not used for the interpretation of the SASW data, and vice-versa. Comparisons of the shear-wave slownesses from the SASW and borehole measurements are generally very good. The differences in predicted ground-motion amplifications are less than about 15% for most frequencies. In addition, both methods gave the same NEHRP site classification for seven of the sites. For the other three sites the average velocities from the downhole measurements were only 5-13 m/sec larger than the velocity defining the class C/D boundary. This study demonstrates that in many situations the SASW method can provide subsurface information suitable for site response predictions.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120020030","usgsCitation":"Brown, L., Boore, D., and Stokoe, K., 2002, Comparison of shear-wave slowness profiles at 10 strong-motion sites from noninvasive SASW measurements and measurements made in boreholes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 8, p. 3116-3133, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120020030.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"3116","endPage":"3133","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231863,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","county":"Los Angeles","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 33.660353121928814\n ],\n [\n -117.71850585937501,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 34.361576287484176\n ],\n [\n -118.69628906249999,\n 33.660353121928814\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f88ee4b0c8380cd4d1a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, L.T.","contributorId":50172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"L.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399410,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399411,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stokoe, K.H. II","contributorId":85360,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokoe","given":"K.H.","suffix":"II","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024137,"text":"70024137 - 2002 - Performance of a satellite-linked GPS on Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T16:49:23.459427","indexId":"70024137","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3093,"text":"Polar Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Performance of a satellite-linked GPS on Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)","title":"Performance of a satellite-linked GPS on Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens)","docAbstract":"We evaluated the utility of a satellite-linked GPS in obtaining location data from Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). A unit was attached to one of the tusks of each of three adult male walruses in Bristol Bay, Alaska. The units were designed to relay GPS positions through the Argos Data Collection and Location System. The GPS was only minimally effective in obtaining location data. An average of only 5% of the attempts yielded a position, and only a small number of these were locations at sea. The paucity of successful attempts was probably due to infrequent and brief surfacings of the GPS, the proximity of cliffs to predominant haul-out sites in the study region, and the packing of animals when they were hauled out in herds. Argos was effective in relaying GPS positions in this study, but as GPS technology advances, and its application to marine mammal studies becomes more prevalent, it seems that the greatest challenge to the study of many species will be in data retrieval.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s00300-001-0338-7","usgsCitation":"Jay, C.V., and Garner, G.W., 2002, Performance of a satellite-linked GPS on Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): Polar Biology, v. 25, no. 3, p. 235-237, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-001-0338-7.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"235","endPage":"237","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231874,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7686e4b0c8380cd7816d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jay, Chadwick V. 0000-0002-9559-2189 cjay@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-2189","contributorId":192736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jay","given":"Chadwick","email":"cjay@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Garner, Gerald W.","contributorId":149918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Garner","given":"Gerald","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":13117,"text":"Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023938,"text":"70023938 - 2002 - Shape functions for velocity interpolation in general hexahedral cells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023938","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1308,"text":"Computational Geosciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Shape functions for velocity interpolation in general hexahedral cells","docAbstract":"Numerical methods for grids with irregular cells require discrete shape functions to approximate the distribution of quantities across cells. For control-volume mixed finite-element (CVMFE) methods, vector shape functions approximate velocities and vector test functions enforce a discrete form of Darcy's law. In this paper, a new vector shape function is developed for use with irregular, hexahedral cells (trilinear images of cubes). It interpolates velocities and fluxes quadratically, because as shown here, the usual Piola-transformed shape functions, which interpolate linearly, cannot match uniform flow on general hexahedral cells. Truncation-error estimates for the shape function are demonstrated. CVMFE simulations of uniform and non-uniform flow with irregular meshes show first- and second-order convergence of fluxes in the L2 norm in the presence and absence of singularities, respectively.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computational Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021218525861","issn":"14200597","usgsCitation":"Naff, R., Russell, T., and Wilson, J.D., 2002, Shape functions for velocity interpolation in general hexahedral cells: Computational Geosciences, v. 6, no. 3-4, p. 285-314, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021218525861.","startPage":"285","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207165,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021218525861"},{"id":231864,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e4be4b08c986b31885d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Naff, R.L.","contributorId":86349,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Naff","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Russell, T.F.","contributorId":86811,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Russell","given":"T.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilson, J. D.","contributorId":25154,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024149,"text":"70024149 - 2002 - Characterization of the spatial variability of channel morphology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024149","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1425,"text":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization of the spatial variability of channel morphology","docAbstract":"The spatial variability of two fundamental morphological variables is investigated for rivers having a wide range of discharge (five orders of magnitude). The variables, water-surface width and average depth, were measured at 58 to 888 equally spaced cross-sections in channel links (river reaches between major tributaries). These measurements provide data to characterize the two-dimensional structure of a channel link which is the fundamental unit of a channel network. The morphological variables have nearly log-normal probability distributions. A general relation was determined which relates the means of the log-transformed variables to the logarithm of discharge similar to previously published downstream hydraulic geometry relations. The spatial variability of the variables is described by two properties: (1) the coefficient of variation which was nearly constant (0.13-0.42) over a wide range of discharge; and (2) the integral length scale in the downstream direction which was approximately equal to one to two mean channel widths. The joint probability distribution of the morphological variables in the downstream direction was modelled as a first-order, bivariate autoregressive process. This model accounted for up to 76 per cent of the total variance. The two-dimensional morphological variables can be scaled such that the channel width-depth process is independent of discharge. The scaling properties will be valuable to modellers of both basin and channel dynamics. Published in 2002 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/esp.403","issn":"01979337","usgsCitation":"Moody, J.A., and Troutman, B., 2002, Characterization of the spatial variability of channel morphology: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, v. 27, no. 12, p. 1251-1266, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.403.","startPage":"1251","endPage":"1266","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207263,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.403"},{"id":232068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-26","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4e7e4b0c8380cd4bfc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moody, J. A.","contributorId":32930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moody","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Troutman, B.M.","contributorId":73638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Troutman","given":"B.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023813,"text":"70023813 - 2002 - Spatial and temporal snowpack variation in the crown of the continent ecosystem","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023813","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Spatial and temporal snowpack variation in the crown of the continent ecosystem","docAbstract":"Snowpack related ecosystem changes such as glacier recession and alpine treeline advance have been documented in the Crown of the Continent Ecosystem (CCE) over the course of the previous 150 years. Using data from the Natural Resource Conservation Service's SNOTEL sites and snow course surveys, we examined the spatial and temporal variation in snowpack in the region. SNOTEL data suggest CCE snowpacks are larger and more persistent than in most regions of the Western U.S., and that water year precipitation, rather than mean temperature, is the primary control on April 1 snow water equivalent (SWE). Snow course data indicate a statistically significant downward trend in mean April 1 SWE for the period 1950-2001 but no statistically significant trend in mean May 1 SWE for the longer period 1922-2001. Further analysis reveals that variations in both April 1 and May 1 mean SWE are closely tied to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, an ENSO-like interdecadal pattern of Pacific Ocean climate variability. Despite no significant trend in mean May 1 SWE between 1922-2001, glaciers in Glacier National Park receded steadily during this period, implying changing climatic conditions crossed a threshold for glacier mass balance maintenace sometime between the Little Ice Age glacial maxima and 1922.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of The Western Snow Conference","conferenceTitle":"70th Annual Meeting Western Snow Conference","conferenceDate":"20 May 2002 through 23 May 2002","conferenceLocation":"Granby, CO","language":"English","issn":"01610589","usgsCitation":"Selkowitz, D., Fagre, D., and Reardon, B., 2002, Spatial and temporal snowpack variation in the crown of the continent ecosystem, in Proceedings of The Western Snow Conference, Granby, CO, 20 May 2002 through 23 May 2002, p. 98-109.","startPage":"98","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232429,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9445e4b08c986b31a98f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Selkowitz, D.J.","contributorId":82886,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Selkowitz","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fagre, D.B.","contributorId":52135,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reardon, B.A.","contributorId":51497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reardon","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024101,"text":"70024101 - 2002 - High-resolution seismic-reflection investigation of the northern Gulf of Mexico gas-hydrate-stability zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024101","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2682,"text":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-resolution seismic-reflection investigation of the northern Gulf of Mexico gas-hydrate-stability zone","docAbstract":"We recorded high-resolution seismic-reflection data in the northern Gulf of Mexico to study gas and gas-hydrate distribution and their relation to seafloor slides. Gas hydrate is widely reported near the seafloor, but is described at only one deep drill site. Our data show high-reflectivity zones (HRZs) near faults, diapirs, and gas vents and interbedded within sedimentary sections at shallow depth (<1 km). The HRZs lie below the gas-hydrate-stability zone (GHSZ) as well as within the zone (less common), and they coincide with zones of shallow water-flows. Bottom simulating reflections are rare in the Gulf, and not documented in our data. We infer HRZs result largely from free gas in sandy beds, with gas hydrate within the GHSZ. Our estimates for the base BHSZ correlate reasonably with the top of HRZs in some thick well-layered basin sections, but poorly where shallow sediments are thin and strongly deformed. The equivocal correlation results from large natural variability of parameters that are used to calculate the base of the GHSZ. The HRZs may, however, be potential indicators of nearby gas hydrate. The HRZs also lie at the base of at least two large seafloor slides (e.g. up to 250 km2) that may be actively moving along decollement faults that sole within the GHSZ or close to the estimated base of the GHSZ. We suspect that water/gas flow along these and other faults such as 'chimney' features provide gas to permit crystallization of gas hydrate in the GHSZ. Such flows weaken sediment that slide down salt-oversteepened slopes when triggered by earthquakes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine and Petroleum Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00107-1","issn":"02648172","usgsCitation":"Cooper, A.K., and Hart, P., 2002, High-resolution seismic-reflection investigation of the northern Gulf of Mexico gas-hydrate-stability zone: Marine and Petroleum Geology, v. 19, no. 10, p. 1275-1293, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00107-1.","startPage":"1275","endPage":"1293","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231946,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207202,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(02)00107-1"}],"volume":"19","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a312ae4b0c8380cd5dcbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cooper, A. K.","contributorId":50149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hart, P. E.","contributorId":10773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hart","given":"P. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400029,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023948,"text":"70023948 - 2002 - Buoyancy differences among two deepwater ciscoes from the Great Lakes and their putative ancestor","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T11:30:13","indexId":"70023948","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":656,"text":"Advances in Limnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Buoyancy differences among two deepwater ciscoes from the Great Lakes and their putative ancestor","docAbstract":"We analyzed buoyancy in two deepwater ciscoes, Coregonus hoyi and C. kiyi, and in C. artedi, their putative ancestor, and also analyzed how variations in fish weight, water content, and lipid content affected buoyancy. Buoyancy was significantly different among the three species (p < 0.0001). Estimates of percent buoyancy (neutral buoyancy = 0.0%) were: kiyi, 3.8%; hoyi, 4.7%; and artedi, 5.7%. Buoyancy did not change with fish weight alone (p = 0.38). Fish weight was negatively related to water content for all three species (p = 0.037). Lipid content was not significantly different between hoyi and kiyi, but artedi had significantly fewer lipids than hoyi and kiyi (p < 0.10). When artedi was removed from the analysis, fish weight and lipids accounted for 48% of the variation in buoyancy (p = 0.003), fatter hoyi were less dense than leaner hoyi, but fatter and leaner kiyi were no different in density. Our findings provide additional evidence that buoyancy regulation was a speciating mechanism in deepwater ciscoes and that kiyi is more specialized than hoyi for diel-vertical migration in deep water.
","language":"English","publisher":"Schweizerbart","issn":"00711128","usgsCitation":"Krause, A., Eshenroder, R., and Begnoche, L., 2002, Buoyancy differences among two deepwater ciscoes from the Great Lakes and their putative ancestor: Advances in Limnology, v. 57, p. 233-242.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"242","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232014,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":321491,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783510470594/Archiv_Advances_in_Limnology_57_Biology"}],"volume":"57","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f2b3e4b0c8380cd4b2ef","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krause, A.E.","contributorId":6626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krause","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eshenroder, R.L.","contributorId":62542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eshenroder","given":"R.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Begnoche, L.J.","contributorId":103025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Begnoche","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024103,"text":"70024103 - 2002 - Chemical attributes of some clouds amid a forest ecosystem's trees","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-07T16:12:30","indexId":"70024103","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":928,"text":"Atmospheric Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical attributes of some clouds amid a forest ecosystem's trees","docAbstract":"Simultaneous physical and chemical characteristics of clouds amid and above the trees of a montane forest, located about 3.3 km southwest of Mt. Mitchell, NC, were collected between 13 and 22 June 1993. This paper summarizes the chemical characteristics of the cloud droplets amid the trees. The ionic composition and pH of the analyzed amid-canopy cloud water samples are generally consistent with those of previous above-canopy cloud water samples obtained at this site. Magnesium, sodium, and calcium are highly correlated to each other amid the canopy as compared to above the canopy. Above-canopy and amid-canopy cloud-only episodes, with concurrent event-averaged cloud water pH values at or below 3.1, generally contain more magnesium, sodium, and calcium in the amid-canopy cloud water samples compared to concurrent above-canopy cloud water samples. The observed chemical differences between the amid-canopy cloud and the above-canopy cloud suggest an unhealthier environment for the tree canopy when the cloud water traversing this site has a pH value at or below 3.1. The predominant ion deposition fluxes were calculated to provide preliminary data for studies designed to explicitly quantify how the chemical composition of cloud water affects tree health.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00140-0","issn":"01698095","usgsCitation":"DeFelice, T.P., 2002, Chemical attributes of some clouds amid a forest ecosystem's trees: Atmospheric Research, v. 65, no. 1-2, p. 35-50, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00140-0.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"50","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207203,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00140-0"}],"volume":"65","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f555e4b0c8380cd4c196","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeFelice, Thomas P.","contributorId":103831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFelice","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024150,"text":"70024150 - 2002 - Comparing landslide inventories: The map depends on the method","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70024150","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1574,"text":"Environmental & Engineering Geoscience","printIssn":"1078-7275","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparing landslide inventories: The map depends on the method","docAbstract":"Landslide inventory maps are generally prepared by interpreting the geomorphic expression of landsliding on aerial photos, topographic maps, or on the ground. Distinctive landslide geomorphology allows the recognition and mapping of landslides, although there are always landslides that have very subtle expression and are not identified. The difficulties of mapping landslides based on their geomorphic expression are amplified in heavily forested terrain. The ground surface is obscured by tree cover on aerial photographs, and landslide-related features are often hidden. This limitation affects not only aerial photo interpretation, but also interpretation of topographic maps, which are based on aerial photographs. We compared five maps showing landslides in the Laurel Quadrangle in the Santa Cruz Mountains, California. These include a geologic map, a map prepared for the county based on interpretation of aerial photographs, a map prepared by us based on aerial photographs and compilation of previous work, a map of features interpreted from the U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute topographic map, and a detailed field-based landslide map. Comparison of these maps shows that the geologic map identifies few landslides, but most landslides on the geologic map are also shown on the other maps. The two maps based mainly on aerial photo interpretation tend to show the larger slides, but there is only about 60 percent correspondence of landslide areas between the two. Comparing the reconnaissance techniques with the much more detailed field mapping shows that the reconnaisance maps emphasize the large slides of bedrock and identify a lower percentage of shallow debris slides and debris flows.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental and Engineering Geoscience","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/8.4.279","issn":"10787275","usgsCitation":"Wills, C., and McCrink, T., 2002, Comparing landslide inventories: The map depends on the method: Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, v. 8, no. 4, p. 279-293, https://doi.org/10.2113/8.4.279.","startPage":"279","endPage":"293","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232104,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207279,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/8.4.279"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f835e4b0c8380cd4cf3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wills, C.J.","contributorId":91275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wills","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McCrink, T.P.","contributorId":91662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCrink","given":"T.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023814,"text":"70023814 - 2002 - Karst in evaporite rocks of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-12-03T16:03:38","indexId":"70023814","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1184,"text":"Carbonates and Evaporites","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Karst in evaporite rocks of the United States","docAbstract":"Evaporites are the most soluble of common rocks; they are dissolved readily to form the same range of karst features that typically are found in limestones and dolomites. Evaporites, including gypsum (or anhydrite) and salt, are present in 32 of the 48 contiguous United States, and they underlie about 35-40% of the land area. Evaporite outcrops typically contain sinkholes, caves, disappearing streams, and springs. Other evidence of active karst in evaporites includes surface-collapse features and saline springs or saline plumes that result from dissolution of salt. Many evaporites, including some in the deeper subsurface, also contain evidence of paleokarst that is no longer active; this evidence includes dissolution breccias, breccia pipes, slumped beds, and collapse structures. Evaporites occur in 24 separate structural basins or geographic districts in the United States, and either local or extensive evaporite karst is known in almost all of these basins or districts. Human activities also have caused development of evaporite karst, primarily in salt deposits. Boreholes or underground mines may enable (either intentionally or inadvertently) unsaturated water to flow through or against salt deposits, thus allowing development of small to large dissolution cavities. If the dissolution cavity is large enough and shallow enough, successive roof failures can cause land subsidence or catastrophic collapse. Evaporite karst, both natural and human-induced, is far more prevalent than commonly believed.
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technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023914","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2351,"text":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology","docAbstract":"Hydraulic (chiefly portland) cement is the binding agent in concrete and mortar and thus a key component of a country's construction sector. Concrete is arguably the most abundant of all manufactured solid materials. Portland cement is made primarily from finely ground clinker, which itself is composed dominantly of hydraulically active calcium silicate minerals formed through high-temperature burning of limestone and other materials in a kiln. This process requires approximately 1.7 tons of raw materials perton of clinker produced and yields about 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, of which calcination of limestone and the combustion of fuels each contribute about half. The overall level of CO2 output makes the cement industry one of the top two manufacturing industry sources of greenhouse gases; however, in many countries, the cement industry's contribution is a small fraction of that from fossil fuel combustion by power plants and motor vehicles. The nature of clinker and the enormous heat requirements of its manufacture allow the cement industry to consume a wide variety of waste raw materials and fuels, thus providing the opportunity to apply key concepts of industrial ecology, most notably the closing of loops through the use of by-products of other industries (industrial symbiosis). In this article, the chemistry and technology of cement manufacture are summarized. In a forthcoming companion article (part II), some of the environmental challenges and opportunities facing the cement industry are described. Because of the size and scope of the U.S. cement industry, the analysis relies primarily on data and practices from the United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1162/108819802320971650","issn":"10881980","usgsCitation":"Van Oss, H., and Padovani, A., 2002, Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology: Journal of Industrial Ecology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 89-106, https://doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650.","startPage":"89","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207274,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650"},{"id":232089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3dbe4b0c8380cd4b9e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oss, H. G.","contributorId":84581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oss","given":"H. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Padovani, A.C.","contributorId":53150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padovani","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024102,"text":"70024102 - 2002 - Evidence for two surface ruptures in the past 500 years on the San Andreas fault at Frazier Mountain, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-10T16:56:30.36218","indexId":"70024102","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for two surface ruptures in the past 500 years on the San Andreas fault at Frazier Mountain, California","docAbstract":"We conducted paleoseismic studies in a closed depression along the San Andreas fault on the north flank of Frazier Mountain near Frazier Park, California. We recognized two earthquake ruptures in our trench exposure and interpreted the most recent rupture, event 1, to represent the historical 1857 earthquake. We also exposed evidence of an earlier surface rupture, event 2, along an older group of faults that did not rerupture during event 1. Radiocarbon dating of the stratigraphy above and below the earlier event constrains its probable age to between A.D. 1460 and 1600. Because we documented continuous, unfaulted stratigraphy between the earlier event horizon and the youngest event horizon in the portion of the fault zone exposed, we infer event 2 to be the penultimate event. We observed no direct evidence of an 1812 earthquake in our exposures. However, we cannot preclude the presence of this event at our site due to limited age control in the upper part of the section and the possibility of other fault strands beyond the limits of our exposures. Based on overlapping age ranges, event 2 at Frazier Mountain may correlate with event B at the Bidart fan site in the Carrizo Plain to the northwest and events V and W4 at Pallett Creek and Wrightwood, respectively, to the southeast. If the events recognized at these multiple sites resulted from the same surface rupture, then it appears that the San Andreas fault has repeatedly failed in large ruptures similar in extent to 1857.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000610","usgsCitation":"Lindvall, S.C., Rockwell, T.K., Dawson, T.E., Helms, J.G., and Bowman, K.W., 2002, Evidence for two surface ruptures in the past 500 years on the San Andreas fault at Frazier Mountain, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2689-2703, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000610.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"2689","endPage":"2703","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231947,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Frazier Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.43212890625,\n 32.8149783969858\n ],\n [\n -116.06506347656251,\n 32.8149783969858\n ],\n [\n -116.06506347656251,\n 35.07046911981966\n ],\n [\n -120.43212890625,\n 35.07046911981966\n ],\n [\n -120.43212890625,\n 32.8149783969858\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d57e4b0c8380cd52f77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lindvall, S. C.","contributorId":85746,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lindvall","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rockwell, T. K.","contributorId":34688,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rockwell","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, T. E.","contributorId":84537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Helms, J. G.","contributorId":23719,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helms","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowman, K. 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