{"pageNumber":"3005","pageRowStart":"75100","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184644,"records":[{"id":93800,"text":"93800 - 2002 - Evaluation of management practices in wetland meadows at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Idaho, 1997-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-09-08T09:43:46","indexId":"93800","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Evaluation of management practices in wetland meadows at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Idaho, 1997-2000","docAbstract":" We assessed the relative values of 4 management practices (idle, late season grazing, fall prescribed burning, and rotation of idle and summer grazing) to biotic resources of the grassland-wetland meadow ecosystem at Grays Lake during 1997-2000. Three replicates of each treatment were randomly assigned to 12 experimental units that bordered the deep emergent marsh. Biotic factors examined included the breeding bird community and abundance, nesting activity and nest success, small mammal abundance, plant community, and annual plant biomass production. Fall burns achieved treatment objectives, removing most residual vegetation across a range of cover types. Objectives for grazing treatments were mostly attained; however, vegetation use levels were insufficient for consistent attainment of treatment objectives.  Savannah sparrow, American coot, Canada goose, sandhill crane, mallard, and yellow-headed blackbird were the most common bird species present. Densities of 2 bird species (savannah sparrow and red-winged blackbird) were related to year effect only. The effect of unit on densities of redhead, lesser scaup, ruddy duck, sora, long-billed curlew, and common snipe likely reflects habitat differences among units. Densities of 6 species (eared grebe, canvasback, American coot, American avocet, willet, and common yellowthroat) were related to both year and unit effects. Treatment affected densities of 6 of the 29 species examined (mallard, northern shoveler, cinnamon teal, blue-winged teal, American crow, and yellow-headed blackbird); we found no common trend in response to treatments among those species. Overall, idled habitat did not stand out to be a valuable treatment, whereas grazing tended to have positive responses for a number of species. Burning was more likely to result in reduced bird densities than other treatments. We also describe the distribution of species observations among 8 different habitat types.  Of the 23 nesting species sampled in the experimental units, the most common were American coot, sandhill crane, Canada goose, American avocet, mallard, and cinnamon teal. Daily survival rates (DSRs) of dabbling duck nests (all species pooled) were negatively affected by fall grazing. We detected no effects of treatments on DSRs of Canada geese or sandhill crane nests. DSRs for sandhill crane nests were higher in 1998 than in 1999 or 2000 and were slightly higher than that in 1997. DSRs for coot nests were affected by both year and treatment; within-treatment differences among years were extensive, In 1998, when all units were idled, DSRs for coot nests were higher in units assigned to idle treatment than those assigned to fall-grazed or rotation treatment. DSRs for coot nests did not differ among treatment blocks in 1997 (all units idled) or 1999 (first year after treatments). We speculate that compaction of residual vegetation by snowpack reduced any differences between idle and treated units and thus lessened the value of idle habitat for most nesting birds. Nesting densities and nest success rates of Canada geese, dabbling ducks, and sandhill cranes were lower those that reported from Steel's (1952) study in 1949-1950, but differences in habitats and areas searched relative to our study make comparisons difficult. Nest success rates of sandhill cranes also were lower than those reported by Drewien (1973). Declines in nest success probably are related to changes in predator community.  We captured 5 species of small mammals (meadow vole, montane vole, deer mouse, vagrant shrew, and ermine). Populations of meadow and montane voles irrupted in 1998 then crashed in spring 1999; the most marked changes were in montane vole numbers. Capture rates of ermine and observation rates for striped skunks and raptors suggested a numerical response (higher recruitment) by these predators to higher prey abundance and possibly distributional shifts (movement into areas of more abundant microtines). We did not detect differences ","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","publisherLocation":"Jamestown, ND","usgsCitation":"Austin, J.E., Pyle, W., Keough, J., and Johnson, D.H., 2002, Evaluation of management practices in wetland meadows at Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Idaho, 1997-2000, 197 p.","productDescription":"197 p.","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128357,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.41647338867188,\n              43.000755398218224\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.38814926147461,\n              43.000755398218224\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.38814926147461,\n              43.0420453718909\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.41647338867188,\n              43.0420453718909\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.41647338867188,\n              43.000755398218224\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Austin, J. E.","contributorId":5999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pyle, W.H.","contributorId":52518,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pyle","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Keough, J.R.","contributorId":87880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keough","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297951,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297950,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":96234,"text":"96234 - 2002 - SALMOD: A population model for salmonids: user's manual. Version W3","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-13T17:13:39","indexId":"96234","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":6,"text":"USGS Unnumbered Series"},"title":"SALMOD: A population model for salmonids: user's manual. Version W3","docAbstract":"SALMOD is a computer model that simulates the dynamics of freshwater salmonid populations, both anadromous and resident. The conceptual model was developed in a workshop setting (Williamson et al. 1993) using fish experts concerned with Trinity River chinook restoration. The model builds on the foundation laid by similar models (see Cheslak and Jacobson 1990). The model’s premise that that egg and fish mortality are directly related to spatially and temporally variable micro- and macrohabitat limitations, which themselves are related to the timing and amount of streamflow and other meteorological variables. Habitat quality and capacity are characterized by the hydraulic and thermal properties of individual mesohabitats, which we use as spatial “computation units” in the model. The model tracks a population of spatially distinct cohorts that originate as gees and grow from one life stage to another as a function of local water temperature. Individual cohorts either remain in the computational unit in which they emerged or move, in whole or in part, to nearby units (see McCormick et al. 1998). Model processes include spawning (with red superimposition and incubation losses), growth (including egg maturation), mortality, and movement (freshet-induced, habitat-induced, and seasonal). Model processes are implemented such that the user (modeler) has the ability to more-or-less program the model on the fly to create the dynamics thought to animate the population. SALMOD then tabulates the various causes of mortality and the whereabouts of fish.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","doi":"10.3133/96234","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J., Heasley, J., Laake, J., Sandelin, J., Coughlan, B.A., and Moos, A., 2002, SALMOD: A population model for salmonids: user's manual. Version W3 (Version W3), 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/96234.","productDescription":"76 p.","numberOfPages":"76","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":290431,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/96234.jpg"}],"edition":"Version W3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fe1db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, John","contributorId":81835,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"John","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299305,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Heasley, John","contributorId":57004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heasley","given":"John","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Laake, Jeff","contributorId":81444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laake","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299304,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sandelin, Jeff","contributorId":78681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sandelin","given":"Jeff","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299303,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Coughlan, Beth A.K.","contributorId":73537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coughlan","given":"Beth","email":"","middleInitial":"A.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Moos, Alan","contributorId":12410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moos","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":96235,"text":"96235 - 2002 - Attitudes, values and perceptions of National Wildlife Refuge managers and biologists","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-27T10:31:55","indexId":"96235","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Attitudes, values and perceptions of National Wildlife Refuge managers and biologists","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.<br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado State University","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Brinson, A.A., 2002, Attitudes, values and perceptions of National Wildlife Refuge managers and biologists, 78 p.","productDescription":"78 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127522,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668f05","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brinson, Ayeisha A.","contributorId":40666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brinson","given":"Ayeisha","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299306,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":96236,"text":"96236 - 2002 - How stakeholder roles, power, and negotiation impact natural resource policy: A political economy view","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-26T11:40:53","indexId":"96236","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"How stakeholder roles, power, and negotiation impact natural resource policy: A political economy view","docAbstract":"<p>Natural resource management decisions are complicated by multiple property rights, management objectives, and stakeholders with varying degrees of influence over the decision making process. In order to make efficient decisions, managers must incorporate the opinions and values of the involved stakeholders as well as understand the complex institutional constraints and opportunities that influence the decision-making process. Often this type of information is not understood until after a decision has been made, which can result in wasted time and effort.</p><p>The purpose of my dissertation was to show how institutional frameworks and stakeholder involvement influence the various phases of the resource management decision-making process in a public choice framework. The intent was to assist decision makers and stakeholders by developing a methodology for formally incorporating stakeholders'' objectives and influence into the resource management planning process and to predict the potential success of rent-seeking activity based on stakeholder preferences and level of influence. Concepts from decision analysis, institutional analysis, and public choice economics were used in designing this interdisciplinary framework. The framework was then applied to an actual case study concerning elk and bison management on the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park near Jackson, Wyoming. The framework allowed for the prediction of the level of support and conflict for all relevant policy decisions, and the identification of each stakeholder''s level of support or opposition for each management decision.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Colorado State University","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Caughlan, L., 2002, How stakeholder roles, power, and negotiation impact natural resource policy: A political economy view, 162 p.","productDescription":"162 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a54e4b07f02db62bd33","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Caughlan, L.","contributorId":38498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caughlan","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299307,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024819,"text":"70024819 - 2002 - Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:15","indexId":"70024819","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams","docAbstract":"We conducted a comparative study in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area to determine the potential long-term impacts of hemlock forest decline on stream benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. Hemlock forests throughout eastern North America have been declining because of the hemlock woolly adelgid, an exotic insect pest. We found aquatic invertebrate community structure to be strongly correlated with forest composition. Streams draining hemlock forests supported significantly more total taxa than streams draining mixed hardwood forests, and over 8% of the taxa were strongly associated with hemlock. In addition, invertebrate taxa were more evenly distributed (i.e., higher Simpson's evenness values) in hemlock-drained streams. In contrast, the number of rare species and total densities were significantly lower in streams draining hemlock, suggesting that diversity differences observed between forest types were not related to stochastic factors associated with sampling and that streams draining mixed hardwood forests may be more productive. Analysis of stream habitat data indicated that streams draining hemlock forests had more stable thermal and hydrologic regimes. Our findings suggest that hemlock decline may result in long-term changes in headwater ecosystems leading to reductions in both within-stream (i.e., alpha) and park-wide (i.e., gamma) benthic community diversity.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f02-003","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Snyder, C., Young, J., Lemarie, D.P., and Smith, D., 2002, Influence of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) forests on aquatic invertebrate assemblages in headwater streams: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 59, no. 2, p. 262-275, https://doi.org/10.1139/f02-003.","startPage":"262","endPage":"275","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232963,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207766,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-003"}],"volume":"59","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b2ce4b0c8380cd622bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Snyder, C.D.","contributorId":73540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Young, J.A. 0000-0002-4500-3673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4500-3673","contributorId":37674,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Young","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lemarie, D. P.","contributorId":23100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lemarie","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Smith, D. R. 0000-0001-6074-9257","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6074-9257","contributorId":44108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"D. R.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024824,"text":"70024824 - 2002 - Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data: Examples from the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024824","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data: Examples from the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"Residual displacements for large earthquakes can sometimes be determined from recordings on modern digital instruments, but baseline offsets of unknown origin make it difficult in many cases to do so. To recover the residual displacement, we suggest tailoring a correction scheme by studying the character of the velocity obtained by integration of zeroth-order-corrected acceleration and then seeing if the residual displacements are stable when the various parameters in the particular correction scheme are varied. For many seismological and engineering purposes, however, the residual displacement are of lesser importance than ground motions at periods less than about 20 sec. These ground motions are often recoverable with simple baseline correction and low-cut filtering. In this largely empirical study, we illustrate the consequences of various correction schemes, drawing primarily from digital recordings of the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake. We show that with simple processing the displacement waveforms for this event are very similar for stations separated by as much as 20 km. We also show that a strong pulse on the transverse component was radiated from the Hector Mine earthquake and propagated with little distortion to distances exceeding 170 km; this pulse leads to large response spectral amplitudes around 10 sec.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120000926","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Boore, D., Stephens, C., and Joyner, W.B., 2002, Comments on baseline correction of digital strong-motion data: Examples from the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1543-1560, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000926.","startPage":"1543","endPage":"1560","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233071,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207833,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000926"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f7f2e4b0c8380cd4cdc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Boore, D.M. 0000-0002-8605-9673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8605-9673","contributorId":64226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boore","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stephens, C.D.","contributorId":18752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephens","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Joyner, W. B.","contributorId":70746,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyner","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":96245,"text":"96245 - 2002 - Sustainability of vegetation communities grazed by elk in Rocky Mountain National Park","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-08T16:11:57","indexId":"96245","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Sustainability of vegetation communities grazed by elk in Rocky Mountain National Park","docAbstract":"<p>Current management of the worlds' grazing lands in either based on changes in plant species composition or on other management evaluation programs that emphasize changes in net aboveground production. Management is based solely on changes in aboveground production has been criticized as too limited in view, because it ignores root production, nitrogen pools, nutrient processes, and the long-term sustainability of the ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of elk (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>) grazing on aboveground production, internal nitrogen (N) fluxes, N pools and inputs, and elk nutrient transfers across the landscape in different vegetation types in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP), Colorado. Nitrogen processes and possibly N pools were significantly reduced in the willow community, but not in the upland grass/shrub community. Nitrogen mineralization rates were lower in grazed versus ungrazed short willow sites (P = 0.07; n = 4 sites), as were nitrate (NO3) pools (P = 0.10), but not in tall willow sites (P &gt; 1.10 n = 4 sites) after 4 years. There was about half the annual N inputs to the soil surface in grazed willow sites (5.79g N/m<sup>2</sup>/yr = annual herbaceous biomass a?? offtake + litterfall + elk urine and feces) compared to ungrazed sites (9.66 g N/m<sup>2</sup>/yr = annual herbaceous biomass + litterfall), suggesting elk herbivory and movement led to a net loss of N in the willow vegetation type. Elk substantially reduced the annual growth of willows (Salix spp.) by 98% after 35 years and 66% after 4 years of treatment. Thus, height and canopy and N yield of willows were reduced as well as willow litter biomass (65 g/m2/yr in ungrazed versus 33 g/m2/yr in grazed), and N yield of willows was 64% less in grazed plots. Elk grazing had no significant effect on other soil N pools (NH4) or litter decomposition rates in either of the two willow types, nor on any nitrogen process rates or pools in the upland grass/shrub type (P &gt; 0.10). Nitrogen concentrations in plant tissue were not influenced for the most part by elk grazing (increased N concentration found in only 4 of 13 species). Elk apparently also transported N away from aspen at an even higher rate (N inputs were 1.65 g N/m2/yr in grazed sites vs. 3.79 g N/m<sup>2</sup>/yr ungrazed). CENTURY modeling supported these observations. This soil N model predicted almost no change (0.5$ - 2% less) in N or carbon (C) pools in 50 years in the upland grass/shrub vegetation type, but greater losses in the willow type. If elk population levels were increased to carrying capacity in the ecosystem (about 25% more consumption) projected losses after 50 years were greater, but still &lt;4% for soil C and 1% for spoil N in the upland type, and 6% for soil C and 2% for soil N in the willow type. Total shrub C was projected to decline 10% in 50 years in the willow type at current elk densities. We recommend conservative management of elk numbers and grazing until additional years of measures are gathered on the lower mineralization rates in the short willow type and until the projected declines in N pools can be verified.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological evaluation of the abundance and effects of elk herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999 (Open File Report 2002-208)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Schoenecker, K., Singer, F.J., Menezes, R.S., Zeigenfuss, L., and Binkley, D., 2002, Sustainability of vegetation communities grazed by elk in Rocky Mountain National Park, 18 p.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"204","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350377,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0208/report.pdf"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f24","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Singer, Francis J.","contributorId":65528,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"Francis J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":505684,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zeigenfuss, Linda 0000-0002-6700-8563 linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-8563","contributorId":2079,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"Linda","email":"linda_zeigenfuss@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":505685,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Schoenecker, K.A.","contributorId":71120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoenecker","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Menezes, Romulo S.C.","contributorId":99498,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Menezes","given":"Romulo","email":"","middleInitial":"S.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zeigenfuss, L. C.","contributorId":69089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":299340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024827,"text":"70024827 - 2002 - Cripple Creek and other alkaline-related gold deposits in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA: Influence of regional tectonics","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T14:34:52.860218","indexId":"70024827","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cripple Creek and other alkaline-related gold deposits in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA: Influence of regional tectonics","docAbstract":"<p><span>Alkaline-related epithermal vein, breccia, disseminated, skarn, and porphyry gold deposits form a belt in the southern Rocky Mountains along the eastern edge of the North American Cordillera. Alkaline igneous rocks and associated hydrothermal deposits formed at two times. The first was during the Laramide orogeny (about 70–40&nbsp;Ma), with deposits restricted spatially to the Colorado mineral belt (CMB). Other alkaline igneous rocks and associated gold deposits formed later, during the transition from a compressional to an extensional regime (about 35–27&nbsp;Ma). These younger rocks and associated deposits are more widespread, following the Rocky Mountain front southward, from Cripple Creek in Colorado through New Mexico. All of these deposits are on the eastern margin of the Cordillera, with voluminous calc-alkaline rocks to the west. The largest deposits in the belt include Cripple Creek and those in the CMB. The most important factor in the formation of all of the gold deposits was the near-surface emplacement of relatively oxidized volatile-rich alkaline magmas. Strontium and lead isotope compositions suggest that the source of the magmas was subduction-modified subcontinental lithosphere. However, Cripple Creek alkaline rocks and older Laramide alkaline rocks in the CMB that were emplaced through hydrously altered LREE-enriched rocks of the Colorado (Yavapai) province have&nbsp;</span><sup>208</sup><span>Pb/</span><sup>204</sup><span>Pb ratios that suggest these magmas assimilated and mixed with significant amounts of lower crust. The anomalously hot, thick, and light crust beneath Colorado may have been a catalyst for large-scale transfer of volatiles and crustal melting. Increased dissolved H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O (and CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>, F, Cl) of these magmas may have resulted in more productive gold deposits due to more efficient magmatic-hydrothermal systems. High volatile contents may also have promoted Te and V enrichment, explaining the presence of fluorite, roscoelite (vanadium-rich mica) and tellurides in the CMB deposits and Cripple Creek as opposed to deposits to the south. Deep-seated structures of regional extent that formed during the Proterozoic allowed the magmas to rise to shallow crustal levels. Proterozoic sites of intrusions at 1.65, 1.4, and 1.1&nbsp;Ga were also important precursors to alkaline-related gold deposits. Many of the larger gold deposits are located at sites of Proterozoic intrusions, and are localized at the intersection of northeast-trending ductile shear zones formed during Mesoproterozoic deformation, and an important north-trending fault formed during 1.1&nbsp;Ga rifting.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s00126-001-0229-4","usgsCitation":"Kelley, K.D., and Ludington, S., 2002, Cripple Creek and other alkaline-related gold deposits in the Southern Rocky Mountains, USA: Influence of regional tectonics: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, no. 1, p. 38-60, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0229-4.","productDescription":"23 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233143,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, New Mexico","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -110,\n              31\n            ],\n            [\n              -102,\n              31\n            ],\n            [\n              -102,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -110,\n              42\n            ],\n            [\n              -110,\n              31\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"37","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcafe4b0c8380cd4e3a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelley, Karen D. kdkelley@usgs.gov","contributorId":431,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelley","given":"Karen","email":"kdkelley@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ludington, Steve","contributorId":60657,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludington","given":"Steve","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024673,"text":"70024673 - 2002 - Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T10:23:23","indexId":"70024673","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"Model ground water ages based on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and tritium/helium-3 (3H/3He) data were obtained from two arrays of nested piezometers located on the north limb of an anticline in fractured sedimentary rocks in the Valley and Ridge geologic province of Pennsylvania. The fracture geometry of the gently east plunging fold is very regular and consists predominately of south dipping to subhorizontal to north dipping bedding-plane parting and east striking, steeply dipping axial-plane spaced cleavage. In the area of the piezometer arrays, which trend north-south on the north limb of the fold, north dipping bedding-plane parting is a more dominant fracture set than is steeply south dipping axial-plane cleavage. The dating of ground water from the piezometer arrays reveals that ground water traveling along paths parallel to the dip direction of bedding-plane parting has younger 3H/3He and CFC model ages, or a greater component of young water, than does ground water traveling along paths opposite to the dip direction. In predominantly unmixed samples there is a strong positive correlation between age of the young fraction of water and dissolved sodium concentration. The travel times inferred from the model ages are significantly longer than those previously calculated by a ground water flow model, which assumed isotropically fractured layers parallel to topography. A revised model factors in the directional anisotropy to produce longer travel times. Ground water travel times in the watershed therefore appear to be more influenced by anisotropic fracture geometry than previously realized. This could have significant implications for ground water models in other areas underlain by similarly tilted or folded sedimentary rock, such as elsewhere in the Valley and Ridge or the early Mesozoic basins.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02652.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Burton, W., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Lindsey, B., and Gburek, W., 2002, Influence of fracture anisotropy on ground water ages and chemistry, Valley and Ridge province, Pennsylvania: Ground Water, v. 40, no. 3, p. 242-257, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2002.tb02652.x.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"242","endPage":"257","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Valley and Ridge Province","volume":"40","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2005-12-13","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b3ae4b0c8380cd6233c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burton, W.C.","contributorId":41439,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Busenberg, E.","contributorId":56796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindsey, B.D.","contributorId":89696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindsey","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Gburek, W.J.","contributorId":76098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gburek","given":"W.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024963,"text":"70024963 - 2002 - Development of the permeability/performance reference compound approach for in situ calibration of semipermeable membrane devices","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-10T15:46:50","indexId":"70024963","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Development of the permeability/performance reference compound approach for in situ calibration of semipermeable membrane devices","docAbstract":"Permeability/performance reference compounds (PRCs) are analytically noninterfering organic compounds with moderate to high fugacity from semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) that are added to the lipid prior to membrane enclosure. Assuming that isotropic exchange kinetics (IEK) apply and that SPMD-water partition coefficients are known, measurement of PRC dissipation rate constants during SPMD field exposures and laboratory calibration studies permits the calculation of an exposure adjustment factor (EAF). In theory, PRC-derived EAF ratios reflect changes in SPMD sampling rates (relative to laboratory data) due to differences in exposure temperature, membrane biofouling, and flow velocity-turbulence at the membrane surface. Thus, the PRC approach should allow for more accurate estimates of target solute/vapor concentrations in an exposure medium. Under some exposure conditions, the impact of environmental variables on SPMD sampling rates may approach an order of magnitude. The results of this study suggest that most of the effects of temperature, facial velocity-turbulence, and biofouling on the uptake rates of analytes with a wide range of hydrophobicities can be deduced from PRCs with a much narrower range of hydrophobicities. Finally, our findings indicate that the use of PRCs permits prediction of in situ SPMD sampling rates within 2-fold of directly measured values.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es010991w","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Huckins, J., Petty, J.D., Lebo, J., Almeida, F., Booij, K., Alvarez, D., Cranor, W., Clark, R., and Mogensen, B., 2002, Development of the permeability/performance reference compound approach for in situ calibration of semipermeable membrane devices: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 1, p. 85-91, https://doi.org/10.1021/es010991w.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"85","endPage":"91","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233041,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207817,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es010991w"}],"volume":"36","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-11-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a007ce4b0c8380cd4f776","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petty, J. D.","contributorId":86722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lebo, J.A.","contributorId":65533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lebo","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Almeida, F.V.","contributorId":21325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almeida","given":"F.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Booij, K.","contributorId":11065,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Booij","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Alvarez, D.A.","contributorId":39481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alvarez","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Cranor, W.L.","contributorId":98261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cranor","given":"W.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403278,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Clark, R.C.","contributorId":49952,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403274,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Mogensen, B.B.","contributorId":31179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mogensen","given":"B.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70025010,"text":"70025010 - 2002 - Model-based estimation of individual fitness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-20T14:38:46.657453","indexId":"70025010","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Model-based estimation of individual fitness","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fitness is the currency of natural selection, a measure of the propagation rate of genotypes into future generations. Its various definitions have the common feature that they are functions of survival and fertility rates. At the individual level, the operative level for natural selection, these rates must be understood as latent features, genetically determined propensities existing at birth. This conception of rates requires that individual fitness be defined and estimated by consideration of the individual in a modelled relation to a group of similar individuals; the only alternative is to consider a sample of size one, unless a clone of identical individuals is available. We present hierarchical models describing individual heterogeneity in survival and fertility rates and allowing for associations between these rates at the individual level. We apply these models to an analysis of life histories of Kittiwakes ( Rissa tridactyla ) observed at several colonies on the Brittany coast of France. We compare Bayesian estimation of the population distribution of individual fitness with estimation based on treating individual life histories in isolation, as samples of size one (e.g. McGraw &amp; Caswell, 1996).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108700a","usgsCitation":"Link, W., Cooch, E.G., and Cam, E., 2002, Model-based estimation of individual fitness: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 207-224, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108700a.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"207","endPage":"224","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233117,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France","otherGeospatial":"Brittany Coast","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      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Emmanuelle","contributorId":78069,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cam","given":"Emmanuelle","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024171,"text":"70024171 - 2002 - Distinguishing palagonitized from pedogenically-altered basaltic Hawaiian tephra: Mineralogical and geochemical criteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-06-04T10:29:59","indexId":"70024171","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distinguishing palagonitized from pedogenically-altered basaltic Hawaiian tephra: Mineralogical and geochemical criteria","docAbstract":"<p>Palagonitization is a common, but imperfectly defined process that greatly modifies the physical and chemical properties of glassy basaltic tephra deposited in subaquatic/subglacial environments on Earth and perhaps Mars. It also results in textures and mineralogies that are distinct from other forms of (mainly pedogenic) low temperature alteration. Specifically, the process of palagonitization (1) initially results in the formation of 'palaginitized glass', a quasi- or nano-crystalline, rind-like material that contains smectite, as well as lesser amounts of other clays (e.g. serpentine), and (2) eventually results in consolidation of tephra, mediated through the accretion of palagonitized glass and later- formed authigenic cements. Conversely, pedogenic weathering of glassy basaltic tephra is characterized by disaggregation of tephra, and formation of a wide range of pedogenic products, including layer silicates (although not primarily smectite), short-range-order aluminosilicates and oxyhydroxides, whose composition reflects the intensity of the weathering environment. These mineralogical and textural properties can be readily recognized through a variety of techniques including electron microscopy/microprobe analysis, reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and soil chemistry. Analyses of samples collected from the summit regions of Kilauea and Mauna Kea volcanoes on the island of Hawaii are presented here in order to illustrate differences between palagonitization and pedogenic weathering of glassy basaltic tephra. In the young Hawaiian tephras studied, palagonitization has occurred in response to hydrothermal activity shortly after deposition. Although some, non-hydrothermally affected tephras may eventually become palagonitized, those that have been strongly desilicated by intense pedogenic weathering will probably never become palagonitized.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of London","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.20","issn":"03058719","usgsCitation":"Schiffmant, P., Southard, R., Eberl, D.D., and Bishop, J., 2002, Distinguishing palagonitized from pedogenically-altered basaltic Hawaiian tephra: Mineralogical and geochemical criteria: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 202, p. 393-405, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.202.01.20.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"405","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231838,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"202","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-02-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0251e4b0c8380cd4ffd4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schiffmant, Peter","contributorId":51016,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffmant","given":"Peter","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Southard, R.J.","contributorId":83703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Southard","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eberl, D. D.","contributorId":66282,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberl","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bishop, J.L.","contributorId":83244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bishop","given":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024528,"text":"70024528 - 2002 - Crustal structure of central Lake Baikal: Insights into intracontinental rifting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:19:51.194557","indexId":"70024528","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of central Lake Baikal: Insights into intracontinental rifting","docAbstract":"<p><span>The Cenozoic rift system of Baikal, located in the interior of the largest continental mass on Earth, is thought to represent a potential analog of the early stage of breakup of supercontinents. We present a detailed&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>&nbsp;wave velocity structure of the crust and sediments beneath the Central Basin, the deepest basin in the Baikal rift system. The structure is characterized by a Moho depth of 39–42.5 km; an 8-km-thick, laterally continuous high-velocity (7.05–7.4 km/s) lower crust, normal upper mantle velocity (8 km/s), a sedimentary section reaching maximum depths of 9 km, and a gradual increase of sediment velocity with depth. We interpret the high-velocity lower crust to be part of the Siberian Platform that was not thinned or altered significantly during rifting. In comparison to published results from the Siberian Platform, Moho under the basin is elevated by &lt;3 km. On the basis of these results we propose that the basin was formed by upper crustal extension, possibly reactivating structures in an ancient fold-and-thrust belt. The extent and location of upper mantle extension are not revealed by our data, and it may be offset from the rift. We believe that the Baikal rift structure is similar in many respects to the Mesozoic Atlantic rift system, the precursor to the formation of the North Atlantic Ocean. We also propose that the Central Baikal rift evolved by episodic fault propagation and basin enlargement, rather than by two-stage rift evolution as is commonly assumed.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000300","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., and Taylor, M.H., 2002, Crustal structure of central Lake Baikal: Insights into intracontinental rifting: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B7, p. ETG 2-1-ETG 2-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000300.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"ETG 2-1","endPage":"ETG 2-15","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17109","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              103.38134765625,\n              51.248163159055906\n            ],\n            [\n              111.09374999999999,\n              51.248163159055906\n            ],\n            [\n              111.09374999999999,\n              55.78892895389262\n            ],\n            [\n              103.38134765625,\n              55.78892895389262\n            ],\n            [\n              103.38134765625,\n              51.248163159055906\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcebe4b0c8380cd4e4fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Michael H.","contributorId":78773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024357,"text":"70024357 - 2002 - Genetic diversity in a morphologically conservative invasive taxon: Multiple introductions of swamp eels to the southeastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024357","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Genetic diversity in a morphologically conservative invasive taxon: Multiple introductions of swamp eels to the southeastern United States","docAbstract":"Genetic analysis of introduced populations, especially in morphologically conservative taxa, can clarify introduction histories, identify management units and source populations, provide a more realistic estimate of the frequency of successful invasion, and suggest strategies for preventing further introductions. In the last 7 years, populations of swamp eels, referred to the Asian genus Monopterus (Family Synbranchidae) on the basis of external morphology, have been discovered in aquatic habitats near Atlanta, Georgia; Tampa, Florida; North Miami, Florida; and most recently in close proximity to Everglades National Park in Homestead, Florida. Swamp eels are large predators capable of dispersal over land and have the potential to disrupt already threatened ecosystems. We analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences from four known populations in the continental United States and samples from Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, and two locations in China to determine introduction histories, source populations, genetic diversity, and relationships among populations. Our results indicate that there have been at least three independent introductions of genetically distinct forms. Introduced populations in close proximity (separated by <40 km) are genetically distinct. The level of sequence difference among introduced populations reaches levels seen among sister families of teleost fishes for the same region of the mitochondrial genome. These genetically distinct introduced populations in all likelihood represent at least two and possibly three species. Regardless of species status, these genetically distinct lineages may be expected to vary in ecological or life-history traits, representing different potential threats to the ecosystems where they have been introduced. Given the success of swamp eels in invading many habitats around the world, further study of these eels is warranted to elucidate the characteristics of successful invaders and invasions.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Conservation Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01182.x","issn":"08888892","usgsCitation":"Collins, T., Trexler, J., Nico, L., and Rawlings, T., 2002, Genetic diversity in a morphologically conservative invasive taxon: Multiple introductions of swamp eels to the southeastern United States: Conservation Biology, v. 16, no. 4, p. 1024-1035, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01182.x.","startPage":"1024","endPage":"1035","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207123,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01182.x"},{"id":231778,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-02","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1574e4b0c8380cd54e07","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Collins, T.M.","contributorId":20504,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Collins","given":"T.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Trexler, J.C.","contributorId":23108,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trexler","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nico, L.G. 0000-0002-4488-7737","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4488-7737","contributorId":83052,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nico","given":"L.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rawlings, T.A.","contributorId":93240,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rawlings","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024277,"text":"70024277 - 2002 - Implications of water supply for indigenous Americans during Holocene ardity phases on the Southern High Plains, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024277","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of water supply for indigenous Americans during Holocene ardity phases on the Southern High Plains, USA","docAbstract":"Springs in the 40 to 50 large lake basins (>15 km2) on the southern portion of the Southern High Plains (SHP) were active during periods of aridity in the Holocene when there may have been human habitation of the area. Eolian erosion of the lake floors and lunette accretion occurred as groundwater levels declined in response to decreased groundwater recharge. The declining lake floor associated with eolian erosion allowed groundwater evaporative discharge to continue, thus maintaining a groundwater gradient toward the lake. This hydrologic condition was favorable for a relatively continuous spring discharge to the lake, independent of the elevation of the lake floor. To evaluate the postulated dynamic equilibrium critical to this conclusion, 17 optically stimulated ages were determined from a 17.7-m deep core of a lunette adjacent to Double Lakes, Texas (33??13???15???N, 101??54???08???W). The core yielded sediment accumulation dates of 11,500 ?? 1100, 6500 ?? 700, and 4900 ?? 500 yr B.P., corresponding broadly with periods of aridity known from other evidence. Based on analysis of this lunette, it is concluded that springs in Double Lakes basin probably existed throughout the Holocene with discharges similar to those observed historically. We assumed that similar dynamic equilibrium existed in the other large lake basins in the SHP and that these springs could have provided a continuous source of water for indigenous peoples during periods of prolonged aridity. The dynamic equilibrium that is proposed in this study is applicable not only to other arid and semiarid geographic areas with wind-erodible material but also over different geologic times. ?? 2002 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2002.2355","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Wood, W., Stokes, S., and Rich, J., 2002, Implications of water supply for indigenous Americans during Holocene ardity phases on the Southern High Plains, USA: Quaternary Research, v. 58, no. 2, p. 139-148, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2355.","startPage":"139","endPage":"148","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207101,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2355"},{"id":231731,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3931e4b0c8380cd61838","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wood, W.W.","contributorId":21974,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wood","given":"W.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stokes, S.","contributorId":58041,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stokes","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400681,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rich, J.","contributorId":59193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rich","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400682,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024476,"text":"70024476 - 2002 - Does bird community structure vary with landscape patchiness? A Chihuahuan Desert perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024476","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2939,"text":"Oikos","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Does bird community structure vary with landscape patchiness? A Chihuahuan Desert perspective","docAbstract":"During the springs of 1995-1997, we studied birds and landscapes at 70 sites in the Chihuahuan Desert to assess relations between bird community structure and landscape patchiness. Within each of two spatial extents (1-kin and 2-km-radius areas centered on each site), we measured the number of patches of individual land-cover types and the total number of patches of all land-cover types. Mean bird richness, and the mean abundance and probability of occurrence of most bird species were significantly correlated with one or more of these variables. Contrary to evidence from other systems, positive association with landscape patchiness did not increase with the degree to which species were habitat generalists, was not negatively related to body size, and did not differ between neotropical migrants and nonmigrants. For the communities' primary constituent species as a group, the strength of positive and negative associations with patchiness did not differ between landscape extents. Within the 1-km but not the 2-km extent, habitat specialists were more positively and negatively associated with patchiness than were habitat generalists. In general, however, neither habitat breadth, body size, nor migratory status seemed to be responsible for associations with landscape patchiness. Mean richness, and the mean abundance and probability of occurrence of most species were significantly correlated with patchiness within one or both extents, and patchiness of all of the most extensive land-cover types was influential. The simplest explanation for most of the bird-patchiness relations we found is that the associations reflected species-specific habitat needs. Through effects on avian richness, abundance, and occurrence, landscape patchiness affected bird community structure. A more complete understanding of the effects of landscape patchiness on bird community structure is likely to emerge when ecologists study the patchiness of major land-cover types at various spatial extents.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oikos","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980210.x","issn":"00301299","usgsCitation":"Gutzwiller, K., and Barrow, W., 2002, Does bird community structure vary with landscape patchiness? A Chihuahuan Desert perspective: Oikos, v. 98, no. 2, p. 284-298, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980210.x.","startPage":"284","endPage":"298","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207941,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.980210.x"},{"id":233262,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-29","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a038ce4b0c8380cd50521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gutzwiller, K.J.","contributorId":78124,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gutzwiller","given":"K.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barrow, W.C. Jr. 0000-0003-4671-2823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":11183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"W.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024468,"text":"70024468 - 2002 - Evidence for the timing and duration of the last interglacial period from high-precision uranium-series ages of corals on tectonically stable coastlines","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024468","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence for the timing and duration of the last interglacial period from high-precision uranium-series ages of corals on tectonically stable coastlines","docAbstract":"The last interglacial period has a timing and duration that can be estimated from U-series dating of emergent, coral-bearing deposits on tectonically stable coastlines. High-precision dating from Bermuda, the Bahamas, Hawaii, and Australia suggests that the last interglacial period had a sea level at least as high as present from ???128,000 to 116,000 yr B.P. Sea level reached a near-present level more quickly after the close of the penultimate glacial period than at the close of the last glacial period and the duration of high sea level is longer than that implied by the deep-sea record. ?? 2002 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2002.2339","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Muhs, D., 2002, Evidence for the timing and duration of the last interglacial period from high-precision uranium-series ages of corals on tectonically stable coastlines: Quaternary Research, v. 58, no. 1, p. 36-40, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2339.","startPage":"36","endPage":"40","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207864,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2339"},{"id":233120,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d56e4b0c8380cd52f6d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024846,"text":"70024846 - 2002 - A Holocene paleosecular variation from 14C-dated volcanic rocks in western North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T16:34:56.962468","indexId":"70024846","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"A Holocene paleosecular variation from <sup>14</sup>C-dated volcanic rocks in western North America","title":"A Holocene paleosecular variation from 14C-dated volcanic rocks in western North America","docAbstract":"<p><span>A paleosecular variation (PSV) curve for western North America is presented on the basis of 94 virtual geomagnetic poles (VGPs) from dated volcanic rocks sampled at 446 sites. Approximately 60% of the paleomagnetic database has been previously published. A curve defined by “spherical smoothed splines” is fitted to the VGPs, ranked by the quality of the age determinations, where the data density is highest between 3690 and −30 years before present (B.P.) (A.D. 1950), between 7800 and 7050 years B.P., and between 14,060 and 12,700 years B.P. The younger segments of the curve derived from volcanic rocks are similar but less complex than other high-resolution PSV curves derived from lacustrine sediments, particularly the record at Fish Lake, Oregon. The PSV record from lava flows (PSVL), however, is perhaps more reliable in its general shape and chronology because of the higher fidelity of volcanic rocks as magnetic field recorders and because of the greater density of&nbsp;</span><sup>14</sup><span>C dates. The new PSVL record provides a partial Holocene master curve for western North America and will be of particular value in dating geological and archeological materials using paleomagnetic directions.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000524","usgsCitation":"Hagstrum, J.T., and Champion, D.E., 2002, A Holocene paleosecular variation from 14C-dated volcanic rocks in western North America: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B1, p. 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 \"}}]}","volume":"107","issue":"B1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2e3e4b0c8380cd45cec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hagstrum, Jonathan T. 0000-0002-0689-280X jhag@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0689-280X","contributorId":3474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hagstrum","given":"Jonathan","email":"jhag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402830,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Champion, Duane E. 0000-0001-7854-9034 dchamp@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-9034","contributorId":2912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Champion","given":"Duane","email":"dchamp@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024289,"text":"70024289 - 2002 - Subsidence at Kiska volcano, Western Aleutians, detected by satellite radar interferometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-08-25T14:48:46","indexId":"70024289","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsidence at Kiska volcano, Western Aleutians, detected by satellite radar interferometry","docAbstract":"<p>Sequential interferometric synthetic aperture radar images of Kiska, the westernmost historically active volcano in the Aleutian arc, show that a circular area about 3 km in diameter centered near the summit subsided by as much as 10 cm from 1995 to 2001, mostly during 1999 and 2000. An elastic Mogi-type deformation model suggests that the source is within 1 km of the surface. Based on the shallow source depth, the copious amounts of steam during recent eruptions, and recent field reports of vigorous steaming and persistent ground shaking near the summit area, we attribute the subsidence to decreased pore-fluid pressure within a shallow hydrothermal system beneath the summit area.</p>","language":"English","doi":"10.1029/2002GL014948","issn":"00948276","usgsCitation":"Lu, Z., Masterlark, T., Power, J., Dzurisin, D., and Wicks, C., 2002, Subsidence at Kiska volcano, Western Aleutians, detected by satellite radar interferometry: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 18, p. 2-1-2-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL014948.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-4","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478764,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.725.2579","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231920,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"18","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d49e4b08c986b31d75c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lu, Z.","contributorId":106241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lu","given":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":400735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Power, J.","contributorId":48699,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Power","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dzurisin, D.","contributorId":76067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dzurisin","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wicks, Charles 0000-0002-0809-1328","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0809-1328","contributorId":9023,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicks","given":"Charles","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024946,"text":"70024946 - 2002 - Simulation of the mobility of metal-EDTA complexes in groundwater: The influence of contaminant metals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:27:30","indexId":"70024946","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Simulation of the mobility of metal-EDTA complexes in groundwater: The influence of contaminant metals","docAbstract":"<div class=\"hlFld-Abstract\"><div id=\"abstractBox\"><p class=\"articleBody_abstractText\">Reactive transport simulations were conducted to model chemical reactions between metal−EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) complexes during transport in a mildly acidic quartz−sand aquifer. Simulations were compared with the results of small-scale tracer tests wherein nickel−, zinc−, and calcium−EDTA complexes and free EDTA were injected into three distinct chemical zones of a plume of sewage-contaminated groundwater. One zone had a large mass of adsorbed, sewage-derived zinc; one zone had a large mass of adsorbed manganese resulting from mildly reducing conditions created by the sewage plume; and one zone had significantly less adsorbed manganese and negligible zinc background. The chemical model assumed that the dissolution of iron(III) from metal−hydroxypolymer coatings on the aquifer sediments by the metal−EDTA complexes was kinetically restricted. All other reactions, including metal−EDTA complexation, zinc and manganese adsorption, and aluminum hydroxide dissolution were assumed to reach equilibrium on the time scale of transport; equilibrium constants were either taken from the literature or determined independently in the laboratory. A single iron(III) dissolution rate constant was used to fit the breakthrough curves observed in the zone with negligible zinc background. Simulation results agreed well with the experimental data in all three zones, which included temporal moments derived from breakthrough curves at different distances downgradient from the injections and spatial moments calculated from synoptic samplings conducted at different times. Results show that the tracer cloud was near equilibrium with respect to Fe in the sediment after 11 m of transport in the Zn-contaminated region but remained far from equilibrium in the other two zones. Sensitivity studies showed that the relative rate of iron(III) dissolution by the different metal−EDTA complexes was less important than the fact that these reactions are rate controlled. Results suggest that the published solubility for ferrihydrite reasonably approximates the Fe solubility of the hydroxypolymer coatings on the sediments. Aluminum may be somewhat more soluble than represented by the equilibrium constant for gibbsite, and its dissolution may be rate controlled when reacting with Ca−EDTA complexes.</p></div></div>","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es010926m","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Friedly, J., Kent, D., and Davis, J., 2002, Simulation of the mobility of metal-EDTA complexes in groundwater: The influence of contaminant metals: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 355-363, https://doi.org/10.1021/es010926m.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"363","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232794,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207658,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es010926m"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b90ade4b08c986b319628","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedly, J.C.","contributorId":62796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedly","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kent, D.B.","contributorId":16588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kent","given":"D.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70024477,"text":"70024477 - 2002 - Effects of topography on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater in a sand-plain setting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T09:12:17","indexId":"70024477","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of topography on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater in a sand-plain setting","docAbstract":"<p><span>Geochemical data were collected to investigate the effects of topography and focused recharge on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater through sandy soils. The research was done at a topographically high (upland) site and a depressional (lowland) site within a corn field. Agricultural chemicals that move readily with water were most directly affected by focused recharge to the lowland site. Surface runoff of water to the lowland site was the primary cause for the generally greater flux of chloride, nitrate nitrogen, and sulfate compared with the upland site. Based on data from the unsaturated zone, for example, the average annual fluxes of these chemicals in 1992&ndash;1993 were 5.1, 3.4, and 1.7 times greater, respectively, at the lowland site. Study results indicate that consideration should be given to modifying site-specific management farming technology to account for varying recharge rates in different topographic settings. By reducing chemical application rates in topographic depressions, where focused recharge of chemicals occurs because of surface runoff, farmers could improve ground-water quality as well as reduce expenditures for agricultural chemicals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"International Association of Hydrogeologists","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0208-6","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Delin, G., and Landon, M., 2002, Effects of topography on the transport of agricultural chemicals to groundwater in a sand-plain setting: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 4, p. 443-454, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0208-6.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"443","endPage":"454","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207942,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0208-6"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.5430908203125,\n              45.21687321093267\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5430908203125,\n              45.49287107405929\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.07891845703125,\n              45.49287107405929\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.07891845703125,\n              45.21687321093267\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.5430908203125,\n              45.21687321093267\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0810e4b0c8380cd51967","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Delin, G. N.","contributorId":12834,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Delin","given":"G. N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401415,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, M.K. 0000-0002-5766-0494","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":69572,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"M.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401416,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024936,"text":"70024936 - 2002 - Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-14T10:18:20","indexId":"70024936","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data","docAbstract":"<p><span>Pradel's (1996) temporal symmetry model permitting direct estimation and modelling of population growth rate, u i , provides a potentially useful tool for the study of population dynamics using marked animals. Because of its recent publication date, the approach has not seen much use, and there have been virtually no investigations directed at robustness of the resulting estimators. Here we consider several potential sources of bias, all motivated by specific uses of this estimation approach. We consider sampling situations in which the study area expands with time and present an analytic expression for the bias in u i We next consider trap response in capture probabilities and heterogeneous capture probabilities and compute large-sample and simulation-based approximations of resulting bias in u i . These approximations indicate that trap response is an especially important assumption violation that can produce substantial bias. Finally, we consider losses on capture and emphasize the importance of selecting the estimator for u i that is appropriate to the question being addressed. For studies based on only sighting and resighting data, Pradel's (1996) u i ' is the appropriate estimator.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108872","issn":"02664763","usgsCitation":"Hines, J., and Nichols, J., 2002, Investigations of potential bias in the estimation of lambda using Pradel's (1996) model for capture-recapture data: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 573-587, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108872.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"573","endPage":"587","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233218,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207922,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108872"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3ec1e4b0c8380cd63fea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hines, James E. jhines@usgs.gov","contributorId":3506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"James E.","email":"jhines@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nichols, James D. 0000-0002-7631-2890 jnichols@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7631-2890","contributorId":405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"James D.","email":"jnichols@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":403177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024682,"text":"70024682 - 2002 - Pathways for nitrate release from an alpine watershed: Determination using δ15N and δ18O","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:34:07","indexId":"70024682","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Pathways for nitrate release from an alpine watershed: Determination using δ<sup>15</sup>N and δ<sup>18</sup>O","title":"Pathways for nitrate release from an alpine watershed: Determination using δ15N and δ18O","docAbstract":"<p><span>Snowpack, snowmelt, precipitation, surface water, and groundwater samples from the Loch Vale watershed in Colorado were analyzed for δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N and δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O of nitrate to determine the processes controlling the release of atmospherically deposited nitrogen from alpine and subalpine ecosystems. Although overlap was found between the δ</span><sup>15</sup><span>N</span><sub>(NO3)</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>values for all water types (−4 to +6‰), the δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O</span><sub>(NO3)</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>values for surface water and groundwater (+10 to +30‰) were usually distinct from snowpack, snowmelt, and rainfall values (+40 to +70‰). During snowmelt, δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O</span><sub>(NO3)</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>indicated that about half of the nitrate in stream water was the product of microbial nitrification; at other times that amount was greater than half. Springs emerging from talus deposits had high nitrate concentrations and a seasonal pattern in δ</span><sup>18</sup><span>O</span><sub>(NO3)</sub><span><span>&nbsp;</span>that was similar to the pattern in the streams, indicating that shallow groundwater in talus deposits is a likely source of stream water nitrate. Only a few samples of surface water and groundwater collected during early snowmelt and large summer rain events had isotopic compositions that indicated most of the nitrate came directly from atmospheric deposition with no biological assimilation and release. This study demonstrates the value of the nitrate double‐isotope technique for determining nitrogen‐cycling processes and sources of nitrate in small, undisturbed watersheds that are enriched with inorganic nitrogen.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000294","usgsCitation":"Campbell, D.H., Kendall, C., Chang, C.C., Silva, S.R., and Tonnessen, K.A., 2002, Pathways for nitrate release from an alpine watershed: Determination using δ15N and δ18O: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 5, p. 10-1-10-9, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000294.","productDescription":"Article 1052; 9 p.","startPage":"10-1","endPage":"10-9","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478775,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000294","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233240,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75abe4b0c8380cd77c90","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Campbell, Donald H. dhcampbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":1670,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Campbell","given":"Donald","email":"dhcampbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":402238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Silva, Steven R. srsilva@usgs.gov","contributorId":3162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Silva","given":"Steven","email":"srsilva@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Tonnessen, Kathy A.","contributorId":9588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tonnessen","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70024252,"text":"70024252 - 2002 - Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements (IUPAC technical report)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T09:48:49","indexId":"70024252","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3207,"text":"Pure and Applied Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements (IUPAC technical report)","docAbstract":"Documented variations in the isotopic compositions of some chemical elements are responsible for expanded uncertainties in the standard atomic weights published by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This report summarizes reported variations in the isotopic compositions of 20 elements that are due to physical and chemical fractionation processes (not due to radioactive decay) and their effects on the standard atomic-weight uncertainties. For 11 of those elements (hydrogen, lithium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, copper, and selenium), standard atomic-weight uncertainties have been assigned values that are substantially larger than analytical uncertainties because of common isotope-abundance variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin. For 2 elements (chromium and thallium), recently reported isotope-abundance variations potentially are large enough to result in future expansion of their atomic-weight uncertainties. For 7 elements (magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium), documented isotope variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin are too small to have a significant effect on their standard atomic-weight uncertainties. This compilation indicates the extent to which the atomic weight of an element in a given material may differ from the standard atomic weight of the element. For most elements given above, data are graphically illustrated by a diagram in which the materials are specified in the ordinate and the compositional ranges are plotted along the abscissa in scales of (1) atomic weight, (2) mole fraction of a selected isotope, and (3) delta value of a selected isotope ratio.","language":"English","publisher":"International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry","doi":"10.1351/pac200274101987","issn":"00334545","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T., Böhlke, J., De Bievre, P., Ding, T., Holden, N., Hopple, J., Krouse, H., Lamberty, A., Peiser, H., Revesz, K., Rieder, S., Rosman, K., Roth, E., Taylor, P., Vocke, R., and Xiao, Y., 2002, Isotope-abundance variations of selected elements (IUPAC technical report): Pure and Applied Chemistry, v. 74, no. 10, p. 1987-2017, https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274101987.","productDescription":"31 p.","startPage":"1987","endPage":"2017","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478765,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1351/pac200274101987","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231917,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3f8ee4b0c8380cd645f4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400565,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"De Bievre, P.","contributorId":22399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Bievre","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400563,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Ding, T.","contributorId":70450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holden, N.E.","contributorId":9032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holden","given":"N.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hopple, J.A. 0000-0003-3180-2252","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-2252","contributorId":85235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopple","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Krouse, H.R.","contributorId":63067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krouse","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400567,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Lamberty, A.","contributorId":49414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamberty","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400566,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Peiser, H.S.","contributorId":64303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peiser","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Revesz, K.","contributorId":95202,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Rieder, S.E.","contributorId":66751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieder","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Rosman, K.J.R.","contributorId":27903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"K.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400564,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Roth, E.","contributorId":90499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roth","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Taylor, P.D.P.","contributorId":74164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"P.D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Vocke, R.D. 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,{"id":70194882,"text":"70194882 - 2002 - Thermocouple psychrometry","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T09:23:56","indexId":"70194882","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5605,"text":"Soil Science Society of America Book Series","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"seriesNumber":"5.4","chapter":"3.2.3","title":"Thermocouple psychrometry","docAbstract":"<p>Thermocouple psychrometry is a technique that infers the water potential of the liquid phase of a sample from measurements within the vapor phase that is in equilibrium with the sample. The theoretical relation between water potential of the liquid phase and relative humidity of the vapor phase is given by the Kelvin equation</p><p> <span>Ψ&nbsp;</span>= energy/volume = (RT/Vw) ln(p/po) [3.2.3–1]</p><p>where ψ is water potential (sum of matric and osmotic potential, MPa), R is the universal gas constant (8.314 × 10<sup>-6</sup> MJ mol<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>), T is temperature (K), Vw is molar volume of water (1.8 × 10<sup>-5</sup> m<sup>3</sup> mol<sup>-1</sup>), and <i>p/p<sub>o</sub></i> is relative humidity expressed as a fraction where p is actual vapor pressure of air in equilibrium with the liquid phase (MPa) and<i> p<sub>o</sub> </i>is saturation vapor pressure (MPa) at T.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 4 Physical Methods","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Soil Science Society of America","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","doi":"10.2136/sssabookser5.4.c22","isbn":"978-0-89118-893-3","usgsCitation":"Andraski, B.J., and Scanlon, B., 2002, Thermocouple psychrometry, chap. 3.2.3 <i>of</i> Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 4 Physical Methods: Soil Science Society of America Book Series, p. 609-642, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.4.c22.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"609","endPage":"642","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350649,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a6c4c9de4b06e28e9cabb32","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Dane, Jacob H.","contributorId":91371,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dane","given":"Jacob","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725874,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Topp, G. Clarke","contributorId":92664,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Topp","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"Clarke","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725875,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Andraski, Brian J. 0000-0002-2086-0417 andraski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-0417","contributorId":168800,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andraski","given":"Brian","email":"andraski@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":725865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scanlon, Bridget R.","contributorId":74093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Bridget R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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