The US Geological Survey and the State geological surveys of many coal-bearing States recently completed a new assessment of the top producing coal beds and coal zones in five major producing coal regions—the Appalachian Basin, Gulf Coast, Illinois Basin, Colorado Plateau, and Northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains. The assessments, which focused on both coal quality and quantity, utilized geographic information system technology and large databases. Over 1,600,000 million short tons of coal remain in over 60 coal beds and coal zones that were assessed. Given current economic, environmental, and technological restrictions, the majority of US coal production will occur in that portion of the assessed coal resource that is lowest in sulfur content. These resources are concentrated in parts of the central Appalachian Basin, Colorado Plateau, and the Northern Rocky Mountains.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00120-9","usgsCitation":"Ruppert, L.F., Kirschbaum, M.A., Warwick, P.D., Flores, R.M., Affolter, R.H., and Hatch, J.R., 2002, The US Geological Survey's national coal resource assessment: The results: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 50, no. 1-4, p. 247-274, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-5162(02)00120-9.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"274","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233204,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"50","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba94ce4b08c986b322182","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruppert, Leslie F. 0000-0002-7453-1061 lruppert@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7453-1061","contributorId":660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruppert","given":"Leslie","email":"lruppert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kirschbaum, Mark A.","contributorId":25112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirschbaum","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Warwick, Peter D. 0000-0002-3152-7783 pwarwick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3152-7783","contributorId":762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warwick","given":"Peter","email":"pwarwick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Flores, Romeo M. rflores@usgs.gov","contributorId":71984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Flores","given":"Romeo","email":"rflores@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Affolter, Ronald H. affolter@usgs.gov","contributorId":659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Affolter","given":"Ronald","email":"affolter@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":165,"text":"Central Energy Resources Team","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hatch, Joseph R. 0000-0001-9257-0278 jrhatch@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-0278","contributorId":722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hatch","given":"Joseph","email":"jrhatch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024715,"text":"70024715 - 2002 - Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024715","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability","docAbstract":"The relationships between optimal foraging of individuals and population stability are addressed by testing, with a spatially explicit model, the effect of patch departure behaviour on individual energetics and population stability. A factorial experimental design was used to analyse the relevance of the behavioural factor in relation to three factors that are known to affect individual energetics; i.e. resource growth rate (RGR), assimilation efficiency (AE), and body size of individuals. The factorial combination of these factors produced 432 cases, and 1000 replicate simulations were run for each case. Net energy intake rates of the modelled consumers increased with increasing RGR, consumer AE, and consumer body size, as expected. Moreover, through their patch departure behaviour, by selecting the resource level at which they departed from the patch, individuals managed to substantially increase their net energy intake rates. Population stability was also affected by the behavioural factors and by the other factors, but with highly non-linear responses. Whenever resources were limiting for the consumers because of low RGR, large individual body size or low AE, population density at the equilibrium was directly related to the patch departure behaviour; on the other hand, optimal patch departure behaviour, which maximised the net energy intake at the individual level, had a negative influence on population stability whenever resource availability was high for the consumers. The consumer growth rate (r) and numerical dynamics, as well as the spatial and temporal fluctuations of resource density, which were the proximate causes of population stability or instability, were affected by the behavioural factor as strongly or even more strongly than by the others factors considered here. Therefore, patch departure behaviour can act as a feedback control of individual energetics, allowing consumers to optimise a potential trade-off between short-term individual fitness and long-term population stability. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Basset, A., Fedele, M., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability: Ecological Modelling, v. 151, no. 2-3, p. 245-260, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2.","startPage":"245","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2"},{"id":233172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ee1e4b0c8380cd75850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basset, A.","contributorId":39552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basset","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fedele, M.","contributorId":39553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedele","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024714,"text":"70024714 - 2002 - Boninites: Characteristics and tectonic constraints, northeastern Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024714","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3067,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boninites: Characteristics and tectonic constraints, northeastern Appalachians","docAbstract":"Boninites are high Mg andesites that are thought to form in suprasubduction zone tectonic environments as primary melts from refractory mantle. Boninites provide a potential constraint on tectonic models for ancient terranes that contain boninites because the only unequivocal tectonic setting in which \"modern\" boninites have been recognized is a fore-arc setting. Tectonic models for \"modern\" boninite genesis include subduction initiation (\"infant arc\"), fore-arc spreading, and the forearc side of intra-arc rifting (spreading). These models can be differentiated by the relative age of the boninites and to a lesser degree, geochemistry. The distinctive geochemistry of boninites promotes their recognition in ancient terranes. As detailed in this report, several mafic terranes in the northeastern Appalachians contain boninites; these terranes were situated on both sides of Iapetus. The characteristics of these boninites can be used to constrain tectonic models of the evolution of the northeastern Appalachians. On the Laurentian side of Iapetus, \"infant arc\" boninites were not produced ubiquitously during the Cambrian subduction initiation, unless sampling problems or minimum age dates obscure a more widespread boninite \"infant arc\". The Cambrian subduction initiation on the Laurentian side was probably characterized by both \"infant arc\" boninitic arc construction (perhaps the >496 Ma Hawley Formation and the >488 Ma Betts Cove Ophiolite) and \"normal\" arc construction (Mt. Orford). This duality is consistent with the suggestion that the pre-collisional geometry of the Laurentian margin was complex. The Bay of Islands Complex and Thetford Mines ophiolite boninites are likely associated with forearc/intra-arc spreading during the protracted evolution of the Cambrian arc system. The relatively young boninites in the Bronson Hill Arc suggest that the Taconic continuous eastward subduction tectonic model is less tenable than other models. On the Gondwana side of Iapetus, the Tea Arm boninites of the Exploits Group stratigraphically rest on arc and MORB volcanics. This stratigraphy, and the relatively young age of the boninites (486 Ma), compared to assumed subduction initiation age (>513 Ma), suggest that the boninites may be more consistent with fore-arc spreading/intra-arc spreading. However, an \"infant arc\" model cannot be dismissed, and is commonly proposed for the nearby boninites in the Wild Bight Group. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1474-7065(01)00005-5","issn":"14747065","usgsCitation":"Kim, J., and Jacobi, R., 2002, Boninites: Characteristics and tectonic constraints, northeastern Appalachians: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 27, no. 1-3, p. 109-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(01)00005-5.","startPage":"109","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207892,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(01)00005-5"},{"id":233171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1fce4b0c8380cd4af41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, J.","contributorId":9813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobi, R.D.","contributorId":63677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobi","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024709,"text":"70024709 - 2002 - Factors regulating nitrification in aquatic sediments: Effects of organic carbon, nitrogen availability, and pH","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024709","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1169,"text":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors regulating nitrification in aquatic sediments: Effects of organic carbon, nitrogen availability, and pH","docAbstract":"We investigated the response in nitrification to organic carbon (C) availability, the interactive effects of the C: nitrogen (N) ratio and organic N availability, and differing pH in sediments from several streams in the upper midwestern United States. In addition, we surveyed 36 streams to assess variability in sediment nitrification rates. Labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) additions of 30 mg C??L-1 (as acetate) to stream sediments reduced nitrification rates (P < 0.003), but lower concentration additions or dilution of ambient DOC concentration had no effect on nitrification. C:N and organic N availability strongly interacted to affect nitrification (P < 0.0001), with N availability increasing nitrification most at lower C:N. Nitrification was also strongly influenced by pH (P < 0.002), with maximum rates occurring at pH 7.5. A multiple regression model developed from the stream survey consisted of five variables (stream temperature, pH, conductivity, DOC concentration, and total extractable NH4+) and explained 60% of the variation observed in nitrification. Our results suggest that nitrification is regulated by several variables, with NH4+ availability and pH being the most important. Organic C is likely important at regulating nitrification only under high environmental C:N conditions and if most available C is relatively labile.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1139/f02-032","issn":"0706652X","usgsCitation":"Strauss, E., Mitchell, N., and Lamberti, G.A., 2002, Factors regulating nitrification in aquatic sediments: Effects of organic carbon, nitrogen availability, and pH: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, v. 59, no. 3, p. 554-563, https://doi.org/10.1139/f02-032.","startPage":"554","endPage":"563","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233064,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207829,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-032"}],"volume":"59","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ed6e4b0c8380cd53652","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Strauss, E.A.","contributorId":26010,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strauss","given":"E.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mitchell, N.L.","contributorId":46266,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamberti, G. A.","contributorId":44229,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lamberti","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024707,"text":"70024707 - 2002 - Paleocurrent analysis of a deformed Devonian foreland basin in the northern Appalachians, Maine, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024707","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleocurrent analysis of a deformed Devonian foreland basin in the northern Appalachians, Maine, USA","docAbstract":"New paleocurrent data indicate that the widespread Late Silurian and Devonian flysch and molasse succession in Maine was deposited in an ancestral, migrating foreland basin adjacent to an advancing Acadian orogenic belt. The foreland-basin sequence spread across a varied Silurian paleogeography of deep basins and small islands-the vestiges of an intraoceanic arc complex that not long before had collided with the Laurentian passive margin during the Ordovician Taconic Orogeny. We report paleocurrents from 43 sites representing 12 stratigraphic units, the most robust and consistent results coming from three units: Madrid Formation (southwesterly paleoflow), Carrabassett Formation (northerly paleoflow), and Seboomook Group (westerly paleoflow). Deformation and regional metamorphism are sufficiently intense to test the limits of paleocurrent analysis requiring particular care in retrodeformation. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00161-0","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Bradley, D.C., and Hanson, L., 2002, Paleocurrent analysis of a deformed Devonian foreland basin in the northern Appalachians, Maine, USA: Sedimentary Geology, v. 148, no. 3-4, p. 425-447, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00161-0.","startPage":"425","endPage":"447","numberOfPages":"23","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207805,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00161-0"},{"id":233029,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a73cfe4b0c8380cd77268","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bradley, D. C.","contributorId":17634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hanson, L.S.","contributorId":36716,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"L.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024706,"text":"70024706 - 2002 - Probability of nitrate contamination of recently recharged groundwaters in the conterminous United States","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":70046294,"text":"70046294 - 1998 - A national look at nitrate contamination of ground water","indexId":"70046294","publicationYear":"1998","noYear":false,"title":"A national look at nitrate contamination of ground water"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":70024706,"text":"70024706 - 2002 - Probability of nitrate contamination of recently recharged groundwaters in the conterminous United States","indexId":"70024706","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Probability of nitrate contamination of recently recharged groundwaters in the conterminous United States"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-06-17T10:42:52","indexId":"70024706","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Probability of nitrate contamination of recently recharged groundwaters in the conterminous United States","docAbstract":"A new logistic regression (LR) model was used to predict the probability of nitrate contamination exceeding 4 mg/L in predominantly shallow, recently recharged ground waters of the United States. The new model contains variables representing (1) N fertilizer loading (p < 0.001) , (2) percent cropland-pasture (p < 0.001), (3) natural log of human population density (p < 0.001), (4) percent well-drained soils (p < 0.001), (5) depth to the seasonally high water table (p <0.001), and (6) presence or absence of unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers (p = 0.002). Observed and average predicted probabilities associated with deciles of risk are well correlated (r2 = 0.875), indicating that the LR model fits the data well. The likelihood of nitrate contamination is greater in areas with high N loading and well-drained surficial soils over unconsolidated sand and gravels. The LR model correctly predicted the status of nitrate contamination in 75% of wells in a validation data set. Considering all wells used in both calibration and validation, observed median nitrate concentration increased from 0.24 to 8.30 mg/L as the mapped probability of nitrate exceeding 4 mg/L increased from less than or equal to 0.17 to > 0.83.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1021/es0113854","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Nolan, B.T., Hitt, K., and Ruddy, B.C., 2002, Probability of nitrate contamination of recently recharged groundwaters in the conterminous United States: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 10, p. 2138-2145, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0113854.","startPage":"2138","endPage":"2145","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207804,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0113854"},{"id":233028,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":273804,"type":{"id":16,"text":"Metadata"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/gwrisk.xml"}],"volume":"36","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8cb7e4b0c8380cd7e84d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nolan, B. T.","contributorId":21565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolan","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hitt, K.J.","contributorId":85985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hitt","given":"K.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ruddy, B. C.","contributorId":65098,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruddy","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024704,"text":"70024704 - 2002 - Geology and origin of Europa's \"Mitten\" feature (Murias Chaos)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:48:26.56362","indexId":"70024704","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and origin of Europa's \"Mitten\" feature (Murias Chaos)","docAbstract":"The “Mitten” (provisionally named Murias Chaos by the International Astronomical Union) is a region of elevated chaos-like terrain in the leading hemisphere of Europa. Its origin had been explained under the currently debated theories of melting through a thin lithosphere or convection within a thick one. Galileo observations reveal several characteristics that suggest that the Mitten is distinct from typical chaos terrain and point to a different formational process. Photoclinometric elevation estimates suggest that the Mitten is slightly elevated with respect to the surrounding terrain; geologic relations indicate that it must have raised significantly from the plains in its past, resembling disrupted domes on Europa's trailing hemisphere. Moreover, the Mitten material appears to have extruded onto the plains and flowed for tens of kilometers. The area subsequently subsided as a result of isostatic adjustment, viscous relaxation, and/or plains loading. Using plate flexure models, we estimated the elastic lithosphere in the area to be several kilometers thick. We propose that the Mitten originated by the ascent and extrusion of a large thermal diapir. Thermal-mechanical modeling shows that a Mitten-sized plume would remain sufficiently warm and buoyant to pierce through the crust and flow unconfined on the surface. Such a diapir probably had an initial radius between 5 and 8 km and an initial depth of 20–40 km, consistent with a thick-lithosphere model. In this scenario the Mitten appears to represent the surface expression of the rare ascent of a large diapir, in contrast to lenticulae and chaos terrain, which may form by isolated and clustered small diapirs, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JE001591","usgsCitation":"Figueredo, P.H., Chuang, F.C., Rathbun, J., Kirk, R.L., and Greeley, R., 2002, Geology and origin of Europa's \"Mitten\" feature (Murias Chaos): Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 107, no. E5, p. 2-1-2-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JE001591.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487462,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001je001591","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europa","volume":"107","issue":"E5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2412e4b0c8380cd57d89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Figueredo, P. H.","contributorId":82499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Figueredo","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chuang, F. C.","contributorId":105452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chuang","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathbun, J.","contributorId":9814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirk, R. L.","contributorId":94698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024698,"text":"70024698 - 2002 - Effects of rearing temperature on immune functions in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-26T14:59:35","indexId":"70024698","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1653,"text":"Fish and Shellfish Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of rearing temperature on immune functions in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)","docAbstract":"To determine if the defences of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) raised in captivity are affected by the rearing temperature or their life-cycle stage, various indices of the humoral and cellular immune functions were measured in fish reared at either 8 or 12??C for their entire life-cycle. Measures of humoral immunity included the commonly used haematological parameters, as well as measurements of complement, and lysozyme activity. Cellular assays quantified the ability of macrophages from the anterior kidney to phagocytise Staphylococcus aureus cells, or the activities of certain bactericidal systems of those cells. The T-dependent antibody response to a recombinant 57 kDa protein of Renibacterium salmoninarum was used to quantify the specific immune response. Fish were sampled during the spring and fall of their second, third and fourth years, corresponding to a period that began just before smolting and ended at sexual maturation. Fish reared at 8??C tended to have a greater percentage of phagocytic kidney macrophages during the first 2 years of sampling than the fish reared at 12??C. During the last half of the study the complement activity of the fish reared at 8??C was greater than that of the 12??C fish. Conversely, a greater proportion of the blood leucocytes were lymphocytes in fish reared at 12??C compared to the fish reared at 8??C. Fish reared at 12??C also produced a greater antibody response than those reared at 8??C. Results suggested that the immune apparatus of sockeye salmon reared at 8??C relied more heavily on the non-specific immune response, while the specific immune response was used to a greater extent when the fish were reared at 12??C. Although a seasonal effect was not detected in any of the indices measured, varying effects were observed in some measurements during sexual maturation of fish in both temperature groups. At that time there were dramatic decreases in complement activity and lymphocyte numbers. This study was unique in its scope because it was the first quantitative assessment of salmon immune functions for an entire life-cycle. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1006/fsim.2001.0373","issn":"10504648","usgsCitation":"Alcorn, S., Murray, A., and Pascho, R., 2002, Effects of rearing temperature on immune functions in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): Fish and Shellfish Immunology, v. 12, no. 4, p. 303-334, https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2001.0373.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"303","endPage":"334","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232920,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a07aae4b0c8380cd5178c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Alcorn, S.W.","contributorId":37499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alcorn","given":"S.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402316,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Murray, A.L.","contributorId":70151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pascho, R.J.","contributorId":65796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pascho","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024697,"text":"70024697 - 2002 - Geochemical evidence for diversity of dust sources in the southwestern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024697","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geochemical evidence for diversity of dust sources in the southwestern United States","docAbstract":"Several potential dust sources, including generic sources of sparsely vegetated alluvium, playa deposits, and anthropogenic emissions, as well as the area around Owens Lake, California, affect the composition of modern dust in the southwestern United States. A comparison of geochemical analyses of modern and old (a few thousand years) dust with samples of potential local sources suggests that dusts reflect four primary sources: (1) alluvial sediments (represented by Hf, K, Rb, Zr, and rare-earth elements, (2) playas, most of which produce calcareous dust (Sr, associated with Ca), (3) the area of Owens (dry) Lake, a human-induced playa (As, Ba, Li, Pb, Sb, and Sr), and (4) anthropogenic and/or volcanic emissions (As, Cr, Ni, and Sb). A comparison of dust and source samples with previous analyses shows that Owens (dry) Lake and mining wastes from the adjacent Cerro Gordo mining district are the primary sources of As, Ba, Li, and Pb in dusts from Owens Valley. Decreases in dust contents of As, Ba, and Sb with distance from Owens Valley suggest that dust from southern Owens Valley is being transported at least 400 km to the east. Samples of old dust that accumulated before European settlement are distinctly lower in As, Ba, and Sb abundances relative to modern dust, likely due to modern transport of dust from Owens Valley. Thus, southern Owens Valley appears to be an important, geochemically distinct, point source for regional dust in the southwestern United States. Copyright ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00864-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Reheis, M., Budahn, J., and Lamothe, P.J., 2002, Geochemical evidence for diversity of dust sources in the southwestern United States: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 9, p. 1569-1587, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00864-X.","startPage":"1569","endPage":"1587","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207717,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00864-X"},{"id":232886,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a162ee4b0c8380cd55098","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Reheis, M.C. 0000-0002-8359-323X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8359-323X","contributorId":36128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reheis","given":"M.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402313,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Budahn, J. R. 0000-0001-9794-8882","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8882","contributorId":83914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Budahn","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lamothe, P. J.","contributorId":45672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamothe","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024641,"text":"70024641 - 2002 - Increased oxidative stress and decreased activities of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase in the red blood cells of the hibernating black bear","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024641","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2617,"text":"Life Sciences","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Increased oxidative stress and decreased activities of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase in the red blood cells of the hibernating black bear","docAbstract":"During hibernation, animals undergo metabolic changes that result in reduced utilization of glucose and oxygen. Fat is known to be the preferential source of energy for hibernating animals. Malonyldialdehyde (MDA) is an end product of fatty acid oxidation, and is generally used as an index of lipid peroxidation. We report here that peroxidation of lipids is increased in the plasma and in the membranes of red blood cells in black bears during hibernation. The plasma MDA content was about four fold higher during hibernation as compared to that during the active, non-hibernating state (P < 0.0001). Similarly, MDA content of erythrocyte membranes was significantly increased during hibernation (P < 0.025). The activity of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase in the erythrocyte membrane was significantly decreased in the hibernating state as compared to the active state. Na+/K+-ATPase activity was also decreased, though not significant, during hibernation. These results suggest that during hibernation, the bears are under increased oxidative stress, and have reduced activities of membrane-bound enzymes such as Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase. These changes can be considered part of the adaptive for survival process of metabolic depression. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Life Sciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01619-3","issn":"00243205","usgsCitation":"Chauhan, V., Tsiouris, J., Chauhan, A., Sheikh, A., Brown, W.T., and Vaughan, M., 2002, Increased oxidative stress and decreased activities of Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase in the red blood cells of the hibernating black bear: Life Sciences, v. 71, no. 2, p. 153-161, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01619-3.","startPage":"153","endPage":"161","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207875,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(02)01619-3"},{"id":233133,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"71","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a39fbe4b0c8380cd61ae9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chauhan, V.P.S.","contributorId":107885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chauhan","given":"V.P.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tsiouris, J.A.","contributorId":86144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tsiouris","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chauhan, A.","contributorId":54375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chauhan","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sheikh, A.M.","contributorId":24961,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sheikh","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402068,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, W. Ted","contributorId":22120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Ted","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402067,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Vaughan, M.","contributorId":77703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vaughan","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024638,"text":"70024638 - 2002 - Paleozoic–early Mesozoic gold deposits of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, northwestern China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-01T13:53:11","indexId":"70024638","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2746,"text":"Mineralium Deposita","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Paleozoic–early Mesozoic gold deposits of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, northwestern China","docAbstract":"The late Paleozoic–early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Xinjiang Autonomous Region, northwestern China provided a favorable geological setting for the formation of lode gold deposits along the sutures between a number of the major Eastern Asia cratonic blocks. These sutures are now represented by the Altay Shan, Tian Shan, and Kunlun Shan ranges, with the former two separated by the Junggar basin and the latter two by the immense Tarim basin. In northernmost Xinjiang, final growth of the Altaid orogen, southward from the Angara craton, is now recorded in the remote mid- to late Paleozoic Altay Shan. Accreted Early to Middle Devonian oceanic rock sequences contain typically small, precious-metal bearing Fe–Cu–Zn VMS deposits (e.g. Ashele). Orogenic gold deposits are widespread along the major Irtysh (e.g. Duyolanasayi, Saidi, Taerde, Kabenbulake, Akexike, Shaerbulake) and Tuergen–Hongshanzui (e.g. Hongshanzui) fault systems, as well as in structurally displaced terrane slivers of the western Junggar (e.g. Hatu) and eastern Junggar areas. Geological and geochronological constraints indicate a generally Late Carboniferous to Early Permian episode of gold deposition, which was coeval with the final stages of Altaid magmatism and large-scale, right-lateral translation along older terrane-bounding faults. The Tian Shan, an exceptionally gold-rich mountain range to the west in the Central Asian republics, is only beginning to be recognized for its gold potential in Xinjiang. In this easternmost part to the range, northerly- and southerly-directed subduction/accretion of early to mid-Paleozoic and mid- to late Paleozoic oceanic terranes, respectively, to the Precambrian Yili block (central Tian Shan) was associated with 400 to 250 Ma arc magmatism and Carboniferous through Early Permian gold-forming hydrothermal events. The more significant resulting deposits in the terranes of the southern Tian Shan include the Sawayaerdun orogenic deposit along the Kyrgyzstan border and the epithermal and replacement deposits of the Kanggurtag belt to the east in the Chol Tagh range. Gold deposits of approximately the same age in the Yili block include the Axi hot springs/epithermal deposit near the Kazakhstan border and a series of small orogenic gold deposits south of Urumqi (e.g. Wangfeng). Gold-rich porphyry copper deposits (e.g. Tuwu) define important new exploration targets in the northern Tian Shan of Xinjiang. The northern foothills of the Kunlun Shan of southern Xinjiang host scattered, small placer gold deposits. Sources for the gold have not been identified, but are hypothesized to be orogenic gold veins beneath the icefields to the south. They are predicted to have formed in the Tianshuihai terrane during its early Mesozoic accretion to the amalgamated Tarim–Qaidam–Kunlun cratonic block.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00126-001-0243-6","issn":"00264598","usgsCitation":"Rui, Z., Goldfarb, R.J., Qiu, Y., Zhou, T., Chen, R., Pirajno, F., and Yun, G., 2002, Paleozoic–early Mesozoic gold deposits of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, northwestern China: Mineralium Deposita, v. 37, no. 3-4, p. 393-418, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-001-0243-6.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"393","endPage":"418","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233094,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"China","otherGeospatial":"Xinjiang Autonomous Region","volume":"37","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7476e4b0c8380cd77665","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rui, Zongyao","contributorId":76510,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rui","given":"Zongyao","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goldfarb, Richard J. goldfarb@usgs.gov","contributorId":1205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldfarb","given":"Richard","email":"goldfarb@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Qiu, Yumin","contributorId":70962,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Qiu","given":"Yumin","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhou, T.","contributorId":93248,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhou","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402060,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Chen, R.","contributorId":23312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402054,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Pirajno, Franco","contributorId":199308,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pirajno","given":"Franco","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35510,"text":"Centre for Exploration Targeting, The University of Western Australia","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Yun, Grace","contributorId":28042,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yun","given":"Grace","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402055,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024631,"text":"70024631 - 2002 - The effect of mining and related activities on the sediment trace element geochemistry of the Spokane River Basin, Washington, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024631","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effect of mining and related activities on the sediment trace element geochemistry of the Spokane River Basin, Washington, USA","docAbstract":"Surface sediments in the Spokane River Basin are enriched in Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, and Hg relative to local background levels. Maximum enrichment occurs in the Upper Spokane River in close proximity to Lake Coeur d'Alene. On average, enrichment decreases downstream. Subsurface sediments also are enriched in Pb, Zn, As, Cd, Sb, and Hg relative to background levels. Enrichment began between 1900 and 1920 in the middle of the basin; this is contemporaneous with similar findings in Lake Coeur d'Alene (the upstream source of the Spokane River), as well as the completion of Long Lake Dam (1913). In the most downstream part of the basin, enrichment began between 1930 and 1940. This temporal shift may reflect the latter's greater distance from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, the presumptive source of the enriched trace elements, but is more likely the result of the completion of Grand Coulee Dam (1934-1941) which backed up the Spokane River, and elevated water levels by about 30 m in the most downstream part of the basin.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/1467-787302-016","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Grosbois, C., Horowitz, A.J., Smith, J., and Elrick, K.A., 2002, The effect of mining and related activities on the sediment trace element geochemistry of the Spokane River Basin, Washington, USA: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 2, no. 2, p. 131-142, https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-016.","startPage":"131","endPage":"142","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207781,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-016"},{"id":232985,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab36e4b08c986b322cc8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Grosbois, C.A.","contributorId":81281,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grosbois","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402017,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Horowitz, A. J.","contributorId":102066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Horowitz","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, J.J.","contributorId":106175,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elrick, K. A.","contributorId":98731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elrick","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402018,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024630,"text":"70024630 - 2002 - Material-balance assessment of the New Albany-Chesterian petroleum system of the Illinois basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T16:55:13.785237","indexId":"70024630","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Material-balance assessment of the New Albany-Chesterian petroleum system of the Illinois basin","docAbstract":"The New Albany-Chesterian petroleum system of the Illinois basin is a well-constrained system from which petroleum charges and losses were quantified through a material-balance assessment. This petroleum system has nearly 90,000 wells penetrating the Chesterian section, a single New Albany Shale source rock accounting for more than 99% of the produced oil, well-established stratigraphic and structural frameworks, and accessible source rock samples at various maturity levels. A hydrogen index (HI) map based on Rock-Eval analyses of source rock samples of New Albany Shale defines the pod of active source rock and extent of oil generation. Based on a buoyancy-drive model, the system was divided into seven secondary-migration catchments. Each catchment contains a part of the active pod of source rock from which it derives a petroleum charge, and this charge is confined to carrier beds and reservoirs within these catchments as accountable petroleum, petroleum losses, or undiscovered petroleum. A well-constrained catchment with no apparent erosional or leakage losses is used to determine an actual petroleum charge from accountable petroleum and residual migration losses. This actual petroleum charge is used to calibrate the other catchments in which erosional petroleum losses have occurred. Petroleum charges determined by laboratory pyrolysis are exaggerated relative to the actual petroleum charge. Rock-Eval charges are exaggerated by a factor of 4-14, and hydrouspyrolysis charges are exaggerated by a factor of 1.7. The actual petroleum charge provides a more meaningful material balance and more realistic estimates of petroleum losses and remaining undiscovered petroleum. The total petroleum charge determined for the New Albany-Chesterian system is 78 billion bbl, of which 11.4 billion bbl occur as a accountable in place petroleum, 9 billion bbl occur as residual migration losses, and 57.6 billion bbl occur as erosional losses. Of the erosional losses, 40 billion bbl were lost from two catchments that have highly faulted and extensively eroded sections. Anomalies in the relationship between erosional losses and degree of erosion suggest there is potential for undiscovered petroleum in one of the catchments. These results demonstrate that a material-balance assessment of migration catchments provides a useful means to evaluate and rank areas within a petroleum system. The article provides methodologies for obtaining more realistic petroleum charges and losses that can be applied to less data-rich petroleum systems.","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/61EEDB8E-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Lewan, M.D., Henry, M.E., Higley, D., and Pitman, J.K., 2002, Material-balance assessment of the New Albany-Chesterian petroleum system of the Illinois basin: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, no. 5, p. 745-778, https://doi.org/10.1306/61EEDB8E-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"34 p.","startPage":"745","endPage":"778","costCenters":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -87.8466796875,\n 37.405073750176925\n ],\n [\n -86.572265625,\n 37.37015718405753\n ],\n [\n -87.1875,\n 40.212440718286466\n ],\n [\n -89.033203125,\n 40.88029480552824\n ],\n [\n -91.0546875,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -89.384765625,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5277e4b0c8380cd6c432","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lewan, M. D.","contributorId":46540,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lewan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Henry, M. E.","contributorId":103734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402016,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higley, D.K. 0000-0001-8024-9954","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8024-9954","contributorId":90261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Higley","given":"D.K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pitman, Janet K. 0000-0002-0441-779X jpitman@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0441-779X","contributorId":767,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitman","given":"Janet","email":"jpitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402015,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024629,"text":"70024629 - 2002 - The High Plains Aquifer, USA: Groundwater development and sustainability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T17:34:38.303281","indexId":"70024629","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The High Plains Aquifer, USA: Groundwater development and sustainability","docAbstract":"The High Plains Aquifer, located in the United States, is one of the largest freshwater aquifers in the world and is threatened by continued decline in water levels and deteriorating water quality. Understanding the physical and cultural features of this area is essential to assessing the factors that affect this groundwater resource. About 27% of the irrigated land in the United States overlies this aquifer, which yields about 30% of the nation's groundwater used for irrigation of crops including wheat, corn, sorghum, cotton and alfalfa. In addition, the aquifer provides drinking water to 82% of the 2.3 million people who live within the aquifer boundary. The High Plains Aquifer has been significantly impacted by human activities. Groundwater withdrawals from the aquifer exceed recharge in many areas, resulting in substantial declines in groundwater level. Residents once believed that the aquifer was an unlimited resource of high-quality water, but they now face the prospect that much of the water may be gone in the near future. Also, agricultural chemicals are affecting the groundwater quality. Increasing concentrations of nitrate and salinity can first impair the use of the water for public supply and then affect its suitability for irrigation. A variety of technical and institutional measures are currently being planned and implemented across the aquifer area in an attempt to sustain this groundwater resource for future generations. However, because groundwater withdrawals remain high and water quality impairments are becoming more commonplace, the sustainability of the High Plains Aquifer is uncertain.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.193.01.09","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K., Litke, D.W., and McMahon, P., 2002, The High Plains Aquifer, USA: Groundwater development and sustainability: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 193, p. 99-119, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.193.01.09.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"High Plains Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.46875,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -105.46875,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -105.46875,\n 34.379712580462204\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"193","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba776e4b08c986b32159a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, K.F.","contributorId":41841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"K.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litke, D. W.","contributorId":94346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024623,"text":"70024623 - 2002 - Crustal structure beneath western and eastern Iceland from surface waves and receiver functions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024623","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure beneath western and eastern Iceland from surface waves and receiver functions","docAbstract":"We determine the crustal structures beneath 14 broad-band seismic stations, deployed in western, eastern, central and southern Iceland, using surface wave dispersion curves and receiver functions. We implement a method to invert receiver functions using constraints obtained from genetic algorithm inversion of surface waves. Our final models satisfy both data sets. The thickness of the upper crust, as defined by the velocity horizon Vs = 3.7 km s-1, is fairly uniform at ???6.5-9 km beneath the Tertiary intraplate areas of western and eastern Iceland, and unusually thick at 11 km beneath station HOT22 in the far south of Iceland. The depth to the base of the lower crust, as defined by the velocity horizon Vs = 4.1 km s-1 is ???20-26 km in western Iceland and ???27-33 km in eastern Iceland. These results agree with those of explosion profiles that detect a thinner crust beneath western Iceland than beneath eastern Iceland. An earlier report of a substantial low-velocity zone beneath the Middle Volcanic Zone in the lower crust is confirmed by a similar observation beneath an additional station there. As was found in previous receiver function studies, the most reliable feature of the results is the clear division into an upper sequence that is a few kilometres thick where velocity gradients are high, and a lower, thicker sequence where velocity gradients are low. The transition to typical mantle velocities is variable, and may range from being very gradational to being relatively sharp and clear. A clear Moho, by any definition, is rarely seen, and there is thus uncertainty in estimates of the thickness of the crust in many areas. Although a great deal of seismic data are now available constraining the structures of the crust and upper mantle beneath Iceland, their geological nature is not well understood.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01642.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Du, Z., Foulger, G., Julian, B., Allen, R.M., Nolet, G., Morgan, W.J., Bergsson, B.H., Erlendsson, P., Jakobsdottir, S., Ragnarsson, S., Stefansson, R., and Vogfjord, K., 2002, Crustal structure beneath western and eastern Iceland from surface waves and receiver functions: Geophysical Journal International, v. 149, no. 2, p. 349-363, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01642.x.","startPage":"349","endPage":"363","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478694,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01642.x","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207689,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01642.x"},{"id":232847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"149","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fce8e4b0c8380cd4e4dc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Du, Z.","contributorId":40765,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Du","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foulger, G.R.","contributorId":14439,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Foulger","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Julian, B.R.","contributorId":101272,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Julian","given":"B.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Allen, R. M.","contributorId":36170,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Allen","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nolet, G.","contributorId":26448,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nolet","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Morgan, W. J.","contributorId":10573,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401952,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Bergsson, B. H.","contributorId":19320,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bergsson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Erlendsson, P.","contributorId":95638,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erlendsson","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Jakobsdottir, S.","contributorId":64828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jakobsdottir","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Ragnarsson, S.","contributorId":12644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ragnarsson","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401953,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Stefansson, R.","contributorId":81650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stefansson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Vogfjord, K.","contributorId":13768,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vogfjord","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}} ,{"id":70024575,"text":"70024575 - 2002 - Mercury in vegetation and soils at abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024575","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1758,"text":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury in vegetation and soils at abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA","docAbstract":"We chemically analysed vegetation (willow and alder) and soil samples collected at three abandoned mercury (Hg) mines and at background sites in southwestern Alaska and compared Hg concentrations, speciation and distribution. Total Hg and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations were higher in vegetation and soil samples from all the mine sites compared to samples from the background sites, but there was no correlation between total-Hg concentrations in vegetation and total-Hg concentrations in soil or between total-Hg and MeHg concentrations. However, the percent MeHg of the total Hg was higher in samples from the background sites compared to samples from the mine sites and is higher in vegetation samples than in corresponding soil samples. The percent MeHg is an order of magnitude higher in the willow samples than in corresponding alder or soil samples. The percent of divalent Hg [Hg(II)] is highest in soil samples from the retort and background areas. The higher percent MeHg in vegetation and soil in samples from background sites may be explained by the higher proportions of reactive Hg species, such as Hg(II), at these sites compared to the surface mined and tailings areas where most of the Hg is in the elemental and cinnabar (HgS) forms. Dissolved gaseous Hg species are more readily accumulated in vegetation and are more readily methylated than solid phases like HgS and liquid Hg.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1144/1467-787302-032","issn":"14677873","usgsCitation":"Bailey, E., Gray, J.E., and Theodorakos, P.M., 2002, Mercury in vegetation and soils at abandoned mercury mines in southwestern Alaska, USA: Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, v. 2, no. 3, p. 275-285, https://doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-032.","startPage":"275","endPage":"285","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207887,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-032"},{"id":233163,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a541ee4b0c8380cd6cead","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bailey, E. A.","contributorId":100399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bailey","given":"E. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gray, J. E.","contributorId":49363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Theodorakos, P. M.","contributorId":12500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Theodorakos","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024574,"text":"70024574 - 2002 - Effects of tidal shallowing and deepening on phytoplankton production dynamics: A modeling study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-26T10:39:16","indexId":"70024574","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1583,"text":"Estuaries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of tidal shallowing and deepening on phytoplankton production dynamics: A modeling study","docAbstract":"Processes influencing estuarine phytoplankton growth occur over a range of time scales, but many conceptual and numerical models of estuarine phytoplankton production dynamics neglect mechanisms occurring on the shorter (e.g., intratidal) time scales. We used a numerical model to explore the influence of short time-scale variability in phytoplankton sources and sinks on long-term growth in an idealized water column that shallows and deepens with the semidiurnal tide. Model results show that tidal fluctuations in water surface elevation can determine whether long-term phytoplankton growth is positive or negative. Hourly-scale interactions influencing weekly-scale to monthly-scale phytoplankton dynamics include intensification of the depth-averaged benthic grazing effect by water column shallowing and enhancement of water column photosynthesis when solar noon coincides with low tide. Photosynthesis and benthic consumption may modulate over biweekly time scales due to spring-neap fluctuations in tidal range and the 15-d cycle of solar noon-low tide phasing. If tidal range is a large fraction of mean water depth, then tidal shallowing and deepening may significantly influence net phytoplankton growth. In such a case, models or estimates of long-term phytoplankton production dynamics that neglect water surface fluctuations may overestimate or underestimate net growth and could even predict the wrong sign associated with net growth rate.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/BF02804885","issn":"01608347","usgsCitation":"Lucas, L., and Cloern, J., 2002, Effects of tidal shallowing and deepening on phytoplankton production dynamics: A modeling study: Estuaries, v. 25, no. 4 A, p. 497-507, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02804885.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"497","endPage":"507","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233162,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4 A","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a080de4b0c8380cd51955","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lucas, L.V.","contributorId":62777,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"L.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, J. E.","contributorId":59453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"J. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024573,"text":"70024573 - 2002 - Acoustic profiles and images of the Palos Verdes margin: Implications concerning deposition from the White's Point outfall","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024573","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic profiles and images of the Palos Verdes margin: Implications concerning deposition from the White's Point outfall","docAbstract":"Subbottom profiles and sidescan-sonar images collected on and around the Palos Verdes Shelf show a surficial deposit interpreted to contain effluent from the White's Point diffusers, as well as showing several geologic features that affect the deposit's distribution. The effluent-affected deposit is visible in high-resolution subbottom profiles on the shelf and the adjacent San Pedro basin slope to water depths of 170 m. It has a maximum thickness of 75 cm and was mapped acoustically over an area of 10.8 km2, which encompasses a volume of about 3.2 million m3. The deposit's basal reflector is acoustically distinct over most of the mapped area. implying that the deposit has not been extensively mixed across its base, perhaps being relatively free of reworking since its initial deposition. Nearshore, the basal reflector is weak and fades away toward land, which could result from syndepositional intermixing of coarse native sediment (particularly from the Portuguese Bend landslide) with effluent in the high-energy nearshore zone, or postdepositionally by physical (wave) or biological mixing across the interface. The geometry of the deposit implies that effluent is dispersed primarily in a northwesterly and seaward direction from the diffusers. Dispersal across the shelf break is in some places strongly affected by topography, particularly by submarine canyons. The deposit overlies stratified and unstratified Quaternary sediment, up to 30m thick, that in turn overlies the irregular erosional surface of deformed Miocene bedrock that crops out in places on the shelf and upper basin slope. The effluent-affected deposit rests on potentially unstable landslide deposits on the San Pedro basin slope. The acoustic profiles and side-scan images show evidence for active and inactive vents, probably of hot water and gas, some of which are within the boundary of the effluent-affected sediment deposit and could disrupt it if seepage occurs. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00107-8","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Hampton, M.A., Karl, H.A., and Murray, C., 2002, Acoustic profiles and images of the Palos Verdes margin: Implications concerning deposition from the White's Point outfall: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 6-7, p. 841-857, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00107-8.","startPage":"841","endPage":"857","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207886,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00107-8"},{"id":233161,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e69ee4b0c8380cd47537","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hampton, M. A.","contributorId":103271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karl, Herman A.","contributorId":80649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karl","given":"Herman","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, C.J.","contributorId":84120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024572,"text":"70024572 - 2002 - Geostatistical mapping of effluent-affected sediment distribution on the Palos Verdes shelf","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024572","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geostatistical mapping of effluent-affected sediment distribution on the Palos Verdes shelf","docAbstract":"Geostatistical techniques were used to study the spatial continuity of the thickness of effluent-affected sediment in the offshore Palos Verdes Margin area. The thickness data were measured directly from cores and indirectly from high-frequency subbottom profiles collected over the Palos Verdes Margin. Strong spatial continuity of the sediment thickness data was identified, with a maximum range of correlation in excess of 1.4 km. The spatial correlation showed a marked anisotropy, and was more than twice as continuous in the alongshore direction as in the cross-shelf direction. Sequential indicator simulation employing models fit to the thickness data variograms was used to map the distribution of the sediment, and to quantify the uncertainty in those estimates. A strong correlation between sediment thickness data and measurements of the mass of the contaminant p,p???-DDE per unit area was identified. A calibration based on the bivariate distribution of the thickness and p,p???-DDE data was applied using Markov-Bayes indicator simulation to extend the geostatistical study and map the contamination levels in the sediment. Integrating the map grids produced by the geostatistical study of the two variables indicated that 7.8 million m3 of effluent-affected sediment exist in the map area, containing approximately 61-72 Mg (metric tons) of p,p???-DDE. Most of the contaminated sediment (about 85% of the sediment and 89% of the p,p???-DDE) occurs in water depths < 100 m. The geostatistical study also indicated that the samples available for mapping are well distributed and the uncertainty of the estimates of the thickness and contamination level of the sediments is lowest in areas where the contaminated sediment is most prevalent. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00109-1","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Murray, C., Lee, H., and Hampton, M.A., 2002, Geostatistical mapping of effluent-affected sediment distribution on the Palos Verdes shelf: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 6-7, p. 881-897, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00109-1.","startPage":"881","endPage":"897","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207871,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00109-1"},{"id":233129,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a28b1e4b0c8380cd5a314","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Murray, C.J.","contributorId":84120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"C.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hampton, M. A.","contributorId":103271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hampton","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024571,"text":"70024571 - 2002 - Anadromous alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus, as prey for white perch, Morone americana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024571","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Anadromous alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus, as prey for white perch, Morone americana","docAbstract":"The reintroduction of anadromous alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus, to their historic habitats in the inland waters of the United States and Canada, has prompted concerns about possible interactions with a popular sport fish, white perch, Morone americana. Both species are now widely distributed in northeastern North America. Diets of white perch in Lake George, Maine, U.S.A., where alewives were absent, were monitored and compared with those of white perch populations that were sympatric with anadromous alewives in two coastal Maine lakes, Biscay Pond and North Pond. In the presence of introduced alewives, the diet of adult white perch became almost exclusively juvenile alewives by late summer in ponds where both species were present. White perch that were sympatric with alewives were more piscivorus than were Lake George white perch, which primarily consumed Cladocera. Not only were alewives the principal prey item in the diet of white perch in Biscay and North ponds, but adult alewives were largely cannibalistic by August. Thus, success of reintroducing anadromous alewives in waters containing white perch may be negatively impacted by predation as well as cannibalism.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrobiologia","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1021078803198","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Moring, J., and Mink, L., 2002, Anadromous alewives, Alosa pseudoharengus, as prey for white perch, Morone americana: Hydrobiologia, v. 479, p. 125-130, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021078803198.","startPage":"125","endPage":"130","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207870,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021078803198"},{"id":233128,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"479","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eab7e4b0c8380cd48a28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moring, J.R.","contributorId":29587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moring","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mink, L.H.","contributorId":18544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mink","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024570,"text":"70024570 - 2002 - Characteristics of sediment discharge in the subarctic Yukon River, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024570","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1198,"text":"Catena","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characteristics of sediment discharge in the subarctic Yukon River, Alaska","docAbstract":"The characteristics of sediment discharge in the Yukon River, Alaska were investigated by monitoring water discharge, water turbidity and water temperature. The river-transported sediment, 90 wt.% or more, consists of silt and clay (grain size ??? 62.5 ??m), which probably originated in the glacier-covered mountains mostly in the Alaska Range. For early June to late August 1999, we continuously measured water turbidity and temperature near the estuary and in the middle of Yukon River by using self-recording turbidimeters and temperature data loggers. The water turbidity (ppm) was converted to suspended sediment concentration (SSC; mg/l) of river water, using a relation between simultaneous turbidity and SSC at each of the two sites, and then, the suspended sediment discharge, approximately equal to water discharge times SSC, was numerically obtained every 1 or 2 h. It should be noted that the sediment discharge in the Yukon River is controlled by SSC rather than water discharge. As a result, a peak sediment discharge occurred in mid or late August by local sediment runoffs due to glacier-melt (or glacier-melt plus rainfall), while a peak water discharge was produced by snowmelt in late June or early July. Application of the \"extended Shields diagram\" indicates that almost all the river-transported sediments are under complete suspension. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Catena","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00032-2","issn":"03418162","usgsCitation":"Chikita, K., Kemnitz, R., and Kumai, R., 2002, Characteristics of sediment discharge in the subarctic Yukon River, Alaska: Catena, v. 48, no. 4, p. 235-253, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00032-2.","startPage":"235","endPage":"253","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207869,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00032-2"},{"id":233127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f49ee4b0c8380cd4be0c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chikita, K.A.","contributorId":65257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chikita","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kemnitz, R.","contributorId":58813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kemnitz","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kumai, R.","contributorId":63994,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kumai","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024566,"text":"70024566 - 2002 - Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:16:14.351386","indexId":"70024566","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis","docAbstract":"The M = 7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake cast a stress shadow across the San Andreas fault system, inhibiting other large earthquakes for at least 75 years. The duration of the stress shadow is a key question in San Francisco Bay area seismic hazard assessment. This study presents a three-dimensional (3-D) finite element simulation of post-1906 stress recovery. The model reproduces observed geologic slip rates on major strike-slip faults and produces surface velocity vectors comparable to geodetic measurements. Fault stressing rates calculated with the finite element model are evaluated against numbers calculated using deep dislocation slip. In the finite element model, tectonic stressing is distributed throughout the crust and upper mantle, whereas tectonic stressing calculated with dislocations is focused mostly on faults. In addition, the finite element model incorporates postseismic effects such as deep afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation in the upper mantle. More distributed stressing and postseismic effects in the finite element model lead to lower calculated tectonic stressing rates and longer stress shadow durations (17–74 years compared with 7–54 years). All models considered indicate that the 1906 stress shadow was completely erased by tectonic loading no later than 1980. However, the stress shadow still affects present-day earthquake probability. Use of stressing rate parameters calculated with the finite element model yields a 7–12% reduction in 30-year probability caused by the 1906 stress shadow as compared with calculations not incorporating interactions. The aggregate interaction-based probability on selected segments (not including the ruptured San Andreas fault) is 53–70% versus the noninteraction range of 65–77%.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB001051","usgsCitation":"Parsons, T., 2002, Post-1906 stress recovery of the San Andreas fault system calculated from three-dimensional finite element analysis: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. 8, p. ESE 3-1-ESE 3-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001051.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"ESE 3-1","endPage":"ESE 3-13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233056,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Andreas Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -122.95349121093749,\n 37.081475648860525\n ],\n [\n -121.34948730468749,\n 37.081475648860525\n ],\n [\n -121.34948730468749,\n 38.298559092254344\n ],\n [\n -122.95349121093749,\n 38.298559092254344\n ],\n [\n -122.95349121093749,\n 37.081475648860525\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-22","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7e4be4b0c8380cd7a457","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Parsons, Tom 0000-0002-0582-4338","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0582-4338","contributorId":75009,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parsons","given":"Tom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401736,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024265,"text":"70024265 - 2002 - Salmon restoration in the Umatilla River: A study of straying and risk containment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-18T15:19:57","indexId":"70024265","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1657,"text":"Fisheries","onlineIssn":"1548-8446","printIssn":"0363-2415","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Salmon restoration in the Umatilla River: A study of straying and risk containment","docAbstract":"The use of artificial propagation may produce unexpected results and the need for risk containment. Stray chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from Umatilla River releases put the threatened Snake River stock at risk, caused conflict between two plans, altered management, and greatly increased the costs for hatchery-based restoration. Stray Umatilla returns captured or observed in the Snake River averaged more than 200 fish annually and comprised up to 26% of the escapement. The risk to the threatened population stimulated a series of containment actions, including wire tagging 2-3 million fish annually, use of acclimation ponds, altering release locations, flow enhancement, and broodstock management changes. Actions for the use of artificial propagation where straying or unexpected results are a concern include marking or tagging most or all fish, limiting the number of fish initially released, recognizing environmental variables that influence straying, ensuring that funding for risk containment is available when undesirable results occur, and recognizing that unexpected results may not be manifested or identified immediately.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8446(2002)027<0010:SRITUR>2.0.CO;2","issn":"03632415","usgsCitation":"Hayes, M., and Carmichael, R., 2002, Salmon restoration in the Umatilla River: A study of straying and risk containment: Fisheries, v. 27, no. 10, p. 10-19, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2002)027<0010:SRITUR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"10","endPage":"19","numberOfPages":"10","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232113,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207285,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(2002)027<0010:SRITUR>2.0.CO;2"}],"volume":"27","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaffce4b0c8380cd87894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, M.C.","contributorId":59596,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carmichael, R.W.","contributorId":105971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carmichael","given":"R.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}