The Cenozoic rift system of Baikal, located in the interior of the largest continental mass on Earth, is thought to represent a potential analog of the early stage of breakup of supercontinents. We present a detailed P wave velocity structure of the crust and sediments beneath the Central Basin, the deepest basin in the Baikal rift system. The structure is characterized by a Moho depth of 39–42.5 km; an 8-km-thick, laterally continuous high-velocity (7.05–7.4 km/s) lower crust, normal upper mantle velocity (8 km/s), a sedimentary section reaching maximum depths of 9 km, and a gradual increase of sediment velocity with depth. We interpret the high-velocity lower crust to be part of the Siberian Platform that was not thinned or altered significantly during rifting. In comparison to published results from the Siberian Platform, Moho under the basin is elevated by <3 km. On the basis of these results we propose that the basin was formed by upper crustal extension, possibly reactivating structures in an ancient fold-and-thrust belt. The extent and location of upper mantle extension are not revealed by our data, and it may be offset from the rift. We believe that the Baikal rift structure is similar in many respects to the Mesozoic Atlantic rift system, the precursor to the formation of the North Atlantic Ocean. We also propose that the Central Baikal rift evolved by episodic fault propagation and basin enlargement, rather than by two-stage rift evolution as is commonly assumed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000300","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., and Taylor, M.H., 2002, Crustal structure of central Lake Baikal: Insights into intracontinental rifting: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B7, p. ETG 2-1-ETG 2-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000300.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"ETG 2-1","endPage":"ETG 2-15","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17109","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 103.38134765625,\n 51.248163159055906\n ],\n [\n 111.09374999999999,\n 51.248163159055906\n ],\n [\n 111.09374999999999,\n 55.78892895389262\n ],\n [\n 103.38134765625,\n 55.78892895389262\n ],\n [\n 103.38134765625,\n 51.248163159055906\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcebe4b0c8380cd4e4fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Michael H.","contributorId":78773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024493,"text":"70024493 - 2002 - A passive microwave snow depth algorithm with a proxy for snow metamorphism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024493","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A passive microwave snow depth algorithm with a proxy for snow metamorphism","docAbstract":"Passive microwave brightness temperatures of snowpacks depend not only on the snow depth, but also on the internal snowpack properties, particularly the grain size, which changes through the winter. Algorithms that assume a constant grain size can yield erroneous estimates of snow depth or water equivalent. For snowpacks that are subject to temperatures well below freezing, the bulk temperature gradient through the snowpack controls the metamorphosis of the snow grains. This study used National Weather Service (NWS) station measurements of snow depth and air temperature from the Northern US Great Plains to determine temporal and spatial variability of the snow depth and bulk snowpack temperature gradient. This region is well suited for this study because it consists primarily of open farmland or prairie, has little relief, is subject to very cold temperatures, and has more than 280 reporting stations. A geostatistical technique called Kriging was used to grid the randomly spaced snow depth measurements. The resulting snow depth maps were then compared with the passive microwave observations from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). Two snow seasons were examined: 1988-89, a typical snow year, and 1996-97, a record year for snow that was responsible for extensive flooding in the Red River Basin. Inspection of the time series of snow depth and microwave spectral gradient (the difference between the 19 and 37 GHz bands) showed that while the snowpack was constant, the spectral gradient continued to increase. However, there was a strong correlation (0.6 < R2 < 0.9) between the spectral gradient and the cumulative bulk temperature gradient through the snowpack (TGI). Hence, TGI is an index of grain size metamorphism that has occurred within the snowpack. TGI time series from 21 representative sites across the region and the corresponding SSM/I observations were used to develop an algorithm for snow depth that requires daily air temperatures. Copyright ?? 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.1020","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Josberger, E., and Mognard, N.M., 2002, A passive microwave snow depth algorithm with a proxy for snow metamorphism: Hydrological Processes, v. 16, no. 8, p. 1557-1568, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1020.","startPage":"1557","endPage":"1568","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207775,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1020"},{"id":232977,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-06-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4d3e4b0c8380cd46964","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Josberger, E.G.","contributorId":61161,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Josberger","given":"E.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401458,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mognard, N. M.","contributorId":27612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mognard","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401457,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024778,"text":"70024778 - 2002 - The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024778","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska","docAbstract":"The effects of partial cutting on species composition, new and residual-tree cohorts, tree size distribution, and tree growth was evaluated on 73 plots in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska. These partially cut stands were harvested 12-96 years ago, when 16-96% of the former stand basal area was removed. Partial cutting maintained stand structures similar to uncut old-growth stands, and the cutting had no significant effects on tree species composition. The establishment of new-tree cohorts was positively related to the proportion of basal-area cut. The current stand basal area, tree species composition, and stand growth were significantly related to trees left after harvest (p < 0.001). Trees that were 20-80 cm dbh at the time of cutting had the greatest tree-diameter and basal-area growth and contributed the most to stand growth. Diameter growth of Sitka spruce and western hemlock was similar, and the proportion of stand basal-area growth between species was consistent for different cutting intensities. Concerns about changing tree species composition, lack of spruce regeneration, and greatly reduced stand growth and vigor with partial cuts were largely unsubstantiated. Silvicultural systems based on partial cutting can provide rapidly growing trees for timber production while maintaining complex stand structures with mixtures of spruce and hemlock trees similar to oldgrowth stands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00727-1","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Deal, R., and Tappeiner, J., 2002, The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 159, no. 3, p. 173-186, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00727-1.","startPage":"173","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207765,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00727-1"}],"volume":"159","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab92e4b08c986b322f24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deal, R.L.","contributorId":51501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deal","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C.","contributorId":39751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024585,"text":"70024585 - 2002 - Long-term tritium transport through field-scale compacted soil liner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024585","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term tritium transport through field-scale compacted soil liner","docAbstract":"A 13-year study of tritium transport through a field-scale earthen liner was conducted by the Illinois State Geological Survey to determine the long-term performance of compacted soil liners in limiting chemical transport. Two field-sampling procedures (pressure-vacuum lysimeter and core sampling) were used to determine the vertical tritium concentration profiles at different times and locations within the liner. Profiles determined by the two methods were similar and consistent. Analyses of the concentration profiles showed that the tritium concentration was relatively uniformly distributed horizontally at each sampling depth within the liner and thus there was no apparent preferential transport. A simple one-dimensional analytical solution to the advective-dispersive solute transport equation was used to model tritium transport through the liner. Modeling results showed that diffusion was the dominant contaminant transport mechanism. The measured tritium concentration profiles were accurately modeled with an effective diffusion coefficient of 6 ?? 10-4 mm2/s, which is in the middle of the range of values reported in the literature.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:8(640)","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Toupiol, C., Willingham, T., Valocchi, A., Werth, C., Krapac, I., Stark, T., and Daniel, D., 2002, Long-term tritium transport through field-scale compacted soil liner: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 128, no. 8, p. 640-650, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:8(640).","startPage":"640","endPage":"650","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:8(640)"},{"id":233307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49aee4b0c8380cd687e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toupiol, C.","contributorId":76911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toupiol","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willingham, T.W.","contributorId":36329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willingham","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valocchi, A.J.","contributorId":61980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valocchi","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werth, C.J.","contributorId":26481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werth","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stark, T.D.","contributorId":69751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Daniel, D.E.","contributorId":86531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024584,"text":"70024584 - 2002 - The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024584","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater","docAbstract":"One-hundred fluid inclusions in Silurian marine halite were analyzed in order to determine the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater. The samples analyzed were from three formations in the Late Silurian Michigan Basin, the A-1, A-2, and B Evaporites of the Salina Group, and one formation in the Early Silurian Canning Basin (Australia), the Mallowa Salt of the Carribuddy Group. The results indicate that the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater was not the same as present-day seawater. The Silurian ocean had lower concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, and SO2-4, and much higher concentrations of Ca2+ relative to the ocean's present-day composition. Furthermore, Silurian seawater had Ca2+ in excess of SO2-4. Evaporation of Silurian seawater of the composition determined in this study produces KC1-type potash minerals that lack the MgSO4-type late stage salts formed during the evaporation of present-day seawater. The relatively low Na+ concentrations in Silurian seawater support the hypothesis that oscillations in the major-ion composition of the oceans are primarily controlled by changes in the flux of mid-ocean ridge brine and riverine inputs and not global or basin-scale, seawater-driven dolomitization. The Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of Silurian seawater was ~1.4, and the K+/Ca2+ ratio was ~0.3, both of which differ from the present-day counterparts of 5 and 1, respectively. Seawaters with Mg2+/Ca2+ <2 facilitate the precipitation of low-magnesian calcite (mol % Mg < 4) marine ooids and submarine carbonate cements whereas seawater with Mg2+/Ca2+ >2 (e.g., modern seawater) facilitate the precipitation of aragonite and high-magnesian calcite. Therefore, the early Paleozoic calcite seas were likely due to the low Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of seawater, not the pCO2 of the Silurian atmosphere. Copyright ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Brennan, S., and Lowenstein, T., 2002, The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 15, p. 2683-2700, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0.","startPage":"2683","endPage":"2700","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207975,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0"},{"id":233306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badb6e4b08c986b323daa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brennan, S.T. 0000-0002-7102-9359","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-9359","contributorId":35915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"S.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowenstein, T.K.","contributorId":36328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstein","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024589,"text":"70024589 - 2002 - Fluvial sediment transport and deposition following the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024589","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fluvial sediment transport and deposition following the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo","docAbstract":"The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo generated extreme sediment yields from watersheds heavily impacted by pyroclastic flows. Bedload sampling in the Pasig-Potrero River, one of the most heavily impacted rivers, revealed negligible critical shear stress and very high transport rates that reflected an essentially unlimited sediment supply and the enhanced mobility of particles moving over a smooth, fine-grained bed. Dimensionless bedload transport rates in the Pasig-Potrero River differed substantially from those previously reported for rivers in temperate regions for the same dimensionless shear stress, but were similar to rates identified in rivers on other volcanoes and ephemeral streams in arid environments. The similarity between volcanically disturbed and arid rivers appears to arise from the lack of an armored bed surface due to very high relative sediment supply; in arid rivers, this is attributed to a flashy hydrograph, whereas volcanically disturbed rivers lack armoring due to sustained high rates of sediment delivery. This work suggests that the increases in sediment supply accompanying massive disturbance induce morphologic and hydrologic changes that temporarily enhance transport efficiency until the watershed recovers and sediment supply is reduced. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00155-6","issn":"0169555X","usgsCitation":"Hayes, S., Montgomery, D.R., and Newhall, C.G., 2002, Fluvial sediment transport and deposition following the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo: Geomorphology, v. 45, no. 3-4, p. 211-224, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00155-6.","startPage":"211","endPage":"224","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207641,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00155-6"},{"id":232769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a12a4e4b0c8380cd543a4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hayes, S.K.","contributorId":81667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401808,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Montgomery, D. R.","contributorId":41582,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Montgomery","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Newhall, C. G.","contributorId":93056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Newhall","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401809,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024600,"text":"70024600 - 2002 - Mercury in feathers from Chilean birds: Influence of location, feeding strategy, and taxonomic affiliation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024600","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2676,"text":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mercury in feathers from Chilean birds: Influence of location, feeding strategy, and taxonomic affiliation","docAbstract":"This study reports baseline concentrations of mercury (Hg) in feathers from different species of birds sampled at various locations off the Chilean coast (Southeastern Pacific). Hg concentrations were evaluated in relation to geographic location, taxonomic affiliation, and feeding strategies. Between January and March of 1995, we collected mature contour feathers from 116 birds belonging to 22 species, mostly seabirds. Birds were collected from 10 different locations (26??09???S, 70??40???W to 54??56???S, 67??37???W). Feather Hg concentrations ranged from 0.11 to 13 ??gg-1 dry weight. We found differences in feather Hg concentrations across taxonomic groups, with highest concentrations in petrels, shearwaters, and albatrosses (Procellaridae), followed by boobies (Sulidae), gulls, terns, skuas (Laridae) and cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae). Ibises and oystercatchers (Threskiornithidae and Charadriidae) had intermediate values, whereas ducks and geese (Anatidae) contained the least amount of Hg. Oceanic species preying on mesopelagic fish (the Procellariformes albatrosses, petrels, and fulmars) had over twice as much Hg (overall average of 3.9 ??gg-1) when compared to the rest of the species sampled (overall average of 1.5 ??gg-1). We did not find higher Hg concentrations in birds inhabiting the more heavily industrialized and urbanized areas of the country (central and northern regions), but in birds inhabiting the remote Juan Ferna??ndez Archipelago. This is not surprising, since all the Procellariformes (the group with highest Hg values in this study) were collected from these islands. Except for Hg in Kermadec petrels (mean of 12 ??gg-1), the range of Hg values reported here (0.11-7.3 ??gg-1) fell below those known to cause adverse health and reproductive effects in birds. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00280-6","issn":"0025326X","usgsCitation":"Ochoa-Acua, H., Sepulveda, M.S., and Gross, T., 2002, Mercury in feathers from Chilean birds: Influence of location, feeding strategy, and taxonomic affiliation: Marine Pollution Bulletin, v. 44, no. 4, p. 340-345, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00280-6.","startPage":"340","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207761,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00280-6"},{"id":232950,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5410e4b0c8380cd6ce88","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ochoa-Acua, H.","contributorId":27231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ochoa-Acua","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sepulveda, M. S.","contributorId":99918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024695,"text":"70024695 - 2002 - Environmental variation, vegetation distribution, carbon dynamics and water/energy exchange at high latitudes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-04T16:42:34.951306","indexId":"70024695","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2490,"text":"Journal of Vegetation Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Environmental variation, vegetation distribution, carbon dynamics and water/energy exchange at high latitudes","docAbstract":"The responses of high latitude ecosystems to global change involve complex interactions among environmental variables, vegetation distribution, carbon dynamics, and water and energy exchange. These responses may have important consequences for the earth system. In this study, we evaluated how vegetation distribution, carbon stocks and turnover, and water and energy exchange are related to environmental variation spanned by the network of the IGBP high latitude transects. While the most notable feature of the high latitude transects is that they generally span temperature gradients from southern to northern latitudes, there are substantial differences in temperature among the transects. Also, along each transect temperature co-varies with precipitation and photosynthetically active radiation, which are also variable among the transects. Both climate and disturbance interact to influence latitudinal patterns of vegetation and soil carbon storage among the transects, and vegetation distribution appears to interact with climate to determine exchanges of heat and moisture in high latitudes. Despite limitations imposed by the data we assembled, the analyses in this study have taken an important step toward clarifying the complexity of interactions among environmental variables, vegetation distribution, carbon stocks and turnover, and water and energy exchange in high latitude regions. This study reveals the need to conduct coordinated global change studies in high latitudes to further elucidate how interactions among climate, disturbance, and vegetation distribution influence carbon dynamics and water and energy exchange in high latitudes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02055.x","usgsCitation":"McGuire, A., Wirth, C., Apps, M., Beringer, J., Clein, J., Epstein, H., Kicklighter, D., Bhatti, J., Chapin, F.S., De Groot, B., Efremov, D., Eugster, W., Fukuda, M., Gower, T., Hinzman, L., Huntley, B., Jia, G., Kasischke, E., Melillo, J., Romanovsky, V., Shvidenko, A., Vaganov, E., and Walker, D., 2002, Environmental variation, vegetation distribution, carbon dynamics and water/energy exchange at high latitudes: Journal of Vegetation Science, v. 13, no. 3, p. 301-314, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02055.x.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"314","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":502601,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1590830","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-02-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a09ebe4b0c8380cd520fb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McGuire, A. 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The deposit was mapped with subbottom acoustic profilers, and sediment cores were analyzed for geochemical and physical properties to determine the volume of the deposit and the distribution and mass of contaminants. Mapping showed that the deposit ranges up to 60-cm thick, has a total volume exceeding 9 million m3, and covers over 40 km2. Virtually the entire effluent-affected deposit is contaminated with DDT and PCBs. Nearly half of the area of the deposit lies on the continental slope, but 70-75% of the volume of the deposit and total mass of DDT reside on the continental shelf. Analysis of data collected biennially since 1981 by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County show that the mass of DDT has apparently decreased at some stations but has remained essentially constant at others. Temporal changes m mass per unit area of DDT are not statistically significant (at the 90% confidence level) at the most contaminated locations over a 16-yr period. The results of this mapping effort were used as a basis for modeling efforts described elsewhere in this issue.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Continental Shelf Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00108-X","issn":"02784343","usgsCitation":"Lee, H., Sherwood, C.R., Drake, D., Edwards, B.D., Wong, F., and Hamer, M., 2002, Spatial and temporal distribution of contaminated, effluent-affected sediment on the Palos Verdes margin, southern California: Continental Shelf Research, v. 22, no. 6-7, p. 859-880, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4343(01)00108-X.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"859","endPage":"880","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233268,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Palos Verdes Peninsula","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.6,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 33.85\n ],\n [\n -118.6,\n 33.85\n ],\n [\n -118.6,\n 33.5\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"6-7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9435e4b08c986b31a927","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, H.J.","contributorId":96693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"H.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sherwood, C. R.","contributorId":48235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sherwood","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drake, D.E.","contributorId":48150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drake","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Edwards, B. D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wong, F.","contributorId":66451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hamer, M.","contributorId":24138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024590,"text":"70024590 - 2002 - A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Minnesota I: Varve thickness and gray-scale density","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024590","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Minnesota I: Varve thickness and gray-scale density","docAbstract":"The deepest part (29.5 m) of Elk Lake, Clearwater County, northwestern Minnesota, contains a complete Holocene section that is continuously varved. The varve components are predominantly autochthonous (CaCO3, organic matter, biogenic silica, and several iron and manganese minerals), but the varves do contain a minor detrital-clastic (aluminosilicate) component that is predominantly wind-borne (eolian) and provides an important record of atmospheric conditions. Singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and wavelet analysis of varve thickness recognized significant periodicities in the multicentennial and multidecadal bands that varied in power (i.e., variable significance) and position (i.e., variable period) within the periodic bands. Persistent periodicities of about 10, 22, 40, and 90 years, and, in particular, multicentennial periodicities in varve thickness and other proxy variables are similar to those in spectra of radiocarbon production, a proxy for past solar activity. This suggests that there may be a solar control, perhaps through geomagnetic effects on atmospheric circulation. Multicentennial and multidecadal periodicities also occur in wavelet spectra of relative gray-scale density. However, gray-scale density does not appear to correlate with any of the measured proxy variables, and at this point we do not know what controlled gray scale.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1016062207440","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., Anderson, R., Platt, B.J., and Anderson, D., 2002, A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Minnesota I: Varve thickness and gray-scale density: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 27, no. 3, p. 287-299, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016062207440.","startPage":"287","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207666,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016062207440"},{"id":232806,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2c0e4b0c8380cd45c04","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.","contributorId":24076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401811,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, R.","contributorId":104191,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Anderson","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401813,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Platt, Bradbury J.","contributorId":67651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Platt","given":"Bradbury","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, D.","contributorId":9211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401810,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024784,"text":"70024784 - 2002 - Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024784","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data","docAbstract":"Nine atmospherically corrected Landsat Thematic Mapper images were used to generate mean normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) at 11 burn sites throughout a coastal Juncus roemerianus marsh in St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. Time-since-burn, the time lapse from the date of burn to the date of image collection, was related to variation in mean NDVI over time. Regression analysis showed that NDVI increased for about 300 to 400 days immediately after the burn, overshooting the typical mean NDVI of a nonburned marsh. For about another 500 to 600 days NDVI decreased until reaching a nearly constant NDVI of about 0.40. During the phase of increasing NDVI the ability to predict time-since-burn was within about ??60 days. Within the decreasing phase this dropped to about ??88 days. Examination of each burn site revealed some nonburn related influences on NDVI (e.g., seasonality). Normalization of burn NDVI by site-specific nonburn control NDVI eliminated most influences. However, differential responses at the site-specific level remained related to either storm impacts or secondary burning. At these sites, collateral data helped clarify the abnormal changes in NDVI. Accounting for these abnormalities, site-specific burn recovery trends could be broadly standardized into four general phases: Phase 1-preburn, Phase 2-initial recovery (increasing NDVI), Phase 3-late recovery (decreasing NDVI), and Phase 4-final coalescence (unchanging NDVI). Phase 2 tended to last about 300 to 500 days, Phase 3 an additional 500 to 600 days, and finally reaching Phase 4, 900 to 1,000 days after burn.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1014362616119","issn":"09234861","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., Sapkota, S., Barnes, F., and Nelson, G., 2002, Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 10, no. 1, p. 85-96, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014362616119.","startPage":"85","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207831,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014362616119"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5df0e4b0c8380cd706cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. 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The profiles demonstrate late Quaternary activity at the fault tip, precisely locate the axial surfaces of folds within the upper 100 m, and constrain the geometry and kinematics of recent folding. The Santa Fe Springs segment of the Puente Hills fault zone shows an upward-narrowing kink band with an active anticlinal axial surface, consistent with fault-bend folding above an active thrust ramp. The Coyote Hills segment shows an active synclinal axial surface that coincides with the base of a 9-m-high scarp, consistent with tip-line folding or the presence of a backthrust. The seismic profiles pinpoint targets for future geologic work to constrain slip rates and ages of past events on this important fault system.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001GL014313","usgsCitation":"Pratt, T.L., Shaw, J.H., Dolan, J., Christofferson, S.A., Williams, R., Odum, J.K., and Plesch, A., 2002, Shallow seismic imaging of folds above the Puente Hills blind-thrust fault, Los Angeles, California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 29, no. 9, p. 18-1-18-4, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL014313.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"18-1","endPage":"18-4","costCenters":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232774,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Los Angeles","otherGeospatial":"Puente Hills blind-thrust fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -118.04603576660158,\n 33.88224476009959\n ],\n [\n -117.9957389831543,\n 33.88224476009959\n ],\n [\n -117.9957389831543,\n 33.9162980215008\n ],\n [\n -118.04603576660158,\n 33.9162980215008\n ],\n [\n -118.04603576660158,\n 33.88224476009959\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"29","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8e35e4b08c986b3187c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pratt, Thomas L. 0000-0003-3131-3141 tpratt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-3141","contributorId":3279,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"Thomas","email":"tpratt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402256,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shaw, John H.","contributorId":187766,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shaw","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":13619,"text":"Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dolan, James F.","contributorId":39506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolan","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402257,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Christofferson, Shari A.","contributorId":103258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christofferson","given":"Shari","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Williams, Robert 0000-0002-2973-8493 rawilliams@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2973-8493","contributorId":140741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Robert","email":"rawilliams@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":300,"text":"Geologic Hazards Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Odum, Jack K. 0000-0002-3162-0355","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3162-0355","contributorId":97900,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"Jack","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402260,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Plesch, Andreas 0000-0002-3355-9199","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3355-9199","contributorId":187765,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Plesch","given":"Andreas","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16811,"text":"Harvard University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024783,"text":"70024783 - 2002 - Fecal-indicator bacteria in streams alonga gradient of residential development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T13:17:02","indexId":"70024783","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fecal-indicator bacteria in streams alonga gradient of residential development","docAbstract":"Fecal-indicator bacteria were sampled at 14 stream sites in Anchorage, Alaska, USA, as part of a study to determine the effects of urbanization on water quality. Population density in the subbasins sampled ranged from zero to 1,750 persons per square kilometer. Higher concentrations of fecal-coliform, E. coli, and enterococci bacteria were measured at the most urbanized sites. Although fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations were higher in summer than in winter, seasonal differences in bacteria concentrations generally were not significant. Areas served by sewer systems had significantly higher fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations than did areas served by septic systems. The areas served by sewer systems also had storm drains that discharged directly to the streams, whereas storm sewers were not present in the areas served by septic systems. Fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations were highly variable over a two-day period of stable streamflow, which may have implications for testing of compliance to water-quality standards.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01550.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S.A., and Couvillion, C., 2002, Fecal-indicator bacteria in streams alonga gradient of residential development: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 38, no. 1, p. 265-273, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01550.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"273","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.13366699218747,\n 61.062604732165404\n ],\n [\n -149.65,\n 61.062604732165404\n ],\n [\n -149.65,\n 61.26495144723964\n ],\n [\n -150.13366699218747,\n 61.26495144723964\n ],\n [\n -150.13366699218747,\n 61.062604732165404\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f4be4b0c8380cd53861","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, Steven A. sfrenzel@usgs.gov","contributorId":688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Steven","email":"sfrenzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":402607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Couvillion, Charles S.","contributorId":102243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Couvillion","given":"Charles S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024581,"text":"70024581 - 2002 - Diffuse fluid flux through orogenic belts: Implications for the world ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024581","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffuse fluid flux through orogenic belts: Implications for the world ocean","docAbstract":"Fifty years ago a classic paper by W. W. Rubey [(1951) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 62, 1111-1148] examined various hypotheses regarding the origin of sea water and concluded that the most likely hypothesis was volcanic outgassing, a view that was generally accepted by earth scientists for the next several decades. More recent work suggests that the rate of subduction of water is much larger than the volcanic outgassing rate, lending support to hypotheses that either ocean volume has decreased with time, or that the imbalance is offset by continuous replenishment of water by cometary impacts. These alternatives are required in the absence of additional mechanisms for the return of water from subducting lithosphere to the Earth's surface. Our recent work on crustal permebility suggests a large capacity for water upflow through tectonically active continental crust, resulting in a heretofore unrecognized degassing pathway that can accommodate the waer subduction rate. Escape of recycled water via delivery from the mantle through zones of active metamorphism eliminates the mass-balance argument for the loss of ocean volume or extraterestrial sources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.132275699","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Manning, C.E., 2002, Diffuse fluid flux through orogenic belts: Implications for the world ocean: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 99, no. 14, p. 9113-9116, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.132275699.","startPage":"9113","endPage":"9116","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478677,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.132275699","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207945,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.132275699"}],"volume":"99","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010de4b0c8380cd4fa95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, C. E.","contributorId":16987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024782,"text":"70024782 - 2002 - An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024782","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to describe and compare several reproductive parameters for Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) inhabiting the St. Johns River and exposed to different types and/or degrees of contamination. Welaka was selected as the reference site in this study because of its low urban and agricultural development, Palatka is in close proximity to a paper mill plant, the Green Cove site is influenced by marine shipping activities and Julington Creek site receives discharges of domestic wastewater and storm water runoff from recreational boating marinas. For this study, bass were sampled both prior to (September 1996) and during the spawning season (February 1997). In order to characterize chemical exposure, bass livers were analyzed for up to 90 trace organics and 11 trace metal contaminants. Reproductive parameters measured included gonadosomatic index (GSI), histological evaluation of gonads and plasma concentrations of vitellogenin (VTG), 17??-estradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). In general, the sum of organic chemicals was highest in livers from Palatka bass and bass from Green Cove and Julington Creek had higher hepatic concentrations of low molecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls when compared to fish from Welaka. Metals were more variable across sites, with highest mean concentrations found in bass from either Julington Creek (Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Zn) or Welaka (Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, Tn). Female bass from Palatka and Green Cove had lower concentrations of E2, VTG and lower GSI in relation to Welaka. Males from Palatka and Green Cove showed comparable declines in 11-KT in relation to males from Julington Creek and GSI were decreased only in Palatka males. These results indicate a geographical trend in reproductive effects, with changes being most pronounced at the site closest to the paper mill (Palatka) and decreasing as the St. Johns River flows downstream. Since reproductive alterations were most evident in bass sampled from the site closest to the paper mill discharge, it is possible that exposure to these effluents might explain at least some of the results reported here. However, the presence of reproductive alterations in fish sampled at a considerable distance from the mill discharge (Green Cove, 40 km) would suggest exposure to chemicals released from sources other than the paper mill plant. It is clear that additional studies are needed to evaluate the potential impact of these reproductive changes in populations of Florida largemouth bass inhabiting the St. Johns River. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, M.S., Johnson, W., Higman, J.C., Denslow, N., Schoeb, T., and Gross, T., 2002, An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River: Science of the Total Environment, v. 289, no. 1-3, p. 133-144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4.","startPage":"133","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207809,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4"},{"id":233033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"289","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea48e4b0c8380cd4875c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, M. S.","contributorId":99918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.E.","contributorId":33276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higman, J. C.","contributorId":65044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denslow, N. D.","contributorId":101606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Denslow","given":"N. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schoeb, T. R.","contributorId":73550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schoeb","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024580,"text":"70024580 - 2002 - Lower crustal deformation beneath the central Transverse Ranges, southern California: Results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T17:00:56.688323","indexId":"70024580","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower crustal deformation beneath the central Transverse Ranges, southern California: Results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment","docAbstract":"We present a P wave velocity model derived from active source seismic data collected during the 1994 Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment. Our model extends previously published upper crustal velocity models to mantle depths. Our model was developed by both ray tracing through a layered model and calculating travel times through a gridded model. It includes an 8-km-thick crustal root centered beneath the surface trace of the San Andreas fault, north of the highest topography in the San Gabriel Mountains. A simple mass balance calculation suggests that ∼36 km of north-south shortening across the San Andreas fault in the central Transverse Ranges could have formed this root. If north-south compression began when the “Big Bend” in the San Andreas fault formed at ∼5 Ma, 36 km of shortening implies a north-south contraction rate of ∼7.1 mm/yr across the central Transverse Ranges. If, instead, north-south compression began when the Transverse Ranges formed at 3.4–3.9 Ma, 36 km of shortening implies a contraction rate of 9.2–10.6 mm/yr. North of the San Andreas fault, the Mojave Desert crust has a low-velocity (6.3 km/s) mid and lower crust and a 28-km-deep Moho. South of the San Andreas fault, beneath the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley basins, there is a fast (6.6–6.8 km/s), thick (10–12 km) lower crust with a 27-km-deep Moho. Farther south still, the lower crust of the Continental Borderland is fast (6.6–6.8 km/s) and thin (5 km) with a shallow (22 km deep) Moho.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000354","usgsCitation":"Godfrey, N.J., Fuis, G.S., Langenheim, V., Okaya, D., and Brocher, T.M., 2002, Lower crustal deformation beneath the central Transverse Ranges, southern California: Results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. 7, p. ETG 8-1-ETG 8-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000354.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"ETG 8-1","endPage":"ETG 8-19","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Transverse Ranges","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -117.99316406249999,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -117.99316406249999,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 33.358061612778876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a7ae4b0c8380cd68dcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godfrey, N. J.","contributorId":12866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":1526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okaya, David A.","contributorId":76724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okaya","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024578,"text":"70024578 - 2002 - North Atlantic Deep Water export to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr: Evidence from Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-02T09:29:00","indexId":"70024578","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North Atlantic Deep Water export to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr: Evidence from Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts","docAbstract":"The intensity of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production has been one of the most important parameters controlling the global thermohaline ocean circulation system and climate. Here we present a new approach to reconstruct the overall strength of NADW export from the North Atlantic to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr applying the deep water Nd and Pb isotope composition as recorded by ferromanganese crusts and nodules. We present the first long-term Nd and Pb isotope time series for deep Southern Ocean water masses, which are compared with previously published time series for NADW from the NW Atlantic Ocean. These data suggest a continuous and strong export of NADW, or a precursor of it, into the Southern Ocean between 14 and 3 Ma. An increasing difference in Nd and Pb isotope compositions between the NW Atlantic and the Southern Ocean over the past 3 Myr gives evidence for a progressive overall reduction of NADW export since the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG). The Nd isotope data allow us to assess at least semiquantitatively that the amount of this reduction has been in the range between 14 and 37% depending on location.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2000PA000606","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Frank, M., Whiteley, N., Kasten, S., Hein, J., and O’Nions, K., 2002, North Atlantic Deep Water export to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr: Evidence from Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts: Paleoceanography, v. 17, no. 2, p. 12-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000606.","startPage":"12","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478695,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000pa000606","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293251,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000606"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a67ece4b0c8380cd73521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, M.","contributorId":103396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whiteley, N.","contributorId":37924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiteley","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kasten, S.","contributorId":37506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasten","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Nions, K.","contributorId":39165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Nions","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024591,"text":"70024591 - 2002 - Organochlorine chemical residues in fish from the Mississippi River basin, 1995","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-23T13:36:20","indexId":"70024591","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Organochlorine chemical residues in fish from the Mississippi River basin, 1995","docAbstract":"Fish were collected in late 1995 from 34 National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program (NCBP) stations and 13 National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) stations in the Mississippi River basin (MRB) and in late 1996 from a reference site in West Virginia. Four composite samples, each comprising (nominally) 10 adult common carp (Cyprinus carpio) or black bass (Micropterus spp.) of the same sex, were collected from each site and analyzed for organochlorine chemical residues by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. At the NCBP stations, which are located on relatively large rivers, concentrations of organochlorine chemical residues were generally lower than when last sampled in the mid-1980s. Residues derived from DDT (primarily p,p???-DDE) were detected at all sites (including the reference site); however, only traces (??? 0.02 ??g/g) of the parent insecticide (p,p???-DDT) were present, which indicates continued weathering of residual DDT from past use. Nevertheless, concentrations of DDT (as p,p???-DDE) in fish from the cotton-farming regions of the lower MRB were great enough to constitute a hazard to fish-eating wildlife and were especially high at the NAWQA sites on the lower-order rivers and streams of the Mississippi embayment. Mirex was detected at only two sites, both in Louisiana, and toxaphene was found exclusively in the lower MRB. Most cyclodiene pesticides (dieldrin, chlordane, and heptachlor epoxide) were more widespread in their distributions, but concentrations were lower than in the 1980s except at a site on the Mississippi River near Memphis, TN. Concentrations were also somewhat elevated at sites in the Corn Belt. Endrin was detected exclusively at the Memphis site. PCB concentrations generally declined, and residues were detected (??? 0.05 ??g/g) at only 35% of the stations, mostly in the more industrialized parts of the MRB.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-002-1127-1","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"Schmitt, C., 2002, Organochlorine chemical residues in fish from the Mississippi River basin, 1995: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 1, p. 81-97, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-1127-1.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"81","endPage":"97","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232807,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207667,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-002-1127-1"}],"volume":"43","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ffae4b0c8380cd75d9f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmitt, C. J. 0000-0001-6804-2360","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6804-2360","contributorId":56339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmitt","given":"C. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401814,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024781,"text":"70024781 - 2002 - Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:15:54","indexId":"70024781","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the Mojave block region in southern California is constructed to investigate transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. The FEM simulates a poroelastic upper-crust layer coupled to a viscoelastic lower-crust layer, which is decoupled from the upper mantle. FEM predictions of the transient mechanical behavior of the crust are constrained by global positioning system (GPS) data, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images, fluid-pressure data from water wells, and the dislocation source of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. Two time-dependent parameters, hydraulic diffusivity of the upper crust and viscosity of the lower crust, are calibrated to 10–2 m2·sec–1 and 5 × 1018 Pa·sec respectively. The hydraulic diffusivity is relatively insensitive to heterogeneous fault-zone permeability specifications and fluid-flow boundary conditions along the elastic free-surface at the top of the problem domain. The calibrated FEM is used to predict the evolution of Coulomb stress during the interval separating the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. The predicted change in Coulomb stress near the hypocenter of the Hector Mine earthquake increases from 0.02 to 0.05 MPa during the 7-yr interval separating the two events. This increase is primarily attributed to the recovery of decreased excess fluid pressure from the 1992 Landers coseismic (undrained) strain field. Coulomb stress predictions are insensitive to small variations of fault-plane dip and hypocentral depth estimations of the Hector Mine rupture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000905","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Masterlark, T., and Wang, H., 2002, Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1470-1486, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000905.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1470","endPage":"1486","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207787,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000905"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb705e4b08c986b326ff6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, H.F.","contributorId":51950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024577,"text":"70024577 - 2002 - Temperate zone fens of the glaciated Midwestern USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T16:06:07.784901","indexId":"70024577","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperate zone fens of the glaciated Midwestern USA","docAbstract":"A study of more than 70 fens in the Midwestern United States and a review of the literature indicates that these temperate zone wetlands may differ from fens of the boreal zone and are not adequately differentiated from the by present classification systems. Fens of the Midwestern temperate zone 1) are wetlands with high botanical diversity, 2) are supported in part by ground water with conductivity > 100mS/cm and circumneutral pH, 3) contain water in the root zone during most of the growing season yet are not usually innudated, and 4) accumulate organic and/or carbonate substrates. Individually, none of these descriptors is adequate to distinguish fens from other wetland communities of the Midwest such as marshes, sedge meadows, and wet prairies; yet, when they are taken together, such discrimination is possible. While fens of this zone share many species, our study does not support using indicator species because too few are both faithfully represented and geographically widespread. Midwestern temperate fens are sustained by forces of climate, landscape, and geology, which permit ground water to seep continuously into the root zone in a focused location. Since water availability in the temperate Midwest is less than in the boreal zone, continuous discharge is needed to maintain the saturation conducive to peat formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0301:TZFOTG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Amon, J.P., Thompson, C.A., Carpenter, Q.J., and Miner, J., 2002, Temperate zone fens of the glaciated Midwestern USA: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 2, p. 301-317, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0301:TZFOTG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-87.800477,42.49192],[-87.812461,42.232278],[-87.511043,41.696535],[-87.187651,41.629653],[-86.616978,41.896625],[-86.321803,42.310743],[-86.208309,42.762789],[-86.540916,43.633158],[-86.25395,44.64808],[-86.066745,44.905685],[-85.780439,44.977932],[-85.540497,45.210169],[-85.641652,44.810816],[-85.520205,44.960347],[-85.477423,44.813781],[-85.355478,45.282774],[-84.91585,45.393115],[-85.110884,45.526285],[-84.94565,45.708621],[-85.011433,45.757962],[-84.204218,45.627116],[-84.095905,45.497298],[-83.488826,45.355872],[-83.291346,45.062597],[-83.435822,45.000012],[-83.277213,44.7167],[-83.335248,44.357995],[-83.890145,43.934672],[-83.909479,43.672622],[-83.618602,43.628891],[-83.227093,43.981003],[-82.833103,44.036851],[-82.643166,43.852468],[-82.423086,42.988728],[-82.509935,42.637294],[-82.648776,42.550401],[-82.630922,42.64211],[-82.780817,42.652232],[-83.431103,41.757457],[-82.481214,41.381342],[-81.69325,41.514161],[-80.533774,41.973475],[-80.518991,40.638801],[-80.667957,40.582496],[-80.619297,40.26517],[-80.88036,39.620706],[-81.656138,39.277355],[-81.874857,38.881174],[-82.068864,38.984878],[-82.318111,38.457876],[-82.569368,38.406258],[-82.923694,38.750076],[-83.301951,38.598178],[-83.512571,38.701716],[-83.762445,38.652103],[-84.212904,38.805707],[-84.445242,39.114461],[-84.744149,39.147458],[-84.888873,39.066376],[-84.816506,38.80532],[-85.448862,38.713368],[-85.415272,38.555416],[-85.816164,38.282969],[-86.042354,37.958018],[-86.33281,38.182938],[-86.634271,37.843845],[-86.810913,37.99715],[-87.065388,37.810481],[-87.402632,37.942267],[-87.666522,37.827455],[-87.921744,37.907885],[-88.158374,37.639948],[-88.063311,37.515755],[-88.450127,37.411717],[-88.490068,37.067874],[-89.058036,37.188767],[-89.171881,37.068184],[-89.202607,36.601576],[-89.343753,36.630991],[-89.429311,36.481875],[-89.55264,36.577178],[-89.527029,36.341679],[-89.703511,36.243412],[-89.615128,36.113816],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-90.368718,35.995812],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.157136,36.484317],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.605734,39.122204],[-95.082714,39.516712],[-94.891744,39.724894],[-95.00844,39.900596],[-95.784575,40.000463],[-102.051744,40.003078],[-102.051614,41.002377],[-104.039238,41.001502],[-104.048807,48.933636],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.974286,49.367738],[-94.555835,48.716207],[-93.741843,48.517347],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-91.942988,46.679939],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.78804,46.844886],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-90.398478,46.575832],[-88.982483,46.99883],[-88.400224,47.379551],[-87.816958,47.471998],[-87.730804,47.449112],[-88.349952,47.076377],[-88.462349,46.786711],[-88.167373,46.9588],[-87.915943,46.909508],[-87.619747,46.79821],[-87.366767,46.507303],[-86.850111,46.434114],[-86.188024,46.654008],[-84.964652,46.772845],[-84.969464,46.47629],[-84.177428,46.52692],[-84.097766,46.256512],[-84.247687,46.17989],[-83.931175,46.017871],[-83.63498,46.103953],[-83.49484,45.999541],[-84.345451,45.946569],[-84.656567,46.052654],[-84.820557,45.868293],[-85.047028,46.020603],[-85.528403,46.087121],[-85.663966,45.967013],[-86.278007,45.942057],[-86.687208,45.634253],[-86.532989,45.882665],[-86.92106,45.697868],[-87.018902,45.838886],[-88.027103,44.578992],[-87.943801,44.529693],[-87.428144,44.890738],[-87.021088,45.296541],[-87.73063,43.893862],[-87.910172,43.236634],[-87.800477,42.49192]]],[[[-88.684434,48.115785],[-88.447236,48.182916],[-89.022736,47.858532],[-89.255202,47.876102],[-88.684434,48.115785]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.82177,45.427602],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4b5e4b08c986b320515","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amon, J. P.","contributorId":58427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, C. A.","contributorId":98769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carpenter, Q. J.","contributorId":38743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Q.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miner, J.","contributorId":31946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miner","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024576,"text":"70024576 - 2002 - Delineation of faulting and basin geometry along a seismic reflection transect in urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024576","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation of faulting and basin geometry along a seismic reflection transect in urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California","docAbstract":"Fourteen kilometers of continuous, shallow seismic reflection data acquired through the urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California, have revealed numerous faults between the San Jacinto and San Andreas faults as well as a complex pattern of downdropped and uplifted blocks. These data also indicate that the Loma Linda fault continues northeastward at least 4.5 km beyond its last mapped location on the southern edge of the valley and to within at least 2 km of downtown San Bernardino. Previously undetected faults within the valley northeast of the San Jacinto fault are also imaged, including the inferred western extension of the Banning fault and several unnamed faults. The Rialto-Colton fault is interpreted southwest of the San Jacinto fault. The seismic data image the top of the crystalline basement complex across 70% of the profile length and show that the basement has an overall dip of roughly 10?? southwest between Perris Hill and the San Jacinto fault. Gravity and aeromagnetic data corroborate the interpreted location of the San Jacinto fault and better constrain the basin depth along the seismic profile to be as deep as 1.7 km. These data also corroborate other fault locations and the general dip of the basement surface. At least 1.2 km of apparent vertical displacement on the basement is observed across the San Jacinto fault at the profile location. The basin geometry delineated by these data was used to generate modeled ground motions that show peak horizontal amplifications of 2-3.5 above bedrock response in the 0.05- to 1.0-Hz frequency band, which is consistent with recorded earthquake data in the valley.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010222","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Odum, J.K., Williams, R.A., and Anderson, M., 2002, Delineation of faulting and basin geometry along a seismic reflection transect in urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2504-2520, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010222.","startPage":"2504","endPage":"2520","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207908,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010222"},{"id":233196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe69e4b0c8380cd4ed0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, M.L.","contributorId":93138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":85394,"text":"85394 - 2002 - Toward better atlases: improving presence-absence information","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:00","indexId":"85394","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Toward better atlases: improving presence-absence information","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Predicting species occurrences: issues of accuracy and scale","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Island Press","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC","usgsCitation":"Johnson, D.H., and Sargeant, G., 2002, Toward better atlases: improving presence-absence information, chap. of Predicting species occurrences: issues of accuracy and scale, p. 391-397.","productDescription":"p. 391-397","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128036,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b02e4b07f02db698bee","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Scott, J. M.","contributorId":55766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504485,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"et al.","contributorId":128369,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"et al.","id":536188,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Douglas H. 0000-0002-7778-6641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7778-6641","contributorId":70327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296014,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sargeant, G.A.","contributorId":51681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sargeant","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":296013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024554,"text":"70024554 - 2002 - Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:12:58","indexId":"70024554","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":904,"text":"Arid Land Research and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy","docAbstract":"Recovery of soil properties from World War II-era military training exercises in the Mojave Desert was measured approximately 55 years following disturbance. Tracks from military vehicles were still visible, particularly in areas of desert pavement. Soil penetrability was much lower in visible tracks than outside the tracks. Soils in tracks had fewer rocks in the top 10cm of the soil profile than adjacent untracked soils. Larger particles (> 4.8mm) formed a moderately well-developed pavement outside of the tracks, while smaller, loose particles ( h 4.8mm) dominated the surface of the tracks. The time required to restore the desert pavement is likely to be measured in centuries. Based on biomass estimates, the cyanobacterial component of biological soil crusts had recovered 46-65% in tracks, compared to outside the tracks. Overall recovery of lichen cover has been much slower. Under plant canopies, cover of Collema tenax was not significantly different between areas inside and outside the tracks; however, recovery of Catapyrenium squamulosum was only 36%. In plant interspaces with less favorable moisture and temperature conditions, C. tenax showed a 6% recovery and C. squamulosum a 3% recovery. Assuming recovery of the biological soil crust is linear, and complete only when the most sensitive species (C. squamulosum) has fully recovered in the most limiting microhabitats (plant interspaces), it may require almost two millennia for full recovery of these areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/153249802760284793","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., and Warren, S.D., 2002, Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy: Arid Land Research and Management, v. 16, no. 3, p. 245-258, https://doi.org/10.1080/153249802760284793.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75efe4b0c8380cd77e21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warren, Steven D.","contributorId":59367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024552,"text":"70024552 - 2002 - Movement of water through the thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes in the western Mojave Desert, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T08:36:41","indexId":"70024552","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of water through the thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes in the western Mojave Desert, USA","docAbstract":"Previous studies indicate that a small quantity of recharge occurs from infiltration of streamflow in intermittent streams in the upper Mojave River basin, in the western Mojave Desert, near Victorville, California. Chloride, tritium, and stable isotope data collected in the unsaturated zone between 1994 and 1998 from boreholes drilled in Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes indicate that infiltration of streamflow occurs to depths below the root zone, and presumably to the water table, along much of Oro Grande Wash and near the mountain front along Sheep Creek Wash. Differences in infiltration at sites along each wash are the result of hydrologic variables such as proximity to the mountain front, quantity of streamflow, and texture of the subsurface deposits. Differences in infiltration between the washes are the result of large-scale geomorphic processes. For example, Oro Grande wash is incised into the Victorville fan and infiltration has occurred at approximately the same location over recent geologic time. In contrast, Sheep Creek Wash overlies an active alluvial fan and the stream channel can move across the fan surface through time. Infiltration does not occur to depths below the root zone at control sites outside of the washes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0194-8","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., Radyk, J., and Michel, R.L., 2002, Movement of water through the thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes in the western Mojave Desert, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 3, p. 409-427, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0194-8.","startPage":"409","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207685,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0194-8"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f27e4b0c8380cd70dd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, J. A. 0000-0003-0816-4408","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":28244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radyk, J.","contributorId":63984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radyk","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024687,"text":"70024687 - 2002 - The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024687","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"This paper provides a geologic and hydrologic framework of the Yucca Mountain region for the geochemical papers in this volume. The regional geologic units, which range in age from late Precambrian through Holocene, are briefly described. Yucca Mountain is composed of dominantly pyroclastic units that range in age from 11.4 to 15.2 Ma. The principal focus of study has been on the Paintbrush Group, which includes two major zoned and welded ash-flow tuffs separated by an important hydrogeologic unit referred to as the Paintbrush non-welded (PTn). The regional structural setting is currently one of extension, and the major local tectonic domains are presented together with a tectonic model that is consistent with the known structures at Yucca Mountain. Streamflow in this arid to semi-arid region occurs principally in intermittent or ephemeral channels. Near Yucca Mountain, the channels of Fortymile Wash and Amargosa River collect infrequent runoff from tributary basins, ultimately draining to Death Valley. Beneath the surface, large-scale interbasin flow of groundwater from one valley to another occurs commonly in the region. Regional groundwater flow beneath Yucca Mountain originates in the high mesas to the north and returns to the surface either in southern Amargosa Desert or in Death Valley, where it is consumed by evapotranspiration. The water table is very deep beneath the upland areas such as Yucca Mountain, where it is 500-750 m below the land surface, providing a large thickness of unsaturated rocks that are potentially suitable to host a nuclear-waste repository. The nature of unsaturated flow processes, which are important for assessing radionuclide migration, are inferred mainly from hydrochemical or isotopic evidence, from pneumatic tests of the fracture systems, and from the results of in situ experiments. Water seeping down through the unsaturated zone flows rapidly through fractures and more slowly through the pores of the rock matrix. Although capillary forces are expected to divert much of the flow around repository openings, some may drip onto waste packages, ultimately causing release of radionuclides, followed by transport down to the water table. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and Dudley, W.W., 2002, The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 6, p. 659-682, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X.","startPage":"659","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207979,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X"},{"id":233313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac53e4b08c986b323412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, W. W.","contributorId":101941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}