In the late 1800s, mills in the Washoe Lake area, Nevada, used elemental mercury to remove gold and silver from the ores of the Comstock deposit. Since that time, mercury contaminated waste has been distributed from Washoe Lake, down Steamboat Creek, and to the Truckee River. The creek has high mercury concentrations in both water and sediments, and continues to be a constant source of mercury to the Truckee River. The objective of this study was to determine concentrations of total and methyl mercury (MeHg) in surface sediments and characterize their spatial distribution in the Steamboat Creek watershed. Total mercury concentrations measured in channel and bank sediments did not decrease downstream, indicating that mercury contamination has been distributed along the creek's length. Total mercury concentrations in sediments (0.01–21.43 μg/g) were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those in pristine systems. At 14 out of 17 sites, MeHg concentrations in streambank sediments were higher than the concentrations in the channel, suggesting that low banks with wet sediments might be important sites of mercury methylation in this system. Both pond/wetland and channel sites exhibited high potential for mercury methylation (6.4–30.0 ng g−1 day−1). Potential methylation rates were positively correlated with sulfate reduction rates, and decreased as a function of reduced sulfur and MeHg concentration in the sediments. Potential demethylation rate appeared not to be influenced by MeHg concentration, sulfur chemistry, DOC, sediment grain size or other parameters, and showed little variation across the sites (3.7–7.4 ng g−1 day−1).
This study proposes the use of several problems of unstable steady state convection with variable fluid density in a porous layer of infinite horizontal extent as two-dimensional (2-D) test cases for density-dependent groundwater flow and solute transport simulators. Unlike existing density-dependent model benchmarks, these problems have well-defined stability criteria that are determined analytically. These analytical stability indicators can be compared with numerical model results to test the ability of a code to accurately simulate buoyancy driven flow and diffusion. The basic analytical solution is for a horizontally infinite fluid-filled porous layer in which fluid density decreases with depth. The proposed test problems include unstable convection in an infinite horizontal box, in a finite horizontal box, and in an infinite inclined box. A dimensionless Rayleigh number incorporating properties of the fluid and the porous media determines the stability of the layer in each case. Testing the ability of numerical codes to match both the critical Rayleigh number at which convection occurs and the wavelength of convection cells is an addition to the benchmark problems currently in use. The proposed test problems are modelled in 2-D using the SUTRA [SUTRA––A model for saturated–unsaturated variable-density ground-water flow with solute or energy transport. US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 02-4231, 2002. 250 p] density-dependent groundwater flow and solute transport code. For the case of an infinite horizontal box, SUTRA results show a distinct change from stable to unstable behaviour around the theoretical critical Rayleigh number of 4π2 and the simulated wavelength of unstable convection agrees with that predicted by the analytical solution. The effects of finite layer aspect ratio and inclination on stability indicators are also tested and numerical results are in excellent agreement with theoretical stability criteria and with numerical results previously reported in traditional fluid mechanics literature.
The hydrology of marsh ponds influences aquatic invertebrate and waterbird communities. Hydrologic variables in marsh ponds of the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain are potentially affected by structural marsh management (SMM: levees, water control structures and impoundments) that has been implemented since the 1950s. Assuming that SMM restricts tidal flows and drainage of rainwater, we predicted that SMM would increase water depth, and concomitantly decrease salinity and transparency in impounded marsh ponds. We also predicted that SMM would increase seasonal variability in water depth in impounded marsh ponds because of the potential incapacity of water control structures to cope with large flooding events. In addition, we predicted that SMM would decrease spatial variability in water depth. Finally, we predicted that ponds of impounded freshwater (IF), oligohaline (IO), and mesohaline (IM) marshes would be similar in water depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen (O2), and transparency. Using a priori multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) contrast, we tested these predictions by comparing hydrologic variables within ponds of impounded and unimpounded marshes during winters 1997-1998 to 1999-2000 on Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge, near Grand Chenier, Louisiana. Specifically, we compared hydrologic variables (1) between IM and unimpounded mesohaline marsh ponds (UM); and (2) among IF, IO, and IM marshes ponds. As predicted, water depth was higher and salinity and O2 were lower in IM than in UM marsh ponds. However, temperature and transparency did not differ between IM and UM marsh ponds. Water depth varied more among months in IM marsh ponds than within those of UM marshes, and variances among and within ponds were lower in IM than UM marshes. Finally, all hydrologic variables, except salinity, were similar among IF, IO, and IM marsh ponds. Hydrologic changes within marsh ponds due to SMM should (1) promote benthic invertebrate taxa that tolerate low levels of O2 and salinity; (2) deter waterbird species that cannot cope with increased water levels; and (3) reduce waterbird species diversity by decreasing spatial variability in water depth among and within marsh ponds.
","language":"English","publisher":"Inter-Research Science Publisher","doi":"10.3354/meps266035","usgsCitation":"Bolduc, F., and Afton, A., 2004, Hydrologic aspects of marsh ponds during winter on the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain, USA: Effects of structural marsh management: Marine Ecology Progress Series, v. 266, p. 35-42, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps266035.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"35","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":368,"text":"Louisiana Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":487480,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354/meps266035","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235374,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Louisiana","city":"Grand Chenier","otherGeospatial":"Rockefeller State Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.04595947265625,\n 29.709524917923563\n ],\n [\n -92.90657043457031,\n 29.709524917923563\n ],\n [\n -92.90657043457031,\n 29.791792350311347\n ],\n [\n -93.04595947265625,\n 29.791792350311347\n ],\n [\n -93.04595947265625,\n 29.709524917923563\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"266","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a356de4b0c8380cd5fef4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bolduc, F.","contributorId":76444,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolduc","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412506,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Afton, A. D.","contributorId":83467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Afton","given":"A. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412507,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027140,"text":"70027140 - 2004 - Structural and spectral features of selenium nanospheres produced by Se-respiring bacteria","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:32:03","indexId":"70027140","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":850,"text":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Structural and spectral features of selenium nanospheres produced by Se-respiring bacteria","docAbstract":"Certain anaerobic bacteria respire toxic selenium oxyanions and in doing so produce extracellular accumulations of elemental selenium [Se(0)]. We examined three physiologically and phylogenetically diverse species of selenate- and selenite-respiring bacteria, Sulfurospirillum barnesii, Bacillus selenitireducens, and Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii, for the occurrence of this phenomenon. When grown with selenium oxyanions as the electron acceptor, all of these organisms formed extracellular granules consisting of stable, uniform nanospheres (diameter, ???300 nm) of Se(0) having monoclinic crystalline structures. Intracellular packets of Se(0) were also noted. The number of intracellular Se(0) packets could be reduced by first growing cells with nitrate as the electron acceptor and then adding selenite ions to washed suspensions of the nitrate-grown cells. This resulted in the formation of primarily extracellular Se nanospheres. After harvesting and cleansing of cellular debris, we observed large differences in the optical properties (UV-visible absorption and Raman spectra) of purified extracellular nanospheres produced in this manner by the three different bacterial species. The spectral properties in turn differed substantially from those of amorphous Se(0) formed by chemical oxidation of H2Se and of black, vitreous Se(0) formed chemically by reduction of selenite with ascorbate. The microbial synthesis of Se(0) nanospheres results in unique, complex, compacted nanostructural arrangements of Se atoms. These arrangements probably reflect a diversity of enzymes involved in the dissimilatory reduction that are subtly different in different microbes. Remarkably, these conditions cannot be achieved by current methods of chemical synthesis.","language":"English","publisher":"ASM","doi":"10.1128/AEM.70.1.52-60.2004","issn":"00992240","usgsCitation":"Oremland, R., Herbel, M., Blum, J., Langley, S., Beveridge, T., Ajayan, P., Sutto, T., Ellis, A., and Curran, S., 2004, Structural and spectral features of selenium nanospheres produced by Se-respiring bacteria: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, v. 70, no. 1, p. 52-60, https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.1.52-60.2004.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"52","endPage":"60","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478239,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/321302","text":"External Repository"},{"id":235297,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209097,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.1.52-60.2004"}],"volume":"70","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9bc3e4b08c986b31d08f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Oremland, R.S.","contributorId":97512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Herbel, M.J.","contributorId":57232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbel","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412492,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Blum, J.S.","contributorId":105070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blum","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Langley, S.","contributorId":32342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langley","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412489,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Beveridge, T.J.","contributorId":35524,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Beveridge","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412490,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ajayan, P.M.","contributorId":51073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ajayan","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412491,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sutto, T.","contributorId":30012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutto","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412488,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ellis, A.V.","contributorId":21741,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"A.V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412486,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Curran, S.","contributorId":22125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curran","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412487,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70027137,"text":"70027137 - 2004 - Water table fluctuations near an incised stream, Walnut Creek, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027137","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water table fluctuations near an incised stream, Walnut Creek, Iowa","docAbstract":"Incised channels are common features in many agricultural watersheds, but the effects of channel incision on riparian water table conditions have been poorly documented. In this study, we evaluate the water table fluctuations in the floodplain near an incised stream (Walnut Creek, Iowa) and investigate the roles that channel incision and variable recharge play in modifying the water table configuration in the floodplain. Groundwater flows from higher landscape positions towards Walnut Creek under hydraulic gradients that were steepest near the upland/floodplain contact and in the near-stream riparian zone. Annually, water table fluctuations on the floodplain were greatest in wells located 30 m from the creek, midway between the creek and upland. Water levels monitored continuously during a runoff event indicated that bank storage was confined to a narrow zone adjacent to the channel. A steady-state, one-dimensional analytical model was developed to describe the shape of the water table surface near an incised stream and evaluate how variable groundwater recharge and channel bed lowering has affected the shape of the water table surface. Results from this study have implications for managing the riparian buffers of incised streams with successful establishment dependent upon matching buffer vegetation to riparian water table conditions. ?? 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.017","issn":"00221694","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., Zhang, Y., and Drobney, P., 2004, Water table fluctuations near an incised stream, Walnut Creek, Iowa: Journal of Hydrology, v. 286, no. 1-4, p. 236-248, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.017.","startPage":"236","endPage":"248","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209072,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.017"},{"id":235263,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"286","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bcc8ae4b08c986b32dbd6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, K. E.","contributorId":61982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schilling","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zhang, Y.-K.","contributorId":44309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Y.-K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412476,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Drobney, P.","contributorId":13421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobney","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412475,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027683,"text":"70027683 - 2004 - Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:58:03","indexId":"70027683","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario","docAbstract":"Spring snowmelt is the most important contribution of many rivers in western North America. If climate changes, this contribution may change. A shift in the timing of springtime snowmelt towards earlier in the year already is observed during 1948-2000 in many western rivers. Streamflow timing changes for the 1995-2099 period are projected using regression relations between observed streamflow-timing responses in each river, measured by the temporal centroid of streamflow (CT) each year, and local temperature (TI) and precipitation (PI) indices. Under 21st century warming trends predicted by the Parallel Climate Model (PCM) under business-as-usual greenhouse-gas emissions, streamflow timing trends across much of western North America suggest even earlier springtime snowmelt than observed to date. Projected CT changes are consistent with observed rates and directions of change during the past five decades, and are strongest in the Pacific Northwest, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains, where many rivers eventually run 30-40 days earlier. The modest PI changes projected by PCM yield minimal CT changes. The responses of CT to the simultaneous effects of projected TI and PI trends are dominated by the TI changes. Regression-based CT projections agree with those from physically-based simulations of rivers in the Pacific Northwest and Sierra Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Stewart, I., Cayan, D., and Dettinger, M.D., 2004, Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario: Climatic Change, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 217-232, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"232","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210939,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f426e4b0c8380cd4bb87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, I.T.","contributorId":80062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"I.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel drcayan@usgs.gov","contributorId":149912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":149896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027128,"text":"70027128 - 2004 - Characterization and origin of polar dissolved organic matter from the Great Salt Lake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:01:59","indexId":"70027128","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1007,"text":"Biogeochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Characterization and origin of polar dissolved organic matter from the Great Salt Lake","docAbstract":"Polar dissolved organic matter (DOM) was isolated from a surface-water sample from the Great Salt Lake by separating it from colloidal organic matter by membrane dialysis, from less-polar DOM fractions by resin sorbents, and from inorganic salts by a combination of sodium cation exchange followed by precipitation of sodium salts by acetic acid during evaporative concentration. Polar DOM was the most abundant DOM fraction, accounting for 56% of the isolated DOM. Colloidal organic matter was 14C-age dated to be about 100% modern carbon and all of the DOM fractions were 14C-age dated to be between 94 and 95% modern carbon. Average structural models of each DOM fraction were derived that incorporated quantitative elemental and infrared, 13C-NMR, and electrospray/mass spectrometric data. The polar DOM model consisted of open-chain N-acetyl hydroxy carboxylic acids likely derived from N-acetyl heteropolysaccharides that constituted the colloidal organic matter. The less polar DOM fraction models consisted of aliphatic alicyclic ring structures substituted with carboxyl, hydroxyl, ether, ester, and methyl groups. These ring structures had characteristics similar to terpenoid precursors. All DOM fractions in the Great Salt Lake are derived from algae and bacteria that dominate DOM inputs in this lake.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:BIOG.0000031044.16410.27","issn":"01682563","usgsCitation":"Leenheer, J., Noyes, T., Rostad, C., and Davisson, M., 2004, Characterization and origin of polar dissolved organic matter from the Great Salt Lake: Biogeochemistry, v. 69, no. 1, p. 125-141, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOG.0000031044.16410.27.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"125","endPage":"141","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235130,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208984,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOG.0000031044.16410.27"}],"volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f4b0e4b0c8380cd4be6f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leenheer, J.A.","contributorId":75123,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leenheer","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412450,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Noyes, T.I.","contributorId":54971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Noyes","given":"T.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412448,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rostad, C.E.","contributorId":50939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostad","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412447,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davisson, M.L.","contributorId":62277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davisson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412449,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027124,"text":"70027124 - 2004 - A biogeochemical comparison of two well-buffered catchments with contrasting histories of acid deposition","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:07:32","indexId":"70027124","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3729,"text":"Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus","onlineIssn":"1573-2940","printIssn":"1567-7230","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A biogeochemical comparison of two well-buffered catchments with contrasting histories of acid deposition","docAbstract":"Much of the biogeochemical cycling research in catchments in the past 25 years has been driven by acid deposition research funding. This research has focused on vulnerable base-poor systems; catchments on alkaline lithologies have received little attention. In regions of high acid loadings, however, even well-buffered catchments are susceptible to forest decline and episodes of low alkalinity in streamwater. As part of a collaboration between the Czech and U.S. Geological Surveys, we compared biogeochemical patterns in two well-studied, well-buffered catchments: Pluhuv Bor in the western Czech Republic, which has received high loading of atmospheric acidity, and Sleepers River Research Watershed in Vermont, U.S.A., where acid loading has been considerably less. Despite differences in lithology, wetness, forest type, and glacial history, the catchments displayed similar patterns of solute concentrations and flow. At both catchments, base cation and alkalinity diluted with increasing flow, whereas nitrate and dissolved organic carbon increased with increasing flow. Sulfate diluted with increasing flow at Sleepers River, while at Pluhuv Bor the sulfate-flow relation shifted from positive to negative as atmospheric sulfur (S) loadings decreased and soil S pools were depleted during the 1990s. At high flow, alkalinity decreased to near 100 μeq L-1 at Pluhuv Bor compared to 400 μeq L-1 at Sleepers River. Despite the large amounts of S flushed from Pluhuv Bor soils, these alkalinity declines were caused solely by dilution, which was greater at Pluhuv Bor relative to Sleepers River due to greater contributions from shallow flow paths at high flow. Although the historical high S loading at Pluhuv Bor has caused soil acidification and possible forest damage, it has had little effect on the acid/base status of streamwater in this well-buffered catchment.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:WAFO.0000028363.48348.a4","issn":"15677230","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., Kram, P., Hruska, J., and Bullen, T., 2004, A biogeochemical comparison of two well-buffered catchments with contrasting histories of acid deposition: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus, v. 4, no. 2-3, p. 325-342, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WAFO.0000028363.48348.a4.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"325","endPage":"342","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209322,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:WAFO.0000028363.48348.a4"}],"volume":"4","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e327e4b0c8380cd45e48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412430,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kram, P.","contributorId":84549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kram","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412433,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hruska, J.","contributorId":84136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hruska","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412432,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bullen, T.D.","contributorId":79911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bullen","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412431,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027123,"text":"70027123 - 2004 - Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-07-12T11:42:23.731087","indexId":"70027123","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"During the MW 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake, peak ground velocities recorded at sites in the central San Bernardino basin region were up to 2 times larger and had significantly longer durations of strong shaking than sites just outside the basin. To better understand the effects of 3D structure on the long-period ground-motion response in this region, we have performed finite-difference simulations for this earthquake. The simulations are numerically accurate for periods of 2 sec and longer and incorporate the detailed spatial and temporal heterogeneity of source rupture, as well as complex 3D basin structure. Here, we analyze three models of the San Bernardino basin: model A (with structural constraints from gravity and seismic reflection data), model F (water well and seismic refraction data), and the Southern California Earthquake Center version 3 model (hydrologic and seismic refraction data). Models A and F are characterized by a gradual increase in sediment thickness toward the south with an abrupt step-up in the basement surface across the San Jacinto fault. The basin structure in the SCEC version 3 model has a nearly uniform sediment thickness of 1 km with little basement topography along the San Jacinto fault. In models A and F, we impose a layered velocity structure within the sediments based on the seismic refraction data and an assumed depth-dependent Vp/Vs ratio. Sediment velocities within the SCEC version 3 model are given by a smoothly varying rule-based function that is calibrated to the seismic refraction measurements. Due to computational limitations, the minimum shear-wave velocity is fixed at 600 m/sec in all of the models. Ground-motion simulations for both models A and F provide a reasonably good match to the amplitude and waveform characteristics of the recorded motions. In these models, surface waves are generated as energy enters the basin through the gradually sloping northern margin. Due to the basement step along the San Jacinto fault, the surface wave energy is confined to the region north of this structure, consistent with the observations. The SCEC version 3 model, lacking the basin geometry complexity present in the other two models, fails to provide a satisfactory match to the characteristics of the observed motions. Our study demonstrates the importance of using detailed and accurate basin geometry for predicting ground motions and also highlights the utility of integrating geological, geophysical, and seismological observations in the development and validation of 3D velocity models.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120030025","usgsCitation":"Graves, R., and Wald, D., 2004, Observed and simulated ground motions in the San Bernardino basin region for the Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 94, no. 1, p. 131-146, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120030025.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"131","endPage":"146","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235627,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Bernardino basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 33.94335994657882\n ],\n [\n -114.47753906249999,\n 33.687781758439364\n ],\n [\n -114.2138671875,\n 34.27083595165\n ],\n [\n -114.5654296875,\n 34.77771580360469\n ],\n [\n -115.3564453125,\n 35.639441068973944\n ],\n [\n -116.6748046875,\n 35.746512259918504\n ],\n [\n -117.333984375,\n 33.94335994657882\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"94","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ae9e4b0c8380cd743fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Graves, R.W. 0000-0001-9758-453X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9758-453X","contributorId":77691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graves","given":"R.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wald, D.J. 0000-0002-1454-4514","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1454-4514","contributorId":43809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wald","given":"D.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027120,"text":"70027120 - 2004 - Influence of natural organic matter source on copper speciation as demonstrated by Cu binding to fish gills, by ion selective electrode, and by DGT gel sampler","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-08-29T16:41:09","indexId":"70027120","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Influence of natural organic matter source on copper speciation as demonstrated by Cu binding to fish gills, by ion selective electrode, and by DGT gel sampler","docAbstract":"Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, 2 g) were exposed to 0−5 μM total copper in ion-poor water for 3 h in the presence or absence of 10 mg C/L of qualitatively different natural organic matter (NOM) derived from water spanning a large gradient in hydrologic residence time. Accumulation of Cu by trout gills was compared to Cu speciation determined by ion selective electrode (ISE) and by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) gel sampler technology. The presence of NOM decreased Cu uptake by trout gills as well as Cu concentrations determined by ISE and DGT. Furthermore, the source of NOM influenced Cu binding by trout gills with high-color, allochthonous NOM decreasing Cu accumulation by the gills more than low-color autochthonous NOM. The pattern of Cu binding to the NOM measured by Cu ISE and by Cu accumulation by DGT samplers was similar to the fish gill results. A simple Cu−gill binding model required an NOM Cu-binding factor (F) that depended on NOM quality to account for observed Cu accumulation by trout gills; values of F varied by a factor of 2. Thus, NOM metal-binding quality, as well as NOM quantity, are both important when assessing the bioavailability of metals such as Cu to aquatic organisms.
","language":"English","publisher":"ACS Publications","doi":"10.1021/es030566y","usgsCitation":"Luider, C., Crusius, J., Playle, R., and Curtis, P., 2004, Influence of natural organic matter source on copper speciation as demonstrated by Cu binding to fish gills, by ion selective electrode, and by DGT gel sampler: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 38, no. 10, p. 2865-2872, https://doi.org/10.1021/es030566y.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"2865","endPage":"2872","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":235556,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-04-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3b5ce4b0c8380cd6246d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Luider, C.D.","contributorId":108298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luider","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Crusius, John 0000-0003-2554-0831 jcrusius@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-0831","contributorId":2155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crusius","given":"John","email":"jcrusius@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":119,"text":"Alaska Science Center Geology Minerals","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Playle, R.C.","contributorId":98092,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Playle","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412419,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Curtis, P.J.","contributorId":23737,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"P.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027115,"text":"70027115 - 2004 - Drainage effects on stream nitrate-N and hydrology in south-central Minnesota (USA)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70027115","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Drainage effects on stream nitrate-N and hydrology in south-central Minnesota (USA)","docAbstract":"Excessive nitrate-N in south-central Minnesota ditches and streams is related to land-use change, and may be contributing to the development of the zone of hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Intensive land-use (agricultural management) has progressively increased as subsurface drainage has improved crop productivity over the past 25 years. We have examined water at varying scales for ??18O and, nitrate-N concentrations. Additionally, analysis of annual peak flows, and channel geomorphic features provided a measure of hydrologic change. Laboratory and field results indicate that agricultural drainage has influenced riverine source waters, concentrations of nitrate-N, channel dimensions and hydrology in the Blue Earth River (BER) Basin. At the mouth of the BER shallow ground water comprises the largest source water component. The highest nitrate-N concentrations in the BER and tributaries typically occurred in May and June and ranged from 7-34 mg L-1. Peak flows for the 1.01-2-yr recurrence intervals increased by 20-to-206% over the past 25 years. Geomorphic data suggest that small channels (ditches) were entrenched by design, whereas, natural channels incised. Increased frequent peak flows in the BER have created laterally confined channels that are disconnected from an accessible riparian corridor. Frequent access to a functioning riparian zone is important for denitrification.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009235.50413.42","issn":"01676369","usgsCitation":"Magner, J., Payne, G.A., and Steffen, J., 2004, Drainage effects on stream nitrate-N and hydrology in south-central Minnesota (USA): Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 91, no. 1-3, p. 183-198, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009235.50413.42.","startPage":"183","endPage":"198","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209225,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009235.50413.42"},{"id":235483,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"91","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a03d0e4b0c8380cd5066f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Magner, J.A.","contributorId":26413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Magner","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412398,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Payne, G. A.","contributorId":62190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Steffen, J.","contributorId":93679,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steffen","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027109,"text":"70027109 - 2004 - Subsurface fate of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in continuous permafrost","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:31","indexId":"70027109","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1264,"text":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Subsurface fate of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in continuous permafrost","docAbstract":"Accidental releases of approximately 2000 m3 of fuel have resulted in subsurface contamination adjacent to Imikpuk Lake, a drinking-water source near Barrow, AK. This paper presents a conceptual model of the distribution and transport of subsurface free-phase hydrocarbons at this site. The mean annual temperature in Barrow is -13 ??C, and average monthly temperatures exceed 0 ??C only during the months of June, July, and August. As a result, the region is underlain by areally continuous permafrost that extends to depths of up to 300 m and constrains subsurface hydrologic processes to a shallow zone that temporarily thaws each summer. During the 1993 and 1994 thaw seasons, the measured depth of thaw varied across the site from approximately 0.5 to 2 m. However, exploratory borings in 1995 showed that free-phase hydrocarbons were present at depths greater than 3 m, indicating that permafrost at this site is not a barrier to the vertical migration of nonaqueous-phase liquids. In 1996, a subsurface containment barrier was installed to prevent lateral movement of contaminated water to Imikpuk Lake, and a recovery trench was excavated upgradient of the barrier to facilitate removal of free-phase hydrocarbons. Free-phase hydrocarbons were recovered from the trench during 1996, 1997, and 1998. Recovery rates diminished over this time, and in 1999, no further product was recovered and the recovery operation was halted. Subsequent exploratory borings in 2001 and 2002 have revealed that some product remains in the subsurface. Data indicate that this remaining product exists in small discrete pockets or very thin layers of hydrocarbon floating on brine. These small reservoirs appear to be isolated from one another by relatively impermeable permafrost. Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Cold Regions Science and Technology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00062-4","issn":"0165232X","usgsCitation":"McCarthy, K., Walker, L., and Vigoren, L., 2004, Subsurface fate of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons in continuous permafrost: Cold Regions Science and Technology, v. 38, no. 1, p. 43-54, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00062-4.","startPage":"43","endPage":"54","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209149,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-232X(03)00062-4"},{"id":235372,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9d64e4b08c986b31d80d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCarthy, K.","contributorId":48287,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCarthy","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412379,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Walker, L.","contributorId":80469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vigoren, L.","contributorId":60423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vigoren","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70027108,"text":"70027108 - 2004 - Effects of dissolved carbonate on arsenate adsorption and surface speciation at the hematite-water interface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:57:48","indexId":"70027108","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of dissolved carbonate on arsenate adsorption and surface speciation at the hematite-water interface","docAbstract":"Effects of dissolved carbonate on arsenate [As(V)] reactivity and surface speciation at the hematite−water interface were studied as a function of pH and two different partial pressures of carbon dioxide gas [PCO2 = 10-3.5 atm and ∼0; CO2-free argon (Ar)] using adsorption kinetics, pseudo-equilibrium adsorption/titration experiments, extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic (EXAFS) analyses, and surface complexation modeling. Different adsorbed carbonate concentrations, due to the two different atmospheric systems, resulted in an enhanced and/or suppressed extent of As(V) adsorption. As(V) adsorption kinetics [4 g L-1, [As(V)]0 = 1.5 mM and I = 0.01 M NaCl] showed carbonate-enhanced As(V) uptake in the air-equilibrated systems at pH 4 and 6 and at pH 8 after 3 h of reaction. Suppressed As(V) adsorption was observed in the air-equilibrated system in the early stages of the reaction at pH 8. In the pseudo-equilibrium adsorption experiments [1 g L-1, [As(V)]0 = 0.5 mM and I = 0.01 M NaCl], in which each pH value was held constant by a pH-stat apparatus, effects of dissolved carbonate on As(V) uptake were almost negligible at equilibrium, but titrant (0.1 M HCl) consumption was greater in the air-equilibrated systems (PCO2 = 10-3.5 atm) than in the CO2-free argon system at pH 4−7.75. The EXAFS analyses indicated that As(V) tetrahedral molecules were coordinated on iron octahedral via bidentate mononuclear (≈2.8 Å) and bidentate binuclear (≈3.3 Å) bonding at pH 4.5−8 and loading levels of 0.46−3.10 μM m-2. Using the results of the pseudo-equilibrium adsorption data and the XAS analyses, the pH-dependent As(V) adsorption under the PCO2 = 10-3.5 atm and the CO2-free argon system was modeled using surface complexation modeling, and the results are consistent with the formation of nonprotonated bidentate surface species at the hematite surfaces. The results also suggest that the acid titrant consumption was strongly affected by changes to electrical double-layer potentials caused by the adsorption of carbonate in the air-equilibrated system. Overall results suggest that the effects of dissolved carbonate on As(V) adsorption were influenced by the reaction conditions [e.g., available surface sites, initial As(V) concentrations, and reaction times]. Quantifying the effects of adsorbed carbonate may be important in predicting As(V) transport processes in groundwater, where iron oxide-coated aquifer materials are exposed to seasonally fluctuating partial pressures of CO2(g).
This paper examines an archive containing over 40 years of 8-day atmospheric forecasts over the contiguous United States from the NCEP reanalysis project to assess the possibilities for using medium-range numerical weather prediction model output for predictions of streamflow. This analysis shows the biases in the NCEP forecasts to be quite extreme. In many regions, systematic precipitation biases exceed 100% of the mean, with temperature biases exceeding 3°C. In some locations, biases are even higher. The accuracy of NCEP precipitation and 2-m maximum temperature forecasts is computed by interpolating the NCEP model output for each forecast day to the location of each station in the NWS cooperative network and computing the correlation with station observations. Results show that the accuracy of the NCEP forecasts is rather low in many areas of the country. Most apparent is the generally low skill in precipitation forecasts (particularly in July) and low skill in temperature forecasts in the western United States, the eastern seaboard, and the southern tier of states. These results outline a clear need for additional processing of the NCEP Medium-Range Forecast Model (MRF) output before it is used for hydrologic predictions. Techniques of model output statistics (MOS) are used in this paper to downscale the NCEP forecasts to station locations. Forecasted atmospheric variables (e.g., total column precipitable water, 2-m air temperature) are used as predictors in a forward screening multiple linear regression model to improve forecasts of precipitation and temperature for stations in the National Weather Service cooperative network. This procedure effectively removes all systematic biases in the raw NCEP precipitation and temperature forecasts. MOS guidance also results in substantial improvements in the accuracy of maximum and minimum temperature forecasts throughout the country. For precipitation, forecast improvements were less impressive. MOS guidance increases he accuracy of precipitation forecasts over the northeastern United States, but overall, the accuracy of MOS-based precipitation forecasts is slightly lower than the raw NCEP forecasts. Four basins in the United States were chosen as case studies to evaluate the value of MRF output for predictions of streamflow. Streamflow forecasts using MRF output were generated for one rainfall-dominated basin (Alapaha River at Statenville, Georgia) and three snowmelt-dominated basins (Animas River at Durango, Colorado: East Fork of the Carson River near Gardnerville, Nevada: and Cle Elum River near Roslyn, Washington). Hydrologic model output forced with measured-station data were used as \"truth\" to focus attention on the hydrologic effects of errors in the MRF forecasts. Eight-day streamflow forecasts produced using the MOS-corrected MRF output as input (MOS) were compared with those produced using the climatic Ensemble Streamflow Prediction (ESP) technique. MOS-based streamflow forecasts showed increased skill in the snowmelt-dominated river basins, where daily variations in streamflow are strongly forced by temperature. In contrast, the skill of MOS forecasts in the rainfall-dominated basin (the Alapaha River) were equivalent to the skill of the ESP forecasts. Further improvements in streamflow forecasts require more accurate local-scale forecasts of precipitation and temperature, more accurate specification of basin initial conditions, and more accurate model simulations of streamflow.
","language":"English","publisher":"AMS Publications","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:UOMNWP>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Clark, M., and Hay, L., 2004, Use of medium-range numerical weather prediction model output to produce forecasts of streamflow: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 15-32, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:UOMNWP>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"32","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478157,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0015:uomnwp>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235192,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"MultiPolygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ],\n [\n -94.64,\n 48.84\n ],\n [\n -94.32914,\n 48.67074\n ],\n [\n -93.63087,\n 48.60926\n ],\n [\n -92.61,\n 48.45\n ],\n [\n -91.64,\n 48.14\n ],\n [\n -90.83,\n 48.27\n ],\n [\n -89.6,\n 48.01\n ],\n [\n -89.27292,\n 48.01981\n ],\n [\n -88.37811,\n 48.30292\n ],\n [\n -87.43979,\n 47.94\n ],\n [\n -86.46199,\n 47.55334\n ],\n [\n -85.65236,\n 47.22022\n ],\n [\n -84.87608,\n 46.90008\n ],\n [\n -84.77924,\n 46.6371\n ],\n [\n -84.54375,\n 46.53868\n ],\n [\n -84.6049,\n 46.4396\n ],\n [\n -84.3367,\n 46.40877\n ],\n [\n -84.14212,\n 46.51223\n ],\n [\n -84.09185,\n 46.27542\n ],\n [\n -83.89077,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.61613,\n 46.11693\n ],\n [\n -83.46955,\n 45.99469\n ],\n [\n -83.59285,\n 45.81689\n ],\n [\n -82.55092,\n 45.34752\n ],\n [\n -82.33776,\n 44.44\n ],\n [\n -82.13764,\n 43.57109\n ],\n [\n -82.43,\n 42.98\n ],\n [\n -82.9,\n 42.43\n ],\n [\n -83.12,\n 42.08\n ],\n [\n -83.142,\n 41.97568\n ],\n [\n -83.02981,\n 41.8328\n ],\n [\n -82.69009,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -82.43928,\n 41.67511\n ],\n [\n -81.27775,\n 42.20903\n ],\n [\n -80.24745,\n 42.3662\n ],\n [\n -78.93936,\n 42.86361\n ],\n [\n -78.92,\n 42.965\n ],\n [\n -79.01,\n 43.27\n ],\n [\n -79.17167,\n 43.46634\n ],\n [\n -78.72028,\n 43.62509\n ],\n [\n -77.73789,\n 43.62906\n ],\n [\n -76.82003,\n 43.62878\n ],\n [\n -76.5,\n 44.01846\n ],\n [\n -76.375,\n 44.09631\n ],\n [\n -75.31821,\n 44.81645\n ],\n [\n -74.867,\n 45.00048\n ],\n [\n -73.34783,\n 45.00738\n ],\n [\n -71.50506,\n 45.0082\n ],\n [\n -71.405,\n 45.255\n ],\n [\n -71.08482,\n 45.30524\n ],\n [\n -70.66,\n 45.46\n ],\n [\n -70.305,\n 45.915\n ],\n [\n -69.99997,\n 46.69307\n ],\n [\n -69.23722,\n 47.44778\n ],\n [\n -68.905,\n 47.185\n ],\n [\n -68.23444,\n 47.35486\n ],\n [\n -67.79046,\n 47.06636\n ],\n [\n -67.79134,\n 45.70281\n ],\n [\n -67.13741,\n 45.13753\n ],\n [\n -66.96466,\n 44.8097\n ],\n [\n -68.03252,\n 44.3252\n ],\n [\n -69.06,\n 43.98\n ],\n [\n -70.11617,\n 43.68405\n ],\n [\n -70.64548,\n 43.09024\n ],\n [\n -70.81489,\n 42.8653\n ],\n [\n -70.825,\n 42.335\n ],\n [\n -70.495,\n 41.805\n ],\n [\n -70.08,\n 41.78\n ],\n [\n -70.185,\n 42.145\n ],\n [\n -69.88497,\n 41.92283\n ],\n [\n -69.96503,\n 41.63717\n ],\n [\n -70.64,\n 41.475\n ],\n [\n -71.12039,\n 41.49445\n ],\n [\n -71.86,\n 41.32\n ],\n [\n -72.295,\n 41.27\n ],\n [\n -72.87643,\n 41.22065\n ],\n [\n -73.71,\n 40.9311\n ],\n [\n -72.24126,\n 41.11948\n ],\n [\n -71.945,\n 40.93\n ],\n [\n -73.345,\n 40.63\n ],\n [\n -73.982,\n 40.628\n ],\n [\n -73.95232,\n 40.75075\n ],\n [\n -74.25671,\n 40.47351\n ],\n [\n -73.96244,\n 40.42763\n ],\n [\n -74.17838,\n 39.70926\n ],\n [\n -74.90604,\n 38.93954\n ],\n [\n -74.98041,\n 39.1964\n ],\n [\n -75.20002,\n 39.24845\n ],\n [\n -75.52805,\n 39.4985\n ],\n [\n -75.32,\n 38.96\n ],\n [\n -75.07183,\n 38.78203\n ],\n [\n -75.05673,\n 38.40412\n ],\n [\n -75.37747,\n 38.01551\n ],\n [\n -75.94023,\n 37.21689\n ],\n [\n -76.03127,\n 37.2566\n ],\n [\n -75.72205,\n 37.93705\n ],\n [\n -76.23287,\n 38.31921\n ],\n [\n -76.35,\n 39.15\n ],\n [\n -76.54272,\n 38.71762\n ],\n [\n -76.32933,\n 38.08326\n ],\n [\n -76.99,\n 38.23999\n ],\n [\n -76.30162,\n 37.91794\n ],\n [\n -76.25874,\n 36.9664\n ],\n [\n -75.9718,\n 36.89726\n ],\n [\n -75.86804,\n 36.55125\n ],\n [\n -75.72749,\n 35.55074\n ],\n [\n -76.36318,\n 34.80854\n ],\n [\n -77.39763,\n 34.51201\n ],\n [\n -78.05496,\n 33.92547\n ],\n [\n -78.55435,\n 33.86133\n ],\n [\n -79.06067,\n 33.49395\n ],\n [\n -79.20357,\n 33.15839\n ],\n [\n -80.30132,\n 32.50935\n ],\n [\n -80.86498,\n 32.0333\n ],\n [\n -81.33629,\n 31.44049\n ],\n [\n -81.49042,\n 30.72999\n ],\n [\n -81.31371,\n 30.03552\n ],\n [\n -80.98,\n 29.18\n ],\n [\n -80.53558,\n 28.47213\n ],\n [\n -80.53,\n 28.04\n ],\n [\n -80.05654,\n 26.88\n ],\n [\n -80.08801,\n 26.20576\n ],\n [\n -80.13156,\n 25.81677\n ],\n [\n -80.38103,\n 25.20616\n ],\n [\n -80.68,\n 25.08\n ],\n [\n -81.17213,\n 25.20126\n ],\n [\n -81.33,\n 25.64\n ],\n [\n -81.71,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -82.24,\n 26.73\n ],\n [\n -82.70515,\n 27.49504\n ],\n [\n -82.85526,\n 27.88624\n ],\n [\n -82.65,\n 28.55\n ],\n [\n -82.93,\n 29.1\n ],\n [\n -83.70959,\n 29.93656\n ],\n [\n -84.1,\n 30.09\n ],\n [\n -85.10882,\n 29.63615\n ],\n [\n -85.28784,\n 29.68612\n ],\n [\n -85.7731,\n 30.15261\n ],\n [\n -86.4,\n 30.4\n ],\n [\n -87.53036,\n 30.27433\n ],\n [\n -88.41782,\n 30.3849\n ],\n [\n -89.18049,\n 30.31598\n ],\n [\n -89.59383,\n 30.15999\n ],\n [\n -89.41373,\n 29.89419\n ],\n [\n -89.43,\n 29.48864\n ],\n [\n -89.21767,\n 29.29108\n ],\n [\n -89.40823,\n 29.15961\n ],\n [\n -89.77928,\n 29.30714\n ],\n [\n -90.15463,\n 29.11743\n ],\n [\n -90.88022,\n 29.14854\n ],\n [\n -91.62678,\n 29.677\n ],\n [\n -92.49906,\n 29.5523\n ],\n [\n -93.22637,\n 29.78375\n ],\n [\n -93.84842,\n 29.71363\n ],\n [\n -94.69,\n 29.48\n ],\n [\n -95.60026,\n 28.73863\n ],\n [\n -96.59404,\n 28.30748\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 27.83\n ],\n [\n -97.37,\n 27.38\n ],\n [\n -97.38,\n 26.69\n ],\n [\n -97.33,\n 26.21\n ],\n [\n -97.14,\n 25.87\n ],\n [\n -97.53,\n 25.84\n ],\n [\n -98.24,\n 26.06\n ],\n [\n -99.02,\n 26.37\n ],\n [\n -99.3,\n 26.84\n ],\n [\n -99.52,\n 27.54\n ],\n [\n -100.11,\n 28.11\n ],\n [\n -100.45584,\n 28.69612\n ],\n [\n -100.9576,\n 29.38071\n ],\n [\n -101.6624,\n 29.7793\n ],\n [\n -102.48,\n 29.76\n ],\n [\n -103.11,\n 28.97\n ],\n [\n -103.94,\n 29.27\n ],\n [\n -104.45697,\n 29.57196\n ],\n [\n -104.70575,\n 30.12173\n ],\n [\n -105.03737,\n 30.64402\n ],\n [\n -105.63159,\n 31.08383\n ],\n [\n -106.1429,\n 31.39995\n ],\n [\n -106.50759,\n 31.75452\n ],\n [\n -108.24,\n 31.75485\n ],\n [\n -108.24194,\n 31.34222\n ],\n [\n -109.035,\n 31.34194\n ],\n [\n -111.02361,\n 31.33472\n ],\n [\n -113.30498,\n 32.03914\n ],\n [\n -114.815,\n 32.52528\n ],\n [\n -114.72139,\n 32.72083\n ],\n [\n -115.99135,\n 32.61239\n ],\n [\n -117.12776,\n 32.53534\n ],\n [\n -117.29594,\n 33.04622\n ],\n [\n -117.944,\n 33.62124\n ],\n [\n -118.4106,\n 33.74091\n ],\n [\n -118.51989,\n 34.02778\n ],\n [\n -119.081,\n 34.078\n ],\n [\n -119.43884,\n 34.34848\n ],\n [\n -120.36778,\n 34.44711\n ],\n [\n -120.62286,\n 34.60855\n ],\n [\n -120.74433,\n 35.15686\n ],\n [\n -121.71457,\n 36.16153\n ],\n [\n -122.54747,\n 37.55176\n ],\n [\n -122.51201,\n 37.78339\n ],\n [\n -122.95319,\n 38.11371\n ],\n [\n -123.7272,\n 38.95166\n ],\n [\n -123.86517,\n 39.76699\n ],\n [\n -124.39807,\n 40.3132\n ],\n [\n -124.17886,\n 41.14202\n ],\n [\n -124.2137,\n 41.99964\n ],\n [\n -124.53284,\n 42.76599\n ],\n [\n -124.14214,\n 43.70838\n ],\n [\n -124.02053,\n 44.6159\n ],\n [\n -123.89893,\n 45.52341\n ],\n [\n -124.07963,\n 46.86475\n ],\n [\n -124.39567,\n 47.72017\n ],\n [\n -124.68721,\n 48.18443\n ],\n [\n -124.5661,\n 48.37971\n ],\n [\n -123.12,\n 48.04\n ],\n [\n -122.58736,\n 47.096\n ],\n [\n -122.34,\n 47.36\n ],\n [\n -122.5,\n 48.18\n ],\n [\n -122.84,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -120,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -117.03121,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -116.04818,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -113,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -110.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -107.05,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -104.04826,\n 48.99986\n ],\n [\n -100.65,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -97.22872,\n 49.0007\n ],\n [\n -95.15907,\n 49\n ],\n [\n -95.15609,\n 49.38425\n ],\n [\n -94.81758,\n 49.38905\n ]\n ]\n ]\n ]\n },\n \"properties\": {\n \"name\": \"United States\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"5","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbf3de4b08c986b329a3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clark, M.P.","contributorId":49558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clark","given":"M.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hay, L.E.","contributorId":54253,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hay","given":"L.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027095,"text":"70027095 - 2004 - Elevational dependence of projected hydrologic changes in the San Francisco Estuary and watershed","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:15:51","indexId":"70027095","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elevational dependence of projected hydrologic changes in the San Francisco Estuary and watershed","docAbstract":"California's primary hydrologic system, the San Francisco Estuary and its upstream watershed, is vulnerable to the regional hydrologic consequences of projected global climate change. Previous work has shown that a projected warming would result in a reduction of snowpack storage leading to higher winter and lower spring-summer streamflows and increased spring-summer salinities in the estuary. The present work shows that these hydrologic changes exhibit a strong dependence on elevation, with the greatest loss of snowpack volume in the 1300–2700 m elevation range. Exploiting hydrologic and estuarine modeling capabilities to trace water as it moves through the system reveals that the shift of water in mid-elevations of the Sacramento river basin from snowmelt to rainfall runoff is the dominant cause of projected changes in estuarine inflows and salinity. Additionally, although spring-summer losses of estuarine inflows are balanced by winter gains, the losses have a stronger influence on salinity since longer spring-summer residence times allow the inflow changes to accumulate in the estuary. The changes in inflows sourced in the Sacramento River basin in approximately the 1300–2200 m elevation range thereby lead to a net increase in estuarine salinity under the projected warming. Such changes would impact ecosystems throughout the watershed and threaten to contaminate much of California's freshwater supply.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013696.14308.b9","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Knowles, N., and Cayan, D., 2004, Elevational dependence of projected hydrologic changes in the San Francisco Estuary and watershed: Climatic Change, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 319-336, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013696.14308.b9.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"319","endPage":"336","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235127,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208982,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013696.14308.b9"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Estuary","volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a08cfe4b0c8380cd51ca4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knowles, N.","contributorId":61212,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knowles","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":412332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027084,"text":"70027084 - 2004 - Albert H. Munsell: A sense of color at the interface of art and science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:43:36","indexId":"70027084","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3419,"text":"Soil Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Albert H. Munsell: A sense of color at the interface of art and science","docAbstract":"The color theory conceived and commercialized by Albert H. Munsell (1858-1918) has become a universal part of the lexicon of soil science. An American painter noted for his seascapes and portraits, he had a long-standing interest in the description of color. Munsell began studies aimed at standardizing color description, using hue, value, and chroma scales, around 1898. His landmark treatise, \"A Color Notation,\" was published in 1905. Munsell died about 30 years before his color charts came into wide-spread use in soil survey programs in the United States. Dorothy Nickerson, who began her career as secretary and laboratory assistant to Munsell's son, and later spent 37 years at USDA as a color-science specialist, did much to adapt the Munsell Color System to soil-color usage. The legacy of color research pioneered by A.H. Munsell is honored today by the Munsell Color Science Laboratory established in 1983 at the Rochester Institute of Technology.","language":"English","publisher":"Ovid","doi":"10.1097/01.ss.0000117789.98510.30","issn":"0038075X","usgsCitation":"Landa, E.R., 2004, Albert H. Munsell: A sense of color at the interface of art and science: Soil Science, v. 169, no. 2, p. 83-89, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ss.0000117789.98510.30.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"83","endPage":"89","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"169","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e954e4b0c8380cd481ed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landa, E. R.","contributorId":100002,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landa","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70027079,"text":"70027079 - 2004 - Hydrologic variability, water chemistry, and phytoplankton biomass in a large flood plain of the Sacramento River, CA, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T09:36:54","indexId":"70027079","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic variability, water chemistry, and phytoplankton biomass in a large flood plain of the Sacramento River, CA, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"The Yolo Bypass, a large, managed floodplain that discharges to the headwaters of the San Francisco Estuary, was studied before, during, and after a single, month-long inundation by the Sacramento River in winter and spring 2000. The primary objective was to identify hydrologic conditions and other factors that enhance production of phytoplankton biomass in the floodplain waters. Recent reductions in phytoplankton have limited secondary production in the river and estuary, and increased phytoplankton biomass is a restoration objective for this system. Chlorophyll a was used as a measure of phytoplankton biomass in this study. Chlorophyll a concentrations were low (<4 μg l−1) during inundation by the river when flow through the floodplain was high, but concentrations rapidly increased as river inflow decreased and the floodplain drained. Therefore, hydrologic conditions in the weeks following inundation by river inflow appeared most important for producing phytoplankton biomass in the floodplain. Discharges from local streams were important sources of water to the floodplain before and after inundation by the river, and they supplied dissolved inorganic nutrients while chlorophyll a was increasing. Discharge from the floodplain was enriched in chlorophyll arelative to downstream locations in the river and estuary during the initial draining and later when local stream inflows produced brief discharge pulses. Based on the observation that phytoplankton biomass peaks during drainage events, we suggest that phytoplankton production in the floodplain and biomass transport to downstream locations would be higher in years with multiple inundation and draining sequences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:hydr.0000018178.85404.1c","issn":"00188158","usgsCitation":"Schemel, L., Sommer, T., Muller-Solger, A.B., and Harrell, W., 2004, Hydrologic variability, water chemistry, and phytoplankton biomass in a large flood plain of the Sacramento River, CA, U.S.A.: Hydrobiologia, v. 513, p. 129-139, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:hydr.0000018178.85404.1c.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"129","endPage":"139","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":209168,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:hydr.0000018178.85404.1c"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento River","volume":"513","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3695e4b0c8380cd60824","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schemel, L. E.","contributorId":89529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schemel","given":"L. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412273,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sommer, T.R.","contributorId":30014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sommer","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412272,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Muller-Solger, A. B.","contributorId":25333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller-Solger","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412271,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Harrell, W.C.","contributorId":7481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harrell","given":"W.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412270,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027058,"text":"70027058 - 2004 - Analysis of modern and Pleistocene hydrologic exchange between Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw Lowlands area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-08-25T16:08:08.572647","indexId":"70027058","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1786,"text":"Geological Society of America Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of modern and Pleistocene hydrologic exchange between Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw Lowlands area","docAbstract":"Two numerical models, one simulating present groundwater flow conditions and one simulating ice-induced hydraulic loading from the Port Huron ice advance, were used to characterize both modern and Pleistocene groundwater exchange between the Michigan Basin and near-surface water systems of Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the surrounding Saginaw Lowlands area. These models were further used to constrain the origin of saline, isotopically light groundwater, and porewater from the study area. Output from the groundwater-flow model indicates that, at present conditions, head in the Marshall aquifer beneath Saginaw Bay exceeds the modern lake elevation by as much as 21 m. Despite this potential for flow, simulated ground-water discharge through the Saginaw Bay floor constitutes only 0.028 m3 s−1 (∼1 cfs). Bedrock lithology appears to regulate the rate of groundwater discharge, as the portion of the Saginaw Bay floor underlain by the Michigan confining unit exhibits an order of magnitude lower flux than the portion underlain by the Saginaw aquifer. The calculated shoreline discharge of groundwater to Saginaw Bay is also relatively small (1.13 m3 s−1 or ∼40 cfs) because of low gradients across the Saginaw Lowlands area and the low hydraulic conductivities of lodgement tills and glacial-lake clays surrounding the bay.
In contrast to the present groundwater flow conditions, the Port Huron ice-induced hydraulic-loading model generates a groundwater-flow reversal that is localized to the region of a Pleistocene ice sheet and proglacial lake. This area of reversed vertical gradient is largely commensurate with the distribution of isotopically light groundwater presently found in the study area. Mixing scenarios, constrained by chloride concentrations and δ18O values in porewater samples, demonstrate that a mixing event involving subglacial recharge could have produced the groundwater chemistry currently observed in the Saginaw Lowlands area. The combination of models and mixing scenarios indicates that structural control is a major influence on both the present and Pleistocene flow systems.
","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1130/B25290.1","usgsCitation":"Hoaglund, J., Kolak, J., Long, D., and Larson, G., 2004, Analysis of modern and Pleistocene hydrologic exchange between Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron) and the Saginaw Lowlands area: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, no. 1-2, p. 3-15, https://doi.org/10.1130/B25290.1.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"15","costCenters":[{"id":255,"text":"Energy Resources Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235623,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Michigan","otherGeospatial":"Saginaw Bay, Saginaw Lowlands","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.7322998046875,\n 44.12308489306967\n ],\n [\n -83.968505859375,\n 43.909765943908\n ],\n [\n -84.0399169921875,\n 43.61619382369185\n ],\n [\n -83.91357421875,\n 43.520671902437606\n ],\n [\n -83.6553955078125,\n 43.55651037504758\n ],\n [\n -83.375244140625,\n 43.73538317799622\n ],\n [\n -83.18298339843749,\n 43.92559366355069\n ],\n [\n -82.891845703125,\n 44.05601169578525\n ],\n [\n -83.1170654296875,\n 44.25700308645885\n ],\n [\n -83.6279296875,\n 44.33956524809713\n ],\n [\n -83.7322998046875,\n 44.12308489306967\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"116","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eb21e4b0c8380cd48c3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hoaglund, J. R. III","contributorId":58423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoaglund","given":"J. R.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolak, J.J.","contributorId":46246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolak","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Long, D.T.","contributorId":67930,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Long","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Larson, G.J.","contributorId":89680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larson","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027038,"text":"70027038 - 2004 - Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:29:46","indexId":"70027038","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction","title":"Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction","docAbstract":"Denitrification was measured within a nitrate‐contaminated aquifer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N nitrate. The aquifer contained zones of relatively high concentrations of nitrite (up to 77 μM) and nitrous oxide (up to 143 μM) and has been the site of previous studies examining ground water denitrification using the acetylene block technique. Small‐scale (15–24 m travel distance) tracer tests were conducted by injecting 15N nitrate and bromide as tracers into a depth interval that contained nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, and excess nitrogen gas. The timing of the bromide breakthrough curves at down‐gradient wells matched peaks in 15N abundance above background for nitrate, nitrite, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen gas after more than 40 days of travel. Results were simulated with a one‐dimensional transport model using linked reaction kinetics for the individual steps of the denitrification reaction pathway. It was necessary to include within the model spatial variations in background concentrations of all nitrogen oxide species. The model indicated that nitrite production (0.036–0.047 μmol N (L aquifer)−1 d−1) was faster than the subsequent denitrification steps (0.013–0.016 μmol N (L aquifer)−1 d−1 for nitrous oxide and 0.013–0.020 μmol N (L aquifer)−1 d−1 for nitrogen gas) and that the total rate of reaction was slower than indicated by both acetylene block tracer tests and laboratory incubations. The rate of nitrate removal by denitrification was much slower than the rate of transport, indicating that nitrate would migrate several kilometers down‐gradient before being completely consumed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2003WR002919","usgsCitation":"Smith, R.L., Bohlke, J., Garabedian, S.P., Revesz, K.M., and Yoshinari, T., 2004, Assessing denitrification in groundwater using natural gradient tracer tests with 15N: In situ measurement of a sequential multistep reaction: Water Resources Research, v. 40, no. 7, p. 1-17, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002919.","productDescription":"W07101; 17 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"17","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478218,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2003wr002919","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":235291,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059edd0e4b0c8380cd49a12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Richard L. 0000-0002-3829-0125 rlsmith@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3829-0125","contributorId":1592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Richard","email":"rlsmith@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":38175,"text":"Toxics Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412096,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":412097,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Garabedian, Stephen P.","contributorId":91090,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garabedian","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412094,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Revesz, Kinga M. krevesz@usgs.gov","contributorId":506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"Kinga","email":"krevesz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":412095,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Yoshinari, Tadashi","contributorId":44335,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Yoshinari","given":"Tadashi","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":412093,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ]}