An expanding hypoxic zone develops each spring and summer on the Louisiana-Texas shelf of the Gulf of Mexico, and nitrogen from the Mississippi River Basin has been implicated as one of the principal causes. Hypoxic conditions, which occur when dissolved oxygen concentrations are less than 2 mg/L, can cause stress or death in bottom-dwelling organisms that cannot leave the zone.
\nThe mid-summer extent of the hypoxic zone has more than doubled since it was first systematically mapped in 1985 [Rabalais et al., 1999]. The largest hypoxic zone measured to date occurred in 1999, when it reached ∼20,000 km2, about the size of the state of New Jersey [Rabalais, 1999].
","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","publisherLocation":"","doi":"10.1029/00EO00244","usgsCitation":"Goolsby, D.A., 2000, Mississippi Basin nitrogen flux believed to cause Gulf hypoxia: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 81, no. 29, p. 321-327, https://doi.org/10.1029/00EO00244.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"321","endPage":"327","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479126,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/00eo00244","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":281160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Gulf of Mexico, Mississippi River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 24.046463999666567\n ],\n [\n -77.783203125,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 48.80686346108517\n ],\n [\n -113.02734374999999,\n 24.046463999666567\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"81","issue":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2011-06-03","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd67c9e4b0b290851019b8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Goolsby, Donald A.","contributorId":46083,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goolsby","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168343,"text":"70168343 - 2000 - Summary of the major water-quality findings from the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-06-20T10:23:18","indexId":"70168343","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-20T13:30:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5059,"text":"Iowa Groundwater Quarterly","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Summary of the major water-quality findings from the Eastern Iowa Basins study unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program","docAbstract":"An integrated assessment of the water quality in streams and aquifers in the Wapsipinicon, Iowa, Cedar, and Skunk River basins was conducted in 1996 through 1998 as part of the Eastern Iowa Basins (EIWA) study unit of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA). The EIWA study unit is one of 59 study units across the Nation designed to assess the status and trends in the quality of the Nation's ground- and surface-water resources and to link the status and trends with an understanding of the natural and human factors that affect the quality of water. Over 90 percent of the land in the EIWA study unit is used for agricultural purposes, while forested areas account for only 4 percent and urban areas about 2 percent of the land.
\nSurface-water samples were collected monthly and during selected storm events from six sites in medium-sized basins (125 to about 400 mi2) and five sites in large river basins (2,300 to 12,500 mi2). The medium-sized basins were selected to be representative of various physical features, hydrogeology, and agricultural landuse (row crops and concentrated animal feeding operations) that may affect water quality. The large river sites were selected to determine the integrated effects of combinations of landuse and hydrogeology on river-water quality.
\nGround-water samples were collected primarily from the alluvial aquifers because of the aquifers' direct hydraulic connection with rivers and streams and because alluvial aquifers are one of the most important sources for domestic, municipal, and industrial water supplies in the study area. Monitoring wells were installed in agricultural and urban areas of the alluvial aquifers to assess the quality of the most recently recharged water in relation to land use. Existing domestic wells screened in alluvial aquifers and the Silurian/Devonian aquifer were sampled to assess deeper and older ground water.
\nSurface- and ground-water samples were analyzed for a wide variety of chemical constituents (major ions, nutrients, and pesticides) commonly associated with agricultural and urban activities. Because they were not expected to occur in rivers and streams, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), commonly comprising fuels, solvents, and other industrial compounds were only analyzed in ground-water samples. The age of the ground water, important information needed to relate ground-water quality to land use, was determined using both tritium and chlorofluorocarbons (Freon?) age-dating methods.
\nResults from the EIWA NAWQA study build on previous and ongoing research and water-quality monitoring programs in Iowa and provide new insights into the relation between the quality of the State's water resources and human activities. The major findings from the study are listed below.
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\"}}]}","volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bc6d48e4b08d617f66629a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhoff, Stephen J. 0000-0003-4110-1716 sjkalkho@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4110-1716","contributorId":1731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kalkhoff","given":"Stephen","email":"sjkalkho@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":35680,"text":"Illinois-Iowa-Missouri Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70168344,"text":"70168344 - 2000 - Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural–chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-07T06:05:59","indexId":"70168344","displayToPublicDate":"2000-04-01T13:45:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural–chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle","docAbstract":"This special issue is devoted to recent and ongoing research relating to the fate and transport of agricultural chemicals in the Mississippi River Basin by the US Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology (Toxics) Program. The Mississippi River Basin drains approximately 3 200 000 km2 representing 41% of the United States. This is the largest river in the United States and the third largest in the world. The Mississippi River discharges an average of 19 920 m3/s of water into the Gulf of Mexico. The river is an extensively used resource, supplying drinking water to 70 cities in the United States.
\nThe Mississippi River Basin has undergone dramatic land use and cultural changes over the last 150 years. Approximately 70 million people now live within the basin, representing approximately 27% of the nation's population. This basin has also become one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world in terms of both crops and livestock grown. Approximately 65% of the nation's harvested cropland is grown in this basin, with more than 100 000 metric tons (t) of pesticides and approximately 6 500 000 t of commercial nitrogen fertilizers applied to cropland within the basin annually. The drainage of more than 20 000 000 ha within the basin has been enhanced by means of tile lines and ditches to lower the water table to make the cropland more productive. While removing the water from the soil as intended, this practice also leads to more rapid transport of contaminants to the river, and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, the extensive chemical use in the Mississippi River Basin has led to the transport of pesticides and nitrate into the region’s streams, aquifers, and atmosphere. An estimated 1 000 000 t of nitrate-N is transported from the Mississippi River Basin into the Gulf of Mexico annually. The peak annual load of herbicides to the Gulf of Mexico has been documented at 1920 t. The fundamental goal of the papers presented in this volume is to provide a scientific basis for decisions necessary to promote sound and efficient agricultural practices and protect the quality of the nation's water resources.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00530-6","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D.W., 2000, Importance of the Mississippi River Basin for investigating agricultural–chemical contamination of the hydrologic cycle: Science of the Total Environment, v. 248, no. 2-3, p. 71-72, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00530-6.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"71","endPage":"72","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":317919,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"248","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56bc6d45e4b08d617f66628d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":619766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70207885,"text":"70207885 - 2000 - Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-16T16:04:43","indexId":"70207885","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-16T15:58:23","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1109,"text":"Bulletin of Volcanology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i","docAbstract":"High-resolution bathymetric mapping has shown that submarine flat-topped volcanic cones, morphologically similar to ones on the deep sea floor and near mid-ocean ridges, are common on or near submarine rift zones of Kilauea, Kohala (or Mauna Kea), Mahukona, and Haleakala volcanoes. Four flat-topped cones on Kohala were explored and sampled with the Pisces V submersible in October 1998. Samples show that flat-topped cones on rift zones are constructed of tholeiitic basalt erupted during the shield stage. Similarly shaped flat-topped cones on the northwest submarine flank of Ni'ihau are apparently formed of alkalic basalt erupted during the rejuvenated stage. Submarine postshield-stage eruptions on Hilo Ridge, Mahukona, Hana Ridge, and offshore Ni'ihau form pointed cones of alkalic basalt and hawaiite. The shield stage flat-topped cones have steep (∼25°) sides, remarkably flat horizontal tops, basal diameters of 1–3 km, and heights <300 m. The flat tops commonly have either a low mound or a deep crater in the center. The rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones have the same shape with steep sides and flat horizontal tops, but are much larger with basal diameters up to 5.5 km and heights commonly greater than 200 m. The flat tops have a central low mound, shallow crater, or levees that surrounded lava ponds as large as 1 km across. Most of the rejuvenated-stage flat-topped cones formed on slopes <10° and formed adjacent semicircular steps down the flank of Ni'ihau, rather than circular structures. All the flat-topped cones appear to be monogenetic and formed during steady effusive eruptions lasting years to decades. These, and other submarine volcanic cones of similar size and shape, apparently form as continuously overflowing submarine lava ponds. A lava pond surrounded by a levee forms above a sea-floor vent. As lava continues to flow into the pond, the lava flow surface rises and overflows the lowest point on the levee, forming elongate pillow lava flows that simultaneously build the rim outward and upward, but also dam and fill in the low point on the rim. The process repeats at the new lowest point, forming a circular structure with a flat horizontal top and steep pillowed margins. There is a delicate balance between lava (heat) supply to the pond and cooling and thickening of the floating crust. Factors that facilitate construction of such landforms include effusive eruption of lava with low volatile contents, moderate to high confining pressure at moderate to great ocean depth, long-lived steady eruption (years to decades), moderate effusion rates (probably ca. 0.1 km3/year), and low, but not necessarily flat, slopes. With higher effusion rates, sheet flows flood the slope. With lower effusion rates, pillow mounds form. Hawaiian shield-stage eruptions begin as fissure eruptions. If the eruption is too brief, it will not consolidate activity at a point, and fissure-fed flows will form a pond with irregular levees. The pond will solidify between eruptive pulses if the eruption is not steady. Lava that is too volatile rich or that is erupted in too shallow water will produce fragmental and highly vesicular lava that will accumulate to form steep pointed cones, as occurs during the post-shield stage. The steady effusion of lava on land constructs lava shields, which are probably the subaerial analogs to submarine flat-topped cones but formed under different cooling conditions.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature Switzerland ","doi":"10.1007/s004450000088","usgsCitation":"Clague, D., Moore, J.G., and Reynolds, J., 2000, Formation of submarine flat-topped volcanic cones in Hawai'i: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 62, p. 214-233, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450000088.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"214","endPage":"233","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":371326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hawaii","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 17.8742034396575\n ],\n [\n -154.27001953125,\n 17.8742034396575\n ],\n [\n -154.27001953125,\n 23.160563309048314\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 23.160563309048314\n ],\n [\n -161.6748046875,\n 17.8742034396575\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"62","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Clague, D.","contributorId":9398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clague","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moore, James G. 0000-0002-7543-2401 jmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-2401","contributorId":2892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"James","email":"jmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, J.R.","contributorId":72942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207707,"text":"70207707 - 2000 - Milestones in Antarctic Ice Sheet history: Preliminary results from Leg 188 drilling in Prydz Bay Antarctica","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-14T16:19:23.791264","indexId":"70207707","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-07T11:44:18","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2128,"text":"JOIDES Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Milestones in Antarctic Ice Sheet history: Preliminary results from Leg 188 drilling in Prydz Bay Antarctica","docAbstract":"The Antarctic Ice Sheet is one of the great features of our planet. It plays a pivotal role in global atmospheric circulation and the sea-ice zone around it produces cold waters that control much of the ocean’s deep circulation. The Antarctic Ice Sheet is also the largest store of fresh water on earth and controls short-term sea level changes. The history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet has been pieced together from various sources. For the late Quaternary, ice cores contain a detailed record of accumulation, air temperature and atmospheric composition. For the Cenozoic, information has come from distal marine oxygen isotope records, records of detrital output from the continent and fragmentary outcrops in ice-free areas on the continent. These records have been augmented by drilling on the Antarctic continental margin to try and recover direct evidence of glacial ice and to investigatethe transition from pre-glacial to the full polar glacial conditions that we see today.
","language":"English","publisher":"Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling","issn":"0734-5615","usgsCitation":"O’Brien, P.E., Cooper, A.K., Richter, C., Macphail, M., and Truswell, E., 2000, Milestones in Antarctic Ice Sheet history: Preliminary results from Leg 188 drilling in Prydz Bay Antarctica: JOIDES Journal, v. 26, no. 2, p. 4-10.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"4","endPage":"10","costCenters":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":406686,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://odplegacy.org/program_admin/joides_journal.html"},{"id":371038,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Antarctica, Prydz Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 55.986328125,\n -72.58082870324515\n ],\n [\n 102.48046875,\n -72.58082870324515\n ],\n [\n 102.48046875,\n -61.48075950007598\n ],\n [\n 55.986328125,\n -61.48075950007598\n ],\n [\n 55.986328125,\n -72.58082870324515\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"26","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"O’Brien, P. E.","contributorId":91271,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"O’Brien","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cooper, Alan K. acooper@usgs.gov","contributorId":2854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cooper","given":"Alan","email":"acooper@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":779033,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richter, Carl","contributorId":27861,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Richter","given":"Carl","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779034,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Macphail, M","contributorId":221599,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Macphail","given":"M","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779035,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Truswell, E.M.","contributorId":221600,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Truswell","given":"E.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":779036,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70200410,"text":"70200410 - 2000 - Primary food resources in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-16T16:23:28","indexId":"70200410","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T16:23:19","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Primary food resources in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","docAbstract":"The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, a complex mosaic of tidal freshwater habitats, is now a focus of ecosystem rehabilitation because of changes in critical functions associated with its geographic location at the landestuary interface. One of these functions is the production, transport, and transformation of organic matter that constitutes the “primary food supply,” that is, the food supply to the base of the food web. Interest in the primary food supply is motivated by evidence for sub-optimal food quantity or quality at trophic levels that support fish recruitment, including primary consumers such as clams, mysids, cladocerans, rotifers, and native copepods. We used the historical data set to examine the magnitudes of the most important organic matter sources for the Delta, the factors underlying their interannual and longer-term variability, and the implications of ecosystem rehabilitation actions for these sources. Here, we present a summary of the first phase of the analysis, including the quantitative importance of different organic matter sources and some of the hydrological controls on their year-to-year variability. The full report of this first phaseincluding data sources, the methods of calculation, and references, is in press elsewhere (Jassby and Cloern forthcoming). The historical data analysis is part of a larger project in which measurements of stable isotopes and biogeochemical markers, and experiments on organic matter biodegradation and zooplankton growth rates, are being used collectively to define the primary food resources and their quality.
","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Estuary","usgsCitation":"Jassby, A.D., and Cloern, J.E., 2000, Primary food resources in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 13, no. 3, p. 21-25.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"25","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358449,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":358448,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Environmental-Services/Interagency-Ecological-Program/Files/Newsletters/IEP-Newsletter-2000-Vol13-Issue3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta","volume":"13","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10fbdde4b034bf6a8091b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jassby, Alan D.","contributorId":66403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jassby","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":748742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":748743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70093771,"text":"70093771 - 2000 - Stable isotope evolution and paleolimnology of ancient Lake Creede","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-18T12:28:45","indexId":"70093771","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T15:38:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable isotope evolution and paleolimnology of ancient Lake Creede","docAbstract":"The lacustrine carbonate and travertine (tufa) deposits of ancient Lake Creede preserve a remarkable record of the isotopic evolution of the lake. That record indicates that the δ18O of the lake water, and by analogy its salinity, evolved through evaporation. Limited and less reliable data on hydrous minerals and fluid inclusions in early diagenetic carbonates indicate that the δD of the lake waters also evolved through evaporation. The isotope data place restrictions on models of the physical limnology of the lake and its evolution.
The closed-basin Lake Creede formed shortly after collapse of the 26.9 Ma Creede caldera. Throughout most of its history it occupied the northern three quarters of the moat between the resurgent dome and wall of the caldera. The Creede Formation was deposited in the basin, dominantly as lacustrine sediments. Travertine mounds interfinger with Creede Formation sediments along the inner and outer margins of the lake basin. An estimated one-half of the original thickness of the Creede Formation has been lost mainly to erosion although scattered remnants of the upper portion remain on the caldera walls. Two diamond core holes (CCM-1 and CCM-2) sampled the uneroded portion of the Creede Formation as part of the U.S. Continental Drilling Program. Volcaniclastic material, including tuff units deposited directly into the lake and ash washed in from the watershed, compose the main lithologies of the Creede Formation. These volcaniclastic strata were produced by episodic ring-fracture volcanism.
Lacustrine carbonates make up about 15% of the section sampled by drill core. They occur as 1 mm to 2 cm low-Mg calcite laminae alternating with siliciclastic laminae in scattered intervals throughout the preserved section. The carbonate laminae are accumulations of 5–20 µm crystallites (microsparites) and brine shrimp fecal pellets (peloids) composed mainly of microsparite particles. Low-Mg calcite also occurs as an early diagenetic replacement of gypsum or ikaite (CaCO3 ·6H2O) crystals grown displacively in the muds and silts near the water-sediment interface (rice grains). Other studies indicate that aragonite was the original CaCO3 precipitate forming the microsparite and peloidal laminae and that it converted to calcite during burial diagenesis. Samples from CCM-2 and nearby outcrop do not appear to have undergone significant isotope exchange during recrystallization. Samples from CCM-1 and nearby outcrop, however, appear to have undergone extensive oxygen isotope exchange with meteoric water-dominated fluids possibly during a local 17.6 Ma hydrothermal event.
The δ18O-δ13C data set produced by microsampling of individual carbonate lamellae and rice grains is exceptional in several aspects and provides important clues concerning the evolution of limnologic structure of the lake and its chemical and isotopic composition. Travertine and ikaite pseudomorphs in travertine deposits extend the record an additional 330 m above the collar of CCM-2. The δ18O values on CCM-2 samples range from 10.4‰ to 37.3‰ and δ13C values range from –10.8‰ to 9.6‰. The data fall into two distinct groups, a covariant group and an invariant group. The covariant group shows a strong negative covariance and a large range of δ18O and δ13C values. The negative covariance is opposite that normally reported for lacustrine carbonates. The large range of δ18O and δ13C values requires that the carbonates precipitated from waters have a large range of temperature and carbon and oxygen isotopic composition. The invariant group has a narrow range of large δ18O values (35‰ ± 2‰) and a wide range of δ13C values (–10.8‰ to 9.6‰), indicating precipitation from waters with a narrow range of temperature and δ18O but a wide range in δ13C of aqueous carbon. The ranges of isotope values for microsparite and peloid samples are virtually identical; two-thirds are in the covariant group. By contrast, the values for almost all rice grain samples are in the invariant group. The range in δ18O for all samples reflects precipitation from waters having varying proportions of deep, cold evaporated lake water and shallow, warmer meteoric water. The range for δ13C reflects varying proportions of organic carbon and carbon of volcanic or atmospheric origin, probably dominantly volcanic, in the aqueous carbon.
Changes in the detailed carbon-oxygen isotope systematics with stratigraphic position define three periods of isotopic evolution of Lake Creede. Period I is represented by the lowest ~200 m of Creede Formation core in CCM-2. Analyses of individual microsparite and peloidal carbonate laminae within single thin sections of samples from that interval are tightly grouped. The data set as a whole shows a negative covariance. Rice grains are not found in this interval. Period II is represented by the succeeding 120 m of core in CCM-2. In that interval, δ13C-δ18O values for individual microsparite and peloidal carbonate laminae within single thin sections show strong negative covariance, and the set of values for the entire interval also shows strong negative covariance. Rice grains occur near the top of the interval. Period III is represented by the upper 225 m of CCM-2 core. In this interval, rice grains are abundant and δ13C-δ18O values for microsparite and peloidal laminae as well as rice grains fall in the invariant group.
During Period I the lake was well mixed and the oxygen isotopic composition of the lake in the productive zone was only slightly influenced by short-term (e.g., annual) variations in the water budget of the lake. In Period II the lake was stratified, possibly with annual overturn. The productive zone included the mixolimnion and the isotopic composition of the microsparites and peloids reflected mixtures of shallow surface (meteoric) water containing volcanic or atmospheric CO2 (epilimnion) and cold underlying waters, the oxygen isotopic compositions of which had evolved through evaporation and were dominated by CO2 produced by the oxidation of organic matter (hypolimnion). During Period III the lake remained stratified. The productive zone was in the hypolimnion, probably due to a thinning of the epilimnion resulting from an increase in the surface area of the lake or a decrease in input waters reflecting a climate change. An upsection increase in values of δ18O for the heaviest samples during Periods I and II indicates evaporative concentration of 18O and, by analogy, salinity in the hypolimnion.
The δD-δ18O evolution of the lake is inferred on theoretical evaporation trends, comparison to Mono Lake, and measurement of the δD in fluid inclusions in a calcite pseudomorph after ikaite. The δD-δ18O composition of the lake water followed a curved path that eventually hooked over at a nearly constant δ18O value for the lake of 2‰ ± 2‰
Travertine (tufa) mounds formed along the inner and outer margins of the lake in a zone of mixing of warm, volcanic CO2-bearing, meteoric waters and lake water. Ikaite crystals formed on the mounds from unmixed saline lake water, probably below the thermocline. As the position of the thermocline deepened, likely following the spring runoff, the ikaite was replaced by calcite and the resulting “pearls” were covered with travertine deposited from mixed meteoric and lake waters.
The upsection increase in δ18O values of the carbonates, the long period of invariance of large δ18OH2O values, the presence of brine shrimp fecal pellets, and the inferred hooked δD-δ18O path are consistent with evidence from other studies that Lake Creede obtained significant salinity rather early in its history and certainly by the time the lake became permanently stratified.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"GSA Special Papers","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.233","usgsCitation":"Rye, R.O., Bethke, P., and Finkelstein, D., 2000, Stable isotope evolution and paleolimnology of ancient Lake Creede: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 233-265, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.233.","productDescription":"33 p.","startPage":"233","endPage":"265","numberOfPages":"33","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":282376,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":282335,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.233"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","city":"Creede","otherGeospatial":"Lake Creede","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -106.934323,37.841685 ], [ -106.934323,37.869147 ], [ -106.919627,37.869147 ], [ -106.919627,37.841685 ], [ -106.934323,37.841685 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd73e1e4b0b29085109352","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rye, Robert O. rrye@usgs.gov","contributorId":1486,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rye","given":"Robert","email":"rrye@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":490213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bethke, Philip M.","contributorId":52829,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bethke","given":"Philip M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490214,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Finkelstein, David B.","contributorId":64687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Finkelstein","given":"David B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":490215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70200567,"text":"70200567 - 2000 - Rhyolite themobarometry and the shallowing of the magma reservoir, Coso volcanic field, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-24T11:00:59","indexId":"70200567","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T11:00:42","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2420,"text":"Journal of Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rhyolite themobarometry and the shallowing of the magma reservoir, Coso volcanic field, California","docAbstract":"The compositionally bimodal Pleistocene Coso volcanic field is located at the western margin of the Basin and Range province ∼60 km north of the Garlock fault. Thirty-nine nearly aphyric high-silica rhyolite domes were emplaced in the past million years: one at 1 Ma from a transient magma reservoir, one at ∼0·6 Ma, and the rest since ∼0·3 Ma. Over the past 0·6 My, the depth from which the rhyolites erupted has decreased and their temperatures have become slightly higher. Pre-eruptive conditions of the rhyolite magmas, calculated from phenocryst compositions using the two-oxide thermometer and the Al-in-hornblende barometer, ranged from 740°C and 270 MPa (2·7 kbar; ∼10 km depth) for the ∼0·6 Ma magma, to 770°C and 140 MPa (1·4 kbar; ∼5·5 km) for the youngest (∼0·04 Ma) magma. Results are consistent with either a single rhyolitic reservoir moving upward through the crust, or a series of successively shallower reservoirs. As the reservoir has become closer to the surface, eruptions have become both more frequent and more voluminous.
","language":"English","publisher":"Oxford Academic","doi":"10.1093/petrology/41.1.149","usgsCitation":"Manley, C., and Bacon, C.R., 2000, Rhyolite themobarometry and the shallowing of the magma reservoir, Coso volcanic field, California: Journal of Petrology, v. 41, no. 1, p. 149-174, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/41.1.149.","productDescription":"26 p.","startPage":"149","endPage":"174","costCenters":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":358728,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Magma Reservoir, Coso Volcanic Field","volume":"41","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5c10fbf4e4b034bf6a8091b7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Manley, C.R.","contributorId":68072,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manley","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":749606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70073336,"text":"70073336 - 2000 - Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-02T06:27:33","indexId":"70073336","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:41:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system","docAbstract":"The filling history, hydrologic budget, and geomorphic development of ancient Lake Creede and its tributary basin are evaluated to determine the factors that controlled its character. The lake filled the Creede caldera that formed in the late Oligocene as a consequence of the eruption of the Snowshoe Mountain Tuff. The caldera's sedimentary fill accumlated to a depth of about 1.26 km and had a volume of about 89 km3. The highest lake level was ~3300 m (10,800 ft) present altitude before it drained eastward across a broad volcanic plateau as the ancestral Rio Grande. A tributary canyon several hundred meters deep was cut into hard rhyolite in the north wall of the caldera before the lake was more than half full; its presence demonstrates that ancient Lake Creede filled slowly and thus occupied a long-lived, closed basin. The slow filling rate is incompatible with the present water flux through the Creede caldera basin, because such a flow would fill the basin geologically instantaneously. This mismatch, together with the recognition that the Oligocene climate was similar to that of today, forces the reexamination of the hydrologic and geomorphic history of the caldera. That appraisal shows that the caldera cannot have resurged rapidly immediately after caldera collapse, and that ancient watershed must have been lass than half as large as the present upper Rio Grande basin. The ancient lake had a more or less constant surface area of about 200 km2 that approximated a steady-state condition between inflow and evaporation. Although the lake level fluctuated with climatic variations, its surface elevation steadily climbed as sediment accumulated, accelerating as resurgance and dome growth usurped spacewithin the basin. It could have had one playa stage early in its development and another after the basin had nearly filled with sediment, but there is no direct evidence for either. At least the lower half of the sedimentary column (the part sampled by the scientific drilling) formed in an euxinic environment. This argues against a persistent early playa, although evaporative accumulation of brine was inevitable. When the rate of resurgance was rapid relative to sedimentary infilling, the lake would have been deep (i.e., bordered by bedrock rather than sedimentary fans). The geomorphic evolution of the Creede caldera and its watershed tracks a two-phase topographic history, the first the Oligocene through Miocene, and the second for Pliocene to the recent. In Oligocene time, the San Juan volcanic field was a hydrologically immature, gently undulating, and outward sloping, constructional volcanic plateau straddling the ancient Continental Divide. West of the Creede caldera, a dendritic drainage discharged northeastward into ancestral Cebolla Creek (a tributary of the ancestral Gunnison River) through an early stage of the Clear Creek graben in the vicinity of Spring Creek Pass. Miocene basalt choked, but did not reconstruct, the drainage. By the end of Miocene time a mature topography of moderate relief developed, exposing some of the higher ores in the Creede district to weathering. In the late Miocene-early Pliocene time the San Juan Mountains were uplifted and titled eastward; the ancestral Rio Grande was revitalized and cut deeply into the older terrain, excavating much of the accessible sediment from the moat of the Creede caldera and exposing successively lowe levels in the Creede district to oxidation. Simultaneously, the southeast end of the Clear Creek graben was reactivated and breached the southwest wall of the Creede caldera. The rejuvenated Rio Grande captured the formerly northeast-directed headwaters of ancestral Cebolla Creek, shifting more than 1000 km2 from the Pacific-directed drainage to the Atlantic. The water budget for ancient Lake Creede was strictly limited by the early stages of the fist geomorphic cycle; the modern water budget is the product of the second cycle.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105","issn":" 00721077","usgsCitation":"Barton, P., Steven, T., and Hayba, D.O., 2000, Hydrologic budget of the late Oligocene Lake Creede and the evolution of the upper Rio Grande drainage system: GSA Special Papers, v. 346, p. 105-126, https://doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"126","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[{"id":245,"text":"Eastern Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":281162,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":281158,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0-8137-2346-9.105"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Lake Creede","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -107.5,37.5 ], [ -107.5,38.0 ], [ -106.5,38.0 ], [ -106.5,37.5 ], [ -107.5,37.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"346","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"53cd6167e4b0b290850fd81d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barton, Paul B.","contributorId":97128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barton","given":"Paul B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Steven, Thomas A.","contributorId":57529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steven","given":"Thomas A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":488600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayba, Daniel O. 0000-0003-4092-1894 dhayba@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-1894","contributorId":396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayba","given":"Daniel","email":"dhayba@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":488599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70209576,"text":"70209576 - 2000 - SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-14T15:14:09.938037","indexId":"70209576","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T10:08:15","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3310,"text":"Rocky Mountain Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province","docAbstract":"Sensitive, high-resolution, ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon ages from a sample of the high-grade, hornblende-feldspathic Big Creek gneiss of the southeastern Sierra Madre, along with samples of a quartz monzonitic phase of the Boulder Creek batholith, help define timing of three major Paleoproterozoic thermo-tectonic events within the northern Colorado province at approximately 1810, 1710, and 1610 Ma. Previous ages determined for these key rock units were problematic; they hindered regional tectonic interpretations of the Paleoproterozoic crustal accretion history of the Colorado province that extends from the Cheyenne belt of southern Wyoming to north-central New Mexico. The Colorado province has been popularly modelled as a series of accreted oceanic volcano-plutonic arc systems and associated sediments, although alternative interpretations suggest that the series represents continental-margin arc rocks.
The Big Creek gneiss has been interpreted as a high-grade basement equivalent of the oldest arc volcanic rocks exposed within the Green Mountain arc terrane, but it also has been suspected of being either an older block of pre-arc basement or perhaps an allochthonous piece of crust from slightly older orogens to the east and north. Previous ID-TIMS work on mg-size zircon fractions yielded U-Pb concordia upper-intercept ages of 1618 ± 22 and 1684 ± 5 Ma as well as negative lower-intercept ages, indicating complex U-Pb isotopic systematics involving at least two ages of zircon growth overprinted by at least one episode of Pb-loss. Zircons from this gneiss were analyzed using the SHRIMP, and a total of 32 spot analyses on both centers and rims produced a range of different 207Pb/206Pb ages between ∼1840 and ∼1560 Ma. The weighted mean of the oldest 207Pb/206Pb ages is 1812 ± 12 Ma and is interpreted to estimate the age of the protolith that appears to be slightly older than lower-grade metabasalts and associated plutons at ∼1790–1775 Ma. This protolith age of 1812 Ma further implies that significantly older crust (> 1820 Ma; e.g., Penokean orogeny) is not found in the Green Mountain magmatic arc. The youngest 207Pb/206Pb ages of ∼1610 Ma are interpreted to represent a time of new zircon growth during highly localized high-grade metamorphism—an event that also produced local granitic magmatism at ∼1625 Ma.
The Boulder Creek batholith had been dated previously using the ID-TIMS, U-Pb zircon technique that yielded ages at ∼1670 and ∼1714 Ma, a 45-m.y. discrepancy that left the true age of the batholith in doubt. Zircons from two samples, previously dated using the ID-TIMS method, were analyzed using SHRIMP, and yielded concordia upper-intercept ages of 1713 ± 10 and 1721 ± 15 Ma. These results, combined with two earlier U-Pb zircon determinations, help to establish the age of the Boulder Creek batholith at 1714.4 ± 4.6 Ma (weighted mean), an age more compatible with those for the other large, tonalitic to quartz monzonitic, syntectonic plutons within the northern Colorado province. The new Boulder Creek age helps to establish a discrete period of plutonism (∼1735–1705 Ma) that is syn- to post-tectonic with respect to major regional structures of deformation and metamorphism in the northern Colorado province. Assuming the multiple oceanic arc accretion model, the new age for the mid-crustal emplacement of this batholith into a deforming composite back-arc basin may date the closure of that basin during crustal shortening.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wyoming","doi":"10.2113/35.1.31","usgsCitation":"Premo, W.R., and Fanning, C., 2000, SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for Big Creek gneiss, Wyoming and Boulder Creek batholith, Colorado: Implications for timing of Paleoproterozoic accretion of the northern Colorado province: Rocky Mountain Geology, v. 35, no. 1, p. 31-50, https://doi.org/10.2113/35.1.31.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"50","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":373959,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -106.4520263671875,\n 40.204050425113294\n ],\n [\n -104.4140625,\n 40.204050425113294\n ],\n [\n -104.4140625,\n 42.15933157601718\n ],\n [\n -106.4520263671875,\n 42.15933157601718\n ],\n [\n -106.4520263671875,\n 40.204050425113294\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"35","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Premo, Wayne R. 0000-0001-9904-4801 wpremo@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9904-4801","contributorId":1697,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Premo","given":"Wayne","email":"wpremo@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":786999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fanning, C. Mark","contributorId":46814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fanning","given":"C. Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":787000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70174039,"text":"70174039 - 2000 - Trophic ecology of largemouth bass and northern pike in allopatric and sympatric assemblages in northern boreal lakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-08T14:58:56","indexId":"70174039","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1176,"text":"Canadian Journal of Zoology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Trophic ecology of largemouth bass and northern pike in allopatric and sympatric assemblages in northern boreal lakes","docAbstract":"Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and northern pike (Esox lucius) are top predators in the food chain in most aquatic environments that they occupy; however, limited information exists on species interactions in the northern reaches of largemouth bass distribution. We investigated the seasonal food habits of allopatric and sympatric assemblages of largemouth bass and northern pike in six interior lakes within Voyageurs National Park, Minnesota. Percentages of empty stomachs were variable for largemouth bass (38-54%) and northern pike (34.7-66.7%). Fishes (mainly yellow perch, Perca flavescens) comprised greater than 60% (mean percent mass, MPM) of the northern pike diet during all seasons in both allopatric and sympatric assemblages. Aquatic insects (primarily Odonata and Hemiptera) were important in the diets of largemouth bass in all communities (0.0-79.7 MPM). Although largemouth bass were observed in the diet of northern pike, largemouth bass apparently did not prey on northern pike. Seasonal differences were observed in the proportion of aquatic insects (P = 0.010) and fishes (P = 0.023) in the diets of northern pike and largemouth bass. Based on three food categories, jackknifed classifications correctly classified 77 and 92% of northern pike and largemouth bass values, respectively. Percent resource overlap values were biologically significant (greater than 60%) during at least one season in each sympatric assemblage, suggesting some diet overlap.
","language":"English","publisher":"NRC Research Press","doi":"10.1139/z00-126","usgsCitation":"Soupir, C.A., Brown, M., and Kallemeyn, L.W., 2000, Trophic ecology of largemouth bass and northern pike in allopatric and sympatric assemblages in northern boreal lakes: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 78, no. 10, p. 1759-1766, https://doi.org/10.1139/z00-126.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"1759","endPage":"1766","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324326,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Voyageurs National Parks","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -93.1585693359375,\n 48.61656946813302\n ],\n [\n -93.03497314453125,\n 48.61747733567233\n ],\n [\n -92.92785644531249,\n 48.60658184761339\n ],\n [\n -92.73834228515625,\n 48.53479452317522\n ],\n [\n -92.63946533203124,\n 48.53843177405044\n ],\n [\n -92.62985229492188,\n 48.506596968085894\n ],\n [\n -92.6971435546875,\n 48.49840764096436\n ],\n [\n -92.713623046875,\n 48.468368787493915\n ],\n [\n -92.69577026367188,\n 48.451976459625996\n ],\n [\n -92.66006469726562,\n 48.439223211480595\n ],\n [\n -92.53921508789062,\n 48.44560023585716\n ],\n [\n -92.51174926757812,\n 48.44560023585716\n ],\n [\n -92.4774169921875,\n 48.424644149283594\n ],\n [\n -92.45407104492188,\n 48.41097247934197\n ],\n [\n -92.47467041015625,\n 48.34712273417819\n ],\n [\n -92.46368408203125,\n 48.30146673770983\n ],\n [\n -92.52410888671875,\n 48.30146673770983\n ],\n [\n -92.75344848632812,\n 48.37723330604312\n ],\n [\n -92.96768188476561,\n 48.398208936781806\n ],\n [\n -93.04733276367188,\n 48.43011178780492\n ],\n [\n -93.10775756835936,\n 48.486576276944774\n ],\n [\n -93.22860717773438,\n 48.47747334905567\n ],\n [\n -93.18603515624999,\n 48.61293783470649\n ],\n [\n -93.1585693359375,\n 48.61656946813302\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"78","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"576d0839e4b07657d1a37594","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soupir, Craig A.","contributorId":172411,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Soupir","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brown, Michael L.","contributorId":171903,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Brown","given":"Michael L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kallemeyn, Larry W.","contributorId":53320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kallemeyn","given":"Larry","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":640634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70185232,"text":"70185232 - 2000 - Multivariate correlation between concentrations of selected herbicides and derivatives in outflows from selected U.S. midwestern reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T10:55:24","indexId":"70185232","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Multivariate correlation between concentrations of selected herbicides and derivatives in outflows from selected U.S. midwestern reservoirs","docAbstract":"Multivariate correlations between the concentrations of selected herbicides and herbicide derivatives in outflows from selected reservoirs in the Midwestern United States for April 1992 through September 1993 were investigated using principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate curve resolution (MCR). Two independent sources for alachlor ethanesulfonic acid, one major source related to spring flush and seasonal runoff and another minor source related to groundwater, were identified using PCA. Results of MCR provided a semiquantitative interpretation of the environmental sources of the observed herbicide concentrations in reservoir outflows and allowed the examination of their temporal and geographical distributions. Samples with higher herbicide concentrations were collected from reservoirs in Indiana and Ohio, especially during the late spring and summer.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es000884m","usgsCitation":"Tauler, R., Barcelo, D., and Thurman, E., 2000, Multivariate correlation between concentrations of selected herbicides and derivatives in outflows from selected U.S. midwestern reservoirs: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 34, no. 16, p. 3307-3314, https://doi.org/10.1021/es000884m.","productDescription":"8 p. ","startPage":"3307","endPage":"3314","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337752,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"34","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-07-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58cba422e4b0849ce97dc792","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tauler, R.","contributorId":189430,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Tauler","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684815,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barcelo, D.","contributorId":24107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barcelo","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E.M.","contributorId":102864,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684817,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70184260,"text":"70184260 - 2000 - Comparisons of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogastor)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T12:12:06","indexId":"70184260","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2373,"text":"Journal of Mammalogy","onlineIssn":"1545-1542","printIssn":"0022-2372","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparisons of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogastor)","docAbstract":"Dominance ranks in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) were determined from 6 measurements that mimicked environmental situations that might be encountered by prairie voles in communal groups, including agonistic interactions resulting from competition for food and water and encounters in burrows. Male and female groups of 6 individuals each were tested against one another in pairwise encounters (i.e., dyads) for 5 of the measurements and together as a group in a 6th measurement. Two types of response variables, aggressive behaviors and possession time of a limiting resource, were collected during trials, and those data were used to determine cardinal ranks and principal component ranks for all animals within each group. Cardinal ranks and principal component ranks seldom yielded similar rankings for each animal across measurements. However, dominance measurements that were conducted in similar environmental contexts, regardless of the response variable recorded, ranked animals similarly. Our results suggest that individual dominance measurements assessed situation- or resource-specific responses. Our study demonstrates problems inherent in determining dominance rankings of individuals within groups, including choosing measurements, response variables, and statistical techniques. Researchers should avoid using a single measurement to represent social dominance until they have first demonstrated that a dominance relationship between 2 individuals has been learned (i.e., subsequent interactions show a reduced response rather than an escalation), that this relationship is relatively constant through time, and that the relationship is not context dependent. Such assessments of dominance status between all dyads then can be used to generate dominance rankings within social groups.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Mammalogists","doi":"10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:COMFDD>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lanctot, R.B., and Best, L.B., 2000, Comparisons of methods for determining dominance rank in male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogastor): Journal of Mammalogy, v. 81, no. 3, p. 734-745, https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:COMFDD>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"734","endPage":"745","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0734:comfdd>2.3.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":336874,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58be833ee4b014cc3a3a9a09","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lanctot, Richard B.","contributorId":31894,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanctot","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":135,"text":"Biological Resources Division","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":17786,"text":"Carleton University","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":680790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Best, Louis B.","contributorId":52525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":680791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70182193,"text":"70182193 - 2000 - Magma storage and mixing conditions for the 1953-1974 eruption of Southwest Trident volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:09:42","indexId":"70182193","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Magma storage and mixing conditions for the 1953-1974 eruption of Southwest Trident volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska","docAbstract":"Between 1953 and 1974, approximately 0.5 km3 of andesite and dacite erupted from a new vent on the southwest flank of Trident volcano in Katmai National Park, Alaska, forming an edifice now known as Southwest (or New) Trident. Field, analytical, and experimental evidence shows that the eruption commenced soon after mixing of dacite and andesite magmas at shallow crustal levels. Four lava flows (58.3–65.5 wt% SiO2) are the dominant products of the eruption; these contain discrete andesitic enclaves (55.8–58.9 wt% SiO2) as well as micro- and macro-scale compositional banding. Tephra from the eruption spans the same compositional range as lava flows; however, andesite scoria (56–58.1 wt% SiO2) is more abundant relative to dacite tephra, and is the explosively erupted counterpart to andesite enclaves. Fe–Ti oxide pairs from andesite scoria show a limited temperature range, clustered around 1000 °C. Temperatures from grains found in dacite lavas possess a wider range; however, cores from large (>100 μm) magnetite and coexisting ilmenite give temperatures of ∼890 °C, taken to represent a pre-mixing temperature for the dacite. Water contents from dacite phenocryst melt inclusions and phase equilibria experiments on the andesite imply that the two magmas last resided at a water pressure of 90 MPa, and contained ∼3.5 wt% H2O, equivalent to 3 km depth if saturated. Unzoned pyroxene and sodic plagioclase in the dacite suggest that it likely underwent significant crystallization at this depth; highly resorbed anorthitic plagioclase from the andesite suggests that it originated at greater depths and underwent relatively rapid ascent until it reached 3 km, mixed with dacite, and erupted. Diffusion profiles in phenocrysts suggest that mixing preceded eruption of earliest lava by approximately one month. The lack of a compositional gap in the erupted rock suite indicates that thorough mixing of the andesite and dacite occurred quickly, via disaggregation of enclaves, phenocryst transfer from one magma to another, and direct mixing of compositionally distinct melt phases.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004100000166","usgsCitation":"Coombs, M.L., Eichelberger, J.C., and Rutherford, M.J., 2000, Magma storage and mixing conditions for the 1953-1974 eruption of Southwest Trident volcano, Katmai National Park, Alaska: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 140, no. 1, p. 99-118, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004100000166.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"118","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335848,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Katmai National Park, Trident volcano","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -155.511474609375,\n 58.04736494678224\n ],\n [\n -154.83306884765625,\n 58.04736494678224\n ],\n [\n -154.83306884765625,\n 58.431919821835315\n ],\n [\n -155.511474609375,\n 58.431919821835315\n ],\n [\n -155.511474609375,\n 58.04736494678224\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"140","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-11-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e32e4b0ce4410e7d610","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coombs, Michelle L. 0000-0002-6002-6806 mcoombs@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6002-6806","contributorId":2809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coombs","given":"Michelle","email":"mcoombs@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669928,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eichelberger, John C.","contributorId":64971,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eichelberger","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rutherford, Malcom J.","contributorId":102368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rutherford","given":"Malcom","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":669930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70182186,"text":"70182186 - 2000 - Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-21T11:12:48","indexId":"70182186","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1321,"text":"Conservation Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds","docAbstract":"Metapopulation theory has proven useful for understanding the population structure and dynamics of many species of conservation concern. The metapopulation concept has been applied almost exclusively to nonmigratory species, however, for which subpopulation demographic independence—a requirement for a classically defined metapopulation - is explicitly related to geographic distribution and dispersal probabilities. Defining the degree of demographic independence among subpopulations of migratory animals, and thus the applicability of metapopulation theory as a conceptual framework for understanding population dynamics, is much more difficult. Unlike nonmigratory species, subpopulations of migratory animals cannot be defined as synonymous with geographic areas. Groups of migratory birds that are geographically separate at one part of the annual cycle may occur together at others, but co-occurrence in time and space does not preclude the demographic independence of subpopulations. I suggest that metapopulation theory can be applied to migratory species but that understanding the degree of subpopulation independence may require information about both spatial distribution throughout the annual cycle and behavioral mechanisms that may lead to subpopulation demographic independence. The key for applying metapopulation theory to migratory animals lies in identifying demographically independent subpopulations, even as they move during the annual cycle and potentially co-occur with other subpopulations. Using examples of migratory bird species, I demonstrate that spatial and temporal modes of subpopulation independence can interact with behavioral mechanisms to create demographically independent subpopulations, including cases in which subpopulations are not spatially distinct in some parts of the annual cycle.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x","usgsCitation":"Esler, D., 2000, Applying metapopulation theory to conservation of migratory birds: Conservation Biology, v. 14, no. 2, p. 366-372, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98147.x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"366","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":335847,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ac0e32e4b0ce4410e7d612","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Esler, Daniel 0000-0001-5501-4555 desler@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5501-4555","contributorId":5465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esler","given":"Daniel","email":"desler@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":12437,"text":"Simon Fraser University, Centre for Wildlife Ecology","active":true,"usgs":false},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":669927,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70180862,"text":"70180862 - 2000 - Estimating the impacts of oil spills on polar bears","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-06T08:41:10","indexId":"70180862","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":897,"text":"Arctic Research of the United States","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating the impacts of oil spills on polar bears","docAbstract":"The polar bear is the apical predator and universal symbol of the Arctic. They occur throughout the Arctic marine environment wherever sea ice is prevalent. In the southern Beaufort Sea, polar bears are most common within the area of the outer continental shelf, where the hunt for seals along persistent leads and openings in the ice. Polar bears are a significant cultural and subsistence component of the lifestyles of indigenous people. They may also be one of the most important indicators of the health of the Arctic marine environment. Polar bears have a late age of maturation, a long inter0brth period, and small liter sizes. These life history features make polar bear populations susceptible to natural and human perturbations.
Petroleum exploration and extraction have been in progress along the coast of northern Alaska for more than 25 years. Until recently, most activity has taken place on the mainland or at sites connected to the shore by a causeway. In 1999, BP Exploration-Alaska began constructing the first artificial production island designed to transport oil through sub-seafloor pipelines. Other similar projects have been proposed to begin in the next several years.
The proximity of oil exploration and development to principal polar bear habitats raises concerns, and with the advent of true off-shore development projects, these concerns are compounded. Contact with oil and other industrial chemicals by polar bears, through grooming, consumption of tainted food, or direct consumption of chemicals, may be lethal. The active ice where polar bears hunt is also where spilled oil may be expected to concentrate during spring break-up and autumn freeze-up. Because of this, we could expect that an oil spill in the waters and ice of the continental shelf would have profound effects on polar bears. Assessments of the effects of spills, however, have not been done. This report described a promising method for estimating the effects of oil spills on polar bears in the Arctic marine environment. It uses enough real data to illuminate necessary calculations and illustrate the value of the methods. The results and conclusions presented here are only examples of possible scenarios resulting from a new estimation method. Final assessment of the potential impacts to polar bears of an oil spill remains a work in progress.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Science Foundation","publisherLocation":"Arlington, VA","usgsCitation":"Durner, G.M., Amstrup, S.C., and McDonald, T.L., 2000, Estimating the impacts of oil spills on polar bears: Arctic Research of the United States, v. 14, no. 2, p. 33-37.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"37","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":334792,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":334791,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.arctic.gov/publications/related/arotus.html"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska, Northwest Territories, Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 68.64055504059381\n ],\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 72.28906720017675\n ],\n [\n -132.4951171875,\n 72.28906720017675\n ],\n [\n -132.4951171875,\n 68.64055504059381\n ],\n [\n -160.5322265625,\n 68.64055504059381\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"14","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"589847aae4b0efcedb7072db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Durner, George M. 0000-0002-3370-1191 gdurner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3370-1191","contributorId":3576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Durner","given":"George","email":"gdurner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":662625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McDonald, Trent L.","contributorId":92193,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonald","given":"Trent","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":6660,"text":"Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":662627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70159393,"text":"70159393 - 2000 - Identifying populations potentially exposed to agricultural pesticides using remote sensing and a Geographic Information System","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-17T15:57:43.847017","indexId":"70159393","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1542,"text":"Environmental Health Perspectives","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying populations potentially exposed to agricultural pesticides using remote sensing and a Geographic Information System","docAbstract":"Pesticides used in agriculture may cause adverse health effects among the population living near agricultural areas. However, identifying the populations most likely to be exposed is difficult. We conducted a feasibility study to determine whether satellite imagery could be used to reconstruct historical crop patterns. We used historical Farm Service Agency records as a source of ground reference data to classify a late summer 1984 satellite image into crop species in a three-county area in south central Nebraska. Residences from a population-based epidemiologic study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma were located on the crop maps using a geographic information system (GIS). Corn, soybeans, sorghum, and alfalfa were the major crops grown in the study area. Eighty-five percent of residences could be located, and of these 22% had one of the four major crops within 500 m of the residence, an intermediate distance for the range of drift effects from pesticides applied in agriculture. We determined the proximity of residences to specific crop species and calculated crop-specific probabilities of pesticide use based on available data. This feasibility study demonstrated that remote sensing data and historical records on crop location can be used to create historical crop maps. The crop pesticides that were likely to have been applied can be estimated when information about crop-specific pesticide use is available. Using a GIS, zones of potential exposure to agricultural pesticides and proximity measures can be determined for residences in a study.
","language":"English","publisher":"National Institutes of Health","doi":"10.1289/ehp.001085","usgsCitation":"Ward, M.H., Nuckols, J.R., Weigel, S.J., Maxwell, S.K., Cantor, K.P., and Miller, R.S., 2000, Identifying populations potentially exposed to agricultural pesticides using remote sensing and a Geographic Information System: Environmental Health Perspectives, v. 108, no. 1, p. 5-12, https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.001085.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"5","endPage":"12","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":488327,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.001085","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":310643,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nebraska","county":"Adams County, Buffalo County, Hall County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-98.2829,40.6992],[-98.278,40.6987],[-98.2796,40.6107],[-98.2797,40.5794],[-98.2799,40.5699],[-98.2797,40.5277],[-98.2798,40.524],[-98.278,40.3512],[-98.3443,40.3516],[-98.3829,40.3512],[-98.3878,40.3513],[-98.4964,40.3526],[-98.5006,40.3518],[-98.6098,40.3521],[-98.7244,40.352],[-98.7247,40.4368],[-98.7262,40.6894],[-98.7384,40.6873],[-98.7487,40.6874],[-98.7554,40.687],[-98.7688,40.6853],[-98.7785,40.6827],[-98.7919,40.6796],[-98.7998,40.6797],[-98.8107,40.6776],[-98.818,40.6767],[-98.8307,40.6755],[-98.8357,40.6719],[-98.8527,40.6652],[-98.8594,40.6653],[-98.8661,40.6604],[-98.8758,40.6591],[-98.8849,40.6605],[-98.8898,40.6592],[-98.8977,40.6557],[-98.9026,40.6539],[-98.9202,40.6549],[-98.9365,40.6542],[-98.9462,40.6565],[-98.9589,40.6553],[-98.9849,40.66],[-98.9965,40.6565],[-99.0031,40.6561],[-99.0183,40.658],[-99.0268,40.6563],[-99.0341,40.6536],[-99.0698,40.653],[-99.0874,40.6549],[-99.1025,40.6577],[-99.1219,40.6542],[-99.1388,40.6603],[-99.1534,40.6576],[-99.1794,40.6587],[-99.2061,40.6589],[-99.2194,40.6599],[-99.2382,40.6591],[-99.2521,40.6623],[-99.2606,40.6619],[-99.2842,40.6602],[-99.2848,40.6598],[-99.2927,40.6626],[-99.3024,40.6667],[-99.306,40.6676],[-99.3145,40.6686],[-99.3356,40.671],[-99.346,40.6665],[-99.352,40.6656],[-99.369,40.6652],[-99.3775,40.6644],[-99.3926,40.6653],[-99.4114,40.6663],[-99.4168,40.6686],[-99.4166,40.6995],[-99.4269,40.7],[-99.4249,40.8732],[-99.4248,40.9599],[-99.4247,41.0466],[-99.3199,41.0479],[-99.2078,41.0477],[-99.0647,41.0471],[-98.9763,41.0469],[-98.9495,41.0462],[-98.7484,41.0476],[-98.7228,41.0474],[-98.5175,41.0483],[-98.286,41.0468],[-98.2826,40.9596],[-98.2829,40.8725],[-98.2829,40.6992]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Adams\",\"state\":\"NE\"}}]}","volume":"108","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"562f4eb8e4b093cee780a29c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ward, Mary H.","contributorId":92550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ward","given":"Mary","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nuckols, John R.","contributorId":87037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nuckols","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Weigel, Stephanie J.","contributorId":149432,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weigel","given":"Stephanie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578371,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maxwell, Susan K.","contributorId":90198,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maxwell","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":844816,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Cantor, Kenneth P.","contributorId":47252,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cantor","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578372,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Ryan S.","contributorId":49005,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Miller","given":"Ryan","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":578373,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":1001703,"text":"1001703 - 2000 - White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T13:09:31","indexId":"1001703","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":737,"text":"American Midland Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings","docAbstract":"White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were videotaped depredating four songbird nests in grassland habitats in southeastern and northcentral North Dakota, 1996-1999. Deer ate two Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis), two grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum), one clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida), one red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and three brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) nestlings. Deer removed nestlings quickly (5-19 sec/nest) at night (22:00 to 05:17 Central Daylight Time) and left no evidence of predation. Although probably opportunistic, deer predations clearly were deliberate and likely are more common than generally believed.","language":"English","publisher":"University of Notre Dame","doi":"10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0419:WTDOVP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Pietz, P., and Granfors, D.A., 2000, White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) predation on grassland songbird nestlings: American Midland Naturalist, v. 144, p. 419-422, https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2000)144[0419:WTDOVP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"419","endPage":"422","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133765,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"144","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e1e4b07f02db5e48b5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pietz, Pamela J. ppietz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2382,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pietz","given":"Pamela J.","email":"ppietz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":311548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Granfors, Diane A.","contributorId":174567,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Granfors","given":"Diane","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000955,"text":"1000955 - 2000 - Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-23T13:02:12","indexId":"1000955","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context","docAbstract":"The restoration and rehabilitation of the native fish communities is a long-term goal for the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Lake Superior, the ongoing restoration of the native lake trout populations is now regarded as one of the major success stories in fisheries management. However, populations of the deepwater morphotype (siscowet lake trout) have increased much more substantially than those of the nearshore morphotype (lean lake trout), and the ecosystem now contains an assemblage of exotic species such as sea lamprey, rainbow smelt, and Pacific salmon (chinook, coho, and steelhead). Those species play an important role in defining the constraints and opportunities for ecosystem management. We combined an equilibrium mass balance model (Ecopath) with a dynamic food web model (Ecosim) to evaluate the ecological consequences of future alternative management strategies and the interaction of two different sets of life history characteristics for fishes at the top of the food web. Relatively rapid turnover rates occur among the exotic forage fish, rainbow smelt, and its primary predators, exotic Pacific salmonids. Slower turnover rates occur among the native lake trout and burbot and their primary prey—lake herring, smelt, deepwater cisco, and sculpins. The abundance of forage fish is a key constraint for all salmonids in Lake Superior. Smelt and Mysis play a prominent role in sustaining the current trophic structure. Competition between the native lake trout and the exotic salmonids is asymmetric. Reductions in the salmon population yield only a modest benefit for the stocks of lake trout, whereas increased fishing of lake trout produces substantial potential increases in the yields of Pacific salmon to recreational fisheries. The deepwater or siscowet morphotype of lake trout has become very abundant. Although it plays a major role in the structure of the food web it offers little potential for the restoration of a valuable commercial or recreational fishery. Even if a combination of strong management actions is implemented, the populations of lean (nearshore) lake trout cannot be restored to pre-fishery and pre-lamprey levels. Thus, management strategy must accept the ecological constraints due in part to the presence of exotics and choose alternatives that sustain public interest in the resources while continuing the gradual progress toward restoration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s100210000048","usgsCitation":"Kitchell, J.F., Cox, S.P., Harvey, C.J., Johnson, T.B., Mason, D.M., Schoen, K.K., Aydin, K., Bronte, C., Ebener, M., Hansen, M., Hoff, M., Schram, S., Schreiner, D., and Walters, C.J., 2000, Sustainability of the Lake Superior fish community: Interactions in a food web context: Ecosystems, v. 3, no. 6, p. 545-560, https://doi.org/10.1007/s100210000048.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"545","endPage":"560","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133575,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2014-03-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kitchell, James F.","contributorId":18324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kitchell","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309966,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cox, Sean P.","contributorId":73970,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cox","given":"Sean","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309972,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Harvey, Chris J.","contributorId":42931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"Chris","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309969,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Johnson, Timothy B.","contributorId":49753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Johnson","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mason, Doran M.","contributorId":75114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"Doran","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309973,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schoen, Kurt K.","contributorId":103634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoen","given":"Kurt","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309979,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Aydin, Kerim","contributorId":81460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aydin","given":"Kerim","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bronte, Charles","contributorId":83073,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bronte","given":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Ebener, Mark","contributorId":97060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ebener","given":"Mark","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hansen, Michael","contributorId":80231,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hansen","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hoff, Michael","contributorId":80232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoff","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Schram, Steve","contributorId":69519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schram","given":"Steve","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309971,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Schreiner, Don","contributorId":20702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schreiner","given":"Don","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Walters, Carl J.","contributorId":25122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walters","given":"Carl","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":1002695,"text":"1002695 - 2000 - Mapping and converting essential Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata into MARC21 and Dublin Core: towards an alternative to the FGDC Clearinghouse","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:08","indexId":"1002695","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1363,"text":"D-Lib","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mapping and converting essential Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata into MARC21 and Dublin Core: towards an alternative to the FGDC Clearinghouse","docAbstract":"The purpose of this article is to raise and address a number of issues related to the conversion of Federal Geographic Data Committee metadata into MARC21 and Dublin Core. We present an analysis of 466 FGDC metadata records housed in the National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) node of the FGDC Clearinghouse, with special emphasis on the length of fields and the total length of records in this set. One of our contributions is a 34 element crosswalk, a proposal that takes into consideration the constraints of the MARC21 standard as implemented in OCLC's World Cat and the realities of user behavior. ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"D-Lib","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Chandler, A., Foley, D., and Hafez, A., 2000, Mapping and converting essential Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) metadata into MARC21 and Dublin Core: towards an alternative to the FGDC Clearinghouse: D-Lib, v. 6, no. 1, p. 1-1.","productDescription":"1 Web page","startPage":"1","endPage":"1","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":455,"text":"National Wetlands Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":15439,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.dlib.org/dlib/january00/chandler/01chandler.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"7034.000000000000000"},{"id":129412,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b0be4b07f02db69de77","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chandler, A.","contributorId":27402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chandler","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Foley, D.","contributorId":29356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Foley","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312153,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hafez, A.M.","contributorId":71128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hafez","given":"A.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312154,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1016161,"text":"1016161 - 2000 - Fire frequency in the Interior Columbia River Basin: Building regional models from fire history data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T21:47:56.075511","indexId":"1016161","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fire frequency in the Interior Columbia River Basin: Building regional models from fire history data","docAbstract":"Fire frequency affects vegetation composition and successional pathways; thus it is essential to understand fire regimes in order to manage natural resources at broad spatial scales. Fire history data are lacking for many regions for which fire management decisions are being made, so models are needed to estimate past fire frequency where local data are not yet available. We developed multiple regression models and tree-based (classification and regression tree, or CART) models to predict fire return intervals across the interior Columbia River basin at 1-km resolution, using georeferenced fire history, potential vegetation, cover type, and precipitation databases. The models combined semiqualitative methods and rigorous statistics. The fire history data are of uneven quality; some estimates are based on only one tree, and many are not cross-dated. Therefore, we weighted the models based on data quality and performed a sensitivity analysis of the effects on the models of estimation errors that are due to lack of cross-dating. The regression models predict fire return intervals from 1 to 375 yr for forested areas, whereas the tree-based models predict a range of 8 to 150 yr. Both types of models predict latitudinal and elevational gradients of increasing fire return intervals. Examination of regional-scale output suggests that, although the tree-based models explain more of the variation in the original data, the regression models are less likely to produce extrapolation errors. Thus, the models serve complementary purposes in elucidating the relationships among fire frequency, the predictor variables, and spatial scale. The models can provide local managers with quantitative information and provide data to initialize coarse-scale fire-effects models, although predictions for individual sites should be treated with caution because of the varying quality and uneven spatial coverage of the fire history database. The models also demonstrate the integration of qualitative and quantitative methods when requisite data for fully quantitative models are unavailable. They can be tested by comparing new, independent fire history reconstructions against their predictions and can be continually updated, as better fire history data become available.","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1497:FFITIC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"McKenzie, D., Peterson, D.L., and Agee, J.K., 2000, Fire frequency in the Interior Columbia River Basin: Building regional models from fire history data: Ecological Applications, v. 10, no. 5, p. 1497-1516, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1497:FFITIC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"1497","endPage":"1516","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135954,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Columbia River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 46.89023157359399\n ],\n [\n -120.9375,\n 46.76996843356982\n ],\n [\n -121.640625,\n 45.5679096098613\n ],\n [\n -122.23388671874999,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -122.6953125,\n 41.902277040963696\n ],\n [\n -122.34374999999999,\n 40.91351257612758\n ],\n [\n -120.73974609374999,\n 40.56389453066509\n ],\n [\n -120.10253906249999,\n 39.67337039176558\n ],\n [\n -119.92675781249999,\n 38.53097889440024\n ],\n [\n -119.17968749999999,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -118.564453125,\n 37.82280243352756\n ],\n [\n -115.79589843749999,\n 39.8928799002948\n ],\n [\n -115.1806640625,\n 40.16208338164617\n ],\n [\n -114.0380859375,\n 40.12849105685408\n ],\n [\n -113.37890625,\n 39.9434364619742\n ],\n [\n -112.2802734375,\n 40.613952441166596\n ],\n [\n -107.841796875,\n 42.35854391749705\n ],\n [\n -106.4794921875,\n 42.85985981506279\n ],\n [\n -107.11669921875,\n 43.866218006556394\n ],\n [\n -107.38037109375,\n 44.49650533109348\n ],\n [\n -108.45703125,\n 45.36758436884978\n ],\n [\n -108.08349609375,\n 47.07012182383309\n ],\n [\n -106.083984375,\n 47.44294999517949\n ],\n [\n -105.908203125,\n 48.151428143221224\n ],\n [\n -108.8525390625,\n 48.1367666796927\n ],\n [\n -110.0830078125,\n 49.023461463214126\n ],\n [\n -121.11328124999999,\n 49.009050809382046\n ],\n [\n -120.498046875,\n 47.45780853075031\n ],\n [\n -120.05859375,\n 46.89023157359399\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"10","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fbe4b07f02db5f446f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKenzie, D.","contributorId":34093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKenzie","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, D. 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We tested a widely used habitat suitability model against translocation success and then modified it to include additional factors which improved its usefulness in predicting appropriate translocation sites. The modified Smith habitat suitability model for bighorn sheep was 64% accurate in predicting success or failure of 32 translocations of bighorn sheep into the Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau desert, and prairie-badlands of six states. We had sheep location data for 13 populations, and the modified habitat model predicted the areas used by bighorn sheep with greater than 90% accuracy in eight populations, greater than 55% accuracy in four populations, and less than 55% accuracy in one population. Translocations were more successful when sheep were placed into discrete habitat patches containing a high proportion of lambing period habitat (>10% of suitable habitat, p = 0.05), where animals had a migratory tendency ( p = 0.02), no contact with domestic sheep ( p = 0.02), or greater distance to domestic sheep (>23 km, p = 0.02). Rate of population growth was best predicted by area of lambing period habitat, potential area of winter range, and distance to domestic sheep. We retested the model using these refined criteria and the refined model then predicted success or failure of these 32 translocated populations with 82% accuracy.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80064.x","usgsCitation":"Zeigenfuss, L., Singer, F.J., and Gudorf, M., 2000, Test of a modified habitat suitability model for bighorn sheep: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 4S, p. 38-46, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80064.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"38","endPage":"46","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130121,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db684c2d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zeigenfuss, L. C.","contributorId":69089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322275,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322277,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gudorf, M.A.","contributorId":92205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gudorf","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322276,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1003657,"text":"1003657 - 2000 - Field surveys of Midwestern and Northeastern Fish and Wildlife Service lands for the presence of abnormal frogs and toads","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-18T13:57:00","indexId":"1003657","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2555,"text":"Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field surveys of Midwestern and Northeastern Fish and Wildlife Service lands for the presence of abnormal frogs and toads","docAbstract":"The national distribution of information on the discovery of malformations in Minnesota frogs in 1995 stimulated collection and examination of newly metamorphosed frogs during 1996. By late summer and early fall of 1996, malformed frogs and toads were reported on U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) lands in Vermont (Northeast, Region 5) and Minnesota (Midwest, Region 3). In response to these reports, biologists in USFWS Regions 3 and 5 conducted a survey, during the summer of 1997 to determine the distribution and type of malformations in frogs and toads on selected federal lands. Region 3 personnel surveyed 38 field stations at National Wildlife Refuges (NWR's) and Wetland Management Districts. Malformed frogs and toads were collected at 23 (61%) of the Region 3 sites. External malformations were detected in 110 of 6632 individuals representing seven of 13 frog species and one of three toad species examined for an overall of 1.7% affected (percentages for affected species ranged from 0.4-5.2%). In Region 5, 17 NWR's and one National Park were surveyed. Malformed frogs were collected at 10 (56%) of the Region 5 sites. External malformations were detected in 58 of 2267 individuals representing six of 11 frog species and one of two toad species examined for an overall total of 2.6% affected (percentages for affected species ranged from 1.8-15.6%). The majority of malformations observed in frogs and toads collected in Regions 3 and 5 were partially or completely missing hind limbs and digits (50%)or malformed hind limbs and digits (14%). A few individuals had an extra limb or toe, missing or malformed front limb, missing eye, or malformation of the mandible. Despite small sample sizes at some sites, malformations were confirmed to be present in eight species of frogs and two species of toads on Federal lands in USFWS Regions 3 and 5. Further study is needed to determine the extent and distribution of amphibian malformations in these Regions. Data from this study were provided to the national database on distribution of malformed amphibians.
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A.","contributorId":81436,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Converse","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mattsson, J.","contributorId":21514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mattsson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Eaton-Poole, L.","contributorId":69521,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eaton-Poole","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015099,"text":"1015099 - 2000 - Monitoring shifts in plant diversity in response to climate change: A method for landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T09:50:00","indexId":"1015099","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1006,"text":"Biodiversity and Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring shifts in plant diversity in response to climate change: A method for landscapes","docAbstract":"Improved sampling designs are needed to detect, monitor, and predict plant migrations and plant diversity changes caused by climate change and other human activities. We propose a methodology based on multi-scale vegetation plots established across forest ecotones which provide baseline data on patterns of plant diversity, invasions of exotic plant species, and plant migrations at landscape scales in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. We established forty two 1000-m2 plots in relatively homogeneous forest types and the ecotones between them on 14 vegetation transects. We found that 64% of the variance in understory species distributions at landscape scales were described generally by gradients of elevation and under-canopy solar radiation. Superimposed on broad-scale climatic gradients are small-scale gradients characterized by patches of light, pockets of fertile soil, and zones of high soil moisture. Eighteen of the 42 plots contained at least one exotic species; monitoring exotic plant invasions provides a means to assess changes in native plant diversity and plant migrations. Plant species showed weak affinities to overstory vegetation types, with 43% of the plant species found in three or more vegetation types. Replicate transects along several environmental gradients may provide the means to monitor plant diversity and species migrations at landscape scales because: (1) ecotones may play crucial roles in expanding the geophysiological ranges of many plant species; (2) low affinities of understory species to overstory forest types may predispose vegetation types to be resilient to rapid environmental change; and (3) ecotones may help buffer plant species from extirpation and extinction.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1008995726486","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Owen, A., and Lee, M., 2000, Monitoring shifts in plant diversity in response to climate change: A method for landscapes: Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 9, no. 1, p. 65-86, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008995726486.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"86","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131472,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69908d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322145,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Owen, A.J.","contributorId":62557,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Owen","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322147,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lee, M.","contributorId":32484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322146,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1015330,"text":"1015330 - 2000 - Estimating cumulative effects of clearcutting on stream temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:42:13","indexId":"1015330","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3303,"text":"Rivers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimating cumulative effects of clearcutting on stream temperatures","docAbstract":"The Stream Segment Temperature Model was used to estimate cumulative effects of large-scale timber harvest on stream temperature. Literature values were used to create parameters for the model for two hypothetical situations, one forested and the other extensively clearcut. Results compared favorably with field studies of extensive forest canopy removal. The model provided insight into the cumulative effects of clearcutting. Change in stream shading was, as expected, the most influential factor governing increases in maximum daily water temperature, accounting for 40% of the total increase. Altered stream width was found to be more influential than changes to air temperature. Although the net effect from clearcutting was a 4oC warming, increased wind and reduced humidity tended to cool the stream. Temperature increases due to clearcutting persisted 10 km downstream into an unimpacted forest segment of the hypothetical stream, but those increases were moderated by cooler equilibrium conditions downstream. The model revealed that it is a complex set of factors, not single factors such as shade or air temperature, that governs stream temperature dynamics.","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bartholow, J., 2000, Estimating cumulative effects of clearcutting on stream temperatures: Rivers, v. 7, no. 4, p. 284-297.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"284","endPage":"297","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fc952","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bartholow, J.M.","contributorId":54530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bartholow","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ]}