Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRF or T-RFLP) analysis and 16S rDNA sequence analysis from clone libraries were used to examine cyanobacterial diversity in three types of predominant soil crusts in an arid grassland. Total DNA was extracted from cyanobacteria-, lichen-, or moss-dominated crusts that represent different successional stages in crust development, and which contribute different amounts of carbon and nitrogen into the ecosystem. Cyanobacterial 16S rRNA genes were amplified by PCR using cyanobacteria-specific 16S rDNA primers. Both TRF and clone sequence analyses indicated that the cyanobacterial crust type is dominated by strains of Microcoleus vaginatus, but also contains other cyanobacterial genera. In the moss crust, M. vaginatus-related sequences were also the most abundant types, together with sequences from moss chloroplasts. In contrast, sequences obtained from the lichen crust were surprisingly diverse, representing numerous genera, but including only two from M. vaginatus relatives. By obtaining clone sequence information, we were able to infer the composition of many peaks observed in TRF profiles, and all peaks predicted for clone sequences were observed in TRF analysis. This study provides the first TRF analysis of biological soil crusts and the first DNA-based comparison of cyanobacterial diversity between lichen-, cyano- and moss-dominated crusts. Results indicate that for this phylogenetic group, TRF analysis, in conjunction with limited sequence analysis, can provide accurate information about the composition and relative abundance of cyanobacterial types in soil crust communities.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00936.x","usgsCitation":"Redfield, E., Barns, S.M., Belnap, J., Daane, L.L., and Kuske, C.R., 2002, Comparative diversity and composition of cyanobacteria in three predominate soil crusts of the Colorado Plateau: FEMS Microbiology Ecology, v. 40, no. 1, p. 55-63, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00936.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"55","endPage":"63","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132737,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae53f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Redfield, Elizabeth","contributorId":70347,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redfield","given":"Elizabeth","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barns, Susan M.","contributorId":71516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barns","given":"Susan","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Daane, Lori L.","contributorId":105675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daane","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kuske, Cheryl R.","contributorId":81063,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kuske","given":"Cheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024465,"text":"70024465 - 2002 - Chemical transport from paired agricultural and restored prairie watersheds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T16:11:19.195001","indexId":"70024465","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Chemical transport from paired agricultural and restored prairie watersheds","docAbstract":"A five-year record of streamflow and chemical sampling data was evaluated to assess the effects of large-scale prairie restoration on transport of NO3–N, Cl, and SO4 loads from paired 5000-ha watersheds located in Jasper County, Iowa. Water quality conditions monitored during land use conversion from row crop agriculture to native prairie in the Walnut Creek watershed were compared with a highly agricultural control watershed (Squaw Creek). Combining hydrograph separation with a load estimation program, baseflow and stormflow loads of NO3–N, Cl, and SO4 were estimated at upstream and downstream sites on Walnut Creek and a downstream site on Squaw Creek. Chemical export in both watersheds was found to occur primarily with baseflow, with baseflow transport greatest during the late summer and fall. Lower Walnut Creek watershed, which contained the restored prairie areas, exported less NO3–N and Cl compared with upper Walnut Creek and Squaw Creek watersheds. Average flow-weighted concentrations of NO3–N exceeded 10 mg/L in upper Walnut Creek and Squaw Creek, but were estimated to be 6.6 mg/L in lower Walnut Creek. Study results demonstrate the utility of partitioning loads into baseflow and stormflow components to identify sources of pollutant loading to streams.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America","doi":"10.2134/jeq2002.1184","usgsCitation":"Schilling, K.E., 2002, Chemical transport from paired agricultural and restored prairie watersheds: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 31, no. 4, p. 1184-1193, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2002.1184.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1184","endPage":"1193","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233083,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","county":"Jasper County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-93.234,41.8622],[-93.1187,41.8624],[-93.0035,41.8624],[-92.8845,41.8619],[-92.7674,41.8618],[-92.7683,41.776],[-92.768,41.6879],[-92.7683,41.6007],[-92.7567,41.6011],[-92.7564,41.509],[-92.8729,41.5082],[-92.9894,41.5083],[-93.1047,41.5078],[-93.2181,41.5076],[-93.3304,41.5074],[-93.3314,41.6004],[-93.3504,41.6004],[-93.3496,41.688],[-93.3494,41.7757],[-93.3492,41.8624],[-93.234,41.8622]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Jasper\",\"state\":\"IA\"}}]}","volume":"31","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f597e4b0c8380cd4c2dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schilling, Keith E.","contributorId":106429,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schilling","given":"Keith","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024881,"text":"70024881 - 2002 - Re-analysis of a banding study to test the effects of an experimental increase in bag limits of mourning doves","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:10","indexId":"70024881","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2173,"text":"Journal of Applied Statistics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Re-analysis of a banding study to test the effects of an experimental increase in bag limits of mourning doves","docAbstract":"In 1966-1971, eastern US states with hunting seasons on mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) participated in a study designed to estimate the effects of bag limit increases on population survival rates. More than 400 000 adult and juvenile birds were banded and released during this period, and subsequent harvest and return of bands, together with total harvest estimates from mail and telephone surveys of hunters, provided the database for analysis. The original analysis used an ANOVA framework, and resulted in inferences of no effect of bag limit increase on population parameters (Hayne 1975). We used a logistic regression analysis to infer that the bag limit increase did not cause a biologically significant increase in harvest rate and thus the experiment could not provide any insight into the relationship between harvest and annual survival rates. Harvest rate estimates of breeding populations from geographical subregions were used as covariates in a Program MARK analysis and revealed an association between annual survival and harvest rates, although this relationship is potentially confounded by a latitudinal gradient in survival rates of dove populations. We discuss methodological problems encountered in the analysis of these data, and provide recommendations for future studies of the relationship between harvest and annual survival rates of mourning dove populations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Statistics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1080/02664760120108539","issn":"02664763","usgsCitation":"Otis, D.L., and White, G.C., 2002, Re-analysis of a banding study to test the effects of an experimental increase in bag limits of mourning doves: Journal of Applied Statistics, v. 29, no. 1-4, p. 479-495, https://doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108539.","startPage":"479","endPage":"495","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207747,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02664760120108539"},{"id":232933,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-05-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a956ee4b0c8380cd819ea","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Otis, David L.","contributorId":64396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Otis","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024466,"text":"70024466 - 2002 - Evidence from uranium-series-dated speleothems for the timing of the penultimate deglaciation of northwestern Europe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024466","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evidence from uranium-series-dated speleothems for the timing of the penultimate deglaciation of northwestern Europe","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2002.2350","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Winograd, I., 2002, Evidence from uranium-series-dated speleothems for the timing of the penultimate deglaciation of northwestern Europe: Quaternary Research, v. 58, no. 1, p. 60-61, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2350.","startPage":"60","endPage":"61","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478639,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2350","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207843,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2002.2350"},{"id":233084,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d5be4b0c8380cd52f8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winograd, I.J.","contributorId":10408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024467,"text":"70024467 - 2002 - An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-03T17:06:25.246185","indexId":"70024467","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":701,"text":"American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States","docAbstract":"The Permian Phosphoria Formation, a petroleum source rock and world-class phosphate deposit, was deposited in an epicratonic successor basin on the western margin of North America. We calculate the seawater circulation in the basin during deposition of the lower ore zone in the Meade Peak Member from the accumulation rates of carbonate fluorapatite and trace elements. The model gives the exchange rate of water between the Phosphoria sea and the open ocean to the west in terms of an upwelling rate (84 m yr-1) and residence time (4.2 yr) of seawater in the basin. These hydrographic properties supported a mean rate of primary productivity of 0.87 g m-2 d-1 of carbon in the uppermost few tens of meters of the water column (the photic zone) and denitrifying redox conditions in the bottom water (below approximately 150 m depth). High rain rates, onto the sea floor, of the organic matter that hosted the phosphate and several trace elements contributed to the accumulation of phosphorite, chert, and black shales and mudstones. Evaporation in the Goose Egg basin to the east of the Phosphoria basin ensured the import of surface seawater from the Phosphoria sea. Budgets of water, salt, phosphate, and oxygen, plus the minor accumulation of the biomarker gammacerane, show that exchange of water between the two basins was limited, possibly by the shallow carbonate platform that separated the two basins.","language":"English","publisher":"AAPG","doi":"10.1306/61EEDC60-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D","usgsCitation":"Piper, D., and Link, P.K., 2002, An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, no. 7, p. 1217-1235, https://doi.org/10.1306/61EEDC60-173E-11D7-8645000102C1865D.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1217","endPage":"1235","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233119,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho, Montana, Utah, Wyoming","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -111.796875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ],\n [\n -109.3359375,\n 42.391008609205045\n ],\n [\n -110.61035156249999,\n 44.08758502824516\n ],\n [\n -111.181640625,\n 45.213003555993964\n ],\n [\n -111.46728515624999,\n 45.75219336063106\n ],\n [\n -112.52197265625,\n 45.72152152227954\n ],\n [\n -111.796875,\n 41.31082388091818\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"86","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eab6e4b0c8380cd48a21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Piper, D.Z.","contributorId":34154,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Piper","given":"D.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Link, P. K.","contributorId":34973,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Link","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185661,"text":"70185661 - 2002 - Distribution, production, and ecophysiology of Picocystis strain ML in Mono Lake, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T13:57:24","indexId":"70185661","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Distribution, production, and ecophysiology of Picocystis strain ML in Mono Lake, California","docAbstract":"A recently described unicellular chlorophytic alga isolated from meromictic Mono Lake, California, occupies a niche that spans two environments: the upper oxic mixolimnion and the deeper anoxic and highly reducing monimolimnion. This organism, Picocystis sp. strain ML, accounts for nearly 25% of the primary production during the winter bloom and more than 50% at other times of the year. In incubations, it is heavily grazed by the brine shrimp, Artemia monica. We assessed growth and photosynthetic parameters over broad ranges of irradiance, salinity, and pH and under oxic and anoxic conditions. Picocystis appears to be particularly adapted to low irradiance; we observed an order of magnitude increase in the cellular pigment concentrations, as well as marked increases in cellspecific photosynthetic parameters for cells acclimated to low-growth irradiance. Growth rates of 0.3–1.5 d21 were observed over a salinity range of 0–260‰ and a pH range of 4–12, with maximal growth at ;50 mmol photons m22 s21 , 40‰, and pH 6–10. Growth and oxygenic photosynthesis were observed under anoxic conditions at rates comparable to those measured under oxic conditions. The ability of the organism to acclimate and grow under such a broad range of environmental conditions makes it an important component of the Mono Lake ecosystem and likely contributes to its dominance of the monimolimnion/mixolimnion interface.
","language":"English","publisher":" American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.","usgsCitation":"Roesler, C.S., Culbertson, C.W., Etheridge, S.M., Goericke, R., Kiene, R.P., Miller, L., and Oremland, R.S., 2002, Distribution, production, and ecophysiology of Picocystis strain ML in Mono Lake, California: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 47, no. 2, p. 440-452.","productDescription":"13 p. ","startPage":"440","endPage":"452","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":338366,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Mono Lake ","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.13780212402344,\n 38.03132654864846\n ],\n [\n -119.16252136230467,\n 38.00536101289634\n ],\n [\n -119.12132263183595,\n 37.95719224376526\n ],\n [\n -118.99154663085936,\n 37.9241594356582\n ],\n [\n -118.88031005859375,\n 38.01131226070673\n ],\n [\n -118.92425537109375,\n 38.077284611299554\n ],\n [\n -119.0375518798828,\n 38.09241741843045\n ],\n [\n -119.11376953125,\n 38.036734877267705\n ],\n [\n -119.13780212402344,\n 38.03132654864846\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58da2539e4b0543bf7fda849","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Roesler, Collin S.","contributorId":152025,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roesler","given":"Collin","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":18855,"text":"Department of Earth and Oceanographic Science, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Culbertson, Charles W. cculbert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1607,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Culbertson","given":"Charles","email":"cculbert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":371,"text":"Maine Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Etheridge, Stacey M.","contributorId":189850,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Etheridge","given":"Stacey","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":6619,"text":"University of Connecticutt","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goericke, Ralf","contributorId":189851,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Goericke","given":"Ralf","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":686266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kiene, Ronald P.","contributorId":173346,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kiene","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":686267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Miller, Laurence G. 0000-0002-7807-3475 lgmiller@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7807-3475","contributorId":2460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Laurence G.","email":"lgmiller@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Oremland, Ronald S. 0000-0001-7382-0147 roremlan@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7382-0147","contributorId":931,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Oremland","given":"Ronald","email":"roremlan@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":686269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024470,"text":"70024470 - 2002 - The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024470","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2499,"text":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate","docAbstract":"Unusual monotonous intermediate ignimbrites consist of phenocryst-rich dacite that occurs as very large volume (> 1000 km3) deposits that lack systematic compositional zonation, comagmatic rhyolite precursors, and underlying plinian beds. They are distinct from countless, usually smaller volume, zoned rhyolite-dacite-andesite deposits that are conventionally believed to have erupted from magma chambers in which thermal and compositional gradients were established because of sidewall crystallization and associated convective fractionation. Despite their great volume, or because of it, monotonous intermediates have received little attention. Documentation of the stratigraphy, composition, and geologic setting of the Lund Tuff - one of four monotonous intermediate tuffs in the middle-Tertiary Great Basin ignimbrite province - provides insight into its unusual origin and, by implication, the origin of other similar monotonous intermediates. The Lund Tuff is a single cooling unit with normal magnetic polarity whose volume likely exceeded 3000 km3. It was emplaced 29.02 ?? 0.04 Ma in and around the coeval White Rock caldera which has an unextended north-south diameter of about 50 km. The tuff is monotonous in that its phenocryst assemblage is virtually uniform throughout the deposit: plagioclase > quartz ??? hornblende > biotite > Fe-Ti oxides ??? sanidine > titanite, zircon, and apatite. However, ratios of phenocrysts vary by as much as an order of magnitude in a manner consistent with progressive crystallization in the pre-eruption chamber. A significant range in whole-rock chemical composition (e.g., 63-71 wt% SiO2) is poorly correlated with phenocryst abundance. These compositional attributes cannot have been caused wholly by winnowing of glass from phenocrysts during eruption, as has been suggested for the monotonous intermediate Fish Canyon Tuff. Pumice fragments are also crystal-rich, and chemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from bulk tuff. We postulate that convective mixing in a sill-like magma chamber precluded development of a zoned chamber with a rhyolitic top or of a zoned pyroclastic deposit. Chemical variations in the Lund Tuff are consistent with equilibrium crystallization of a parental dacitic magma followed by eruptive mixing of compositionally diverse crystals and high-silica rhyolite vitroclasts during evacuation and emplacement. This model contrasts with the more systematic withdrawal from a bottle-shaped chamber in which sidewall crystallization creates a marked vertical compositional gradient and a substantial volume of capping-evolved rhyolite magma. Eruption at exceptionally high discharge rates precluded development of an underlying plinian deposit. The generation of the monotonous intermediate Lund magma and others like it in the middle Tertiary of the western USA reflects an unusually high flux of mantle-derived mafic magma into unusually thick and warm crust above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6","issn":"03770273","usgsCitation":"Maughan, L., Christiansen, E.H., Best, M.G., Grommé, C., Deino, A., and Tingey, D., 2002, The oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: A very large volume monotonous intermediate: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 113, no. 1-2, p. 129-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6.","startPage":"129","endPage":"157","numberOfPages":"29","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207882,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00256-6"},{"id":233155,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"113","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae51e4b08c986b323feb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maughan, L.L.","contributorId":72981,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maughan","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401396,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Christiansen, E. H.","contributorId":65077,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christiansen","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Best, M. G.","contributorId":57843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Best","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Grommé, C. S.","contributorId":38558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grommé","given":"C. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Deino, A.L.","contributorId":61153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deino","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Tingey, D.G.","contributorId":102145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tingey","given":"D.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70170580,"text":"70170580 - 2002 - Optimization of nested polymerase chain reaction assays for identification of Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri and Flavobacterium psychrophilum","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T11:56:07","indexId":"70170580","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2177,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimization of nested polymerase chain reaction assays for identification of Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri and Flavobacterium psychrophilum","docAbstract":"Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were developed using first-round primers complementary to highly conserved regions within the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene (universal eubacterial primers) and second-round primers specific for sequences within the 16S rRNA genes of Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri, andFlavobacterium psychrophilum. Following optimization of the MgCl2 concentration and primer annealing temperature, PCR employing the universal eubacterial primers was used to amplify a 1,500-base-pair (bp) product visible in agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide. The calculated detection limit of this single-round assay was less than 1.4 × 104 colony-forming units (CFU) per reaction for all bacterial species tested. Single-round PCR using primer sets specific for A. salmonicida, Y. ruckeri, and F. psychrophilumamplified bands of 271, 575, and 1,100 bp, respectively, with detection limits of less than 1.4 × 104, 1.4 × 105, and 1.4 × 105 CFU per reaction. Using the universal eubacterial primers in the first round and the species-specific primer sets in the second round of nested PCR assays improved the detection ability by approximately four orders of magnitude to fewer than 14 CFU per sample for each of the three bacterial species. Such nested assays could be adapted to a wide variety of bacterial fish pathogens for which 16S sequences are available.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0216:OONPCR>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Taylor, P., and Winton, J., 2002, Optimization of nested polymerase chain reaction assays for identification of Aeromonas salmonicida, Yersinia ruckeri and Flavobacterium psychrophilum: Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, v. 14, no. 3, p. 216-224, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0216:OONPCR>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"216","endPage":"224","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":654,"text":"Western Fisheries Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":320578,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57209136e4b071321fe6567c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, P.W.","contributorId":62556,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"P.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Winton, J. R. 0000-0002-3505-5509","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-5509","contributorId":82441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winton","given":"J. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":627751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024784,"text":"70024784 - 2002 - Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024784","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3751,"text":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data","docAbstract":"Nine atmospherically corrected Landsat Thematic Mapper images were used to generate mean normalized difference vegetation indices (NDVI) at 11 burn sites throughout a coastal Juncus roemerianus marsh in St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge, Florida. Time-since-burn, the time lapse from the date of burn to the date of image collection, was related to variation in mean NDVI over time. Regression analysis showed that NDVI increased for about 300 to 400 days immediately after the burn, overshooting the typical mean NDVI of a nonburned marsh. For about another 500 to 600 days NDVI decreased until reaching a nearly constant NDVI of about 0.40. During the phase of increasing NDVI the ability to predict time-since-burn was within about ??60 days. Within the decreasing phase this dropped to about ??88 days. Examination of each burn site revealed some nonburn related influences on NDVI (e.g., seasonality). Normalization of burn NDVI by site-specific nonburn control NDVI eliminated most influences. However, differential responses at the site-specific level remained related to either storm impacts or secondary burning. At these sites, collateral data helped clarify the abnormal changes in NDVI. Accounting for these abnormalities, site-specific burn recovery trends could be broadly standardized into four general phases: Phase 1-preburn, Phase 2-initial recovery (increasing NDVI), Phase 3-late recovery (decreasing NDVI), and Phase 4-final coalescence (unchanging NDVI). Phase 2 tended to last about 300 to 500 days, Phase 3 an additional 500 to 600 days, and finally reaching Phase 4, 900 to 1,000 days after burn.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1014362616119","issn":"09234861","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., Sapkota, S., Barnes, F., and Nelson, G., 2002, Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 10, no. 1, p. 85-96, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014362616119.","startPage":"85","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207831,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014362616119"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5df0e4b0c8380cd706cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. III 0000-0002-4518-5796","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4518-5796","contributorId":72769,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ramsey","given":"Elijah W.","suffix":"III","affiliations":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sapkota, S.K.","contributorId":24434,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sapkota","given":"S.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402611,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnes, F.G.","contributorId":20943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"F.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nelson, G.A.","contributorId":17687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024715,"text":"70024715 - 2002 - Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024715","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability","docAbstract":"The relationships between optimal foraging of individuals and population stability are addressed by testing, with a spatially explicit model, the effect of patch departure behaviour on individual energetics and population stability. A factorial experimental design was used to analyse the relevance of the behavioural factor in relation to three factors that are known to affect individual energetics; i.e. resource growth rate (RGR), assimilation efficiency (AE), and body size of individuals. The factorial combination of these factors produced 432 cases, and 1000 replicate simulations were run for each case. Net energy intake rates of the modelled consumers increased with increasing RGR, consumer AE, and consumer body size, as expected. Moreover, through their patch departure behaviour, by selecting the resource level at which they departed from the patch, individuals managed to substantially increase their net energy intake rates. Population stability was also affected by the behavioural factors and by the other factors, but with highly non-linear responses. Whenever resources were limiting for the consumers because of low RGR, large individual body size or low AE, population density at the equilibrium was directly related to the patch departure behaviour; on the other hand, optimal patch departure behaviour, which maximised the net energy intake at the individual level, had a negative influence on population stability whenever resource availability was high for the consumers. The consumer growth rate (r) and numerical dynamics, as well as the spatial and temporal fluctuations of resource density, which were the proximate causes of population stability or instability, were affected by the behavioural factor as strongly or even more strongly than by the others factors considered here. Therefore, patch departure behaviour can act as a feedback control of individual energetics, allowing consumers to optimise a potential trade-off between short-term individual fitness and long-term population stability. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Modelling","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2","issn":"03043800","usgsCitation":"Basset, A., Fedele, M., and DeAngelis, D., 2002, Optimal exploitation of spatially distributed trophic resources and population stability: Ecological Modelling, v. 151, no. 2-3, p. 245-260, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2.","startPage":"245","endPage":"260","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207893,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00490-2"},{"id":233172,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"151","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6ee1e4b0c8380cd75850","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Basset, A.","contributorId":39552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Basset","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402385,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fedele, M.","contributorId":39553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fedele","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024704,"text":"70024704 - 2002 - Geology and origin of Europa's \"Mitten\" feature (Murias Chaos)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:48:26.56362","indexId":"70024704","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2317,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Geology and origin of Europa's \"Mitten\" feature (Murias Chaos)","docAbstract":"The “Mitten” (provisionally named Murias Chaos by the International Astronomical Union) is a region of elevated chaos-like terrain in the leading hemisphere of Europa. Its origin had been explained under the currently debated theories of melting through a thin lithosphere or convection within a thick one. Galileo observations reveal several characteristics that suggest that the Mitten is distinct from typical chaos terrain and point to a different formational process. Photoclinometric elevation estimates suggest that the Mitten is slightly elevated with respect to the surrounding terrain; geologic relations indicate that it must have raised significantly from the plains in its past, resembling disrupted domes on Europa's trailing hemisphere. Moreover, the Mitten material appears to have extruded onto the plains and flowed for tens of kilometers. The area subsequently subsided as a result of isostatic adjustment, viscous relaxation, and/or plains loading. Using plate flexure models, we estimated the elastic lithosphere in the area to be several kilometers thick. We propose that the Mitten originated by the ascent and extrusion of a large thermal diapir. Thermal-mechanical modeling shows that a Mitten-sized plume would remain sufficiently warm and buoyant to pierce through the crust and flow unconfined on the surface. Such a diapir probably had an initial radius between 5 and 8 km and an initial depth of 20–40 km, consistent with a thick-lithosphere model. In this scenario the Mitten appears to represent the surface expression of the rare ascent of a large diapir, in contrast to lenticulae and chaos terrain, which may form by isolated and clustered small diapirs, respectively.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JE001591","usgsCitation":"Figueredo, P.H., Chuang, F.C., Rathbun, J., Kirk, R.L., and Greeley, R., 2002, Geology and origin of Europa's \"Mitten\" feature (Murias Chaos): Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets, v. 107, no. E5, p. 2-1-2-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JE001591.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"2-1","endPage":"2-13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487462,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001je001591","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Europa","volume":"107","issue":"E5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2412e4b0c8380cd57d89","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Figueredo, P. H.","contributorId":82499,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Figueredo","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chuang, F. C.","contributorId":105452,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Chuang","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rathbun, J.","contributorId":9814,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402334,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kirk, R. L.","contributorId":94698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kirk","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Greeley, R.","contributorId":6538,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greeley","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024714,"text":"70024714 - 2002 - Boninites: Characteristics and tectonic constraints, northeastern Appalachians","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024714","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3067,"text":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Boninites: Characteristics and tectonic constraints, northeastern Appalachians","docAbstract":"Boninites are high Mg andesites that are thought to form in suprasubduction zone tectonic environments as primary melts from refractory mantle. Boninites provide a potential constraint on tectonic models for ancient terranes that contain boninites because the only unequivocal tectonic setting in which \"modern\" boninites have been recognized is a fore-arc setting. Tectonic models for \"modern\" boninite genesis include subduction initiation (\"infant arc\"), fore-arc spreading, and the forearc side of intra-arc rifting (spreading). These models can be differentiated by the relative age of the boninites and to a lesser degree, geochemistry. The distinctive geochemistry of boninites promotes their recognition in ancient terranes. As detailed in this report, several mafic terranes in the northeastern Appalachians contain boninites; these terranes were situated on both sides of Iapetus. The characteristics of these boninites can be used to constrain tectonic models of the evolution of the northeastern Appalachians. On the Laurentian side of Iapetus, \"infant arc\" boninites were not produced ubiquitously during the Cambrian subduction initiation, unless sampling problems or minimum age dates obscure a more widespread boninite \"infant arc\". The Cambrian subduction initiation on the Laurentian side was probably characterized by both \"infant arc\" boninitic arc construction (perhaps the >496 Ma Hawley Formation and the >488 Ma Betts Cove Ophiolite) and \"normal\" arc construction (Mt. Orford). This duality is consistent with the suggestion that the pre-collisional geometry of the Laurentian margin was complex. The Bay of Islands Complex and Thetford Mines ophiolite boninites are likely associated with forearc/intra-arc spreading during the protracted evolution of the Cambrian arc system. The relatively young boninites in the Bronson Hill Arc suggest that the Taconic continuous eastward subduction tectonic model is less tenable than other models. On the Gondwana side of Iapetus, the Tea Arm boninites of the Exploits Group stratigraphically rest on arc and MORB volcanics. This stratigraphy, and the relatively young age of the boninites (486 Ma), compared to assumed subduction initiation age (>513 Ma), suggest that the boninites may be more consistent with fore-arc spreading/intra-arc spreading. However, an \"infant arc\" model cannot be dismissed, and is commonly proposed for the nearby boninites in the Wild Bight Group. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S1474-7065(01)00005-5","issn":"14747065","usgsCitation":"Kim, J., and Jacobi, R., 2002, Boninites: Characteristics and tectonic constraints, northeastern Appalachians: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, v. 27, no. 1-3, p. 109-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(01)00005-5.","startPage":"109","endPage":"147","numberOfPages":"39","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207892,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1474-7065(01)00005-5"},{"id":233171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f1fce4b0c8380cd4af41","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, J.","contributorId":9813,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jacobi, R.D.","contributorId":63677,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobi","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024779,"text":"70024779 - 2002 - Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-02T11:30:20","indexId":"70024779","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers","docAbstract":"Considerable progress has been made in developing a theoretical framework for modeling slug test responses in formations with high hydraulic conductivity K. However, several questions of practical significance remain unresolved. Given the rapid and often oscillatory nature of test responses, the traditional hydrostatic relationship between the water level and the transducer‐measured head in the water column may not be appropriate. A general dynamic interpretation is proposed that describes the relationship between water level response and transducer‐measured head. This theory is utilized to develop a procedure for transforming model‐generated water level responses to transducer readings. The magnitude of the difference between the actual water level position and the apparent position based on the transducer measurement is a function of the acceleration and velocity of the water column, test geometry, and depth of the transducer. The dynamic approach explains the entire slug test response, including the often‐noted discrepancy between the actual initial water level displacement and that measured by a transducer in the water column. Failure to use this approach can lead to a significant underestimation of K when the transducer is a considerable distance below the static water level. Previous investigators have noted a dependence of test responses on the magnitude of the initial water level displacement and have developed various approximate methods for analyzing such data. These methods are re‐examined and their limitations clarified. Practical field guidelines are proposed on the basis of findings of this work. The soundness of the dynamic approach is demonstrated through a comparison of K profiles from a series of multilevel slug tests with those from dipole‐flow tests performed in the same wells.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001WR000354","usgsCitation":"Zurbuchen, B.R., Zlotnik, V.A., and Butler, J.J., 2002, Dynamic interpretation of slug tests in highly permeable aquifers: Water Resources Research, v. 38, no. 3, p. 7-1-7-18, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000354.","productDescription":"Article 1025; 18 p.","startPage":"7-1","endPage":"7-18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478727,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000354","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232961,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"38","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0426e4b0c8380cd507fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zurbuchen, Brian R.","contributorId":81531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zurbuchen","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zlotnik, Vitaly A.","contributorId":19985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zlotnik","given":"Vitaly","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Butler, James J. Jr.","contributorId":199860,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Butler","given":"James","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402595,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024780,"text":"70024780 - 2002 - Description and comparison of geologic maps with FRAGSTATS - A spatial statistics program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024780","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Description and comparison of geologic maps with FRAGSTATS - A spatial statistics program","docAbstract":"FRAGSTATS is a public-domain GIS implementation of a set of spatial statistics that address a fundamental problem in GIS applications, description and comparison of maps. The spatial statistics from the 1:2,500,000-scale United States geologic map of Nevada, the central United States, and the northeastern United States quantify the differences in complexity and variability between these three geologic terranes. Nevada is defined by a large number of patches of small size and low size variability, whereas the Central area has a small number of patches with smaller relative size variability. All three areas have similar map-unit shape complexity with Nevada having the lowest. Based on the density of edges, the areas can be ranked from highest to lowest, as Nevada, Central, and Northeast. The Shannon diversity index ranks the areas from highest to lowest, as Northeast, Nevada, and Central, but the Shannon evenness index ranks them from highest to lowest, as Northeast, Central, and Nevada. These rankings may reflect the influence of folding in the Northeast and Central areas as opposed to basin and range extension in Nevada. The core areas statistic ranks the areas for spatial accuracy from highest to lowest, as Central, Northeast, and Nevada, with Northeast and Nevada being similar. For a scale comparison, the FRAGSTATS statistics quantify the increased complexity and spatial accuracy that is inherent in going from small- to larger-scale maps. For example for 1:2,500,000-1:500,000-scale maps of Nevada, respectively, the area weighted fractal dimension increase from 1.1 to 1.18, and the total core areas index almost doubles from 39.09 to 63.38. In addition, the fractal dimensions discriminate gross lithology and tectonic terranes. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00030-9","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Raines, G.L., 2002, Description and comparison of geologic maps with FRAGSTATS - A spatial statistics program: Computers & Geosciences, v. 28, no. 2, p. 169-177, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00030-9.","startPage":"169","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207786,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00030-9"},{"id":232995,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fee3e4b0c8380cd4ef94","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Raines, G. L.","contributorId":90720,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Raines","given":"G.","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024778,"text":"70024778 - 2002 - The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:14","indexId":"70024778","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1687,"text":"Forest Ecology and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska","docAbstract":"The effects of partial cutting on species composition, new and residual-tree cohorts, tree size distribution, and tree growth was evaluated on 73 plots in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska. These partially cut stands were harvested 12-96 years ago, when 16-96% of the former stand basal area was removed. Partial cutting maintained stand structures similar to uncut old-growth stands, and the cutting had no significant effects on tree species composition. The establishment of new-tree cohorts was positively related to the proportion of basal-area cut. The current stand basal area, tree species composition, and stand growth were significantly related to trees left after harvest (p < 0.001). Trees that were 20-80 cm dbh at the time of cutting had the greatest tree-diameter and basal-area growth and contributed the most to stand growth. Diameter growth of Sitka spruce and western hemlock was similar, and the proportion of stand basal-area growth between species was consistent for different cutting intensities. Concerns about changing tree species composition, lack of spruce regeneration, and greatly reduced stand growth and vigor with partial cuts were largely unsubstantiated. Silvicultural systems based on partial cutting can provide rapidly growing trees for timber production while maintaining complex stand structures with mixtures of spruce and hemlock trees similar to oldgrowth stands.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forest Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00727-1","issn":"03781127","usgsCitation":"Deal, R., and Tappeiner, J., 2002, The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska: Forest Ecology and Management, v. 159, no. 3, p. 173-186, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00727-1.","startPage":"173","endPage":"186","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232960,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207765,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00727-1"}],"volume":"159","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bab92e4b08c986b322f24","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Deal, R.L.","contributorId":51501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Deal","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tappeiner, J. C.","contributorId":39751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tappeiner","given":"J. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402593,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":94741,"text":"94741 - 2002 - The epizootiology of type C botulism in fish-eating birds at Salton Sea, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-06-17T15:34:24","indexId":"94741","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"The epizootiology of type C botulism in fish-eating birds at Salton Sea, California","docAbstract":"During 1996, type C avian botulism killed over 15,000 fish-eating birds at the Salton Sea in southern California. Amont those affected were nearly 10,000 western white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) and over 1,200 endangered California brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis californicus). Since 1996, smaller epizootics have occurred every year. Type C botulism is not typically associated with fish-eating birds. In the case of the Salton Sea, Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) are the suspected source of type C toxin, although the mechanism by which the fish acquire the toxin is still unknown. The goals of this study were to: 1) Determine presence/absence of active Clostridium botulinum type C and type C botulinum toxin in tilapia in the Salton Sea. 2) Use geospatial analyses to evaluate relationships between patterns of mortality in birds and fish and presence/absence of toxin and/or toxin-producing bacteria in sediments and fish. We investigated a method of detecting C. botulinum type C cells in the intestinal contents of Mozambique tilapia. This method involved extraction of predominantly cellular DNA and uses a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect presence of type C toxin gene. We collected sick, dead and healthy fish from various sites throughout the Sea during the summers of 1999 to 2001 in order to test them for the presence of active C. botulinum type C by PCR and for the presence of type C toxin by ELISA and mouse test. The results demonstrate that the tilapia population in the Salton Sea harbors C. botulinum type C cells within their gastrointestinal tract and the prevalence of this organism varies from year to year. The total number of fish with toxin-producing bacteria was significantly greater in 2000 than in 2001. No difference in the numbers of positives was detected between sick and dead fish compared to live fish, and there were no differences noted with regard to location of fish collection. The prevalence of active type C toxin in tilapia was low and the majority of samples positive for toxin by ELISA were negative on mouse test. Further investigation is currently underway. From 1999-2001, routine surveillance was conducted July through November to detect morbidity and mortality in pelicans. Location of retrieval and total number of birds collected were documented. In all three years, the majority of botulism-affected pelicans were retrieved from the vicinities of the river deltas although the Whitewater River had the fewest birds of the three. It has yet to be determined what roles the tilapia and pelican populations play in influencing these patterns.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Wisconsin","publisherLocation":"Madison, WI","usgsCitation":"Nol, P., 2002, The epizootiology of type C botulism in fish-eating birds at Salton Sea, California, 60 p.","productDescription":"60 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"60","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128622,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.09527587890624,\n 33.51849923765608\n ],\n [\n -116.09664916992189,\n 33.47727218776036\n ],\n [\n -116.05819702148438,\n 33.44633901936737\n ],\n [\n -116.05133056640625,\n 33.409663197123066\n ],\n [\n -116.03759765625,\n 33.37526554349368\n ],\n [\n -116.01699829101561,\n 33.368384379435525\n ],\n [\n -115.98541259765624,\n 33.35003194768042\n ],\n [\n -115.95932006835938,\n 33.32593850874471\n ],\n [\n -115.93597412109374,\n 33.305281685899445\n ],\n [\n -115.90988159179689,\n 33.268546361901954\n ],\n [\n -115.88516235351562,\n 33.22949814144951\n ],\n [\n -115.86593627929688,\n 33.19502934435823\n ],\n [\n -115.84259033203124,\n 33.158247668082396\n ],\n [\n -115.81512451171876,\n 33.118000038376145\n ],\n [\n -115.77529907226562,\n 33.100745405144245\n ],\n [\n -115.74371337890625,\n 33.078884672628604\n ],\n [\n -115.70526123046874,\n 33.06967852780712\n ],\n [\n -115.66131591796875,\n 33.09614359735857\n ],\n [\n -115.62423706054686,\n 33.13640124498832\n ],\n [\n -115.6146240234375,\n 33.15939732912291\n ],\n [\n -115.587158203125,\n 33.17434155100208\n ],\n [\n -115.57754516601561,\n 33.20766947954957\n ],\n [\n -115.58029174804686,\n 33.25132135653952\n ],\n [\n -115.58441162109375,\n 33.293803558346596\n ],\n [\n -115.60913085937499,\n 33.32708596648145\n ],\n [\n -115.63796997070312,\n 33.348884792201694\n ],\n [\n -115.6640625,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -115.697021484375,\n 33.36379663433047\n ],\n [\n -115.72586059570312,\n 33.366090537121586\n ],\n [\n -115.74371337890625,\n 33.364943593285545\n ],\n [\n -115.77529907226562,\n 33.39131947587412\n ],\n [\n -115.81649780273439,\n 33.42456461884056\n ],\n [\n -115.83297729492188,\n 33.45092240742606\n ],\n [\n -115.84808349609375,\n 33.4761267117029\n ],\n [\n -115.88104248046875,\n 33.4955977448657\n ],\n [\n -115.91262817382812,\n 33.53109247512311\n ],\n [\n -115.95932006835938,\n 33.53452667616054\n ],\n [\n -115.98403930664061,\n 33.53910539867444\n ],\n [\n -116.03759765625,\n 33.54253928139885\n ],\n [\n -116.07604980468749,\n 33.53223722395908\n ],\n [\n -116.09527587890624,\n 33.51849923765608\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9be4b07f02db65dd23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nol, P.","contributorId":97037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nol","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":298497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024781,"text":"70024781 - 2002 - Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-10T10:15:54","indexId":"70024781","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes","docAbstract":"A three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the Mojave block region in southern California is constructed to investigate transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. The FEM simulates a poroelastic upper-crust layer coupled to a viscoelastic lower-crust layer, which is decoupled from the upper mantle. FEM predictions of the transient mechanical behavior of the crust are constrained by global positioning system (GPS) data, interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) images, fluid-pressure data from water wells, and the dislocation source of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake. Two time-dependent parameters, hydraulic diffusivity of the upper crust and viscosity of the lower crust, are calibrated to 10–2 m2·sec–1 and 5 × 1018 Pa·sec respectively. The hydraulic diffusivity is relatively insensitive to heterogeneous fault-zone permeability specifications and fluid-flow boundary conditions along the elastic free-surface at the top of the problem domain. The calibrated FEM is used to predict the evolution of Coulomb stress during the interval separating the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes. The predicted change in Coulomb stress near the hypocenter of the Hector Mine earthquake increases from 0.02 to 0.05 MPa during the 7-yr interval separating the two events. This increase is primarily attributed to the recovery of decreased excess fluid pressure from the 1992 Landers coseismic (undrained) strain field. Coulomb stress predictions are insensitive to small variations of fault-plane dip and hypocentral depth estimations of the Hector Mine rupture.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000905","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Masterlark, T., and Wang, H., 2002, Transient stress-coupling between the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1470-1486, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000905.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"1470","endPage":"1486","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":222,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207787,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000905"}],"volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb705e4b08c986b326ff6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masterlark, Timothy","contributorId":92829,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Masterlark","given":"Timothy","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":35607,"text":"South Dakota School of Mines","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":402600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wang, H.F.","contributorId":51950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"H.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024776,"text":"70024776 - 2002 - Stabilized liquid membrane device (SLMD) for the passive, integrative sampling of labile metals in water","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-22T14:50:11","indexId":"70024776","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3728,"text":"Water, Air, & Soil Pollution","onlineIssn":"1573-2932","printIssn":"0049-6979","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stabilized liquid membrane device (SLMD) for the passive, integrative sampling of labile metals in water","docAbstract":"A stabilized liquid membrane device (SLMD) is described for potential use as an in situ, passive, integrative sampler for cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in natural waters. The SLMD (patent pending) consists of a 2.5-cm-wide by 15-cm-long strip of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) layflat tubing containing 1 mL of an equal mixture (v/v) of oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) and EMO-8Q (7-[4-ethyl-1-methyloctyl]-8-quinolinol). The reagent mixture continuously diffuses to the exterior surface of the LDPE membrane, and provides for sequestration of several divalent metals for up to several weeks. Depending on sampler configuration, concentration factors of several thousand can be realized for these metal ions after just a few days. In addition to in situ deployment, the SLMD may be useful for laboratory determination of labile metal species in grab samples. Methods for minimizing the effects of water flow on the sampling rate are currently under investigation.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1012923529742","issn":"00496979","usgsCitation":"Brumbaugh, W.G., Petty, J.D., Huckins, J., and Manahan, S., 2002, Stabilized liquid membrane device (SLMD) for the passive, integrative sampling of labile metals in water: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, v. 133, no. 1-4, p. 109-119, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012923529742.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"109","endPage":"119","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232924,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207742,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012923529742"}],"volume":"133","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9660e4b08c986b31b481","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brumbaugh, W. G.","contributorId":106441,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brumbaugh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Petty, J. D.","contributorId":86722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petty","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402587,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Huckins, J.N.","contributorId":62553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huckins","given":"J.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402586,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Manahan, S.E.","contributorId":102667,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manahan","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024773,"text":"70024773 - 2002 - Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T14:52:50.056554","indexId":"70024773","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake","docAbstract":"The M 7.3 June 28, 1992 Landers and M 7.1 October 16, 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes, California, both right lateral strike-slip events on NNW-trending subvertical faults, occurred in close proximity in space and time in a region where recurrence times for surface-rupturing earthquakes are thousands of years. This suggests a causal role for the Landers earthquake in triggering the Hector Mine earthquake. Previous modeling of the static stress change associated with the Landers earthquake shows that the area of peak Hector Mine slip lies where the Coulomb failure stress promoting right-lateral strike-slip failure was high, but the nucleation point of the Hector Mine rupture was neutrally to weakly promoted, depending on the assumed coefficient of friction. Possible explanations that could account for the 7-year delay between the two ruptures include background tectonic stressing, dissipation of fluid pressure gradients, rate- and state-dependent friction effects, and post-Landers viscoelastic relaxation of the lower crust and upper mantle. By employing a viscoelastic model calibrated by geodetic data collected during the time period between the Landers and Hector Mine events, we calculate that postseismic relaxation produced a transient increase in Coulomb failure stress of about 0.7 bars on the impending Hector Mine rupture surface. The increase is greatest over the broad surface that includes the 1999 nucleation point and the site of peak slip further north. Since stress changes of magnitude greater than or equal to 0.1 bar are associated with documented causal fault interactions elsewhere, viscoelastic relaxation likely contributed to the triggering of the Hector Mine earthquake. This interpretation relies on the assumption that the faults occupying the central Mojave Desert (i.e., both the Landers and Hector Mine rupturing faults) were critically stressed just prior to the Landers earthquake.","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000918","usgsCitation":"Pollitz, F., and Sacks, I.S., 2002, Stress triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake by transient deformation following the 1992 Landers earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1487-1496, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000918.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1487","endPage":"1496","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232890,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hector Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.5\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9b6be4b08c986b31ce8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pollitz, F. F.","contributorId":108280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pollitz","given":"F. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sacks, I. S.","contributorId":58038,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sacks","given":"I.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024782,"text":"70024782 - 2002 - An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024782","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to describe and compare several reproductive parameters for Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) inhabiting the St. Johns River and exposed to different types and/or degrees of contamination. Welaka was selected as the reference site in this study because of its low urban and agricultural development, Palatka is in close proximity to a paper mill plant, the Green Cove site is influenced by marine shipping activities and Julington Creek site receives discharges of domestic wastewater and storm water runoff from recreational boating marinas. For this study, bass were sampled both prior to (September 1996) and during the spawning season (February 1997). In order to characterize chemical exposure, bass livers were analyzed for up to 90 trace organics and 11 trace metal contaminants. Reproductive parameters measured included gonadosomatic index (GSI), histological evaluation of gonads and plasma concentrations of vitellogenin (VTG), 17??-estradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). In general, the sum of organic chemicals was highest in livers from Palatka bass and bass from Green Cove and Julington Creek had higher hepatic concentrations of low molecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls when compared to fish from Welaka. Metals were more variable across sites, with highest mean concentrations found in bass from either Julington Creek (Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Zn) or Welaka (Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, Tn). Female bass from Palatka and Green Cove had lower concentrations of E2, VTG and lower GSI in relation to Welaka. Males from Palatka and Green Cove showed comparable declines in 11-KT in relation to males from Julington Creek and GSI were decreased only in Palatka males. These results indicate a geographical trend in reproductive effects, with changes being most pronounced at the site closest to the paper mill (Palatka) and decreasing as the St. Johns River flows downstream. Since reproductive alterations were most evident in bass sampled from the site closest to the paper mill discharge, it is possible that exposure to these effluents might explain at least some of the results reported here. However, the presence of reproductive alterations in fish sampled at a considerable distance from the mill discharge (Green Cove, 40 km) would suggest exposure to chemicals released from sources other than the paper mill plant. It is clear that additional studies are needed to evaluate the potential impact of these reproductive changes in populations of Florida largemouth bass inhabiting the St. Johns River. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, M.S., Johnson, W., Higman, J.C., Denslow, N., Schoeb, T., and Gross, T., 2002, An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River: Science of the Total Environment, v. 289, no. 1-3, p. 133-144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4.","startPage":"133","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207809,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4"},{"id":233033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"289","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea48e4b0c8380cd4875c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, M. S.","contributorId":99918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.E.","contributorId":33276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higman, J. C.","contributorId":65044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denslow, N. D.","contributorId":101606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Denslow","given":"N. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schoeb, T. R.","contributorId":73550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schoeb","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ]}