{"pageNumber":"3015","pageRowStart":"75350","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184733,"records":[{"id":70023933,"text":"70023933 - 2002 - Effects of anthropogenic fragmentation and livestock grazing on western riparian bird communities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023933","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Effects of anthropogenic fragmentation and livestock grazing on western riparian bird communities","docAbstract":"Deciduous vegetation along streams and rivers provides breeding habitat to more bird species than any other plant community in the West, yet many riparian areas are heavily grazed by cattle and surrounded by increasingly developed landscapes. The combination of cattle grazing and landscape alteration (habitat loss and fragmentation) are thought to be critical factors affecting the richness and composition of breeding bird communities. Here, we examine the influence of land use and cattle grazing on deciduous riparian bird communities across seven riparian systems in five western states: Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon and California. These riparian systems are embedded in landscapes ranging from nearly pristine to almost completely agricultural. We conducted landscape analysis at two spatial scales: local landscapes (all land within 500 m of each survey location) and regional landscapes (all land within 5 km of each survey location). Despite the large differences among riparian systems, we found a number of consistent effects of landscape change and grazing. Of the 87 species with at least 15 detections on two or more rivers, 44 species were less common in grazed sites, in heavily settled or agricultural landscapes, or in areas with little deciduous riparian habitat. The Veery (Catharus fuscescens), Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis), Fox Sparrow (Passerella iliaca), and American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) were all less common under at least three of these conditions. In contrast, 33 species were significantly more common in one or more of these conditions. Sites surrounded by greater deciduous habitat had higher overall avian abundance and 22 species had significantly higher individual abundances in areas with more deciduous habitat. Yet, areas with more agriculture at the regional scale also had higher total avian abundance, due in large part to greater abundance of European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), American Robin (Turdus migratorius), Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), and Black-billed Magpie (Pica pica), all species that use both agricultural and riparian areas. Grazing effects varied considerably among riparian systems, but avian abundance and richness were significantly lower at grazed survey locations. Fifteen species were significantly less abundant in grazed sites while only five species were more abundant therein. Management should focus on (1) preserving and enlarging deciduous habitats, (2) reducing cattle grazing in deciduous habitats, and (3) protecting the few relatively pristine landscapes surrounding large deciduous riparian areas in the West.","largerWorkTitle":"Studies in Avian Biology","language":"English","issn":"01979922","usgsCitation":"Tewksbury, J., Black, A., Nur, N., Saab, V., Logan, B., and Dobkin, D., 2002, Effects of anthropogenic fragmentation and livestock grazing on western riparian bird communities, <i>in</i> Studies in Avian Biology, no. 25, p. 158-202.","startPage":"158","endPage":"202","numberOfPages":"45","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231788,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a068de4b0c8380cd512dd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tewksbury, J.J.","contributorId":78116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tewksbury","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Black, A.E.","contributorId":98074,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Black","given":"A.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nur, N.","contributorId":13576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nur","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399386,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Saab, V.A.","contributorId":70328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saab","given":"V.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Logan, B.D.","contributorId":93241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Logan","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dobkin, D.S.","contributorId":25127,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dobkin","given":"D.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024182,"text":"70024182 - 2002 - Leaf cellulose δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O trends with elevation differ in direction among co-occurring, semiarid plant species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-11T09:49:08","indexId":"70024182","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Leaf cellulose δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O trends with elevation differ in direction among co-occurring, semiarid plant species","docAbstract":"<p>The potential to reconstruct paleoclimate from analyses of stable isotopes in fossil leaf cellulose could be enhanced by adequate calibration. This potential is likely to be particularly great in mid-latitude deserts, where a rich store of fossil leaves is available from rodent middens. Trends in ??D and ??18O of leaf cellulose were examined for three species growing across climatic gradients caused by elevation and slope aspect in southeastern Utah, USA. The species differed in morphology (Pinus edulis vs. Yucca glauca), photosynthetic pathway (C3 Y. glauca vs. CAM Yucca baccata) or both (P. edulis vs. Y. baccata). The ??DLCN (leaf cellulose nitrate) and ??18OLC (leaf cellulose) values of P. edulis decreased with elevation. Stem water ??D values either increased (in spring) or did not change with elevation (in summer). Needle water ??D values usually decreased with elevation and differed greatly with leaf age. These results suggest that ?? cellulose values of P. edulis record the effects of climate on the isotopic composition of leaf water but not climate effects on meteoric water. In contrast to P. edulis, ??DLCN values of Y. glauca increased with elevation. The ??18O LC values ofc Y. glauca also increased with elevation but less significantly and only on south-facing slopes. The ?? cellulose values in both P. edulis and Y. glauca were most significantly related to changes in temperature, although temperature and precipitation were negatively correlated in the study area. Where all three species co-occurred, their ??DLCN values differed but their ??18O LC values were the same. The disparity in ??DLCN between Y. baccata and the other species corresponds to differences in biochemical fractionations associated with photosynthetic pathway. Biochemical fractionations may also contribute to differences between the two C3 species. Knowledge of factors affecting responses of individual plant species to environment may be required to infer climate from ??DLCN and ??18OLC. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00964-X","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Terwilliger, V.J., Betancourt, J.L., Leavitt, S.W., and Van De Water, P.K., 2002, Leaf cellulose δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O trends with elevation differ in direction among co-occurring, semiarid plant species: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 22, p. 3887-3900, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00964-X.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"3887","endPage":"3900","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231989,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207219,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00964-X"}],"volume":"66","issue":"22","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a45eae4b0c8380cd6751e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Terwilliger, Vallery J.","contributorId":89304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terwilliger","given":"Vallery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Betancourt, Julio L. 0000-0002-7165-0743 jlbetanc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7165-0743","contributorId":3376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Betancourt","given":"Julio","email":"jlbetanc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":554,"text":"Science and Decisions Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Leavitt, Steven W.","contributorId":77312,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leavitt","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Van De Water, Peter K.","contributorId":51484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van De Water","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023996,"text":"70023996 - 2002 - Effect of deer exclusion by fencing on abundance of <i>Amblyomma americanum</i> (Acari: Ixodidae) on Fire Island, New York, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-07T14:55:38","indexId":"70023996","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2489,"text":"Journal of Vector Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effect of deer exclusion by fencing on abundance of <i>Amblyomma americanum</i> (Acari: Ixodidae) on Fire Island, New York, USA","docAbstract":"<p>The effects of deer exclusion on northern populations of lone star ticks, <i>Amblyomma americanum</i>, were tested at the Lighthouse Tract, Fire Island, NY, USA, where densities of this species have increased recently. Game fencing was erected to exclude deer from two sites of roughly one ha each, and populations of nymphal and adult <i>A. americanum</i> within were compared with those at control sites outside the exclosures. Percent control of nymphs within vs. outside the exclosures averaged 48.4% in the four years post-treatment, compared to pretreatment values. Percent control varied markedly in different years, suggesting that factors in addition to deer densities had strong effects on population densities of <i>A. americanum</i>. Exclosures of this size did not control adult <i>A. americanum</i>. Effects of deer exclusion in this recently expanded northern population of <i>A. americanum</i> were similar to those that have been reported for southern populations of this species.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society for Vector Ecology","issn":"10811710","usgsCitation":"Ginsberg, H., Butler, M., and Zhioua, E., 2002, Effect of deer exclusion by fencing on abundance of <i>Amblyomma americanum</i> (Acari: Ixodidae) on Fire Island, New York, USA: Journal of Vector Ecology, v. 27, no. 2, p. 215-221.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"215","endPage":"221","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232096,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a05cee4b0c8380cd50f8c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ginsberg, H. S. 0000-0002-4933-2466","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-2466","contributorId":27576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ginsberg","given":"H. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Butler, M.","contributorId":30313,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhioua, E.","contributorId":27165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhioua","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1013528,"text":"1013528 - 2002 - The polar bear management agreement for the southern Beaufort Sea: An evaluation of the first ten years of a unique conservation agreement","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-10T16:50:04.983656","indexId":"1013528","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":894,"text":"Arctic","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The polar bear management agreement for the southern Beaufort Sea: An evaluation of the first ten years of a unique conservation agreement","docAbstract":"<p>Polar bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) of the southern Beaufort Sea population, distributed from approximately Icy Cape, west of Point Barrow, to Pearce Point, east of Paulatuk in Canada, are harvested by hunters from both countries. In Canada, quotas to control polar bear hunting have been in place, with periodic modifications, since 1968. In Alaska, passage of the United State Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) of 1972 banned polar bear hunting unless done by Alaska Natives for subsistence. However, the MMPA placed no restrictions on numbers or composition of the subsistence hunt, leaving open the potential for an overharvest with no possible legal management response until the population was declared depleted. Recognizing that as a threat to the conservation of the shared polar bear population, the Inuvialuit Game Council from Canada and the North Slop Borough from Alaska negotiated and signed a user-to-user agreement, the Polar Bear Management Agreement for the Southern Beaufort Sea, in 1988. We reviewed the functioning of the agreement through its first 10 years and concluded that, overall, it has been successful because both the total harvest and the proportion of females in the harvest have been contained within sustainable limits. However, harvest monitoring needs to be improved in Alaska, and awareness of the need to prevent overharvest of females needs to be increased in both countries. This agreement is a useful model for other user-to-user conservation agreements.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Arctic Institute of North America","doi":"10.14430/arctic720","usgsCitation":"Brower, C., Carpenter, A., Branigan, M., Calvert, W., Evans, T., Fischbach, A.S., Nagy, J., Schliebe, S., and Stirling, I., 2002, The polar bear management agreement for the southern Beaufort Sea: An evaluation of the first ten years of a unique conservation agreement: Arctic, v. 55, no. 4, p. 362-372, https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic720.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"362","endPage":"372","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478624,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic720","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":128481,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -156.1,66.3 ], [ -156.1,74.7 ], [ -104.0,74.7 ], [ -104.0,66.3 ], [ -156.1,66.3 ] ] ] } } ] }","volume":"55","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a71e4b07f02db641e35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brower, C.D.","contributorId":93852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brower","given":"C.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Carpenter, A.","contributorId":87882,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carpenter","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Branigan, M.L.","contributorId":94249,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Branigan","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Calvert, W.","contributorId":44105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calvert","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Evans, T.","contributorId":87883,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evans","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Fischbach, Anthony S. 0000-0002-6555-865X afischbach@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6555-865X","contributorId":2865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fischbach","given":"Anthony","email":"afischbach@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Nagy, J.A.","contributorId":27393,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nagy","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Schliebe, S.","contributorId":27818,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schliebe","given":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":6987,"text":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Sevice","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Stirling, I.","contributorId":103615,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stirling","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
,{"id":70175185,"text":"70175185 - 2002 - Long-term benthic community change in a highly invaded estuary","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-09-27T15:50:41.058839","indexId":"70175185","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"Long-term benthic community change in a highly invaded estuary","docAbstract":"<p>Ecosystem-level changes in the San Francisco Estuary including reduction in phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass through competition and predation have been linked to the invasive bivalve&nbsp;<i>Potamocorbula amurensis</i><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\">, first found in this estuary in 1986. My study assessed the competitive and other effects of <i>P. amurensis</i><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"> on the benthic community at a long-term benthic monitoring site in Grizzly Bay, in the upper San Francisco Estuary during 1977-2000. Changes in the structure of the Grizzly Bay benthic community after the&nbsp;<i>P.<span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"></span></i><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\">&nbsp;<i>amurensis&nbsp;</i><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\">invasion included a significant decrease in the biomass of suspension feeding species and in species that spawn. There was no significant change in the biomass species that brood their young or in species that deposit feed, indicating that competitive effects of&nbsp;<i>P. amurensis</i><span id=\"_mce_caret\" data-mce-bogus=\"1\" data-mce-type=\"format-caret\"> in the benthic community paralleled those documented for other biotic communities in the estuary.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco State University","usgsCitation":"Peterson, H., 2002, Long-term benthic community change in a highly invaded estuary, 108 p.","productDescription":"108 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325911,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c430e4b006cb45552c23","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Peterson, Heather","contributorId":172879,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Peterson","given":"Heather","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70174921,"text":"70174921 - 2002 - United States streamflow probabilities and uncertainties based on anticipated El Niño, water year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-28T15:15:14","indexId":"70174921","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5147,"text":"Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"United States streamflow probabilities and uncertainties based on anticipated El Niño, water year 2003","docAbstract":"<p>During the course of spring and summer 2002, tropical sea-surface temperatures in the eastern Pacific Ocean have warmed and the wind and pressure fields have shifted, so that by August, there was considerable confidence that water year (October&ndash;September) 2003 will be characterized by a weak to mild El Ni&ntilde;o climate (http://iri.columbia.edu/climate/ENSO/currentinfo/archive/200208/QuickLook.html). At the same time, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation pattern of sea-surface temperatures in the North Pacific (Mantua et al., 1997) has shifted towards a more neutral state than in the past several years and will not be considered in detail here. Previous studies of the connections between El Ni&ntilde;os and streamflow in the United States by the authors (e.g., Redmond and Koch, 1991; Cayan and Webb, 1992; Cayan et al., 1999; Dettinger et al., 2001) indicate that El Ni&ntilde;o conditions influence historical streamflow distributions to varying extents. These conclusions, along with those of other researchers, suggest that foreknowledge of El Ni&ntilde;o conditions can inform seasonal outlooks for streamflows throughout the Americas and elsewhere. For example, Dettinger et al. (2001), as distilled here into Fig. 1, showed that historical annual streamflow totals have correlated negatively with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI, which is negatively associated with El Ni&ntilde;os) in the U.S. Southwest as well as in the subtropics of South America, and correlate positively in the U.S. Northwest, in much of tropical South America, and, perhaps, in southernmost South America. These interhemispheric bands of El Ni&ntilde;o influence are a matter of considerable concern for water- and land-managers throughout the Americas, and expand upon results from previous studies in the western United States (e.g., Redmond and Koch, 1991; Cayan and Webb, 1992), including a recent analysis by Pizarro and Lall (2002), where water availability and hydrologic extremes are particularly pressing issues.</p>","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M., Cayan, D., and Redmond, K., 2002, United States streamflow probabilities and uncertainties based on anticipated El Niño, water year 2003: Experimental Long-Lead Forecast Bulletin, v. 11, no. 3, p. 46-52.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"46","endPage":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325523,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"11","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5791f234e4b0a1ebd3ad4ca5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":78909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643150,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.","contributorId":49563,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643151,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Redmond, K.","contributorId":48355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redmond","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643152,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":70175192,"text":"70175192 - 2002 - A comment on the use of flushing time, residence time, and age as transport time scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T07:49:25","indexId":"70175192","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2620,"text":"Limnology and Oceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A comment on the use of flushing time, residence time, and age as transport time scales","docAbstract":"<p><span>Applications of transport time scales are pervasive in biological, hydrologic, and geochemical studies yet these times scales are not consistently defined and applied with rigor in the literature. We compare three transport time scales (flushing time, age, and residence time) commonly used to measure the retention of water or scalar quantities transported with water. We identify the underlying assumptions associated with each time scale, describe procedures for computing these time scales in idealized cases, and identify pitfalls when real-world systems deviate from these idealizations. We then apply the time scale definitions to a shallow 378 ha tidal lake to illustrate how deviations between real water bodies and the idealized examples can result from: (1) non-steady flow; (2) spatial variability in bathymetry, circulation, and transport time scales; and (3) tides that introduce complexities not accounted for in the idealized cases. These examples illustrate that no single transport time scale is valid for all time periods, locations, and constituents, and no one time scale describes all transport processes. We encourage aquatic scientists to rigorously define the transport time scale when it is applied, identify the underlying assumptions in the application of that concept, and ask if those assumptions are valid in the application of that approach for computing transport time scales in real systems.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"ASLO","doi":"10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1545","usgsCitation":"Monsen, N.E., Cloern, J.E., Lucas, L.V., and Monismith, S., 2002, A comment on the use of flushing time, residence time, and age as transport time scales: Limnology and Oceanography, v. 47, no. 5, p. 1545-1553, https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1545.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1545","endPage":"1553","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478670,"rank":0,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2002.47.5.1545","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":325925,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"57a1c42ce4b006cb45552be2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Monsen, Nancy E.","contributorId":173324,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Monsen","given":"Nancy","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644283,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cloern, James E. 0000-0002-5880-6862 jecloern@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5880-6862","contributorId":1488,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloern","given":"James","email":"jecloern@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":644284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lucas, Lisa V.","contributorId":80992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"Lisa","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Monismith, Stephen G.","contributorId":57228,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monismith","given":"Stephen G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":644286,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70175040,"text":"70175040 - 2002 - The effects of decreasing trace metal concentrations on benthic community structure","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T14:10:15","indexId":"70175040","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":21,"text":"Thesis"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":28,"text":"Thesis"},"title":"The effects of decreasing trace metal concentrations on benthic community structure","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"San Francisco State University","usgsCitation":"Shouse, M., 2002, The effects of decreasing trace metal concentrations on benthic community structure, 177 p.","productDescription":"177 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325722,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db7ee4b0589fa1c7eb63","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shouse, M. K.","contributorId":173205,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shouse","given":"M. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70175032,"text":"70175032 - 2002 - Continuous monitoring of suspended sediment in rivers by use of optical backscatterance sensors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-27T13:43:06","indexId":"70175032","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Continuous monitoring of suspended sediment in rivers by use of optical backscatterance sensors","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Oslo Symposium, 2002, Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement in Rivers : Technological and Methodological Advances","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement in Rivers : Technological and Methodological Advances","conferenceDate":"June 19-21, 2002","conferenceLocation":"Oslo, Norway","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Schoellhamer, D., and Wright, S., 2002, Continuous monitoring of suspended sediment in rivers by use of optical backscatterance sensors, <i>in</i> Oslo Symposium, 2002, Erosion and Sediment Transport Measurement in Rivers : Technological and Methodological Advances, Oslo, Norway, June 19-21, 2002, p. 28-36.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"28","endPage":"36","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":325715,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5799db40e4b0589fa1c7e791","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schoellhamer, D. H. 0000-0001-9488-7340","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9488-7340","contributorId":85624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schoellhamer","given":"D. H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wright, S.A.","contributorId":90080,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wright","given":"S.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":643662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70174255,"text":"70174255 - 2002 - Water level, specific conductance, and water temperature data, San Francisco Bay, California, for Water Year 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-07-26T16:28:04","indexId":"70174255","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3914,"text":"Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Water level, specific conductance, and water temperature data, San Francisco Bay, California, for Water Year 2000","docAbstract":"<p>Time series of water-level, specific-conductance, and watertemperature data were collected at seven sites in San Francisco Bay during water year 2000 (October 1, 1999 through September 30, 2000). Water-level data were recorded only at Point San Pablo. Specific-conductance and water-temperature data were recorded at 15-minute intervals at the following locations (Figure 1): &bull; Carquinez Strait at Carquinez Bridge &bull; Napa River at Mare Island Causeway near Vallejo &bull; San Pablo Bay at Petaluma River Channel Marker 9 &bull; San Pablo Strait at Point San Pablo &bull; Central San Francisco Bay at Presidio Military Reservation &bull; Central San Francisco Bay at Pier 24 &bull; South San Francisco Bay at San Mateo Bridge near Foster City.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Interagency","usgsCitation":"Buchanan, P., 2002, Water level, specific conductance, and water temperature data, San Francisco Bay, California, for Water Year 2000: Interagency Ecological Program Newsletter, v. 15, no. 1, p. 22-26.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"22","endPage":"26","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":324771,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":324770,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.water.ca.gov/iep/newsletters/2002/IEPNewsletterWinter2002.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.41241455078125,\n              38.15723682167875\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.50167846679686,\n              38.120512892298976\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.508544921875,\n              38.04917251752295\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.4810791015625,\n              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,{"id":1003900,"text":"1003900 - 2002 - What are parasitologists doing in the United States Geological Survey?","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-18T11:49:32","indexId":"1003900","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1298,"text":"Comparative Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What are parasitologists doing in the United States Geological Survey?","docAbstract":"<p>The United States Geological Survey (USGS) was formed in 1879 as the nation's primary natural science and information agency. The mission of the agency is to provide scientific information to a??describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life.a?? Prior to 1996, the USGS comprised 3 divisions or disciplines: geology, mapping, and water. Historically, the agency was most noted for cartographic products that were used widely by both government and private sector. With the inclusion of the National Biological Service into the USGS in 1996 as the Biological Resource Discipline (BRD), a living resources dimension was added to the earth sciences character of the USGS. With the addition of BRD, the bureau is able now to contribute both the physical and biological sciences to address the nation's resource management problems.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Helminthological Society of Washington","doi":"10.1654/1525-2647(2002)069[0132:WAPDIT]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Cole, R.A., 2002, What are parasitologists doing in the United States Geological Survey?: Comparative Parasitology, v. 69, no. 2, p. 132-134, https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647(2002)069[0132:WAPDIT]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"132","endPage":"134","numberOfPages":"3","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131137,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": 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,{"id":1003627,"text":"1003627 - 2002 - West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T14:59:44.353423","indexId":"1003627","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife","docAbstract":"<p><span>West Nile (WN) virus, the causative agent of West Nile fever, a dengue-like infection in humans, is one of the most widely distributed arthropod-borne viruses extending, until recently, from Africa, the Middle East, Europe, and western Asia. WN virus is a natural avian virus transmitted between birds primarily by ornithophilic mosquitoes, although isolations have been reported from mammals and amphibians, other mosquitoes and ticks. This virus has one of the broadest host and vector ranges and historically caused clinical disease in humans and equines only.</span></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_14","usgsCitation":"McLean, R.G., Ubico, S.R., Bourne, D., and Komar, N., 2002, West Nile virus in livestock and wildlife, chap. <i>of</i> Japanese encephalitis and West Nile viruses, v. 267, p. 271-308, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59403-8_14.","productDescription":"38 p.","startPage":"271","endPage":"308","numberOfPages":"38","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134152,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"267","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fee4b07f02db5f7231","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLean, R. G.","contributorId":24722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLean","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ubico, S. R.","contributorId":58997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ubico","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bourne, D.","contributorId":19128,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bourne","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Komar, N.","contributorId":95031,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Komar","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1003492,"text":"1003492 - 2002 - Use of satellite telemetry to identify common loon migration routes, staging areas and wintering range","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-18T16:49:53.72003","indexId":"1003492","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3731,"text":"Waterbirds","onlineIssn":"19385390","printIssn":"15244695","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of satellite telemetry to identify common loon migration routes, staging areas and wintering range","docAbstract":"<p><span>We developed a satellite transmitter attachment technique for adult Common Loons (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Gavia immer</span></i><span>) that would help in identifying important migration routes, staging areas, and the location of wintering grounds of birds that breed in the north central United States. During the autumn and winter of 1998, the migration of six adult loons that were radio marked in northern Wisconsin and Minnesota was monitored. The results of this work offer insight into autumn movement patterns of Common Loons. Timing of autumn staging and migration to wintering grounds appeared to be related to low pressure systems that delivered winter weather to the Upper Midwest. Most of the radiomarked birds staged on the Great Lakes and then followed one of two distinct migration routes to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coasts. Several of the birds used lakes and reservoirs in the southeastern United States during migration. This study provides a basis for more extensive studies of Common Loon migration.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Waterbird Society","doi":"10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0449:UOSTTI]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Kenow, K.P., Meyer, M.W., Evers, D., Douglas, D., and Hines, J., 2002, Use of satellite telemetry to identify common loon migration routes, staging areas and wintering range: Waterbirds, v. 25, p. 449-458, https://doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2002)025[0449:UOSTTI]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"449","endPage":"458","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134494,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a17e4b07f02db6043cf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kenow, Kevin P. 0000-0002-3062-5197 kkenow@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3062-5197","contributorId":3339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenow","given":"Kevin","email":"kkenow@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313380,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Meyer, Michael W.","contributorId":149111,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Meyer","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":17645,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Rhinelander, WI","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":313383,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Evers, David","contributorId":34364,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Evers","given":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313382,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Douglas, David C. 0000-0003-0186-1104 ddouglas@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-1104","contributorId":150115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Douglas","given":"David C.","email":"ddouglas@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313381,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, J.","contributorId":41395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313384,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1003935,"text":"1003935 - 2002 - Avian disease at the Salton Sea","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":1003935,"text":"1003935 - 2002 - Avian disease at the Salton Sea","indexId":"1003935","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Avian disease at the Salton Sea"},"predicate":"IS_PART_OF","object":{"id":94819,"text":"94819 - 2002 - The Salton Sea: Proceedings of the Salton Sea Symposium","indexId":"94819","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"The Salton Sea: Proceedings of the Salton Sea Symposium"},"id":1}],"isPartOf":{"id":94819,"text":"94819 - 2002 - The Salton Sea: Proceedings of the Salton Sea Symposium","indexId":"94819","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"The Salton Sea: Proceedings of the Salton Sea Symposium"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-11-18T17:48:24.554028","indexId":"1003935","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Avian disease at the Salton Sea","docAbstract":"<p><span>A review of existing records and the scientific literature was conducted for occurrences of avian diseases affecting free-ranging avifauna within the Salton Sea ecosystem. The period for evaluation was 1907 through 1999. Records of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey and the scientific literature were the data sources for the period of 1907–1939. The narrative reports of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Sonny Bono National Wildlife Refuge Complex and the epizootic database of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Wildlife Health Center were the primary data sources for the remainder of the evaluation. The pattern of avian disease at the Salton Sea has changed greatly over time. Relative to past decades, there was a greater frequency of major outbreaks of avian disease at the Salton Sea during the 1990s than in previous decades, a greater variety of disease agents causing epizootics, and apparent chronic increases in the attrition of birds from disease. Avian mortality was high for about a decade beginning during the mid-1920s, diminished substantially by the 1940s and was at low to moderate levels until the 1990s when it reached the highest levels reported. Avian botulism (</span><i>Clostridium botulinum</i><span>&nbsp;type C) was the only major cause of avian disease until 1979 when the first major epizootic of avian cholera (</span><i>Pasteurella multocidia</i><span>) was documented. Waterfowl and shorebirds were the primary species affected by avian botulism. A broader spectrum of species have been killed by avian cholera but waterfowl have suffered the greatest losses. Avian cholera reappeared in 1983 and has joined avian botulism as a recurring cause of avian mortality. In 1989, avian salmonellosis (</span><i>Salmonella typhimurium</i><span>) was first diagnosed as a major cause of avian disease within the Salton Sea ecosystem and has since reappeared several times, primarily among cattle egrets (</span><i>Bubulcus ibis</i><span>). The largest loss from a single epizootic occurred in 1992, when an estimated 155 000 birds, primarily eared grebes (</span><i>Podiceps nigricollis</i><span>), died from an undiagnosed cause. Reoccurrences of that unknown malady have continued to kill substantial numbers of eared grebes throughout the 1990s. The first major epizootic of type C avian botulism in fish-eating birds occurred in 1996 and killed large numbers of pelicans (</span><i>Pelecanus occidentalis</i><span>&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;</span><i>P</i><span>.&nbsp;</span><i>erythrorhynchos</i><span>). Avian botulism has remained as a major annual cause of disease in pelicans. In contrast, the chronic on-Sea occurrence of avian botulism in waterfowl and shorebirds of previous decades was seldom seen during the 1990s. Newcastle disease became the first viral disease to cause major bird losses at the Salton Sea when it appeared in the Mullet Island cormorant (</span><i>Phalacrocorax auritus)</i><span>&nbsp;breeding colony during 1997 and again during 1998.</span></p>","conferenceTitle":"Salton Sea Symposium","conferenceDate":"January 13-14, 2000","conferenceLocation":"Desert Hot Springs, CA","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1016570810004","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 2002, Avian disease at the Salton Sea: Hydrobiologia, v. 473, no. 1-3, p. 293-306, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016570810004.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"293","endPage":"306","numberOfPages":"14","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134454,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.08566284179688,\n              33.51162942617925\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.06506347656251,\n              33.535671379525525\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94284057617188,\n              33.527658137677335\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.72998046875,\n              33.35232621329067\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.7080078125,\n              33.35691456311512\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.6475830078125,\n              33.338559712732525\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.58441162109375,\n              33.25132135653952\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.58441162109375,\n              33.20422235093439\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.70114135742186,\n              33.08463802391685\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.76843261718751,\n              33.10419660287101\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.8343505859375,\n              33.173192085918075\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94284057617188,\n              33.31216783738619\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.0430908203125,\n              33.39131947587412\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.0870361328125,\n              33.47727218776036\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.08566284179688,\n              33.51162942617925\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"473","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48cfe4b07f02db5464d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, Milton 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":31332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"Milton","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003899,"text":"1003899 - 2002 - A baiting system for delivery of an oral plague vaccine to black-tailed prairie dogs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:13:07","indexId":"1003899","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A baiting system for delivery of an oral plague vaccine to black-tailed prairie dogs","docAbstract":"<p><span>Laboratory and field studies were conducted between July and October 1999 to identify bait preference, biomarker efficacy, and bait acceptance rates for delivering an oral plague vaccine to black-tailed prairie dogs (</span><i>Cynomys ludovicianus</i><span>). Twenty juvenile captive prairie dogs were offered alfalfa baits containing either alfalfa, alfalfa and 5% molasses, or alfalfa, 5% molasses and 4% salt. Based on the results of these trials we selected a bait containing alfalfa, 7% molasses, and 1% salt for field trials to determine bait acceptance rates by free-ranging animals. The biomarkers DuPont Blue dye, iophenoxic acid, and tetracycline hydrochloride were orally administered to captive prairie dogs to determine their efficacy. Only tetracycline proved effective as a biomarker. Two field trials were conducted at separate prairie dog colonies located at the Buffalo Gap National Grassland (Pennington County, South Dakota, USA). In Trial 1, three baits containing tetracycline were distributed around each active burrow entrance and an additional bait was placed inside the burrow (1,276 baits total). In Trial 2, baits were distributed at the same density per burrow as Trial 1, but along transects spaced 10 m apart (1,744 baits total). Trapping began 3 days after bait distribution, and 30 prairie dogs then were captured at each site to determine the percentage of animals marked. In Trial 1, 67% of the prairie dogs captured had tetracycline deposits indicative of bait consumption. In Trial 2, 83% of the prairie dogs had ingested a bait. Approximately 15% of the animals in both trials ate more than one bait. Fleas (</span><i>Opisocrostis hirsutus</i><span>) were found on 64 of 70 (91%) of the prairie dogs captured during this study.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-38.1.32","usgsCitation":"Creekmore, T.E., Rocke, T.E., and Hurley, J., 2002, A baiting system for delivery of an oral plague vaccine to black-tailed prairie dogs: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 38, no. 1, p. 32-39, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.1.32.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"32","endPage":"39","numberOfPages":"8","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478688,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.1.32","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":134058,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"South Dakota","county":"Pennington","otherGeospatial":"Buffalo Gap National Grassland","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.04602050781249,\n              43.393073720674415\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.04602050781249,\n              43.004647127794435\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.0133056640625,\n              43.02071359427862\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.02429199218749,\n              43.58039085560784\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.51916503906249,\n              43.71950494269107\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.51916503906249,\n              43.83848910616803\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.68395996093749,\n              43.846412964702395\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.634521484375,\n              43.99281450048989\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.48596191406249,\n              43.97305156068593\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.5079345703125,\n              43.83848910616803\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.67822265625,\n              43.9058083561574\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.02978515625,\n              43.98491011404692\n            ],\n            [\n              -102.9803466796875,\n              43.79885402720353\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.2220458984375,\n              43.64005063334696\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.1890869140625,\n              43.297198404646366\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.271484375,\n              43.27320591705845\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.2550048828125,\n              43.11702412135048\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.32092285156249,\n              43.08894918346591\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.33740234375,\n              43.229195113965005\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.5791015625,\n              43.23319741022136\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.5791015625,\n              43.137069765760344\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.80432128906249,\n              43.137069765760344\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.80157470703125,\n              43.3071924816119\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.9801025390625,\n              43.43696596521823\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.04602050781249,\n              43.393073720674415\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"552f8baee4b0b22a158031db","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Creekmore, Terry E.","contributorId":42179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Creekmore","given":"Terry","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314591,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563 trocke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":2665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie","email":"trocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314592,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hurley, J.","contributorId":19126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hurley","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314590,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003803,"text":"1003803 - 2002 - Application of diagnostic tests for mycoplasmal infections of desert and gopher tortoises with management recommendations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-15T16:55:41","indexId":"1003803","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1210,"text":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Application of diagnostic tests for mycoplasmal infections of desert and gopher tortoises with management recommendations","docAbstract":"<p>Mycoplasmosis is a transmissible upper respiratory tract disease that has affected plans for management and conservation of wild desert and gopher tortoises in the United States. Although impact of mycoplasmosis on populations of desert and gopher tortoises is unknown, increased prevalence of seropositive animals as well as field observations of clinically ill tortoises have occurred in association with declining populations. In order to help in the identification of potentially infected animals, three tests have been developed to diagnose mycoplasmal infections of tortoises: 1) direct mycoplasmal culture; 2) detection of mycolplasmal chromosomal DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); and 3) detection of anti-Mycoplasma antibodies in tortoise plasma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Each test provides different, complementary information that collectively can be used to define tortoise mycoplasmal infection status. The types of samples required, the predictive value, interpretation, and cost vary among tests. These assays have been used for epidemiological surveys and in decision making for relocation, repatriation, or captive management of tortoises to minimize the risk of outbreaks of mycoplasmal respiratory disease and spread of the causative agent of this disease. Certain features of mycoplasmal infections of tortoises and other animals create a diagnostic dilemma. Multiple Mycoplasma species can cause respiratory disease with identical clinical presentations. Further, individual strains of a given species may vary with respect to their virulence potential, and some species may be commensals rather than pathogens. Current diagnostic tests may not differentiate among mycoplasmal species or strains or permit determination of pathogenicity of individual isolates. Thus, the information provided by testing is not a simple 'positive' vs. 'negative' issue. While these tests provide much needed information on the exposure of tortoise populations to Mycoplasma species, they do not provide a complete picture of the overall health status of individual tortoises or populations. Unfortunately, test results are often used to make life and death decisions concerning disposition of tortoises being displaced by land development without a complete understanding of the limitations of the diagnostic tests or any consideration of other infectious agents that might be present.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Brown, D., Schumacher, I.M., Mclaughlin, G.S., Wendland, L., Brown, M., Klein, P., and Jacobson, E., 2002, Application of diagnostic tests for mycoplasmal infections of desert and gopher tortoises with management recommendations: Chelonian Conservation and Biology, v. 4, no. 2, p. 497-507.","productDescription":"p. 497-507","startPage":"497","endPage":"507","numberOfPages":"11","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health 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M.","contributorId":74718,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schumacher","given":"Isabella","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mclaughlin, Grace S.","contributorId":21515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mclaughlin","given":"Grace","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wendland, L.D.","contributorId":101619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wendland","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brown, Mary E. 0000-0002-5580-137X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-137X","contributorId":38112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"Mary E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Klein, P.A.","contributorId":10004,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"P.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Jacobson, E.R.","contributorId":65786,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jacobson","given":"E.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1003898,"text":"1003898 - 2002 - Blood parasites of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) in Florida, U.S.A.","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-12-15T16:22:52.130923","indexId":"1003898","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1298,"text":"Comparative Parasitology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Blood parasites of American crows (<i>Corvus brachyrhynchos</i>) and fish crows (<i>Corvus ossifragus</i>) in Florida, U.S.A.","title":"Blood parasites of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) in Florida, U.S.A.","docAbstract":"<p><span>Blood films from 46 fish crows (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Corvus ossifragus</span></i><span>&nbsp;Wilson) and 42 American crows (</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Corvus brachyrhynchos</span></i><span>&nbsp;Brehm) from Florida, U.S.A., were examined for blood parasites.&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Haemoproteus picae</span></i><span>&nbsp;Coatney and Roudabush,&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Haemoproteus danilewskii</span></i><span>&nbsp;Kruse,&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Trypanosoma avium</span></i><span>&nbsp;(Danilewsky), and microfilariae of an unidentified filarioid were identified from both species of crows. An unidentified species of&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Haemoproteus</span></i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Trypanosoma ontarioensis</span></i><span>&nbsp;Woo and Bartlett were observed in American crow blood films. Fish crow blood films contained&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">Plasmodium relictum</span></i><span>&nbsp;Celli and Sanfelice. Prior to this study,&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">T. avium</span></i><span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;</span><i><span class=\"genus-species\">P. relictum</span></i><span>&nbsp;had not been reported from fish crows.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Helminthological Society of Washington","doi":"10.1654/1525-2647(2002)069[0092:BPOACC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dusek, R.J., and Forrester, D.J., 2002, Blood parasites of American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) in Florida, U.S.A.: Comparative Parasitology, v. 69, no. 1, p. 92-96, https://doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647(2002)069[0092:BPOACC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"92","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"5","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134223,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Alachua","city":"Micanopy","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.29017257690428,\n              29.51394431397659\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.27240562438963,\n              29.5142430852963\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.27214813232422,\n              29.50621329944488\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.26665496826172,\n              29.505354261384976\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.2667407989502,\n              29.501693930571804\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.27171897888184,\n              29.501544526503547\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.27214813232422,\n              29.498332285720643\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.29017257690428,\n              29.498294933484345\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.29081630706786,\n              29.501469824386774\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.29150295257567,\n              29.505354261384976\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.28987216949463,\n              29.505428960636046\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.29017257690428,\n              29.51394431397659\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"69","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1be4b07f02db6076ac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dusek, Robert J. 0000-0001-6177-7479 rdusek@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6177-7479","contributorId":174374,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dusek","given":"Robert","email":"rdusek@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":890369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Forrester, Donald J.","contributorId":46453,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Forrester","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":890370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70024168,"text":"70024168 - 2002 - The oral bioavailability and toxicokinetics of methylmercury in common loon (<i>Gavia immer</i>) chicks","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-05-05T10:45:48","indexId":"70024168","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1289,"text":"Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The oral bioavailability and toxicokinetics of methylmercury in common loon (<i>Gavia immer</i>) chicks","docAbstract":"We compared the toxicokinetics of methylmercury in captive common loon chicks during two time intervals to assess the impact of feather growth on the kinetics of mercury. We also determined the oral bioavailability of methylmercury during these trials to test for age-related changes. The blood concentration-time curves for individuals dosed during feather development (initiated 35 days post hatch) were best described by a one-compartment toxicokinetic model with an elimination half-life of 3 days. The data for birds dosed following completion of feather growth (84 days post hatch) were best fitted by a two-compartment elimination model that includes an initial rapid distribution phase with a half-life of 0.9 days, followed by a slow elimination phase with a half-life of 116 days. We determined the oral bioavailability of methylmercury during the first dosing interval by comparing the ratios of the area under the blood concentration-time curves (AUC<sub>0&rarr;&infin;</sub>) for orally and intravenously dosed chicks. The oral bioavailability of methylmercury during the first dosing period was 0.83. We also determined bioavailability during both dosing periods using a second measure because of irregularities with intravenous results in the second period. This second bioavailability measure estimated the percentage of the dose that was deposited in the blood volume (f), and the results show that there was no difference in bioavailability among dosing periods. The results of this study highlight the importance of feather growth on the toxicokinetics of methylmercury.","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00140-X","issn":"10956433","usgsCitation":"Fournier, F., Karasov, W.H., Kenow, K., Meyer, M., and Hines, R.K., 2002, The oral bioavailability and toxicokinetics of methylmercury in common loon (<i>Gavia immer</i>) chicks: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, v. 133, no. 3, p. 703-714, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00140-X.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"703","endPage":"714","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231801,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"133","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bae59e4b08c986b324022","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fournier, F.","contributorId":57001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fournier","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Karasov, W. H.","contributorId":25889,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Karasov","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400249,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kenow, K.P.","contributorId":18302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenow","given":"K.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400248,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Meyer, M.W.","contributorId":38094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hines, R. K.","contributorId":27819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hines","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400250,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70025088,"text":"70025088 - 2002 - Interactions between groundwater and surface water: The state of the science","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:26","indexId":"70025088","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Interactions between groundwater and surface water: The state of the science","docAbstract":"The interactions between groundwater and surface water are complex. To understand these interactions in relation to climate, landform, geology, and biotic factors, a sound hydrogeoecological framework is needed. All these aspects are synthesized and exemplified in this overview. In addition, the mechanisms of interactions between groundwater and surface water (GW-SW) as they affect recharge-discharge processes are comprehensively outlined, and the ecological significance and the human impacts of such interactions are emphasized. Surface-water and groundwater ecosystems are viewed as linked components of a hydrologic continuum leading to related sustainability issues. This overview concludes with a discussion of research needs and challenges facting this evolving field. The biogeochemical processes within the upper few centimeters of sediments beneath nearly all surface-water bodies (hyporheic zone) have a profound effect on the chemistry of the water interchange, and here is where most of the recent research has been focusing. However, to advance conceptual and other modeling of GW-SW systems, a broader perspective of such interactions across and between surface-water bodies is needed, including multidimensional analyses, interface hydraulic characterization and spatial variability, site-to-region regionalization approaches, as well as cross-disciplinary collaborations.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Sophocleous, M., 2002, Interactions between groundwater and surface water: The state of the science: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 1, p. 52-67, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8.","startPage":"52","endPage":"67","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":209470,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0170-8"},{"id":235948,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cc3e4b0c8380cd63007","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sophocleous, M.","contributorId":13373,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sophocleous","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70025073,"text":"70025073 - 2002 - Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-09-25T17:53:14.003551","indexId":"70025073","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge","docAbstract":"Accurate estimation of groundwater recharge is extremely important for proper management of groundwater systems. Many different approaches exist for estimating recharge. This paper presents a review of methods that are based on groundwater-level data. The water-table fluctuation method may be the most widely used technique for estimating recharge; it requires knowledge of specific yield and changes in water levels over time. Advantages of this approach include its simplicity and an insensitivity to the mechanism by which water moves through the unsaturated zone. Uncertainty in estimates generated by this method relate to the limited accuracy with which specific yield can be determined and to the extent to which assumptions inherent in the method are valid. Other methods that use water levels (mostly based on the Darcy equation) are also described. The theory underlying the methods is explained. Examples from the literature are used to illustrate applications of the different methods.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10040-001-0178-0","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Healy, R.W., and Cook, P., 2002, Using groundwater levels to estimate recharge: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 1, p. 91-109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-001-0178-0.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"91","endPage":"109","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":235761,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc059e4b08c986b32a08d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Healy, R. W.","contributorId":89872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Healy","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cook, P.G.","contributorId":103807,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cook","given":"P.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":403705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1003901,"text":"1003901 - 2002 - Book review: Wisconsin's natural communities: how to recognize them, where to find them by Randy Hoffman, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-21T16:38:26.532999","indexId":"1003901","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2821,"text":"Natural Areas Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Book review: Wisconsin's natural communities: how to recognize them, where to find them by Randy Hoffman, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 2002","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Natural Areas Association","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., 2002, Book review: Wisconsin's natural communities: how to recognize them, where to find them by Randy 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]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ad2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, James P.","contributorId":100323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314594,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70024229,"text":"70024229 - 2002 - A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-16T12:20:53.418149","indexId":"70024229","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years","docAbstract":"<p>The Hayward fault, a major branch of the right-lateral San Andreas fault system, traverses the densely populated eastern San Francisco Bay region, California. We conducted a paleoseismic investigation to better understand the Hayward fault's past earthquake behavior. The site is near the south end of Tyson's Lagoon, a sag pond formed in a right step of the fault in Fremont. Because the Hayward fault creeps at the surface, we identified paleoseismic events using features that we judge to be unique to ground ruptures or the result of strong ground motion, such as the presence of fault-scarp colluvial deposits and liquefaction. We correlate the most recent event evidence (E1) to the historical 1868 M 6.9 earthquake that caused liquefaction in the pond and recognize three additional paleoruptures since A.D. 1470 <span>±</span> 110 yr. Event ages were estimated by chronological modeling, which incorporated historical and stratigraphic information and radiocarbon and pollen data. Modeled, mean age and 95-percentile ranges of the three earlier events are A.D. 1730 (1650-1790) yr (E2), A.D. 1630 (1530-1740) yr (E3), and A.D. 1470 (1360-1580) (E4). The ages of these paleoearthquakes yield a mean recurrence of 130 <span>±</span> 40 yr. Although the mean recurrence is well determined for the period A.D. 1470-1868, individual intervals are less well determined: <span>E1-E2, 140 +80/-70 yr; E2-E3, 100 +90/-100 yr; and E3-E4, 150 +130/-110 yr.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000611","usgsCitation":"Lienkaemper, J.J., Dawson, T.E., Personius, S., Seitz, G.G., Reidy, L., and Schwartz, D.P., 2002, A record of large earthquakes on the southern Hayward fault for the past 500 years: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2637-2658, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000611.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"2637","endPage":"2658","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231571,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay region","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.1075439453125,\n              37.63380988687157\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.95510864257811,\n              37.492293998628746\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.93450927734375,\n              37.48575600784826\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.16110229492186,\n              37.83907230547638\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.35748291015625,\n              37.95610943630718\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.37670898437499,\n              37.95394377350263\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.1075439453125,\n              37.63380988687157\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e53ce4b0c8380cd46c18","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lienkaemper, J. J.","contributorId":71947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lienkaemper","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dawson, T. E.","contributorId":84537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400469,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Personius, S. F. 0000-0001-8347-7370","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8347-7370","contributorId":31408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Personius","given":"S. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400466,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seitz, G. G.","contributorId":95651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400470,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reidy, L.M.","contributorId":106672,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reidy","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400471,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schwartz, David P. 0000-0001-5193-9200","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5193-9200","contributorId":52968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"David","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":70024230,"text":"70024230 - 2002 - Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-13T13:27:44.349576","indexId":"70024230","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California","docAbstract":"<p>Paleoseismic investigations across the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault at Thousand Palms Oasis indicate that four and probably five surface-rupturing earthquakes occurred during the past 1200 years. Calendar age estimates for these earthquakes are based on a chronological model that incorporates radiocarbon dates from 18<span>&nbsp;</span><i>in situ</i><span>&nbsp;</span>burn layers and stratigraphic ordering constraints. These five earthquakes occurred in about A.D. 825 (770–890) (mean, 95% range), A.D. 982 (840–1150), A.D. 1231 (1170–1290), A.D. 1502 (1450–1555), and after a date in the range of A.D. 1520–1680. The most recent surface-rupturing earthquake at Thousand Palms is likely the same as the A.D. 1676 ± 35 event at Indio reported by Sieh and Williams (<a class=\"link link-ref xref-bibr\" data-modal-source-id=\"REF28\">1990</a>). Each of the past five earthquakes recorded on the San Andreas fault in the Coachella Valley strongly overlaps in time with an event at the Wrightwood paleoseismic site, about 120 km northwest of Thousand Palms Oasis. Correlation of events between these two sites suggests that at least the southernmost 200 km of the San Andreas fault zone may have ruptured in each earthquake. The average repeat time for surface-rupturing earthquakes on the San Andreas fault in the Coachella Valley is 215 ± 25 years, whereas the elapsed time since the most recent event is 326 ± 35 years. This suggests the southernmost San Andreas fault zone likely is very near failure.</p><p>The Thousand Palms Oasis site is underlain by a series of six channels cut and filled since about A.D. 800 that cross the fault at high angles. A channel margin about 900 years old is offset right laterally 2.0 ± 0.5 m, indicating a slip rate of 4 ± 2 mm/yr. This slip rate is low relative to geodetic and other geologic slip rate estimates (26 ± 2 mm/yr and about 23–35 mm/yr, respectively) on the southernmost San Andreas fault zone, possibly because (1) the site is located in a small step-over in the fault trace and so the rate is not be representative of the Mission Creek fault, (2) slip is partitioned northward from the San Andreas fault and into the eastern California shear zone, and/or (3) slip is partitioned onto the Banning strand of the San Andreas fault zone.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000609","usgsCitation":"Fumal, T.E., Rymer, M.J., and Seitz, G.G., 2002, Timing of large earthquakes since A.D. 800 on the Mission Creek strand of the San Andreas fault zone at Thousand Palms Oasis, near Palm Springs, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 7, p. 2841-2860, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000609.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"2841","endPage":"2860","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231572,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","city":"Palm Springs","otherGeospatial":"Thousand Palms Oasis","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.62124633789061,\n              33.57229388264518\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.02523803710938,\n              33.57229388264518\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.02523803710938,\n              33.97753113740941\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.62124633789061,\n              33.97753113740941\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.62124633789061,\n              33.57229388264518\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb3f0e4b08c986b32609b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fumal, T. E.","contributorId":25942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fumal","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400472,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rymer, M. J.","contributorId":90694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rymer","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400473,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seitz, G. G.","contributorId":95651,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Seitz","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400474,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1003934,"text":"1003934 - 2002 - Preface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-11-13T14:15:22","indexId":"1003934","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Preface","docAbstract":"<p>This issue of Hydrobiologia brings together a series of papers resulting from an intensified effort to describe the current status of the physical and biological conditions present at California's Salton Sea. Most of the studies were contract investigations that were part of a project initiated in January 1998 to pursue the improvement of environmental conditions at the Salton Sea. The remainder are independent investigations resulting in information of importance for the Salton Sea Restoration Project. The information provided by those investigations resulting in information of importance for the Salton Sea Restoration Project. The information provided by those investigations is the most holistic assembly of scientific knowledge about the Salton Sea ever brought together in a single publication. The resulting findings provide an important foundation of knowledge for what has been stated to be '. . . one of the worlds' most dynamic salt lakes . . .' (Hart et al., 1998). We hope this publication will serve as a catalyst to stimulate additional scientific investigations that will further enhance understanding of the dynamics of this unique ecosystem. The purpose for these introductory comments is to place the scientific investigations reported on and the Salton Sea Restoration Project in context and entities, and to one another.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","usgsCitation":"Friend, M., 2002, Preface: Hydrobiologia, v. 473, no. 1-3, p. vii-xii.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"vii","endPage":"xii","numberOfPages":"6","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134408,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Salton Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -116.10076904296875,\n              33.516209361109055\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.10076904296875,\n              33.48185394054361\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.06506347656251,\n              33.43602551072033\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.04583740234374,\n              33.37182502950726\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.97991943359375,\n              33.332823028503576\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.88928222656249,\n              33.261656767328006\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.84808349609375,\n              33.167444534375925\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.76293945312499,\n              33.08693925905123\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.69976806640625,\n              33.08003537299405\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.56793212890625,\n              33.201924189778936\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.587158203125,\n              33.305281685899445\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.65582275390624,\n              33.358061612778876\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.72998046875,\n              33.358061612778876\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.92224121093749,\n              33.54139466898275\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.0101318359375,\n              33.55055114384406\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.10076904296875,\n              33.516209361109055\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"473","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7c0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friend, M. 0000-0002-2882-3629","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2882-3629","contributorId":82634,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friend","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003712,"text":"1003712 - 2002 - Epizootiologic studies of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in waterbirds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-17T13:50:01","indexId":"1003712","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2507,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Epizootiologic studies of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in waterbirds","docAbstract":"<p>Epizootic avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) was first recognized as a neurologic disease in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and American coots (Fulica americana) in Arkansas, USA in 1994 and 1996, respectively, but attempts to identify the etiology of the disease have been unsuccessful to date. Between 1998 and 2001, wing clipped sentinel birds (wild American coots and game farm mallards [Anas platyrhynchos]) were released at Lake Surf, North Carolina, a lake with recurrent outbreaks of AVM, in order to gain a better understanding of the epizootiology of the disease. As early as 5-7 days post-release, sentinel coots and mallards showed neurologic signs of disease and were confirmed with AVM upon histologic examination of their brains. Serial releases of sentinel mallards during the summer, fall, and winter of 2000-01 demonstrated that exposure to the causative agent at a threshold sufficient to manifest disease was seasonal and occurred over about a 2 mo period, during November and December. Our findings that disease onset can be very rapid (5-7 days) and that exposure to the causative agent of AVM is site-specific, seasonal (late fall to early winter), and occurs over a relatively short duration (several months) supports the hypothesis that the disease is caused by a chemical substance, most likely of natural origin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wildlife Disease Association","doi":"10.7589/0090-3558-38.4.678","usgsCitation":"Rocke, T.E., Thomas, N., Augspurger, T., and Miller, K.J., 2002, Epizootiologic studies of avian vacuolar myelinopathy in waterbirds: Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v. 38, no. 4, p. 678-684, https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.4.678.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"678","endPage":"684","numberOfPages":"7","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478684,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-38.4.678","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":135293,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"North Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Lake Surf","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -79.21417236328124,\n              35.24674063355999\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.20301437377928,\n              35.250525714344526\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.19408798217773,\n              35.251226635838385\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.18773651123047,\n              35.25094626796806\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.1788101196289,\n              35.24674063355999\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.17383193969727,\n              35.2421141837431\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.17194366455078,\n              35.23272027670339\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.17091369628906,\n              35.22248388584373\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.18447494506836,\n              35.209300877850445\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.20507431030273,\n              35.207758045501436\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.21194076538086,\n              35.210422919327286\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.21760559082031,\n              35.219959645794646\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.2198371887207,\n              35.23047679469293\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.21417236328124,\n              35.24674063355999\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a13e4b07f02db601fc1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563 trocke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":2665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie","email":"trocke@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thomas, N. J. 0000-0002-0161-0391","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0161-0391","contributorId":49731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thomas","given":"N. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314019,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Augspurger, T.","contributorId":81844,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Augspurger","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":314020,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miller, Kimberli J.G. 0000-0002-7947-0894","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7947-0894","contributorId":81447,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"Kimberli","email":"","middleInitial":"J.G.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":314022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
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