Multivariate analyses are used widely for determining patterns of assemblage structure, inferring species–environment relationships and assessing human impacts on ecosystems. The estimation of ecological patterns often depends on sampling effort, so the degree to which sampling effort affects the outcome of multivariate analyses is a concern. We examined the effect of sampling effort on site and group separation, which was measured using a mean similarity method. Two similarity measures, the Jaccard Coefficient and Bray–Curtis Index were investigated with 1 benthic macroinvertebrate and 2 fish data sets. Site separation was significantly improved with increased sampling effort because the similarity between replicate samples of a site increased more rapidly than between sites. Similarly, the faster increase in similarity between sites of the same group than between sites of different groups caused clearer separation between groups. The strength of site and group separation completely stabilized only when the mean similarity between replicates reached 1. These results are applicable to commonly used multivariate techniques such as cluster analysis and ordination because these multivariate techniques start with a similarity matrix. Completely stable outcomes of multivariate analyses are not feasible. Instead, we suggest 2 criteria for estimating the stability of multivariate analyses of assemblage data: 1) mean within-site similarity across all sites compared, indicating sample representativeness, and 2) the SD of within-site similarity across sites, measuring sample comparability.
","language":"English","publisher":"University of Chicago Press","doi":"10.2307/1468440","usgsCitation":"Cao, Y., Larsen, D.P., Hughes, R.M., Angermeier, P., and Patton, T.M., 2002, Sampling effort affects multivariate comparisons of stream assemblages: Journal of the North American Benthological Society, v. 21, no. 4, p. 701-714, https://doi.org/10.2307/1468440.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"701","endPage":"714","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231860,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"21","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ab080e4b0c8380cd87b3b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Cao, Y.","contributorId":29991,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cao","given":"Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Larsen, D. P.","contributorId":17012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Larsen","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hughes, R. M.","contributorId":69997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hughes","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399254,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399251,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Patton, T. M.","contributorId":80453,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Patton","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024545,"text":"70024545 - 2002 - A new mathematical solution for predicting char activation reactions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024545","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1182,"text":"Carbon","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A new mathematical solution for predicting char activation reactions","docAbstract":"The differential conservation equations that describe typical gas-solid reactions, such as activation of coal chars, yield a set of coupled second-order partial differential equations. The solution of these coupled equations by exact analytical methods is impossible. In addition, an approximate or exact solution only provides predictions for either reaction- or diffusion-controlling cases. A new mathematical solution, the quantize method (QM), was applied to predict the gasification rates of coal char when both chemical reaction and diffusion through the porous char are present. Carbon conversion rates predicted by the QM were in closer agreement with the experimental data than those predicted by the random pore model and the simple particle model. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbon","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00265-2","issn":"00086223","usgsCitation":"Rafsanjani, H., Jamshidi, E., and Rostam-Abadi, M., 2002, A new mathematical solution for predicting char activation reactions: Carbon, v. 40, no. 8, p. 1167-1171, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00265-2.","startPage":"1167","endPage":"1171","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233266,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207944,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(01)00265-2"}],"volume":"40","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e4a6e4b0c8380cd467e2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rafsanjani, H.H.","contributorId":98505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rafsanjani","given":"H.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jamshidi, E.","contributorId":65258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jamshidi","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401659,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rostam-Abadi, M.","contributorId":37061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rostam-Abadi","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401658,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023895,"text":"70023895 - 2002 - Arsenic species and chemistry in groundwater of southeast Michigan","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-12T14:20:11","indexId":"70023895","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1555,"text":"Environmental Pollution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Arsenic species and chemistry in groundwater of southeast Michigan","docAbstract":"Groundwater samples, taken from 73 wells in 10 counties of southeast Michigan in 1997 had arsenic concentrations in the range of 0.5 to 278 μg/l, the average being 29 μg/l. About 12% of these wells had arsenic concentrations that exceeded the current USEPA's maximum contaminant level of 50 μg/l. Most (53-98%) of the arsenic detected was arsenite [As(III)] and other observations supported the arsenic species distribution (low redox potential and DO). In shallow groundwater (15 m), the concentration of arsenic is possibly controlled by reductive dissolution of arsenic-rich iron hydroxide/oxyhydroxide and dissolution of arsenic sulfide minerals.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Pollution","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00114-8","issn":"02697491","usgsCitation":"Kim, M., Nriagu, J., and Haack, S., 2002, Arsenic species and chemistry in groundwater of southeast Michigan: Environmental Pollution, v. 120, no. 2, p. 379-390, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00114-8.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"379","endPage":"390","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231822,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207145,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(02)00114-8"}],"volume":"120","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ed97e4b0c8380cd498ca","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kim, M.-J.","contributorId":12229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kim","given":"M.-J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399244,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Nriagu, J.","contributorId":13399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nriagu","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399245,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Haack, S.","contributorId":66878,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haack","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399246,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023880,"text":"70023880 - 2002 - Potential for restoration of the Roanoke River population of Atlantic sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70023880","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential for restoration of the Roanoke River population of Atlantic sturgeon","docAbstract":"The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) was historically abundant within Albemarie Sound and the Roanoke River in North Carolina, but declined dramatically in the late 1800s in response to intensive fishing. Recent evidence suggests that the population may be recovering, following a statewide prohibition on harvest in 1991. A recruitment index generally increased from 1992 through 2001. Estuarine habitat for juveniles appears to be suitable, resulting in mean growth rates for age 1 fish ranging from 0.59 to 0.81 mm day-1. A restoration goal of 7000-21 000 subadult and adult Atlantic sturgeon was developed for the Roanoke River, based on historical landings records. Bycatch mortality because of commercial gill-netting in Albermarle Sound could affect recovery. Telemetry and netting data indicate that juvenile Atlantic sturgeon in the sound are most abundant in shallow nearshore areas where commercial gill-netting is concentrated. However, immediate mortality rates from survey and commercial gill-netting in Albemarle Sound were only 0-2%. Additional field studies are needed to refine estimates of immediate- and longer-term mortality associated with gill-net bycatch.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00389.x","issn":"01758659","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, J., and Hightower, J., 2002, Potential for restoration of the Roanoke River population of Atlantic sturgeon: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 18, no. 4-6, p. 475-480, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00389.x.","startPage":"475","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207039,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00389.x"},{"id":231590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f16e4b0c8380cd7a8f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, J.L.","contributorId":51056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hightower, J.E.","contributorId":16605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hightower","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023804,"text":"70023804 - 2002 - Examples of landscape indicators for assessing environmental conditions and problems in urban and suburban areas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70023804","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Examples of landscape indicators for assessing environmental conditions and problems in urban and suburban areas","docAbstract":"Geo-indicators can help to assess environmental conditions in city urban and suburban areas. Those indicators should be meaningful for understanding environmental changes. From examples of Spanish and American cities, geo-indicators for assessing environmental conditions and changes in urban and suburban areas are proposed. The paper explore two types of geo-indicators. The first type presents general information that can be used to indicate the presence of a broad array of geologic conditions, either favouring or limiting various kinds of uses of the land. The second type of geo-indicator is the one most commonly used, and as a group most easily understood; these are site and problem specific and they are generally used after a problem is identified. Among them, watershed processes, seismicity and physiographic diversity are explained in more detail. A second dimension that is considered when discussing geo-indicators is the issue of scale. Broad scale investigations, covering extensive areas are only efficient at cataloguing general conditions common to much of the area or some outstanding feature within the area. This type of information is best used for policy type decisions. Detailed scale investigations can provide information about local conditions, but are not efficient at cataloguing vast areas. Information gathered at the detailed level is necessary for project design and construction.","largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Architecture Series","conferenceTitle":"Second International Conference on Urban regeneration and Sustainability, SUSTAINABLE CITY II","conferenceDate":"3 July 2002 through 5 July 2002","conferenceLocation":"Segovia","language":"English","issn":"13681435","usgsCitation":"Martin-Duque, J., Godfrey, A., Diez, A., Cleaves, E., Pedraza, J., Sanz, M., Carrasco, R., and Bodoque, J., 2002, Examples of landscape indicators for assessing environmental conditions and problems in urban and suburban areas, in Advances in Architecture Series, v. 14, Segovia, 3 July 2002 through 5 July 2002, p. 467-476.","startPage":"467","endPage":"476","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d9fe4b0c8380cd530f9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brebbia, C.A.","contributorId":111480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brebbia","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin-Duque, J.F.","contributorId":111985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin-Duque","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508743,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wadhwa, L.C.","contributorId":112729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wadhwa","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508744,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Martin-Duque, J. F.","contributorId":74910,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin-Duque","given":"J. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Godfrey, A.","contributorId":60413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Diez, A.","contributorId":38738,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diez","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398908,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cleaves, E.","contributorId":49564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleaves","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Pedraza, J.","contributorId":68071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pedraza","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sanz, M.A.","contributorId":28774,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sanz","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398907,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Carrasco, R.M.","contributorId":39979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carrasco","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398909,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Bodoque, J.","contributorId":70149,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodoque","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70023876,"text":"70023876 - 2002 - The unionid (Bivalvia) fauna of the Sipsey River in northwestern Alabama, an aquatic hotspot","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-26T16:06:48","indexId":"70023876","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":735,"text":"American Malacological Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The unionid (Bivalvia) fauna of the Sipsey River in northwestern Alabama, an aquatic hotspot","docAbstract":"Recent surveys for unionid bivalves were conducted in the mainstem of the Sipsey River and headwater tributaries (Tombigbee River drainage) during the summer and autumn of 1996-1999. A total of 35 species and 22 genera were found. Museum records from the upper Sipsey, based largely on the efforts of H. H. Smith during 1910-11, raised the total number of recorded unionids in the Sipsey to 42. Smith documented 25 species in the river; however, most of his collections were made in the mid- to upper-Sipsey, which has lower diversity. The three most common recently observed species in descending order of abundance were Quadrula asperata (I. Lea, 1861), Pleurobema decisum (I. Lea, 1831), and Tritogonia verrucosa (Rafinesque, 1820). Federally listed species observed recently include Lampsilis perovalis (Conrad, 1834) (threatened), Medionidus acutissimus (I. Lea, 1831) (threatened), P. decisum (endangered), P. perovatum (Conrad, 1834) (endangered), and Potamilus inflatus (I. Lea, 1831) (threatened). Species not observed recently but recorded in prior surveys include Anodontoides radiatus (Conrad, 1834), Arcidens confragosus (Say, 1829), Plectomerus dombeyanus (Valenciennes, 1827), Q. metanevra (Rafinesque, 1820), Q. stapes (I. Lea, 1831) (federally endangered), P. taitianum (I. Lea, 1834) (federally endangered), and Toxolasma parvus (Barnes, 1823). Many, species are known recently or historically by only five or fewer recorded specimens including: A. radiatus, Elliptio arctata (Conrad, 1834), Ligumia recta (Lamarck, 1819), P. taitianum, P. inflatus, Q. aspera (Lea, 1831), Q. metanevra, Q. stapes, T. parvus, Truncilla donaciformis (I. Lea, 1828), Uniomerus tetralasmus (Say, 1831), Utterbackia imbecillis (Say, 1829), A. confragosus, and P. dombeyanus. Unlike the mussel fauna of most Alabama streams, that of the Sipsey River is still relatively intact in terms of species richness despite impacts from mining, silvicultural, and agricultural activities. A concerted effort should be made to provide guidelines to manage floodplain and watershed activities to avoid future adverse impacts on this aquatic hotspot.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Malacological Union","issn":"07402783","usgsCitation":"McCullagh, W.H., Williams, J.D., McGregor, S.W., Pierson, J.M., and Lydeard, C., 2002, The unionid (Bivalvia) fauna of the Sipsey River in northwestern Alabama, an aquatic hotspot: American Malacological Bulletin, v. 17, no. 1-2, p. 1-15.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231550,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":340480,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173085#page/287/mode/1up"}],"volume":"17","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb14de4b08c986b3252bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McCullagh, W. Henry","contributorId":107062,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McCullagh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Henry","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, James D.","contributorId":17690,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":12556,"text":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399159,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGregor, Stuart W.","contributorId":191449,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McGregor","given":"Stuart","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Pierson, J. Malcom","contributorId":38734,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Pierson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Malcom","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399157,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lydeard, Charles","contributorId":83831,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lydeard","given":"Charles","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399158,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024657,"text":"70024657 - 2002 - Strain accumulation and rotation in western Oregon and southwestern Washington","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T14:05:53.146701","indexId":"70024657","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Strain accumulation and rotation in western Oregon and southwestern Washington","docAbstract":"Velocities of 75 geodetic monuments in western Oregon and southwestern Washington extending from the coast to more than 300 km inland have been determined from GPS surveys over the interval 1992–2000. The average standard deviation in each of the horizontal velocity components is ∼1 mm yr−1. The observed velocity field is approximated by a combination of rigid rotation (Euler vector relative to interior North America: 43.40°N ± 0.14°, 119.33°W ± 0.28°, and 0.822 ± 0.057° Myr−1 clockwise; quoted uncertainties are standard deviations), uniform regional strain rate (εEE = −7.4 ± 1.8, εEN = −3.4 ± 1.0, and εNN = −5.0 ± 0.8 nstrain yr−1, extension reckoned positive), and a dislocation model representing subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath North America. Subduction south of 44.5°N was represented by a 40‐km‐wide locked thrust and subduction north of 44.5°N by a 75‐km‐wide locked thrust.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000625","usgsCitation":"Svarc, J.L., Savage, J., Prescott, W., and Murray, M., 2002, Strain accumulation and rotation in western Oregon and southwestern Washington: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B5, p. ETG 1-1-ETG 1-8, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000625.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"ETG 1-1","endPage":"ETG 1-8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478768,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000625","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232810,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon, Washington","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -126.62841796875,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -114.89501953124999,\n 41.52502957323801\n ],\n [\n -114.89501953124999,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -126.62841796875,\n 48.122101028190805\n ],\n [\n -126.62841796875,\n 41.52502957323801\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-07","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9894e4b08c986b31c0ab","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Svarc, J. L.","contributorId":75995,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402122,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, J.C. 0000-0002-5114-7673","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5114-7673","contributorId":102876,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"J.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402124,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402123,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Murray, M.H.","contributorId":50171,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024567,"text":"70024567 - 2002 - Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part I: The land dynamics (LaD) model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024567","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part I: The land dynamics (LaD) model","docAbstract":"A simple model of large-scale land (continental) water and energy balances is presented. The model is an extension of an earlier scheme with a record of successful application in climate modeling. The most important changes from the original model include 1) introduction of non-water-stressed stomatal control of transpiration, in order to correct a tendency toward excessive evaporation: 2) conversion from globally constant parameters (with the exception of vegetation-dependent snow-free surface albedo) to more complete vegetation and soil dependence of all parameters, in order to provide more realistic representation of geographic variations in water and energy balances and to enable model-based investigations of land-cover change; 3) introduction of soil sensible heat storage and transport, in order to move toward realistic diurnal-cycle modeling; 4) a groundwater (saturated-zone) storage reservoir, in order to provide more realistic temporal variability of runoff; and 5) a rudimentary runoff-routing scheme for delivery of runoff to the ocean, in order to provide realistic freshwater forcing of the ocean general circulation model component of a global climate model. The new model is tested with forcing from the International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Initiative I global dataset and a recently produced observation-based water-balance dataset for major river basins of the world. Model performance is evaluated by comparing computed and observed runoff ratios from many major river basins of the world. Special attention is given to distinguishing between two components of the apparent runoff ratio error: the part due to intrinsic model error and the part due to errors in the assumed precipitation forcing. The pattern of discrepancies between modeled and observed runoff ratios is consistent with results from a companion study of precipitation estimation errors. The new model is tuned by adjustment of a globally constant scale factor for non-water-stressed stomatal resistance. After tuning, significant overestimation of runoff is found in environments where an overall arid climate includes a brief but intense wet season. It is shown that this error may be explained by the neglect of upward soil water diffusion from below the root zone during the dry season. With the exception of such basins, and in the absence of precipitation errors. It is estimated that annual runoff ratios simulated by the model would have a root-mean-square error of about 0.05. The new model matches observations better than its predecessor, which has a negative runoff bias and greater scatter.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0283:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., and Shmakin, A., 2002, Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part I: The land dynamics (LaD) model: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 283-299, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0283:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"283","endPage":"299","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478699,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0283:gmolwa>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207847,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0283:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":233089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a294de4b0c8380cd5a837","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401738,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Shmakin, A.B.","contributorId":46723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shmakin","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401737,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023803,"text":"70023803 - 2002 - Latest Guadalupian (Middle Permian) conodonts and foraminifers from West Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70023803","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Latest Guadalupian (Middle Permian) conodonts and foraminifers from West Texas","docAbstract":"Clarkina, which characterizes Upper Permian (Lopingian Series) strata, evolved from Jinogondolella altudaensis in the Delaware basin of West Texas as demonstrated by transitional continuity. The West Texas section is significantly more complete in the uppermost Guadalupian interval than that of the probable GSSP reference section in South China, and clarifies the phylogenetic relationships among other conodont taxa as well. Jinogondolella granti clearly evolved into J. artafrons new species, both characterized by Pa elements with a distinctive fused carina. Representatives of Jinogondolella crofti are limited to the uppermost part of the altudaensis zone, and are interpreted as terminal paedomorphs. The associated foraminifer (non-fusulinid) fauna has some species in common with Zechstein faunas, possibly presaging the evaporitic basin that would develop following this latest Guadalupian marine deposition in West Texas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/48.4.343","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Lambert, L., Wardlaw, B.R., Nestell, M., and Nestell, G., 2002, Latest Guadalupian (Middle Permian) conodonts and foraminifers from West Texas: Micropaleontology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 343-364, https://doi.org/10.2113/48.4.343.","startPage":"343","endPage":"364","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207371,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/48.4.343"},{"id":232270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4579e4b0c8380cd67350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambert, L.L.","contributorId":23722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wardlaw, B. R.","contributorId":9269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nestell, M.K.","contributorId":44296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestell","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nestell, G.P.","contributorId":59584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestell","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":44955,"text":"wri024159 - 2002 - Evaluation of passive diffusion bag and dialysis samplers in selected wells at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, July 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-10T18:15:37.282548","indexId":"wri024159","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4159","title":"Evaluation of passive diffusion bag and dialysis samplers in selected wells at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, July 2001","docAbstract":"Field comparisons of chemical concentrations obtained from dialysis samplers, passive diffusion bag samplers, and low-flow samplers showed generally close agreement in most of the 13 wells tested during July 2001 at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. The data for chloride, sulfate, iron, alkalinity, arsenic, and methane appear to show that the dialysis samplers are capable of accurately collecting a passive sample for these constituents. In general, the comparisons of volatile organic compound concentrations showed a relatively close correspondence between the two different types of diffusion samples and between the diffusion samples and the low-flow samples collected in most wells. Divergence appears to have resulted primarily from the pumping method, either producing a mixed sample or water not characteristic of aquifer water moving through the borehole under ambient conditions. The fact that alkalinity was not detected in the passive diffusion bag samplers, highly alkaline waters without volatilization loss from effervescence, which can occur when a sample is acidified for preservation. Both dialysis and passive diffusion bag samplers are relatively inexpensive and can be deployed rapidly and easily. Passive diffusion bag samplers are intended for sampling volatile organic compounds only, but dialysis samplers can be used to sample both volatile organic compounds and inorganic solutes. Regenerated cellulose dialysis samplers, however, are subject to biodegradation and probably should be deployed no sooner than 2 weeks prior to recovery.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n1 U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina.\r\n\r\n2 Air Florce Center for Environmental Excellence, San Antionio, Texas.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024159","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D.A., and Pravecek, T., 2002, Evaluation of passive diffusion bag and dialysis samplers in selected wells at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, July 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4159, iv, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024159.","productDescription":"iv, 28 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162263,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":415510,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52343.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3829,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024159/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Hawaii","otherGeospatial":"Hickam Air Force Base","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -157.9711,\n 21.3497\n ],\n [\n -157.9711,\n 21.3133\n ],\n [\n -157.9256,\n 21.3133\n ],\n [\n -157.9256,\n 21.3497\n ],\n [\n -157.9711,\n 21.3497\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fac13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, Don A. vroblesk@usgs.gov","contributorId":413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"Don","email":"vroblesk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pravecek, Tasha","contributorId":11260,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pravecek","given":"Tasha","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023826,"text":"70023826 - 2002 - Routine low-level monitoring of polar pesticides and pesticide degradates by HPLC/ESI-MS: Evaluating long-term performance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023826","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Routine low-level monitoring of polar pesticides and pesticide degradates by HPLC/ESI-MS: Evaluating long-term performance","docAbstract":"The sensitivity and selective determination of polar pesticides were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS). The effects of multiple operators and instruments on method performance were evaluated using 440 pairs of fortified reagent-water and blank reagent-water samples. The influence of varying environmental matrices on recovery and precision were also analyzed using 200 fortified ambient water samples and duplicate ambient water samples. The results show that compound stability in filtered water was matrix-, chemical class- and compound-dependent which ranged from 1 day to 2 weeks.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings 50th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrmetry and Allied Topics","conferenceTitle":"Porceedings - 50th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics","conferenceDate":"2 June 2002 through 6 June 2002","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Furlong, E., Martin, J., Werner, S., and Gates, P.M., 2002, Routine low-level monitoring of polar pesticides and pesticide degradates by HPLC/ESI-MS: Evaluating long-term performance, in Proceedings 50th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrmetry and Allied Topics, Orlando, FL, 2 June 2002 through 6 June 2002, p. 651-652.","startPage":"651","endPage":"652","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaeade4b0c8380cd8716f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":40609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werner, S.L.","contributorId":82734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gates, Paul M.","contributorId":31411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023831,"text":"70023831 - 2002 - McCauley Sinks: A compound breccia pipe in evaporite karst, Holbrook Basin, Arizona, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023831","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1184,"text":"Carbonates and Evaporites","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"McCauley Sinks: A compound breccia pipe in evaporite karst, Holbrook Basin, Arizona, U.S.A","docAbstract":"The McCauley Sinks, in the Holbrook basin of northeastern Arizona, are comprised of some 50 individual sinkholes within a 3-km-wide depression. The sinks are grouped in a semi-concentric pattern of three nested rings. The outer ring is an apparent tension zone containing ring fractures. The two inner rings are semi-circular chains of large sinkholes, ranging up to 100 m across and 50 m deep. Several sub-basins within the larger depression show local downwarping and possible incipient sinkholes. Permian Kaibab Formation limestone is the principal surface lithology; the limestone here is less than 15 m thick and is near its easternmost limit. Although surface rillenkarren are present, and the sinks are seen in the Kaibab limestone outcrops, the Kaibab is mainly a passive rock unit that has collapsed into solution cavities developed in underlying salt beds. Beneath the Kaibab is Coconino Sandstone, which overlies the Permian Schnebly Hill Formation, the unit containing the evaporite rocks-principally halite in the Corduroy Member. Evaporite karst in this part of the Holbrook basin is quite different from the eastern part, probably because of the westward disappearance of the Holbrook anticline, a structure that has major joint systems that help channel water down to the salt beds farther to the east. Also, the McCauley Sinks are near the western limits of the evaporites. The structure at McCauley Sinks suggests a compound breccia pipe, with multiple sinks contributing to the inward-dipping major depression. The Richards Lake depression, 5 km southeast of McCauley Sinks, is similar in form and size but contains only a single, central sinkhole. An apparent difference in hydrogeology at McCauley Sinks is their proximity to the adjacent, deeply incised, Chevelon Canyon drainage, but the hydrologic connections are unknown. The 3-km-wide McCauley Sinks karst depression, along with five other nearby depressions, provide substantial hydrologic catchment. Because of widespread piping into karst features and jointed bedrock at shallow depth, runoff water does not pond easily at the surface. There appears to be a greater recharge efficiency here than in alluvial areas; thus concern exists for groundwater users downgradient from the karst area. Accordingly, sinkholes and open fissures should not be used for waste disposal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbonates and Evaporites","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08912556","usgsCitation":"Neal, J., and Johnson, K., 2002, McCauley Sinks: A compound breccia pipe in evaporite karst, Holbrook Basin, Arizona, U.S.A: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 17, no. 2, p. 98-106.","startPage":"98","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52aee4b0c8380cd6c5d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, J.T.","contributorId":39550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, K.S.","contributorId":24385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023832,"text":"70023832 - 2002 - Raw materials and technology fuel U.S. economic growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023832","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raw materials and technology fuel U.S. economic growth","docAbstract":"In 1900, the average U.S. citizen's average life span was 47 years. He traveled about 1,900 km (1,200 miles) in a lifetime and resided in a home with an icebox for food storage and oil or gas for lighting. He communicated by mail, telegraph and crude telephones with limited availability and range. By 2000, the average citizen's life span was 77 years. He traveled an average of 19,000 km/a (12,000 miles/ year) by automobile alone. He resided in a home with many electrical appliances, including refrigerators and electric lights. And the communicated almost instantaneously with any other part of the globe by several widely available means, including portable phones and e-mail. Technology, the application of knowledge about the Earth's materials, their extraction and fabrication into products, helped create this change. Throughout the 20th century, the United States was a leader in technology. Automobiles, refrigerators, electric lighting, telephones and personal computers are only a few examples of the products invented and improved or further developed by American technology (National Academy of Engineering, 2000).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Kelly, T., 2002, Raw materials and technology fuel U.S. economic growth: Mining Engineering, v. 54, no. 12, p. 17-21.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9557e4b0c8380cd81962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, T.D.","contributorId":34297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023914,"text":"70023914 - 2002 - Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023914","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2351,"text":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology","docAbstract":"Hydraulic (chiefly portland) cement is the binding agent in concrete and mortar and thus a key component of a country's construction sector. Concrete is arguably the most abundant of all manufactured solid materials. Portland cement is made primarily from finely ground clinker, which itself is composed dominantly of hydraulically active calcium silicate minerals formed through high-temperature burning of limestone and other materials in a kiln. This process requires approximately 1.7 tons of raw materials perton of clinker produced and yields about 1 ton of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, of which calcination of limestone and the combustion of fuels each contribute about half. The overall level of CO2 output makes the cement industry one of the top two manufacturing industry sources of greenhouse gases; however, in many countries, the cement industry's contribution is a small fraction of that from fossil fuel combustion by power plants and motor vehicles. The nature of clinker and the enormous heat requirements of its manufacture allow the cement industry to consume a wide variety of waste raw materials and fuels, thus providing the opportunity to apply key concepts of industrial ecology, most notably the closing of loops through the use of by-products of other industries (industrial symbiosis). In this article, the chemistry and technology of cement manufacture are summarized. In a forthcoming companion article (part II), some of the environmental challenges and opportunities facing the cement industry are described. Because of the size and scope of the U.S. cement industry, the analysis relies primarily on data and practices from the United States.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Industrial Ecology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1162/108819802320971650","issn":"10881980","usgsCitation":"Van Oss, H., and Padovani, A., 2002, Cement manufacture and the environment - Part I: Chemistry and technology: Journal of Industrial Ecology, v. 6, no. 1, p. 89-106, https://doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650.","startPage":"89","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207274,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1162/108819802320971650"},{"id":232089,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"6","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-02-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f3dbe4b0c8380cd4b9e4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Van Oss, H. G.","contributorId":84581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Oss","given":"H. G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Padovani, A.C.","contributorId":53150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Padovani","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023894,"text":"70023894 - 2002 - Capture locations and growth rates of Atlantic sturgeon in the Chesapeake Bay","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023894","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":718,"text":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Capture locations and growth rates of Atlantic sturgeon in the Chesapeake Bay","docAbstract":"Little information exists on temporal and spatial distributions of wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus in the Chesapeake Bay. Approximately 3,300 hatchery-reared Atlantic sturgeon comprised of two size groups were released into the Nanticoke River, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay, on 8 July 1996. During January 1996-May 2000, 1099 Atlantic sturgeon were captured incidentally (i.e., bycatch) by commercial watermen in the Chesapeake Bay, including 420 hatchery-reared individuals. Wild and hatchery-reared Atlantic sturgeon were captured primarily in pound nets and gill nets. Biologists tagged each fish and recorded weight, length, and location of capture. Although two adults greater than 2000 mm fork length (FL) were captured in Maryland waters, wild sturgeon were primarily juveniles from Maryland and Virginia waters (415 and 259 individuals below 1000 mm FL, respectively). A growth rate of 0.565 mm/d (N = 15, SE = 0.081) was estimated for wild individuals (487-944 mm TL at release) at liberty from 30 to 622 d. The average growth of the group of hatchery-reared Atlantic sturgeon raised at 10??C exceeded that of the group raised at 17??C. Our distributional data based on capture locations are biased by fishery dependence and gear selectivity. These data are informative to managers, however, because commercial effort is widely distributed in the Chesapeake Bay, and little distributional data were available before this study.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08922284","usgsCitation":"Welsh, S., Eyler, S., Mangold, M., and Spells, A., 2002, Capture locations and growth rates of Atlantic sturgeon in the Chesapeake Bay: American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 2002, no. 28, p. 183-194.","startPage":"183","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2002","issue":"28","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f34fe4b0c8380cd4b70b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welsh, S.A. 0000-0003-0362-054X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0362-054X","contributorId":10191,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welsh","given":"S.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399240,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eyler, S.M.","contributorId":17798,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eyler","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399241,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mangold, M.F.","contributorId":61600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangold","given":"M.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399243,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Spells, A.J.","contributorId":52365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spells","given":"A.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399242,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023935,"text":"70023935 - 2002 - Whirling disease among snake river cutthroat trout in two spring streams in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023935","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":718,"text":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whirling disease among snake river cutthroat trout in two spring streams in Wyoming","docAbstract":"We assessed endemic age-0 cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki for evidence of pathology associated with Myxobolus cerebralis in two streams formed by springs in western Wyoming. We hypothesized that the location of spawning sites in spring streams would affect the extent of exposure of cutthroat trout fry to M. cerebralis triactinomyxons (tams), occurrence of the parasite in their bodies, and clinical signs of whirling disease. The spring streams were warm relative to nearby streams flowing from the mountains or spawning and emergence of fry was early compared with fish in mountain streams. Tams were abundant early in the summer and clinical signs of whirling disease among age-0 fish were seen as early as mid-June in one stream. There were high densities of tams in one stream, and densities declined with upstream progression from May through July, whereas in the other stream, low densities of tams were observed in the downstream portion early in the summer, and they were not detected in July and August. Age-0 cutthroat trout were abundant; clinical signs of whirling disease were evident, and histological evidence of whirling disease was common in the stream where tams were abundant. Low densities of age-0 cutthroat trout and no clinical signs of whirling disease were observed in the stream where tams were not abundant. Among sentinel fish in the stream with abundant tams, we found extensive occurrence of M. cerebralis, with many fish showing clinical signs and histological evidence of pathology associated with M. cerebralis. The proportion of sentinel fish with clinical and histological signs of whirling disease decreased with upstream progression. In the stream with low tam, densities sentinel fish became infected with M. cerebralis, but there were essentially no clinical signs or histological indications of whirling disease. ?? 2002 by the American Fisheries Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08922284","usgsCitation":"Hubert, W., Joyce, M.P., Gipson, R., Zafft, D., Money, D., Hawk, D., and Taro, B., 2002, Whirling disease among snake river cutthroat trout in two spring streams in Wyoming: American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 2002, no. 29, p. 181-193.","startPage":"181","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2002","issue":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd065e4b08c986b32ee21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joyce, M. P.","contributorId":34292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyce","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gipson, R.","contributorId":85359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gipson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zafft, D.","contributorId":93662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zafft","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Money, D.","contributorId":7040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Money","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hawk, D.","contributorId":38736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawk","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Taro, B.","contributorId":88527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taro","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70023834,"text":"70023834 - 2002 - Comparability and accuracy of fluvial-sediment data - A view from the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023834","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparability and accuracy of fluvial-sediment data - A view from the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The quality of historical fluvial-sediment data cannot be taken for granted, based on a review of upper Colorado River basin suspended-sediment discharges, and on an evaluation of the reliability of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) data. Additionally, the quality of future fluvial-sediment data are not assured. Sediment-surrogate technologies, including those that operate on acoustic, laser, bulk optic, digital optic, or pressure differential principles, are being used with increasing frequency to measure in-stream and (or) laboratory fluvial-sediment characteristics. Data from sediment-surrogate technologies may yield results that differ significantly from those obtained by traditional methods for the same sedimentary conditions. Development of national sediment data-quality criteria and rigorous comparisons of data derived from sediment-surrogate technologies to those obtained by traditional techniques will minimize the potential for future fluvial-sediment data-quality concerns.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., Glysson, G., and Mueller, D.S., 2002, Comparability and accuracy of fluvial-sediment data - A view from the U.S. Geological Survey, in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 919-924.","startPage":"919","endPage":"924","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f80de4b0c8380cd4ce5e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536508,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glysson, G.D.","contributorId":16430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, D. S.","contributorId":51338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023958,"text":"70023958 - 2002 - A first generation cytogenetic ideogram for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) based on multiple chromosome banding techniques","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70023958","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1889,"text":"Hereditas","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A first generation cytogenetic ideogram for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) based on multiple chromosome banding techniques","docAbstract":"Detailed chromosome studies were conducted for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) utilizing primary chromosome banding techniques (G- and Q-banding). Digital microscopic imaging methods were employed and a standard G-banded karyotype was constructed for both sexes. Based on chromosome banding patterns and measurements obtained in these studies, a standard karyotype and ideogram are proposed. Characterization of additional cytogenetic features of this species by supplemental chromosome banding techniques, C-banding (constitutive heterochromatin), Ag-NOR staining (nucleolar organizer regions), and DA/DAPI staining, was also performed. These studies provide detailed cytogenetic data for T. manatus latirostris, which could enhance future genetic mapping projects and interspecific and intraspecific genomic comparisons by techniques such as zoo-FISH.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hereditas","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.01657.x","issn":"00180661","usgsCitation":"Gray, B., Zori, R.T., McGuire, P., and Bonde, R., 2002, A first generation cytogenetic ideogram for the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) based on multiple chromosome banding techniques: Hereditas, v. 137, no. 3, p. 215-223, https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.01657.x.","startPage":"215","endPage":"223","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":206995,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.01657.x"},{"id":231520,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"137","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e3dbe4b0c8380cd4626c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gray, B.A.","contributorId":54950,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"B.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399509,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zori, Roberto T.","contributorId":71515,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zori","given":"Roberto","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399511,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McGuire, P.M.","contributorId":80624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGuire","given":"P.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399512,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bonde, R. K. 0000-0001-9179-4376","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9179-4376","contributorId":63339,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bonde","given":"R. K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399510,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024055,"text":"70024055 - 2002 - Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70024055","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2653,"text":"Mammalian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mammalian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1078/1616-5047-00052","issn":"16165047","usgsCitation":"Pine, R.H., Woodman, N., and Timm, R.M., 2002, Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species: Mammalian Biology, v. 67, no. 6, p. 372-377, https://doi.org/10.1078/1616-5047-00052.","startPage":"372","endPage":"377","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478704,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/4473","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207114,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1616-5047-00052"},{"id":231759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3b4e4b0e8fec6cdb931","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pine, R. H.","contributorId":32636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pine","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodman, N. 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":104176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timm, R. M.","contributorId":92376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timm","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024165,"text":"70024165 - 2002 - Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline marking, and year-class contribution of black-nosed crappies stocked into Tennessee reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024165","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline marking, and year-class contribution of black-nosed crappies stocked into Tennessee reservoirs","docAbstract":"Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline mark persistence, and year-class contribution were evaluated for black-nosed crappies, a morphological variant of the black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, stocked into Tennessee reservoirs during 1997-1999. Average initial poststocking mortality was low (x?? = 13%, N = 44). Lake temperature and the difference between lake and hauling tank water temperatures were significant in explaining variability in arcsine-transformed mortality estimates; however, the variability explained by these factors was low (R2 = 0.15). Oxytetracycline immersion was a highly effective marking tool; 97-100% of all crappies treated were marked, and 99% of the marks were visible 36-110 weeks after marking. All control otoliths were correctly scored as unmarked during the evaluation, and mortality rates did not differ between marked and unmarked crappies. Year-class contribution was variable across reservoirs and was highest in Normandy Reservoir (34-93% at ages 1-3). Contribution at ages 1 and 2 was 11-24% in Woods Reservoir. Stocking did not supplement the crappie population in Lake Graham. Black-nosed crappies made up a significant portion (>50%) of the crappies harvested by anglers in Center Hill Reservoir 3 years after stocking was initiated. Conversely, black-nosed crappies made up a relatively small percentage (???12%) of the crappies harvested in Cherokee Reservoir in the 4 years after initial stocking.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1399:IPMOMA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Isermann, D., Bettoli, P., Sammons, S., and Churchill, T., 2002, Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline marking, and year-class contribution of black-nosed crappies stocked into Tennessee reservoirs: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 4, p. 1399-1408, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1399:IPMOMA>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1399","endPage":"1408","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207098,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1399:IPMOMA>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3be6e4b0c8380cd628ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isermann, D.A.","contributorId":33480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isermann","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettoli, P.W.","contributorId":80606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettoli","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sammons, S.M.","contributorId":88513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammons","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Churchill, T.N.","contributorId":12233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Churchill","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023893,"text":"70023893 - 2002 - Overview of biology and aquaculture of Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) in China","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023893","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Overview of biology and aquaculture of Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) in China","docAbstract":"Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii is a large riverine species (max. 3 m length and 190 kg weight) native to the Amur River. In the middle Amur River, males first spawn at 7-8 years of age and females at 9-10 years. Due to overfishing and habitat alteration, the abundance of wild stocks has rapidly declined in recent years. Using wild adults, artificial spawning began in the 1950s in China, and since the early 1990s Amur sturgeon has become the most popular sturgeon for aquaculture. The species is adaptive to many conditions of artificial culture, including traditional Chinese fish culture ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and cages. It will grow well on many types of food, and 1-year-old fish reared on commercial diets weigh 900-1200 g. Based on the examination of females reared for broodstock, first full sexual maturity is expected at 5-6 years of age.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00365.x","issn":"01758659","usgsCitation":"Zhuang, P., Kynard, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, T., Zhang, Z., and Li, D., 2002, Overview of biology and aquaculture of Amur sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii) in China: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 18, no. 4-6, p. 659-664, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00365.x.","startPage":"659","endPage":"664","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478633,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00365.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":231786,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207127,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00365.x"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a71e7e4b0c8380cd7681b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zhuang, P.","contributorId":49892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhuang","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kynard, B.","contributorId":51232,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kynard","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399238,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zhang, L.","contributorId":41543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhang, T.","contributorId":61536,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399239,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Zhang, Z.","contributorId":47505,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhang","given":"Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Li, D.","contributorId":29990,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024314,"text":"70024314 - 2002 - Seismic determination of saturation in fractured reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024314","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3325,"text":"SPE Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic determination of saturation in fractured reservoirs","docAbstract":"Detecting the saturation of a fractured reservoir using shear waves is possible when the fractures have a geometry that induces a component of movement perpendicular to the fractures. When such geometry is present, vertically traveling shear waves can be used to examine the saturation of the fractured reservoir. Tilted, corrugated, and saw-tooth fracture models are potential examples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"SPE Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1086055X","usgsCitation":"Brown, R., Wiggins, M., and Gupta, A., 2002, Seismic determination of saturation in fractured reservoirs: SPE Journal, v. 7, no. 3, p. 237-242.","startPage":"237","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8afce4b08c986b3174fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R.L.","contributorId":107014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiggins, M.L.","contributorId":55999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiggins","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gupta, A.","contributorId":63992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gupta","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023915,"text":"70023915 - 2002 - The influence of climatic variability on local population dynamics of Cercidium microphyllum (foothill paloverde)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T16:27:26.824273","indexId":"70023915","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"The influence of climatic variability on local population dynamics of Cercidium microphyllum (foothill paloverde)","title":"The influence of climatic variability on local population dynamics of Cercidium microphyllum (foothill paloverde)","docAbstract":"This study investigated correlations among climatic variability, population age structure, and seedling survival of a dominant Sonoran Desert tree, Cercidium microphyllum (foothill paloverde), at Tucson, Arizona, USA. A major goal was to determine whether wet years promote seedling establishment and thereby determine population structure. Plant age was estimated from basal circumference for a sample of 980 living and dead trees in twelve 0.5-ha plots. Ages ranged from 1 to 181 years. Age frequency distribution showed that the population is in decline. Most (51.2%) of the 814 living trees were 40–80 years old; only 6.5% were younger than 20 years. The average age of the 166 dead trees was 78 years. Fifty-nine percent of dead trees were aged 60–100 years. Survival of newly emerged seedlings was monitored for 7 years in a 557-m2 permanent plot. Mean survival in the 1st year of life was 1.7%. Only 2 of 1,008 seedlings lived longer than 1 year. Length of survival was not correlated with rainfall. Residual regeneration, an index of the difference between predicted and observed cohort size, showed that regeneration was high during the first half of the twentieth century and poor after the mid-1950s. Trends in regeneration did not reflect interannual variation in seasonal temperature or rain before 1950, that is, in the years before urban warming. Taken together, the seedling study and the regeneration analysis suggest that local population dynamics reflect biotic factors to such an extent that population age structure might not always be a reliable clue to past climatic influences.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1007/s004420100779","usgsCitation":"Bowers, J.E., and Turner, R., 2002, The influence of climatic variability on local population dynamics of Cercidium microphyllum (foothill paloverde): Oecologia, v. 130, no. 1, p. 105-113, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420100779.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"113","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232090,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"130","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bad12e4b08c986b32396e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bowers, Janice E.","contributorId":18119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowers","given":"Janice","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Turner, Raymond M.","contributorId":7383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"Raymond M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024454,"text":"70024454 - 2002 - Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:51:56","indexId":"70024454","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA","docAbstract":"This article is the second in a series of three that describes the results of a Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) conducted in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern (IHAOC). The assessment area is located in northwest Indiana and was divided into nine reaches to facilitate the assessment. This component of the NRDA was undertaken to determine if fish and wildlife resources have been injured due to exposure to contaminants that are associated with discharges of oil or releases of other hazardous substances. To support this assessment, information was compiled on the chemical composition of sediment and tissues; on the toxicity of whole sediments, pore water, and elutriates to fish; on the status of fish communities; and on fish health. The data on each of these indicators were compared to regionally relevant benchmarks to assess the presence and extent of injury to fish and wildlife resources. The results of this assessment indicate that injury to fish and wildlife resources has occurred throughout the assessment area, with up to five distinct lines of evidence demonstrating injury within the various reaches. Based on the frequency of exceedance of the benchmarks for assessing sediment and tissue chemistry data, total polychlorinated biphenyls is the primary bioaccumulative contaminant of concern in the assessment area. It is important to note, however, that this assessment was restricted by the availability of published bioaccumulation-based sediment quality guidelines, tissue residue guidelines, and other benchmarks of sediment quality conditions. The availability of chemistry data for tissues also restricted this assessment in certain reaches of the assessment area. Furthermore, insufficient information was located to facilitate identification of the substances that are causing or substantially contributing to effects on fish (i.e., sediment toxicity, impaired fish health, or impaired fish community structure). Therefore, substances not included on the list of COCs cannot necessarily be considered to be of low priority with respect to sediment injury (e.g., metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, dioxins, and furans, etc.).","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, D., Ingersoll, C., Smorong, D., Lindskoog, R., Sparks, D.W., Smith, J., Simon, T., and Hanacek, M., 2002, Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 130-140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"130","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478697,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.504.6930","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207066,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee3be4b0c8380cd49c3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smorong, D.E.","contributorId":31155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smorong","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindskoog, R.A.","contributorId":91659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindskoog","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sparks, D. 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