Trichloroethene (TCE) was detected in cores of trees growing above TCE-contaminated ground at three sites: the Carswell Golf Course in Texas, Air Force Plant PJKS in Colorado, and Naval Weapons Station Charleston in South Carolina. This was true even when the depth to water was 7.9 m or when the contaminated aquifer was confined beneath ∼3 m of clay. Additional ground water contaminants detected in the tree cores were cis-1,2-dichloroethene at two sites and tetrachloroethene at one site. Thus, tree coring can be a rapid and effective means of locating shallow subsurface chlorinated ethenes and possibly identifying zones of active TCE dechlorination. Tree cores collected over time were useful in identifying the onset of ground water contamination. Several factors affecting chlorinated ethene concentrations in tree cores were identified in this investigation. The factors include ground water chlorinated ethene concentrations and depth to ground water contamination. In addition, differing TCE concentrations around the trunk of some trees appear to be related to the roots deriving water from differing areas. Opportunistic uptake of infiltrating rainfall can dilute prerain TCE concentrations in the trunk. TCE concentrations in core headspace may differ among some tree species. In some trees, infestation of bacteria in decaying heartwood may provide a TCE dechlorination mechanism within the trunk.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb01299.x","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., Clinton, B., Vose, J., Casey, C., Harvey, G.J., and Bradley, P., 2004, Ground water chlorinated ethenes in tree trunks: Case studies, influence of recharge, and potential degradation mechanism: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 24, no. 3, p. 124-138, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2004.tb01299.x.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"124","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234136,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-08-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a2aaae4b0c8380cd5b377","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clinton, B.D.","contributorId":10204,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clinton","given":"B.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410176,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Vose, J.M.","contributorId":22539,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vose","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Casey, C.C.","contributorId":10206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casey","given":"C.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410177,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Harvey, G. J.","contributorId":72984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harvey","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bradley, P. M. 0000-0001-7522-8606","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7522-8606","contributorId":29465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradley","given":"P. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70026595,"text":"70026595 - 2004 - Aquifer vulnerability to pesticide pollution: Combining soil, land-use and aquifer properties with molecular descriptors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:51:49","indexId":"70026595","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2342,"text":"Journal of Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aquifer vulnerability to pesticide pollution: Combining soil, land-use and aquifer properties with molecular descriptors","docAbstract":"This study uses an extensive survey of herbicides in groundwater across the midwest United States to predict occurrences of a range of compounds across the region from a combination of their molecular properties and the properties of the catchment of a borehole. The study covers 100 boreholes and eight pesticides. For each of the boreholes its catchment the soil, land-use and aquifer properties were characterized. Discriminating boreholes where pollution occurred from those where no pollution occurred gave a model that was 74% correct with organic carbon content, percentage sand content and depth to the water table being significant properties of the borehole catchment. Molecular topological descriptors as well as Koc, solubility and half-life were used to characterize each compound included in the study. Inclusion of molecular properties makes it possible to discriminate between occurrence and non-occurrence of each compound in each well. The best-fit model combines: organic carbon content, percentage sand content and depth to the water table with molecular descriptors representing molecular size, molecular branching and functional group composition of the herbicides.
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F.","contributorId":34687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Worrall","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410140,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410141,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70027736,"text":"70027736 - 2004 - Climate and hydrology of the last interglaciation (MIS 5) in Owens Basin, California: Isotopic and geochemical evidence from core OL-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:49","indexId":"70027736","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3219,"text":"Quaternary Science Reviews","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate and hydrology of the last interglaciation (MIS 5) in Owens Basin, California: Isotopic and geochemical evidence from core OL-92","docAbstract":"??18O, ??13C, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, and acid-leachable Li, Mg and Sr concentrations on 443 samples from 32 to 83 m depth in Owens Lake core OL-92 were analyzed to study the climatic and hydrological conditions between 60 and 155 ka with a resolution of ???200 a. The multi-proxy data show that Owens Lake overflowed during wet/cold conditions of marine isotope stages (MIS) 4, 5b and 6, and was closed during the dry/warm conditions of MIS 5a, c and e. The lake partially overflowed during MIS 5d. Our age model places the MIS 4/5 boundary at ca 72.5 ka and the MIS 5/6 boundary (Termination II) at ca 140 ka, agreeing with the Devils Hole chronology. The diametrical precipitation intensities between the Great Basin (cold/wet) and eastern China (cold/dry) on Milankovitch time scales imply a climatic teleconnection across the Pacific. It also probably reflects the effect of high-latitude ice sheets on the southward shifts of both the summer monsoon frontal zone in eastern Asia and the polar jet stream in western North America during glacial periods. ?? 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Science Reviews","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00215-4","issn":"02773791","usgsCitation":"Li, H., Bischoff, J.L., Ku, T., and Zhu, Z., 2004, Climate and hydrology of the last interglaciation (MIS 5) in Owens Basin, California: Isotopic and geochemical evidence from core OL-92: Quaternary Science Reviews, v. 23, no. 1-2, p. 49-63, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00215-4.","startPage":"49","endPage":"63","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":211095,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00215-4"},{"id":238278,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"23","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f649e4b0c8380cd4c670","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Li, H.-C.","contributorId":51535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Li","given":"H.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414995,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bischoff, J. L.","contributorId":28969,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bischoff","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414993,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ku, T.-L.","contributorId":75712,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ku","given":"T.-L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414996,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zhu, Z.-Y.","contributorId":44739,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zhu","given":"Z.-Y.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414994,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026583,"text":"70026583 - 2004 - Evaluating the source of streamwater nitrate using δ15N and δ18O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2015-05-06T10:12:29","indexId":"70026583","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluating the source of streamwater nitrate using δ15N and δ18O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA","docAbstract":"The natural abundance of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in nitrate can be a powerful tool for identifying the source of nitrate in streamwater in forested watersheds, because the two main sources of nitrate, atmospheric deposition and microbial nitrification, have distinct δ18O values. Using a simple mixing model, we estimated the relative fractions in streamwater derived from these sources for two forested watersheds with markedly different streamwater nitrate outputs. In this study, we monitored δ15N and δ18O of nitrate biweekly in atmospheric deposition and in streamwater for 20 months at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA (moderate nitrogen export), and monthly in streamwater at the Bowl Research Natural Area, New Hampshire, USA (high nitrogen export). For rain, δ18O values ranged from +47 to +77‰ (mean: +58‰) and δ15N from −5 to +1‰ (mean: −3‰); for snow, δ18O values ranged from +52 to +75‰ (mean: +67‰) and δ15N from −3 to +2‰ (mean: −1‰). Streamwater nitrate, in contrast to deposition, had δ18O values between +12 and +33‰ (mean: +18‰) and δ15N between −3 and +6‰ (mean: 0‰). Since nitrate produced by nitrification typically has δ18O values ranging from −5 to +15‰, our field data suggest that most of the nitrate lost from the watersheds in streamflow was nitrified within the catchment. Our results confirm the importance of microbial nitrogen transformations in regulating nitrogen losses from forested ecosystems and suggest that hydrologic storage may be a factor in controlling catchment nitrate losses.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5576","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Pardo, L.H., Kendall, C., Pett-Ridge, J., and Chang, C.C., 2004, Evaluating the source of streamwater nitrate using δ15N and δ18O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 18, no. 14, p. 2699-2712, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5576.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"2699","endPage":"2712","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208536,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5576"}],"volume":"18","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0c00e4b0c8380cd529b9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pardo, Linda H.","contributorId":53243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pardo","given":"Linda","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, Carol 0000-0002-0247-3405 ckendall@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":1462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"Carol","email":"ckendall@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":410099,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pett-Ridge, Jennifer","contributorId":6726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pett-Ridge","given":"Jennifer","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410100,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chang, Cecily C.Y.","contributorId":68032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"Cecily","email":"","middleInitial":"C.Y.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410101,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026576,"text":"70026576 - 2004 - The application of an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) to five forested watersheds in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:23","indexId":"70026576","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The application of an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) to five forested watersheds in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York","docAbstract":"PnET-BGC is an integrated biogeochemical model formulated to simulate the response of soil and surface waters in northern forest ecosystems to changes in atmospheric deposition and land disturbances. In this study, the model was applied to five intensive study sites in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York. Four were in the Adirondacks: Constable Pond, an acid-sensitive watershed; Arbutus Pond, a relatively insensitive watershed; West Pond, an acid-sensitive watershed with extensive wetland coverage; and Willy's Pond, an acid-sensitive watershed with a mature forest. The fifth was Catskills: Biscuit Brook, an acid-sensitive watershed. Results indicated model-simulated surface water chemistry generally agreed with the measured data at all five sites. Model-simulated internal fluxes of major elements at the Arbutus watershed compared well with previously published measured values. In addition, based on the simulated fluxes, element and acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) budgets were developed for each site. Sulphur budgets at each site indicated little retention of inputs of sulphur. The sites also showed considerable variability in retention of NO3-. Land-disturbance history and in-lake processes were found to be important in regulating the output of NO3- via surface waters. Deposition inputs of base cations were generally similar at these sites. Various rates of base cation outputs reflected differences in rates of base cation supply at these sites. Atmospheric deposition was found to be the largest source of acidity, and cation exchange, mineral weathering and in-lake processes served as sources of ANC. ?? 2004 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.5571","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"LiJun, C., Driscoll, C.T., Gbondo-Tugbawa, S., Mitchell, M., and Murdoch, P., 2004, The application of an integrated biogeochemical model (PnET-BGC) to five forested watersheds in the Adirondack and Catskill regions of New York: Hydrological Processes, v. 18, no. 14, p. 2631-2650, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5571.","startPage":"2631","endPage":"2650","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234206,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208455,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5571"}],"volume":"18","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-11","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba9c3e4b08c986b3224cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"LiJun, Chen","contributorId":95241,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LiJun","given":"Chen","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Driscoll, C. T.","contributorId":47530,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Driscoll","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gbondo-Tugbawa, S.","contributorId":84546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gbondo-Tugbawa","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mitchell, M.J.","contributorId":72940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mitchell","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Murdoch, Peter S.","contributorId":73547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murdoch","given":"Peter S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026573,"text":"70026573 - 2004 - Field investigation into unsaturated flow and transport in a fault: Model analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026573","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2233,"text":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field investigation into unsaturated flow and transport in a fault: Model analyses","docAbstract":"Results of a fault test performed in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, were analyzed using a three-dimensional numerical model. The fault was explicitly represented as a discrete feature and the surrounding rock was treated as a dual-continuum (fracture-matrix) system. Model calibration against seepage and water-travel-velocity data suggests that lithophysal cavities connected to fractures can considerably enhance the effective fracture porosity and therefore retard water flow in fractures. Comparisons between simulation results and tracer concentration data also indicate that matrix diffusion is an important mechanism for solute transport in unsaturated fractured rock. We found that an increased fault-matrix and fracture-matrix interface areas were needed to match the observed tracer data, which is consistent with previous studies. The study results suggest that the current site-scale model for the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain may underestimate radionuclide transport time within the unsaturated zone, because an increased fracture-matrix interface area and the increased effective fracture porosity arising from lithophysal cavities are not considered in the current site-scale model. ?? 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Contaminant Hydrology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.02.004","issn":"01697722","usgsCitation":"Liu, H., Salve, R., Wang, J., Bodvarsson, G., and Hudson, D., 2004, Field investigation into unsaturated flow and transport in a fault: Model analyses: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, v. 74, no. 1-4, p. 39-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.02.004.","startPage":"39","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478070,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3hq2q80m","text":"External Repository"},{"id":208429,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2004.02.004"},{"id":234170,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"1-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0fc1e4b0c8380cd539e1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Liu, H.-H.","contributorId":14618,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Liu","given":"H.-H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410062,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Salve, R.","contributorId":37516,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salve","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410063,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, J.-S.","contributorId":67297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wang","given":"J.-S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410064,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bodvarsson, G.S.","contributorId":98045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodvarsson","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Hudson, D.","contributorId":101064,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hudson","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":410066,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70027686,"text":"70027686 - 2004 - Acoustic and optical borehole-wall imaging for fractured-rock aquifer studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-16T16:39:43","indexId":"70027686","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2165,"text":"Journal of Applied Geophysics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Acoustic and optical borehole-wall imaging for fractured-rock aquifer studies","docAbstract":"Imaging with acoustic and optical televiewers results in continuous and oriented 360° views of the borehole wall from which the character, relation, and orientation of lithologic and structural planar features can be defined for studies of fractured-rock aquifers. Fractures are more clearly defined under a wider range of conditions on acoustic images than on optical images including dark-colored rocks, cloudy borehole water, and coated borehole walls. However, optical images allow for the direct viewing of the character of and relation between lithology, fractures, foliation, and bedding. The most powerful approach is the combined application of acoustic and optical imaging with integrated interpretation. Imaging of the borehole wall provides information useful for the collection and interpretation of flowmeterand other geophysical logs, core samples, and hydraulic and water-quality data from packer testing and monitoring.
The location of the Niwot Ridge Ameriflux site within the rocky mountains subjects it to airflows which are common in mountainous terrain. In this study, we examine the effects of some of these mesoscale features on local turbulent flux measurements; most notably, the formation of valley/mountain flows and mountain lee-side waves. The valley/mountain flows created local non-stationarities in the wind flow caused by the passage of a lee-side convergence zone (LCZ) in which upslope and downslope flows met in the vicinity of the measurement tower. During June–August, 2001, possible lee-side convergences were flagged for ∼26% of all half-hour daytime flux measurement periods. However, there was no apparent loss of flux during these periods. On some relatively stable, summer nights, turbulence (designated via σw), and scalar fluctuations (temperature and CO2, for example) exhibited periodicities that appeared congruent with passage of low frequency gravity waves (τ ∼ 20 min). Spectral peaks at 0.0008 Hz (20 min) in both vertical velocity and scalar spectra were observed and indicated that 25–50% of the total scalar covariances were accounted for by the low frequency waves. During some periods of strong westerly winds (predominantly in winter), large mountain gravity waves were observed to form. Typically, the flux tower resided within a region of downslope “shooting flow”, which created high turbulence, but had no detrimental effect on local flux measurements based on valid turbulence statistics and nearly complete energy budget closure. Periodically, we found evidence for re-circulating, rotor winds in the simultaneous time series of wind data from the Ameriflux tower site and a second meteorological site situated 8 km upslope and to the West. Only 14% of the half-hour time periods that we examined for a 4 month period in the winter of 2000–2001 indicated the possible existence of rotor winds. On average, energy budget closure was ∼20% less during periods with rotor occurrence compared to those without.
Results from this study demonstrate that the potential exists for relatively rare, yet significant influences of mesoscale wind flow patterns on the local half-hour flux measurements at this site. Occurrence of these events could be detected through examination of normal turbulence statistical parameters.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.04.007","issn":"01681923","usgsCitation":"Turnipseed, A., Anderson, D., Burns, S., Blanken, P., and Monson, R.K., 2004, Airflows and turbulent flux measurements in mountainous terrain: Part 2: Mesoscale effects: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, v. 125, no. 3-4, p. 187-205, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.04.007.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"187","endPage":"205","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234237,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208476,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.04.007"}],"volume":"125","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e92be4b0c8380cd48130","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turnipseed, A.A.","contributorId":23726,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turnipseed","given":"A.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anderson, D.E.","contributorId":47320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409961,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Burns, S.","contributorId":50698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burns","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409963,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blanken, P.D.","contributorId":71354,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanken","given":"P.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409964,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Monson, Russell K.","contributorId":48136,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Monson","given":"Russell","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409962,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026540,"text":"70026540 - 2004 - Comparison of in situ uranium KD values with a laboratory determined surface complexation model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:38","indexId":"70026540","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Comparison of in situ uranium KD values with a laboratory determined surface complexation model","docAbstract":"Reactive solute transport simulations in groundwater require a large number of parameters to describe hydrologic and chemical reaction processes. Appropriate methods for determining chemical reaction parameters required for reactive solute transport simulations are still under investigation. This work compares U(VI) distribution coefficients (i.e. KD values) measured under field conditions with KD values calculated from a surface complexation model developed in the laboratory. Field studies were conducted in an alluvial aquifer at a former U mill tailings site near the town of Naturita, CO, USA, by suspending approximately 10 g samples of Naturita aquifer background sediments (NABS) in 17-5.1-cm diameter wells for periods of 3 to 15 months. Adsorbed U(VI) on these samples was determined by extraction with a pH 9.45 NaHCO3/Na2CO3 solution. In wells where the chemical conditions in groundwater were nearly constant, adsorbed U concentrations for samples taken after 3 months of exposure to groundwater were indistinguishable from samples taken after 15 months. Measured in situ K D values calculated from the measurements of adsorbed and dissolved U(VI) ranged from 0.50 to 10.6 mL/g and the KD values decreased with increasing groundwater alkalinity, consistent with increased formation of soluble U(VI)-carbonate complexes at higher alkalinities. The in situ K D values were compared with KD values predicted from a surface complexation model (SCM) developed under laboratory conditions in a separate study. A good agreement between the predicted and measured in situ KD values was observed. The demonstration that the laboratory derived SCM can predict U(VI) adsorption in the field provides a critical independent test of a submodel used in a reactive transport model. ?? 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.03.004","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Curtis, G., Fox, P., Kohler, M., and Davis, J., 2004, Comparison of in situ uranium KD values with a laboratory determined surface complexation model: Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, no. 10, p. 1643-1653, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.03.004.","startPage":"1643","endPage":"1653","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":208427,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.03.004"},{"id":234168,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"19","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f86be4b0c8380cd4d0bf","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtis, G.P.","contributorId":65619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtis","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409948,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fox, P.","contributorId":59213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fox","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409947,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kohler, M.","contributorId":32694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kohler","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409946,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Davis, J.A.","contributorId":71694,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Davis","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409949,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70027683,"text":"70027683 - 2004 - Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:58:03","indexId":"70027683","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1252,"text":"Climatic Change","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario","docAbstract":"Spring snowmelt is the most important contribution of many rivers in western North America. If climate changes, this contribution may change. A shift in the timing of springtime snowmelt towards earlier in the year already is observed during 1948-2000 in many western rivers. Streamflow timing changes for the 1995-2099 period are projected using regression relations between observed streamflow-timing responses in each river, measured by the temporal centroid of streamflow (CT) each year, and local temperature (TI) and precipitation (PI) indices. Under 21st century warming trends predicted by the Parallel Climate Model (PCM) under business-as-usual greenhouse-gas emissions, streamflow timing trends across much of western North America suggest even earlier springtime snowmelt than observed to date. Projected CT changes are consistent with observed rates and directions of change during the past five decades, and are strongest in the Pacific Northwest, Sierra Nevada, and Rocky Mountains, where many rivers eventually run 30-40 days earlier. The modest PI changes projected by PCM yield minimal CT changes. The responses of CT to the simultaneous effects of projected TI and PI trends are dominated by the TI changes. Regression-based CT projections agree with those from physically-based simulations of rivers in the Pacific Northwest and Sierra Nevada.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Stewart, I., Cayan, D., and Dettinger, M.D., 2004, Changes in snowmelt runoff timing in western North America under a 'business as usual' climate change scenario: Climatic Change, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 217-232, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"217","endPage":"232","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":238027,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":210939,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013702.22656.e8"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f426e4b0c8380cd4bb87","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, I.T.","contributorId":80062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"I.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":414732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, Daniel drcayan@usgs.gov","contributorId":149912,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cayan","given":"Daniel","email":"drcayan@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747541,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dettinger, Michael D. 0000-0002-7509-7332 mddettin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":149896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dettinger","given":"Michael","email":"mddettin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":747542,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026527,"text":"70026527 - 2004 - Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T07:35:41","indexId":"70026527","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2341,"text":"Journal of Hydrologic Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells","docAbstract":"A neural network analysis of agrichemical occurrence in groundwater was conducted using data from a pilot study of 192 small-diameter drilled and driven wells and 115 dug and bored wells in Illinois, a regional reconnaissance network of 303 wells across 12 Midwestern states, and a study of 687 domestic wells across Iowa. Potential factors contributing to well contamination (e.g., depth to aquifer material, well depth, and distance to cropland) were investigated. These contributing factors were available in either numeric (actual or categorical) or descriptive (yes or no) format. A method was devised to use the numeric and descriptive values simultaneously. Training of the network was conducted using a standard backpropagation algorithm. Approximately 15% of the data was used for testing. Analysis indicated that training error was quite low for most data. Testing results indicated that it was possible to predict the contamination potential of a well with pesticides. However, predicting the actual level of contamination was more difficult. For pesticide occurrence in drilled and driven wells, the network predictions were good. The performance of the network was poorer for predicting nitrate occurrence in dug and bored wells. Although the data set for Iowa was large, the prediction ability of the trained network was poor, due to descriptive or categorical input parameters, compared with smaller data sets such as that for Illinois, which contained more numeric information.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Society of Civil Engineers","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502)","issn":"10840699","usgsCitation":"Mishra, A., Ray, C., and Kolpin, D., 2004, Use of qualitative and quantitative information in neural networks for assessing agricultural chemical contamination of domestic wells: Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, v. 9, no. 6, p. 502-511, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2004)9:6(502).","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"502","endPage":"511","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233979,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208312,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object 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A.","contributorId":53129,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mishra","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ray, C.","contributorId":40758,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ray","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409897,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026526,"text":"70026526 - 2004 - Effects of nutrient enrichment on the decomposition of wood and associated microbial activity in streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026526","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1696,"text":"Freshwater Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Effects of nutrient enrichment on the decomposition of wood and associated microbial activity in streams","docAbstract":"1. We determined the effects of nutrient enrichment on wood decomposition rates and microbial activity during a 3-year study in two headwater streams at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, NC, U.S.A. After a 1-year pretreatment period, one of the streams was continuously enriched with inorganic nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) for 2 years while the other stream served as a reference. We determined the effects of enrichment on both wood veneers and sticks, which have similar carbon quality but differ in physical characteristics (e.g. surface area to volume ratios, presence of bark) that potentially affect microbial colonisation and activity. 2. Oak wood veneers (0.5 mm thick) were placed in streams monthly and allowed to decompose for approximately 90 days. Nutrient addition stimulated ash-free dry mass loss and increased mean nitrogen content, fungal biomass and microbial respiration on veneers in the treatment stream compared with the reference. The magnitude of the response to enrichment was great, with mass loss 6.1 times, and per cent N, fungal biomass and microbial respiration approximately four times greater in the treatment versus reference stream. 3. Decomposition rate and nitrogen content of maple sticks (ca. 1-2 cm diameter) also increased; however, the effect was less pronounced than for veneers. Wood response overall was greater than that determined for leaves in a comparable study, supporting the hypothesis that response to enrichment may be greater for lower quality organic matter (high C:N) than for higher quality (low C:N) substrates. 4. Our results show that moderate nutrient enrichment can profoundly affect decomposition rate and microbial activity on wood in streams. Thus, the timing and availability of wood that provides retention, structure, attachment sites and food in stream ecosystems may be affected by nutrient concentrations raised by human activities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Freshwater Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01281.x","issn":"00465070","usgsCitation":"Gulis, V., Rosemond, A., Suberkropp, K., Weyers, H., and Benstead, J., 2004, Effects of nutrient enrichment on the decomposition of wood and associated microbial activity in streams: Freshwater Biology, v. 49, no. 11, p. 1437-1447, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01281.x.","startPage":"1437","endPage":"1447","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208293,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2004.01281.x"}],"volume":"49","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-10-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a076ee4b0c8380cd516c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gulis, V.","contributorId":94071,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gulis","given":"V.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rosemond, A.D.","contributorId":96621,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosemond","given":"A.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Suberkropp, K.","contributorId":10203,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Suberkropp","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Weyers, H.S.","contributorId":8592,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weyers","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Benstead, J.P.","contributorId":107892,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Benstead","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70026522,"text":"70026522 - 2004 - Estimation of hydraulic conductivity in an alluvial system using temperatures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:54:54","indexId":"70026522","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1861,"text":"Ground Water","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimation of hydraulic conductivity in an alluvial system using temperatures","docAbstract":"Well water temperatures are often collected simultaneously with water levels; however, temperature data are generally considered only as a water quality parameter and are not utilized as an environmental tracer. In this paper, water levels and seasonal temperatures are used to estimate hydraulic conductivities in a stream-aquifer system. To demonstrate this method, temperatures and water levels are analyzed from six observation wells along an example study site, the Russian River in Sonoma County, California. The range in seasonal ground water temperatures in these wells varied from < 0.2??C in two wells to ???8??C in the other four wells from June to October 2000. The temperature probes in the six wells are located at depths between 3.5 and 7.1 m relative to the river channel. Hydraulic conductivities are estimated by matching simulated ground water temperatures to the observed ground water temperatures. An anisotropy of 5 (horizontal to vertical hydraulic conductivity) generally gives the best fit to the observed temperatures. Estimated conductivities vary over an order of magnitude in the six locations analyzed. In some locations, a change in the observed temperature profile occurred during the study, most likely due to deposition of fine-grained sediment and organic matter plugging the streambed. A reasonable fit to this change in the temperature profile is obtained by decreasing the hydraulic conductivity in the simulations. This study demonstrates that seasonal ground water temperatures monitored in observation wells provide an effective means of estimating hydraulic conductivities in alluvial aquifers.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.t01-7-.x","issn":"0017467X","usgsCitation":"Su, G., Jasperse, J., Seymour, D., and Constantz, J., 2004, Estimation of hydraulic conductivity in an alluvial system using temperatures: Ground Water, v. 42, no. 6, p. 890-901, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2004.t01-7-.x.","productDescription":"12 ","startPage":"890","endPage":"901","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234447,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"42","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2008-10-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0b92e4b0c8380cd527a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Su, G.W.","contributorId":23314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Su","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jasperse, James","contributorId":64857,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Jasperse","given":"James","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Seymour, D.","contributorId":61610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seymour","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Constantz, J.","contributorId":29953,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Constantz","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70026509,"text":"70026509 - 2004 - Stable metal isotopes reveal copper accumulation and loss dynamics in the freshwater bivalve Corbucula","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:13:15","indexId":"70026509","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Stable metal isotopes reveal copper accumulation and loss dynamics in the freshwater bivalve Corbucula","docAbstract":"Characterization of uptake and loss dynamics is critical to understanding risks associated with contaminant exposure in aquatic animals. Dynamics are especially important in addressing questions such as why coexisting species in nature accumulate different levels of a contaminant. Here we manipulated copper (Cu) stable isotopic ratios (as an alternative to radioisotopes) to describe for the first time Cu dynamics in a freshwater invertebrate, the bivalve Corbicula fluminea. In the laboratory, Corbicula uptake and loss rate constants were determined from an environmentally realistic waterborne exposure to 65Cu (5.7 μg L-1). That is, we spiked deionized water with Cu that was 99.4% 65Cu. Net tracer uptake was detectable after 1 day and strongly evident after 4 days. Thus, short-term exposures necessary to determine uptake dynamics are feasible with stable isotopes of Cu. In Corbicula, 65Cu depuration was biphasic. An unusually low rate constant of loss (0.0038 d-1) characterized the slow component of efflux, explaining why Corbicula strongly accumulates copper in nature. We incorporated our estimates of rate constants for dissolved 65Cu uptake and physiological efflux into a bioaccumulation model and showed that dietary exposure to Cu is likely an important bioaccumulation pathway for Corbicula.
Water samples from short-screen monitoring wells installed along a 90-km transect in southwestern Kansas were analyzed for major ions, trace elements, isotopes (H, B, C, N, O, S, Sr), and dissolved gases (He, Ne, N2, Ar, O2, CH4) to evaluate the geochemistry, radiocarbon ages, and paleorecharge conditions in the unconfined central High Plains aquifer. The primary reactions controlling water chemistry were dedolomitization, cation exchange, feldspar weathering, and O2 reduction and denitrification. Radiocarbon ages adjusted for C mass transfers ranged from <2.6 ka (14C) B.P. near the water table to 12.8 ± 0.9 ka (14C) B.P. at the base of the aquifer, indicating the unconfined central High Plains aquifer contained a stratified sequence of ground water spanning Holocene time. A cross-sectional model of steady-state ground-water flow, calibrated using radiocarbon ages, is consistent with recharge rates ranging from 0.8 mm/a in areas overlain by loess to 8 mm/a in areas overlain by dune sand. Paleorecharge temperatures ranged from an average of 15.2 ± 0.7 °C for the most recently recharged waters to 11.6 ± 0.4 °C for the oldest waters. The temperature difference between Early and Late Holocene recharge was estimated to be 2.4 ± 0.7 °C, after taking into account variable recharge elevations. Nitrogen isotope data indicate NO3 in paleorecharge (average concentration=193 μM) was derived from a relatively uniform source such as soil N, whereas NO3 in recent recharge (average concentration=885 μM) contained N from varying proportions of fertilizer, manure, and soil N. Deep water samples contained components of N2 derived from atmospheric, denitrification, and deep natural gas sources. Denitrification rates in the aquifer were slow (5 ± 2× 10−3 μmol N L−1 a−1), indicating this process would require >10 ka to reduce the average NO3 concentration in recent recharge to the Holocene background concentration.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.003","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"McMahon, P., Böhlke, J., and Christenson, S.C., 2004, Geochemistry, radiocarbon ages, and paleorecharge conditions along a transect in the central High Plains aquifer, southwestern Kansas, USA: Applied Geochemistry, v. 19, no. 11, p. 1655-1686, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.003.","productDescription":"32 p.","startPage":"1655","endPage":"1686","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234201,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208451,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.05.003"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kansas","otherGeospatial":"High Plains Aquifer","volume":"19","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a172de4b0c8380cd553f2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Christenson, S. C.","contributorId":98320,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christenson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026491,"text":"70026491 - 2004 - Identifying storm flow pathways in a rainforest catchment using hydrological and geochemical modelling","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:39","indexId":"70026491","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying storm flow pathways in a rainforest catchment using hydrological and geochemical modelling","docAbstract":"The hydrological model TOPMODEL is used to assess the water balance and describe flow paths for the 9??73 ha Lutz Creek Catchment in Central Panama. Monte Carlo results are evaluated based on their fit to the observed hydrograph, catchment-averaged soil moisture and stream chemistry. TOPMODEL, with a direct-flow mechanism that is intended to route water through rapid shallow-soil flow, matched observed chemistry and discharge better than the basic version of TOPMODEL and provided a reasonable fit to observed soil moisture and wet-season discharge at both 15-min and daily time-steps. The improvement of simulations with the implementation of a direct-flow component indicates that a storm flow path not represented in the original version of TOPMODEL plays a primary role in the response of Lutz Creek Catchment. This flow path may be consistent with the active and abundant pipeflow that is observed or delayed saturation overland flow. The 'best-accepted' simulations from 1991 to 1997 indicate that around 41% of precipitation becomes direct flow and around 10% is saturation overland flow. Other field observations are needed to constrain evaporative and groundwater losses in the model and to characterize chemical end-members posited in this paper. Published in 2004 by John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.1498","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Kinner, D., and Stallard, R., 2004, Identifying storm flow pathways in a rainforest catchment using hydrological and geochemical modelling: Hydrological Processes, v. 18, no. 15, p. 2851-2875, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1498.","startPage":"2851","endPage":"2875","numberOfPages":"25","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208290,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.1498"}],"volume":"18","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-06-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a385ae4b0c8380cd61538","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kinner, D.A.","contributorId":99265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinner","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stallard, R.F.","contributorId":30247,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stallard","given":"R.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409717,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70026467,"text":"70026467 - 2004 - Decomposition and organic matter quality in continental peatlands: The ghost of permafrost past","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:22","indexId":"70026467","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Decomposition and organic matter quality in continental peatlands: The ghost of permafrost past","docAbstract":"Permafrost patterning in boreal peatlands contributes to landscape heterogeneity, as peat plateaus, palsas, and localized permafrost mounds are interspersed among unfrozen bogs and fens. The degradation of localized permafrost in peatlands alters local topography, hydrology, thermal regimes, and plant communities, and creates unique peatland features called \"internal lawns.\" I used laboratory incubations to quantify carbon dioxide (CO 2) production in peat formed under different permafrost regimes (with permafrost, without permafrost, melted permafrost), and explored the relationships among proximate organic matter fractions, nutrient concentrations, and decomposition. Peat within each feature (internal lawn, bog, permafrost mound) is more chemically similar than peat collected within the same province (Alberta, Saskatchewan) or within depth intervals (surface, deep). Internal lawn peat produces more CO2 than the other peatland types. Across peatland features, acid-insoluble material (AIM) and AIM/nitrogen are significant predictors of decomposition. However, within each peatland feature, soluble proximate fractions are better predictors of CO2 production. Permafrost stability in peatlands influences plant and soil environments, which control litter inputs, organic matter quality, and decomposition rates. Spatial patterns of permafrost, as well as ecosystem processes within various permafrost features, should be considered when assessing the fate of soil carbon in northern ecosystems. ?? 2004 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecosystems","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10021-004-0247-z","issn":"14329840","usgsCitation":"Turetsky, M., 2004, Decomposition and organic matter quality in continental peatlands: The ghost of permafrost past: Ecosystems, v. 7, no. 7, p. 740-750, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0247-z.","startPage":"740","endPage":"750","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":234199,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":208449,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-004-0247-z"}],"volume":"7","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2004-07-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe13e4b0c8380cd4eae0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turetsky, M.R.","contributorId":107470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turetsky","given":"M.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70026460,"text":"70026460 - 2004 - Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T10:20:42","indexId":"70026460","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant","docAbstract":"In a study conducted by the US Geological Survey and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 water samples were collected at selected locations within a drinking-water-treatment (DWT) facility and from the two streams that serve the facility to evaluate the potential for wastewater-related organic contaminants to survive a conventional treatment process and persist in potable-water supplies. Stream-water samples as well as samples of raw, settled, filtered, and finished water were collected during low-flow conditions, when the discharge of effluent from upstream municipal sewage-treatment plants accounted for 37–67% of flow in stream 1 and 10–20% of flow in stream 2. Each sample was analyzed for 106 organic wastewater-related contaminants (OWCs) that represent a diverse group of extensively used chemicals. Forty OWCs were detected in one or more samples of stream water or raw-water supplies in the treatment plant; 34 were detected in more than 10% of these samples. Several of these compounds also were frequently detected in samples of finished water; these compounds include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, fragrance compounds, flame retardants and plasticizers, cosmetic compounds, and a solvent. The detection of these compounds suggests that they resist removal through conventional water-treatment processes. Other compounds that also were frequently detected in samples of stream water and raw-water supplies were not detected in samples of finished water; these include selected prescription and non-prescription drugs and their metabolites, disinfectants, detergent metabolites, and plant and animal steroids. The non-detection of these compounds indicates that their concentrations are reduced to levels less than analytical detection limits or that they are transformed to degradates through conventional DWT processes. Concentrations of OWCs detected in finished water generally were low and did not exceed Federal drinking-water standards or lifetime health advisories, although such standards or advisories have not been established for most of these compounds. Also, at least 11 and as many as 17 OWCs were detected in samples of finished water. Drinking-water criteria currently are based on the toxicity of individual compounds and not combinations of compounds. Little is known about potential human-health effects associated with chronic exposure to trace levels of multiple OWCs through routes such as drinking water. The occurrence in drinking-water supplies of many of the OWCs analyzed for during this study is unregulated and most of these compounds have not been routinely monitored for in the Nation's source- or potable-water supplies. This study provides the first documentation that many of these compounds can survive conventional water-treatment processes and occur in potable-water supplies. It thereby provides information that can be used in setting research and regulatory priorities and in designing future monitoring programs. The results of this study also indicate that improvements in water-treatment processes may benefit from consideration of the response of OWCs and other trace organic contaminants to specific physical and chemical treatments.
Trophic transfer is the main process by which upper trophic level wildlife are exposed to selenium. Transfers through lower levels of a predator's food web thus can be instrumental in determining the threat of selenium in an ecosystem. Little is known about Se transfer through pelagic, zooplankton‐based food webs in San Francisco Bay ([SFB], CA, USA), which serve as an energy source for important predators such as striped bass. A dynamic multipathway bioaccumulation model was used to model Se transfer from phytoplankton to pelagic copepods to carnivorous mysids (Neomysis mercedis). Uptake rates of dissolved Se, depuration rates, and assimilation efficiencies (AE) for the model were determined for copepods and mysids in the laboratory. Small (73‐250 μm) and large (250‐500 μm) herbivorous zooplankton collected from SFB (Oithona/Limnoithona and Acartia sp.) assimilated Se with similar efficiencies (41‐52%) from phytoplankton. Mysids assimilated 73% of Se from small herbivorous zooplankton; Se AE was significantly lower (61%) than larger herbivorous zooplankton. Selenium depuration rates were high for both zooplankton and mysids (12‐25% d−1), especially compared to bivalves (2‐3% d−1). The model predicted steady state Se concentrations in mysids similar to those observed in the field. The predicted concentration range (1.5‐5.4 μg g−1) was lower than concentrations of 4.5 to 24 μg g−1 observed in bivalves from the bay. Differences in efflux between mysids and bivalves were the best explanation for the differences in uptake. The results suggest that the risk of selenium toxicity to predators feeding on N. mercedis would be less than the risk to predators feeding on bivalves. Management of selenium contamination should include food webs analyses to focus on the most important exposure pathways identified for a given watershed.
No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Riparian areas of the southwestern United States: Hydrology, ecology, and management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"CRC Press","publisherLocation":"Boca Raton, FL","usgsCitation":"Stromberg, J., Briggs, M., Scott, M., and Shafroth, P., 2004, Riparian ecosystem assessments, chap. 15 of Riparian areas of the southwestern United States: Hydrology, ecology, and management, p. 315-331.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"331","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128011,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":267796,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/9780203497753/riparian-areas-southwestern-united-states-malchus-baker-peter-ffolliott-leonard-debano-daniel-neary?refId=7bb56f47-5076-4ad1-bc8c-c58688acdbdb&context=ubx","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a11e4b07f02db600359","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Baker, M. B.","contributorId":76068,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baker","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504897,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ffolliott, P. F.","contributorId":111494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ffolliott","given":"P. F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504898,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeBano, L. F.","contributorId":113392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeBano","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504900,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Neary, D. G.","contributorId":112363,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neary","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504899,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":4}],"authors":[{"text":"Stromberg, J.","contributorId":28921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stromberg","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Briggs, M.","contributorId":89830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Briggs","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297553,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scott, M.","contributorId":62173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scott","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Shafroth, P.","contributorId":98665,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shafroth","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":297554,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}