{"pageNumber":"302","pageRowStart":"7525","pageSize":"25","recordCount":10457,"records":[{"id":1015098,"text":"1015098 - 2000 - Modeling and estimation of stage-specific daily survival probabilities of nests","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T21:41:00","indexId":"1015098","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Modeling and estimation of stage-specific daily survival probabilities of nests","docAbstract":"<p>In studies of avian nesting success, it is often of interest to estimate stage-specific daily survival probabilities of nests. When data can be partitioned by nesting stage (e.g., incubation stage, nestling stage), piecewise application of the Mayfield method or Johnson's method is appropriate. However, when the data contain nests where the transition from one stage to the next occurred during the interval between visits, piecewise approaches are inappropriate. In this paper, I present a model that allows joint estimation of stage-specific daily survival probabilities even when the time of transition between stages is unknown. The model allows interval lengths between visits to nests to vary, and the exact time of failure of nests does not need to be known. The performance of the model at various sample sizes and interval lengths between visits was investigated using Monte Carlo simulations, and it was found that the model performed quite well: bias was small and confidence-interval coverage was at the nominal 95% rate. A SAS program for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of parameters, and their standard errors, is provided in the Appendix.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2048:MAEOSS]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Stanley, T., 2000, Modeling and estimation of stage-specific daily survival probabilities of nests: Ecology, v. 81, no. 7, p. 2048-2053, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[2048:MAEOSS]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"2048","endPage":"2053","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134284,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"81","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db61215e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stanley, T.R.","contributorId":61379,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stanley","given":"T.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322144,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1003699,"text":"1003699 - 2000 - Assessing humoral and cell-mediated immune response in Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-20T16:16:43","indexId":"1003699","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3682,"text":"Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing humoral and cell-mediated immune response in Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas","docAbstract":"<p><span>Seven immature green turtles,&nbsp;</span><i>Chelonia mydas</i><span>, captured from Kaneohe Bay on the island of Oahu were used to evaluate methods for assessing their immune response. Two turtles each were immunized intramuscularly with egg white lysozyme (EWL) in Freund’s complete adjuvant, Gerbu, or ISA-70; a seventh turtle was immunized with saline only and served as a control. Humoral immune response was measured with an indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell-mediated immune response was measured using in vitro cell proliferation assays (CPA) using whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) cultured with concanavalin A (ConA), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), or soluble egg EWL antigen. All turtles, except for one immunized with Gerbu and the control, produced a detectable humoral immune response by 6 weeks which persisted for at least 14 weeks after a single immunization. All turtles produced an anamnestic humoral immune response after secondary immunization. Antigen specific cell-mediated immune response in PBM was seen in all turtles either after primary or secondary immunization, but it was not as consistent as humoral immune response; antigen specific cell-mediated immune response in whole blood was rarely seen. Mononuclear cells had significantly higher stimulation indices than whole blood regardless of adjuvant, however, results with whole blood had lower variability. Both Gerbu and ISA-70 appeared to potentiate the cell-mediated immune response when PBM or whole blood were cultured with PHA. This is the first time cell proliferation assays have been compared between whole blood and PBM for reptiles. This is also the first demonstration of antigen specific cell-mediated response in reptiles. Cell proliferation assays allowed us to evaluate the cell-mediated immune response of green turtles. However, CPA may be less reliable than ELISA for detecting antigen specific immune response. Either of the three adjuvants appears suitable to safely elicit a detectable immune response in green turtles.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00168-9","usgsCitation":"Work, T.M., Balazs, G.H., Rameyer, R., Chang, S., and Berestecky, J., 2000, Assessing humoral and cell-mediated immune response in Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, v. 74, no. 3-4, p. 179-194, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00168-9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"179","endPage":"194","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134379,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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 \"}}]}","volume":"74","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672a8e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Work, Thierry M. 0000-0002-4426-9090 thierry_work@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-9090","contributorId":1187,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Work","given":"Thierry","email":"thierry_work@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Balazs, George H.","contributorId":127680,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Balazs","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[{"id":7109,"text":"NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Building 176, Honolulu, HI 96818.","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":313975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rameyer, Robert 0000-0002-2145-1746 bob_rameyer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2145-1746","contributorId":150128,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rameyer","given":"Robert","email":"bob_rameyer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":313977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Chang, S.P.","contributorId":71940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313978,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Berestecky, J.","contributorId":60179,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Berestecky","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1015073,"text":"1015073 - 2000 - Population growth, fecundity, and survivorship in recovering populations of bighorn sheep","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T16:12:29","indexId":"1015073","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3271,"text":"Restoration Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Population growth, fecundity, and survivorship in recovering populations of bighorn sheep","docAbstract":"<p>The single greatest obstacle to the restoration of large, healthy, populations of bighorn sheep (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>) in the western United States is epizootic outbreaks of bronchopneumonia that may kill 20–100% of the animals in populations. Although the species is capable of rapid initial growth rates following restoration into new habitat (λ = 1.23–1.30 have been observed), these rates of increase are typical only a few years following the release of a population, and then most populations either decline to extirpation or remnant status (&lt;30 animals) or remain at &lt;100 individuals. We studied the fecundity and survivorship of three increasing, and three declining and suspected diseased, populations of bighorn sheep (the latter were subjected to outbreaks of bronchopneumonia) located in or near several large national parks in the western United States from 1991 to 1996. Titers verified both population categories were exposed to the bacteria <i>Pasteurella haemolytica</i> serotypes 3; 4; and 3, 4, 10; <i>Moraxella</i> sp., and parainfluenza-3 and bluetongue (BT) viruses. Pregnancy rates of adult ewes were not different in increasing or decreasing populations (pooled rate&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.93; <i>p</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.57), but pregnancy rates of yearlings were lower (0.00 for decreasing vs. 0.33 for increasing populations), initial production of lambs and annual recruitment of lambs was lower (0.14, decreasing vs. 0.66, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Adult survival was lower during the first year of an epizootic, 0.62, in one population, but recovered to 0.85 by the second and subsequent years. Survival of adult rams was variable in diseased populations; in two populations rams appeared to be disproportionately impacted, but in a third population rams survived better during the epizootic. In all the increasing park (unhunted) populations, adult ram survival (0.94 ± 0.01) was higher than adult ewe survival (0.89 ± 0.02) (<i>p</i>&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.10), in contrast to published information from hunted populations where ram survival was lower. Removal of about 20% of one population for restorations severely impacted one declining population. Removals of 12–20% appeared to be excessive and were not readily compensated for in the Canyonlands National Park desert bighorn population. Disease was a significant limiting factor to restoration of bighorn sheep in the study areas; six of 11 total recovering populations we monitored closely were negatively influenced by apparent disease at some time during our observations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80067.x","usgsCitation":"Singer, F.J., Williams, E., Miller, M., and Zeigenfuss, L., 2000, Population growth, fecundity, and survivorship in recovering populations of bighorn sheep: Restoration Ecology, v. 8, no. 4S, p. 75-84, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80067.x.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"75","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129820,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"8","issue":"4S","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad6e4b07f02db683ecd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Singer, F. J.","contributorId":97848,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Singer","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Williams, E.","contributorId":15560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322056,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Miller, M.W.","contributorId":57012,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zeigenfuss, L. C.","contributorId":69089,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zeigenfuss","given":"L. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015057,"text":"1015057 - 2000 - Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T11:37:52","indexId":"1015057","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands","docAbstract":"<p>Invertebrate assemblages were studied in eight monoculture wetland mesocosms constructed for wastewater treatment. Low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (D.O.) were measured in bulrush mesocosms while higher concentrations of D.O. were measured in open water mesocosms containing submerged pondweeds. Invertebrate taxa richness was positively related to D.O. concentrations that were, in turn, related to vegetation communities. Reference wetland sites contained a variety of plant species along with extensive open water areas. Invertebrate taxa richness was greater at reference sites than in any wastewater mesocosm. Invertebrate samples from the wastewater mesocosms and reference sites were analyzed for five trace elements. While the concentrations of aluminum, arsenic, mercury, and silver were below values harmful to wildlife, the concentrations of selenium reached levels of moderate concern on one occasion. Data from this study suggest that selenium bioaccumulation by invertebrates may be related to the type of vegetation community or detrital habitat type. Wetlands designed for invertebrate production for waterfowl should take into account the potential for low D.O. concentrations and trace element bioaccumulation associated with vegetation community types.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Society of Wetland Scientists","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0406:IAATEB]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, S.M., Roline, R., Thullen, J., Sartoris, J., and Boutwell, J., 2000, Invertebrate assemblages and trace element bioaccumulation associated with constructed wetlands: Wetlands, v. 20, no. 2, p. 406-415, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0406:IAATEB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"406","endPage":"415","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131298,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"20","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e48c5e4b07f02db53fb1c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, S. M.","contributorId":81853,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Roline, R.A.","contributorId":62965,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Roline","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thullen, J.S.","contributorId":16361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thullen","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321988,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sartoris, J.J.","contributorId":84310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sartoris","given":"J.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321992,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Boutwell, J.E.","contributorId":52533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boutwell","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1008357,"text":"1008357 - 2000 - Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: Implications for conservation ecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T11:46:02","indexId":"1008357","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: Implications for conservation ecology","docAbstract":"<p><span>We evaluate the empirical and theoretical support for the hypothesis that a large proportion of native species richness is required to maximize ecosystem stability and sustain function. This assessment is important for conservation strategies because sustenance of ecosystem functions has been used as an argument for the conservation of species. If ecosystem functions are sustained at relatively low species richness, then arguing for the conservation of ecosystem function, no matter how important in its own right, does not strongly argue for the conservation of species. Additionally, for this to be a strong conservation argument the link between species diversity and ecosystem functions of value to the human community must be clear. We review the empirical literature to quantify the support for two hypotheses: (1) species richness is positively correlated with ecosystem function, and (2) ecosystem functions do not saturate at low species richness relative to the observed or experimental diversity. Few empirical studies demonstrate improved function at high levels of species richness. Second, we analyze recent theoretical models in order to estimate the level of species richness required to maintain ecosystem function. Again we find that, within a single trophic level, most mathematical models predict saturation of ecosystem function at a low proportion of local species richness. We also analyze a theoretical model linking species number to ecosystem stability. This model predicts that species richness beyond the first few species does not typically increase ecosystem stability. One reason that high species richness may not contribute significantly to function or stability is that most communities are characterized by strong dominance such that a few species provide the vast majority of the community biomass. Rapid turnover of species may rescue the concept that diversity leads to maximum function and stability. The role of turnover in ecosystem function and stability has not been investigated. Despite the recent rush to embrace the linkage between biodiversity and ecosystem function, we find little support for the hypothesis that there is a strong dependence of ecosystem function on the full complement of diversity within sites. Given this observation, the conservation community should take a cautious view of endorsing this linkage as a model to promote conservation goals.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s004420050035","usgsCitation":"Schwartz, M., Brigham, C., Hoeksema, J., Lyons, K., Mills, M., and van Mantgem, P., 2000, Linking biodiversity to ecosystem function: Implications for conservation ecology: Oecologia, v. 122, no. 3, p. 297-305, https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050035.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"297","endPage":"305","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132734,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"122","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a5017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schwartz, M.W.","contributorId":68246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schwartz","given":"M.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brigham, C.A.","contributorId":40172,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brigham","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoeksema, J.D.","contributorId":79847,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoeksema","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lyons, K.G.","contributorId":41387,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lyons","given":"K.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mills, M.H.","contributorId":19122,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mills","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"van Mantgem, P.","contributorId":99066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"van Mantgem","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1015028,"text":"1015028 - 2000 - Using multi-scale sampling and spatial cross-correlation to investigate patterns of plant species richness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-01T17:26:43","indexId":"1015028","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Using multi-scale sampling and spatial cross-correlation to investigate patterns of plant species richness","docAbstract":"<p>Land managers need better techniques to assess exoticplant invasions. We used the cross-correlationstatistic, <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">I</i><sub>YZ</sub>, to test for the presence ofspatial cross-correlation between pair-wisecombinations of soil characteristics, topographicvariables, plant species richness, and cover ofvascular plants in a 754 ha study site in RockyMountain National Park, Colorado, U.S.A. Using 25 largeplots (1000 m<sup>2</sup>) in five vegetation types, 8 of 12variables showed significant spatial cross-correlationwith at least one other variable, while 6 of 12variables showed significant spatial auto-correlation. Elevation and slope showed significant spatialcross-correlation with all variables except percentcover of native and exotic species. Percent cover ofnative species had significant spatialcross-correlations with soil variables, but not withexotic species. This was probably because of thepatchy distributions of vegetation types in the studyarea. At a finer resolution, using data from ten1 m<sup>2</sup> subplots within each of the 1000 m<sup>2</sup> plots, allvariables showed significant spatial auto- andcross-correlation. Large-plot sampling was moreaffected by topographic factors than speciesdistribution patterns, while with finer resolutionsampling, the opposite was true. However, thestatistically and biologically significant spatialcorrelation of native and exotic species could only bedetected with finer resolution sampling. We foundexotic plant species invading areas with high nativeplant richness and cover, and in fertile soils high innitrogen, silt, and clay. Spatial auto- andcross-correlation statistics, along with theintegration of remotely sensed data and geographicinformation systems, are powerful new tools forevaluating the patterns and distribution of native andexotic plant species in relation to landscape structure.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1006329707198","usgsCitation":"Kalkhan, M.A., and Stohlgren, T., 2000, Using multi-scale sampling and spatial cross-correlation to investigate patterns of plant species richness: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 64, no. 3, p. 591-605, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006329707198.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"591","endPage":"605","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"64","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602ea6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015027,"text":"1015027 - 2000 - No consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-16T23:31:20","indexId":"1015027","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"No consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity","docAbstract":"<p>Hector <i>et al</i>. (1) reported on BIODEPTH, a major international experiment on the response of plant productivity to variation in the number of plant species. They found “an overall log-linear reduction of average aboveground biomass with loss of species,” leading to what the accompanying Perspective (2) described as “a rule of thumb—that each halving of diversity leads to a 10 to 20% reduction in productivity.” These conclusions, if true, imply that the continuing high rate of plant extinction threatens the future productivity of Earth's natural and managed ecosystems and could impair their ability to produce resources essential for human survival and to regulate the concentration of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>.</p><p>The three sites with proper experimental design (Portugal, Sweden, and Sheffield) all showed significant positive regressions of productivity across two or three doublings of species richness [Fig. 1; (12)]. This is the pattern expected from random selection from a set of objects with different properties (13–15), because the probability of including any specific member of the set—such as a plant species that grows rapidly or fixes nitrogen—increases with the number of objects selected. Such a pattern, found consistently in randomly assembled experimental plant communities but only rarely in natural plant communities (4, 5,13–15), has been identified as a statistical artifact of experimental design (5, 13, 14). Although one study (15) suggested that the pattern constitutes a natural mechanism by which diversity affects productivity, this requires the biologically unrealistic assumption that plant communities are randomly assembled with respect to productivity (5).</p>","language":"English","publisher":"AAAS","doi":"10.1126/science.289.5483.1255a","usgsCitation":"Huston, M., Aarssen, L., Austin, M., Cade, B., Fridley, J., Garnier, E., Grime, J., Hodgson, J., Lauenroth, W., Thompson, K., Vandermeer, J., and Wardle, D., 2000, No consistent effect of plant diversity on productivity: Science, v. 289, no. 5483, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5483.1255a.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130968,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"289","issue":"5483","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afde4b07f02db696fda","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Huston, M.A.","contributorId":28564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Huston","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321865,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Aarssen, L.W.","contributorId":65426,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Aarssen","given":"L.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321869,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Austin, M.P.","contributorId":67049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Austin","given":"M.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321870,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321866,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Fridley, J.D.","contributorId":98262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fridley","given":"J.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Garnier, E.","contributorId":103997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Garnier","given":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321873,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Grime, J.P.","contributorId":81850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grime","given":"J.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321871,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hodgson, J.","contributorId":60162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hodgson","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321868,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Lauenroth, W.K.","contributorId":59755,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lauenroth","given":"W.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321867,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Thompson, K.","contributorId":104445,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321874,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Vandermeer, J.H.","contributorId":14350,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vandermeer","given":"J.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321863,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Wardle, D.A.","contributorId":23497,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardle","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":725196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12}]}}
,{"id":1015967,"text":"1015967 - 2000 - Field evaluation of lead effects on Canada geese and mallards in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T12:33:10","indexId":"1015967","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Field evaluation of lead effects on Canada geese and mallards in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho","docAbstract":"<p>Hatch year (HY) mallards (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Anas platyrhynchos</i>) in the Coeur d'Alene (CDA) River Basin had higher concentrations of lead in their blood than HY Western Canada geese (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">Branta canadensis moffitti</i>) (geometric means 0.98 versus 0.28 μg/g, wet weight). The pattern for adults of both species was similar, although geometric means (1.77 versus 0.41 μg/g) were higher than in HY birds. HY mallards captured in the CDA River Basin in 1987 contained significantly lower lead concentrations in their blood than in 1994–95 (0.36 versus 0.98 μg/g); however, some very young mallards were sampled in 1987, and concentrations in adults were not significantly different in 1987, 1994, or 1995 (1.52, 2.07, 1.55 μg/g, respectively). Both species in the CDA River Basin in 1994–95 showed significantly reduced red blood cell delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity compared to the reference areas: Canada geese (HY −65.4 to −86.0%, adults −82.3%), and mallards (HY −90.7 to −95.5%, adults −94.1%). Canada goose goslings were divided into size classes, and the two smaller classes from the CDA River Basin had significantly elevated free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (protoporphyrin) levels compared to the reference area (15.2× and 6.9×). HY and adult mallards both had significantly elevated protoporphyrin (5.9× and 7.5×). Recognizing that interspecific differences exist in response and sensitivity to lead, it appears (at least for hemoglobin and hematocrit) that Canada geese were more sensitive to lead than mallards, <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">i.e</i>., adverse hematologic effects occur at lower blood lead concentrations. Only Canada geese from the CDA River Basin, in spite of lower blood lead concentrations, had significantly reduced mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values. No euthanized Canada geese (all HYs) from CDA River Basin were classified as clinically lead poisoned, but 38 Canada geese found dead in the CDA River Basin during a concurrent study succumbed to lead poisoning between 1992 and 1997. Only 6 (15.8%) of these 38 contained ingested lead shot, which contrasts greatly with the 75–94% incidence of ingested lead shot when mortality was due to lead shot ingestion. Lead from other contaminated sources (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">i.e</i>., sediments and vegetation) in the CDA River Basin was strongly implicated in most Canada goose deaths. Based on the 31 live mallards and Canada geese collected in the CDA River Basin, which were representative of the live populations blood sampled only, the prevalence of subclinical and clinical lead poisoning (as determined by liver lead concentrations, excluding birds with ingested lead shot) was higher in mallards: subclinical (4 of 8, 50% HYs and 6 of 11, 55% adults); clinical (0% HYs and 4 of 11, 36% adults), with less data available for Canada geese (only 1 of 9, 11% HYs marginally subclinical). The clinically lead-poisoned mallards had extremely high concentrations of lead in blood (2.69–8.82 μg/g) and liver (6.39–17.89 μg/g). Eight mallards found dead in the CDA River Basin during a concurrent study were diagnosed as lead poisoned, and only one (12.5%) contained ingested lead shot, which again strongly implicates other lead sources. The finding of dead lead poisoned Canada geese together with the high percentage of live mallards classified as subclinically or clinically lead poisoned, in combination with the low incidence of ingested lead shot causes us concern for both of these species, which live in association with lead-contaminated sediment in the CDA River Basin.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s002440010085","usgsCitation":"Henny, C.J., Blus, L.J., Hoffman, D.J., Sileo, L., Audet, D.J., and Snyder, M.R., 2000, Field evaluation of lead effects on Canada geese and mallards in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 39, no. 1, p. 97-112, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010085.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"97","endPage":"112","numberOfPages":"16","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134328,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho","otherGeospatial":"Cour d'Alene River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -117.11700439453125,\n              47.84450101574877\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.1307373046875,\n              46.837649560937464\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.510009765625,\n              46.568302354495195\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.94696044921875,\n              46.470024689385305\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.949951171875,\n              46.604167162931844\n            ],\n            [\n              -114.89501953124999,\n              46.78501604269254\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.37841796874999,\n              47.27922900257082\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.4498291015625,\n              47.45780853075031\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.77392578125,\n              47.787325537803106\n            ],\n            [\n              -115.99914550781249,\n              47.89424772020999\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.3067626953125,\n              47.99359789867388\n            ],\n            [\n              -116.6912841796875,\n              47.98256841921402\n            ],\n            [\n              -117.11700439453125,\n              47.84450101574877\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"39","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f8c6e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Henny, Charles J. 0000-0001-7474-350X hennyc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7474-350X","contributorId":3461,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henny","given":"Charles","email":"hennyc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":323387,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Blus, L. J.","contributorId":38116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blus","given":"L.","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323388,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sileo, L.","contributorId":46895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sileo","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Audet, Daniel J.","contributorId":106851,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Audet","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Snyder, Mark R.","contributorId":36526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Snyder","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":323389,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1013233,"text":"1013233 - 2000 - Mechanisms of population differentiation in marbled murrelets: historical versus contemporary processes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-11T15:57:13","indexId":"1013233","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1598,"text":"Evolution","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mechanisms of population differentiation in marbled murrelets: historical versus contemporary processes","docAbstract":"<p>Mechanisms of population differentiation in highly vagile species such as seabirds are poorly understood. Previous studies of marbled murrelets (<i>Brachyramphus marmoratus</i>; Charadriiformes: Alcidae) found significant population genetic structure, but could not determine whether this structure is due to historical vicariance (e.g., due to Pleistocene glaciers), isolation by distance, drift or selection in peripheral populations, or nesting habitat selection. To discriminate among these possibilities, we analyzed sequence variation in nine nuclear introns from 120 marbled murrelets sampled from British Columbia to the western Aleutian Islands. Mismatch distributions indicated that murrelets underwent at least one population expansion during the Pleistocene and probably are not in genetic equilibrium. Maximum-likelihood analysis of allele frequencies suggested that murrelets from 'mainland' sites (from the Alaskan Peninsula east) are genetically different from those in the Aleutians and that these two lineages diverged prior to the last glaciation. Analyses of molecular variance, as well as estimates of gene flow derived using coalescent theory, indicate that population genetic structure is best explained by peripheral isolation of murrelets in the Aleutian Islands, rather than by selection associated with different nesting habitats. No isolation-by-distance effects could be detected. Our results are consistent with a rapid expansion of murrelets from a single refugium during the early-mid Pleistocene, subsequent isolation and divergence in two or more refugia during the final Pleistocene glacial advance, and secondary contact following retreat of the ice sheets. Population genetic structure now appears to be maintained by distance effects combined with small populations and a highly fragmented habitat in the Aleutian Islands.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"The Society for the Study of Evolution","doi":"10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0974:MOPDIM]2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Congdon, B., Piatt, J.F., Martin, K., and Friesen, V.L., 2000, Mechanisms of population differentiation in marbled murrelets: historical versus contemporary processes: Evolution, v. 54, no. 3, p. 974-986, https://doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0974:MOPDIM]2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"974","endPage":"986","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134364,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db611f50","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Congdon, B.C.","contributorId":55397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Congdon","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Piatt, John F. 0000-0002-4417-5748 jpiatt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4417-5748","contributorId":3025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Piatt","given":"John","email":"jpiatt@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Martin, Kathy","contributorId":13478,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Kathy","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Friesen, Vicki L.","contributorId":59407,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Friesen","given":"Vicki","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":7029,"text":"Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318537,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1013083,"text":"1013083 - 2000 - Sea otters past and present perspectives","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-12-17T09:28:58","indexId":"1013083","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":690,"text":"Alaska Geographic","printIssn":"0361-1353","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sea otters past and present perspectives","docAbstract":"<p class=\"x_MsoNormal\">Sea otters have been an important resource for people living along the North Pacific coast for thousands of years. At least two aspects of the sea otters' natural history have linked them with humans: their pelt and their food habits. Sea otter pelts, arguably the finest in the animal kingdom, were fashioned into garments, particularly in northern latitudes, while the presence of sea otters influenced the availability of some marine invertebrates, like snails, clams and abalone, that provided food for coastal people. In addition, sea otters spurred a growing fur trade after Vitus Bering's explorations of the North Pacific in the early 1700s revealed their widespread abundance. This commercial harvest was instrumental in European exploration and settlement of the Pacific Rim and led to the near-extermination of the sea otter, Enhydra lutris, in following centuries.</p><p class=\"x_MsoNormal\">Largely because of their life history and their direct relations with coastal residents, sea otters are a comparatively well-understood marine mammal. During the past few decades, concern for sea otters has broadened to encompass an interest in global resource conservation and restoration, as well as community ecology. This more recent focus on sea otters now extends to humans far removed from marine environments.</p><p class=\"x_MsoNormal\">Early sea otters evolved about 12 million years ago from Eurasian and African ancestors. They reached the North Pacific by way of two proposed migration paths, one along the Bering Land Bridge between northeastern Asia and northwestern North America and a second from the Atlantic Ocean that entered the Pacific through a channel in the central Americas. Modern sea otters occur only in the North Pacific and have occupied their current range for the past 1 million to 3 million years.</p><p class=\"x_MsoNormal\"><br data-mce-bogus=\"1\"></p>","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Alaska Geographic","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., 2000, Sea otters past and present perspectives: Alaska Geographic, v. 7, no. 2, p. 73-93.","productDescription":"pp. 73-93","startPage":"73","endPage":"93","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132543,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a03e4b07f02db5f8385","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":318515,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015026,"text":"1015026 - 2000 - The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T10:28:21","indexId":"1015026","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2603,"text":"Landscape and Urban Planning","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space","docAbstract":"<p><span>We examine the relationships between abundance of grassland nesting songbirds observed in the Boulder Open Space, CO, USA and parameters that described landscape and habitat characteristics, in order to provide information for Boulder Open Space planners and managers. Data sets included bird abundance and plant species composition, collected during three breeding seasons (1994–1996), and landscape composition and configuration measures from a satellite image-derived land-cover map. We used regression quantiles to estimate the limitations imposed on bird abundance by urban encroachment and decreasing areas of grassland cover-types on the landscape, and habitat characteristics within 200</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span>m diameter sample plots. After accounting for the effect of landscape grassland composition on four species (Western Meadowlark (</span><i>Sturnella neglecta</i><span>), Vesper Sparrow (</span><i>Pooecetes gramineus</i><span>), Horned Lark (</span><i>Eremophila alpestris</i><span>), and Grasshopper Sparrow (</span><i>Ammodramus savannarum</i><span>)), change in abundance with proportion of urban area in the landscape was consistent with the pattern expected for limiting factors that were the active constraint at some times and places. Area of preferred grassland cover-types on the landscape was important for all species, and this remained the case when habitat variables were included in combined landscape–habitat models, with one exception (Western Meadowlark). Analysis of habitat variables enabled identification of important features at the local scale (e.g. shale<span>&nbsp;</span>plant communities<span>&nbsp;</span>in Lark Sparrow (</span><i>Chondestes grammacus</i><span>) habitat) that were indistinguishable using landscape data alone. Consideration of changes in the landscape due to urbanization and loss of grassland habitat are crucial for open space planning, and habitat features associated with localized and clumped bird species distributions provide important additional information. Widening the management focus to include areas that are not part of the open space system will facilitate a more complete understanding of potential limiting factor processes.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00044-X","usgsCitation":"Haire, S., Bock, C., Cade, B., and Bennett, B., 2000, The role of landscape and habitat characteristics in limiting abundance of grassland nesting songbirds in an urban open space: Landscape and Urban Planning, v. 48, no. 1-2, p. 65-82, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00044-X.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"65","endPage":"82","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130949,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640e13","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haire, S.","contributorId":81849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haire","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321862,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bock, C.E.","contributorId":75485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bock","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321861,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cade, B.S.","contributorId":47315,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cade","given":"B.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321860,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bennett, B.C.","contributorId":44116,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321859,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015020,"text":"1015020 - 2000 - Biomarker response and health of polychlorinated biphenyl- and chlordane-contaminated paddlefish from the Ohio River Basin, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T18:23:03.961975","indexId":"1015020","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Biomarker response and health of polychlorinated biphenyl- and chlordane-contaminated paddlefish from the Ohio River Basin, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fifty paddlefish (</span><i>Polyodon spathula</i><span>) collected from two sites on the Ohio River and from one site on the Cumberland River, USA, were examined to determine gonad polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and chlordane concentrations, amounts of plasma sex steroids (testosterone and estradiol), hepatic microsomal ethoxyresorufin-</span><i>O</i><span>-deethylase (EROD) activity, and the presence of immunoreactive cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) protein. Percent hatch and liver, spleen, and kidney histology were also determined. Gonad PCB and chlordane concentrations were significantly higher in Ohio River paddlefish than in Cumberland River paddlefish. Gonad PCB and chlordane concentration and gonad percent lipid were correlated in Ohio River paddlefish. Five of 10 Ohio River egg samples exceeded the Food and Drug Administration's action limit for chlordane (0.30 μg/g). Polychlorinated biphenyl congener-specific analysis detected predominantly the tetra-, penta-, and hexachlorobiphenyls in paddlefish testes. Plasma testosterone levels were significantly lower in males collected from the upper Ohio River site than those collected from the lower part of the river. There was no measurable hepatic microsomal EROD activity in any of the 50 paddlefish collected from the three sites. Western blotting analysis confirmed that a rabbit antitrout CYP1A1 IgG antibody did not recognize a CYP1A protein in paddlefish liver microsomes. Percent hatch was not significantly different in eggs collected from the Cumberland (88–96%) and Ohio Rivers (90–95%). Histological analysis of liver, spleen, and kidney detected the presence of hepatic steatosis and hemosiderosis, splenic lymphoid cell depletion, and hyperplasia of interrenal and chromaffin tissues. Immunosuppression, hepatic metabolic disorders, and altered neuroendocrine function may be occurring in Ohio River paddlefish. Results presented here suggest that organochlorine exposure may be jeopardizing the long-term health of Ohio River paddlefish and that additional investigation of contaminant effects on immune system function and hormone levels in paddlefish is warranted.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620190918","usgsCitation":"Gunderson, D., Miller, R., Mischler, A., Elpers, K., Mims, S., Millar, J., and Blazer, V., 2000, Biomarker response and health of polychlorinated biphenyl- and chlordane-contaminated paddlefish from the Ohio River Basin, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 19, no. 9, p. 2275-2285, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190918.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2275","endPage":"2285","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131312,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Ohio River Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.27490234375,\n              37.125286284966805\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.758544921875,\n              37.01132594307015\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.26416015625,\n              36.61552763134925\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.39599609375,\n              35.46961797120201\n    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]\n}","volume":"19","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-09-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a48e4b07f02db6230c4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gunderson, D.T.","contributorId":8802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gunderson","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321833,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Miller, R.","contributorId":19118,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mischler, A.","contributorId":103623,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mischler","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321837,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elpers, K.","contributorId":100802,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elpers","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321836,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mims, S.D.","contributorId":50110,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mims","given":"S.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Millar, J.G.","contributorId":107236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millar","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Blazer, V. 0000-0001-6647-9614","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6647-9614","contributorId":6799,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blazer","given":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321832,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}}
,{"id":1008394,"text":"1008394 - 2000 - A dynamic landscape model for fish in the Everglades and its application to restoration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-01-21T12:49:12","indexId":"1008394","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1458,"text":"Ecological Modelling","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A dynamic landscape model for fish in the Everglades and its application to restoration","docAbstract":"<p><span>A model (ALFISH) for fish functional groups in freshwater marshes of the greater Everglades area of southern Florida has been developed. Its main objective is to assess the spatial pattern of fish densities through time across freshwater marshes. This model has the capability of providing a dynamic measure of the spatially-explicit food resources available to wading birds. ALFISH simulates two functional groups, large and small fish, where the larger ones can prey on the small fish type. Both functional groups are size-structured. The marsh landscape is modeled as 500&times;500 m spatial cells on a grid across southern Florida. A hydrology model predicts water levels in the spatial cells on 5-day time steps. Fish populations spread across the marsh during flooded conditions and either retreat into refugia (alligator ponds), move to other spatial cells, or die if their cell dries out. ALFISH has been applied to the evaluation of alternative water regulation scenarios under the Central and South Florida Comprehensive Project Review Study. The objective of this Review Study is to compare alternative methods for restoring historical ecological conditions in southern Florida. ALFISH has provided information on which plans are most are likely to increase fish biomass and its availability to wading bird populations.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00202-1","usgsCitation":"Gaff, H., DeAngelis, D., Gross, L., Salinas, R., and Shorrosh, M., 2000, A dynamic landscape model for fish in the Everglades and its application to restoration: Ecological Modelling, v. 127, no. 1, p. 33-52, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00202-1.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"33","endPage":"52","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":132694,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"127","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aecc2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gaff, H.D.","contributorId":12424,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gaff","given":"H.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"DeAngelis, D.L. 0000-0002-1570-4057","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1570-4057","contributorId":32470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeAngelis","given":"D.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gross, L.J.","contributorId":65030,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"L.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Salinas, R.","contributorId":57804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Salinas","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shorrosh, M.","contributorId":101611,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shorrosh","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317639,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":70022856,"text":"70022856 - 2000 - USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-04T18:29:43.592798","indexId":"70022856","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1436,"text":"Earthquake Spectra","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps","docAbstract":"<p><span>The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) recently completed new probabilistic seismic hazard maps for the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii. These hazard maps form the basis of the probabilistic component of the design maps used in the 1997 edition of the&nbsp;</span><i>NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures</i><span>, prepared by the Building Seismic Safety Council and published by FEMA. The hazard maps depict peak horizontal ground acceleration and spectral response at 0.2, 0.3, and 1.0 sec periods, with 10%, 5%, and 2% probabilities of exceedance in 50 years, corresponding to return times of about 500, 1000, and 2500 years, respectively. In this paper we outline the methodology used to construct the hazard maps. There are three basic components to the maps. First, we use spatially smoothed historic seismicity as one portion of the hazard calculation. In this model, we apply the general observation that moderate and large earthquakes tend to occur near areas of previous small or moderate events, with some notable exceptions. Second, we consider large background source zones based on broad geologic criteria to quantify hazard in areas with little or no historic seismicity, but with the potential for generating large events. Third, we include the hazard from specific fault sources. We use about 450 faults in the western United States (WUS) and derive recurrence times from either geologic slip rates or the dating of pre-historic earthquakes from trenching of faults or other paleoseismic methods. Recurrence estimates for large earthquakes in New Madrid and Charleston, South Carolina, were taken from recent paleoliquefaction studies. We used logic trees to incorporate different seismicity models, fault recurrence models, Cascadia great earthquake scenarios, and ground-motion attenuation relations. We present disaggregation plots showing the contribution to hazard at four cities from potential earthquakes with various magnitudes and distances.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"SAGE Publishing","doi":"10.1193/1.1586079","issn":"87552930","usgsCitation":"Frankel, A., Mueller, C., Barnhard, T.P., Leyendecker, E.V., Wesson, R.L., Harmsen, S.C., Klein, F.W., Perkins, D.M., Dickman, N., Hanson, S., and Hopper, M.G., 2000, USGS National Seismic Hazard Maps: Earthquake Spectra, v. 16, no. 1, p. 1-19, https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586079.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233793,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-02-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbba0e4b08c986b328730","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frankel, A.D.","contributorId":53828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frankel","given":"A.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395165,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, C.S.","contributorId":45310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"C.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Barnhard, T. P.","contributorId":42208,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnhard","given":"T.","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Leyendecker, E. V.","contributorId":87162,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leyendecker","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395169,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wesson, R. L.","contributorId":51752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesson","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Harmsen, S. C.","contributorId":59039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Harmsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395166,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Klein, F. W.","contributorId":88371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klein","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395170,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Perkins, D. M.","contributorId":83922,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perkins","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395168,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Dickman, N.C.","contributorId":60820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickman","given":"N.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395167,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Hanson, S.L.","contributorId":47361,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanson","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Hopper, M. G.","contributorId":39389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopper","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":395160,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11}]}}
,{"id":1007888,"text":"1007888 - 2000 - Root growth and function of three Mojave Desert grasses in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-09-30T11:39:44","indexId":"1007888","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2863,"text":"New Phytologist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Root growth and function of three Mojave Desert grasses in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration","docAbstract":"<p><span>Root growth and physiological responses to elevated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> were investigated for three important Mojave Desert grasses: the C</span><sub>3</sub><span> perennial </span><i>Achnatherum hymenoides</i><span>, the C</span><sub>4</sub><span> perennial </span><i>Pleuraphis rigida</i><span> and the C</span><sub>3</sub><span> annual </span><i>Bromus madritensis</i><span> ssp. </span><i>rubens</i><span>. Seeds of each species were grown at ambient (360 μl l</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) or elevated (1000 μl l</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> in a glasshouse and harvested at three phenological stages: vegetative, anthesis and seed fill. Because </span><i>P. rigida</i><span> did not flower during the course of this study, harvests for this species represent three vegetative stages. Primary productivity was increased in both C</span><sub>3</sub><span> grasses in response to elevated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> (40 and 19% for </span><i>A. hymenoides</i><span> and </span><i>B. rubens</i><span>, respectively), but root biomass increased only in the C</span><sub>3</sub><span> perennial grass. Neither above-ground nor below-ground biomass of the C</span><sub>4</sub><span> perennial grass was significantly affected by the CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> treatment. Elevated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> did not significantly affect root surface area for any species. Total plant nitrogen was also not statistically different between CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>treatments for any species, indicating no enhanced uptake of N under elevated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>. Physiological uptake capacities for NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> and NH</span><sub>4</sub><span> were not affected by the CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> treatment during the second harvest; measurements were not made for the first harvest. However, at the third harvest uptake capacity was significantly decreased in response to elevated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> for at least one N form in each species. NO</span><sub>3</sub><span> uptake rates were lower in </span><i>A. hymenoides</i><span> and </span><i>P. rigida</i><span>, and NH</span><sub>4</sub><span> uptake rates were lower in </span><i>B. rubens</i><span> at elevated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>. Nitrogen uptake on a whole root-system basis (NO</span><sub>3</sub><span>+NH</span><sub>4</sub><span>uptake capacity × root biomass) was influenced positively by elevated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> only for </span><i>A. hymenoides</i><span>after anthesis. These results suggest that elevated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> may result in a competitive advantage for</span><i>A. hymenoides</i><span> relative to species that do not increase root-system N uptake capacity. Root respiration measurements normalized to 20 °C were not significantly affected by the CO</span><sub>2</sub><span>treatment. However, specific root respiration was significantly correlated with either root C∶N ratio or root water content when all data per species were included within a simple regression model. The results of this study provide little evidence for up-regulation of root physiology in response to elevated CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> and indicate that root biomass responses to CO</span><sub>2</sub><span> are species-specific.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00576.x","usgsCitation":"Yoder, C., Vivin, P., DeFalco, L., Seemann, J., and Nowak, R., 2000, Root growth and function of three Mojave Desert grasses in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration: New Phytologist, v. 145, no. 2, p. 245-256, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00576.x.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"256","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":479260,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00576.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131656,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"145","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-12-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cc35","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Yoder, C.K.","contributorId":37286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yoder","given":"C.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Vivin, P.","contributorId":67056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vivin","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeFalco, L.A.","contributorId":46032,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeFalco","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Seemann, J.R.","contributorId":43310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seemann","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316218,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Nowak, R.S.","contributorId":104857,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nowak","given":"R.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1003650,"text":"1003650 - 2000 - Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-12T17:53:07.931355","indexId":"1003650","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin","docAbstract":"<p>Wild rice grain samples from various parts of the world have been found to have elevated concentrations of heavy metals, raising concern for potential effects on human health. It was hypothesized that wild rice from north-central Wisconsin could potentially have elevated concentrations of some heavy metals because of possible exposure to these elements from the atmosphere or from water and sediments. In addition, no studies of heavy metals in wild rice from Wisconsin had been performed, and a baseline study was needed for future comparisons. Wild rice plants were collected from four areas in Bayfield, Forest, Langlade, Oneida, Sawyer and Wood Counties in September, 1997 and 1998 and divided into four plant parts for elemental analyses: roots, stems, leaves and seeds. A total of 194 samples from 51 plants were analyzed across the localities, with an average of 49 samples per part depending on the element. Samples were cleaned of soil, wet digested, and analyzed by ICP for Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mg, Pb, Se and Zn. Roots contained the highest concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se. Copper was highest in both roots and seeds, while Zn was highest just in seeds. Magnesium was highest in leaves. Seed baseline ranges for the 10 elements were established using the 95% confidence intervals of the medians. Wild rice plants from northern Wisconsin had normal levels of the nutritional elements Cu, Mg and Zn in the seeds. Silver, Cd, Hg, Cr, and Se were very low in concentration or within normal limits for food plants. Arsenic and Pb, however, were elevated and could pose a problem for human health. The pathway for As, Hg and Pb to the plants could be atmospheric.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00464-7","usgsCitation":"Bennett, J.P., Chiriboga, E., Coleman, J., and Waller, D., 2000, Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin: Science of the Total Environment, v. 246, no. 2-3, p. 261-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00464-7.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"261","endPage":"269","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134269,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Bayfield, Forest, Langlade, Oneida, Sawyer, Wood","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n    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]\n}","volume":"246","issue":"2-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a70e4b07f02db641061","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bennett, J. P.","contributorId":52103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313805,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chiriboga, E.","contributorId":65051,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chiriboga","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313806,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Coleman, J.","contributorId":73560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coleman","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313807,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waller, D.M.","contributorId":17585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waller","given":"D.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313804,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1003617,"text":"1003617 - 2000 - Type C botulism in dairy cattle from feed contaminated with a dead cat","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-18T11:22:50","indexId":"1003617","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2492,"text":"Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Type C botulism in dairy cattle from feed contaminated with a dead cat","docAbstract":"Four hundred twenty-seven of 441 adult Holstein dairy cattle from a 1,200-cow dairy died over a 1-week period during early spring 1998. Affected animals were from 4 late lactation pens, one of which included the bull string. Signs included weakness, recumbency, watery diarrhea, and death. Eighty animals from the 4 pens were dead approximately 8 hours after the first ill cows were noted. Affected cows would collapse on stimulation and extend all 4 limbs with moderate rigidity. Several lacked lingual tonus and had abdominal breathing patterns. The animals had been fed a load of total mixed ration that included a rotten bale of oat hay containing a dead cat. No common toxicants were identified, and pathologic examination revealed no consistent lesions. Testing of tissue from the cat carcass found in the feed sample using mouse protection bioassay identified the presence of type C botulinum toxin. Samples of feed, tissue from affected animals, cat tissue from feed, milk, and serum were also tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for type C botulinum. Two samples of rumen contents were tested and found to be positive for botulism by ELISA, and 1 of 3 liver samples had a weak positive finding. No botulinum toxin was found in milk or sera using the ELISA.","language":"English","doi":"10.1177/104063870001200302","usgsCitation":"Galey, F., Terra, R., Walker, R., Adaska, J., Etchebarne, M., Puschener, B., Whitlock, R., Rocke, T., Willoughby, D., and Tor, E., 2000, Type C botulism in dairy cattle from feed contaminated with a dead cat: Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v. 12, no. 3, p. 204-209, https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870001200302.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"204","endPage":"209","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[{"id":456,"text":"National Wildlife Health Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129747,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"12","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-05-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2fe4b07f02db61638f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Galey, F.D.","contributorId":82257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Galey","given":"F.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Terra, R.","contributorId":57405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Terra","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Walker, R.","contributorId":64182,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walker","given":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adaska, J.","contributorId":30576,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adaska","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Etchebarne, M.A.","contributorId":58229,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Etchebarne","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313689,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Puschener, B.","contributorId":20283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Puschener","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313685,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Whitlock, R.H.","contributorId":101600,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitlock","given":"R.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rocke, Tonie E. 0000-0003-3933-1563","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3933-1563","contributorId":88680,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rocke","given":"Tonie E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Willoughby, D.","contributorId":28561,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willoughby","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Tor, E.","contributorId":19508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tor","given":"E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":313684,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":1000943,"text":"1000943 - 2000 - Reduction in recruitment of white bass in Lake Erie after invasion of white perch","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-06-29T19:31:10.454316","indexId":"1000943","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Reduction in recruitment of white bass in Lake Erie after invasion of white perch","docAbstract":"<p>Recruitment to the adult population of white bass<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Morone chrysops</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in Lake Erie sharply declined during the early 1980s. To explain this phenomenon, we formulated the following four hypotheses: (1) the biological characteristics of adult spawners changed during the early 1980s, so that the ability to produce eggs decreased; (2) the decrease in phosphorus loadings to Lake Erie during the 1970s resulted in a lower abundance of crustacean zooplankton and thus in reduced survival of age-0 white bass; (3) the increase in the population of adult walleyes<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Stizostedion vitreum</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in Lake Erie during the 1970s and 1980s led to reduced survival of age-0 white bass; and (4) establishment of the white perch<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Morone americana</i><span>&nbsp;</span>population in Lake Erie during the early 1980s led to reduced survival of the early life stages of white bass. The growth, maturity, and fecundity of adults during the period 1981–1997 were compared with the same characteristics found by earlier studies. The mean length, weight, and condition factors that we calculated were higher than those reported for Lake Erie in 1927–1929 for all age groups examined, and white bass in Lake Erie matured at an earlier age during 1981–1997 than during 1927–1929. Fecundity estimates ranged from 128,897 to 1,049,207 eggs/female and were similar to estimates from other populations. Therefore, the first hypothesis was rejected. With respect to the second hypothesis, zooplankton surveys conducted during 1970 and 1983–1987 indicated that the abundance of crustacean zooplankton in Lake Erie did not change between the two time periods. However, these results were not conclusive because only a single-year survey was conducted before 1980. Based on walleye diet studies and estimates of walleye population size, walleye predation pressure on age-0 white bass in Lake Erie during 1986–1988 was just slightly higher than that during 1979–1981. Thus, such pressure can explain only a minor portion of the reduction in white bass recruitment. To test the fourth hypothesis, intervention analysis was applied to the long-term abundance series for white bass. The abundance of age-0 white bass in Lake Erie between 1982 and 1997 was significantly lower than that between 1969 and 1981. The catch per unit effort of adult white bass in commercial trap nets between 1987 and 1997 was significantly lower than it was before 1987. Moreover, the period of reduced recruitment for white bass in Oneida Lake, New York, which extends from 1955 to the present, coincides with occupation of the lake by white perch. Thus, of the four hypotheses entertained, the most plausible explanation for the reduction in white bass recruitment in Lake Erie is that white perch reduced the survival of white bass during its early life history.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1340:RIROWB>2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Madenjian, C.P., Knight, R.L., Bur, M., and Forney, J.L., 2000, Reduction in recruitment of white bass in Lake Erie after invasion of white perch: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 129, no. 6, p. 1340-1353, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(2000)129<1340:RIROWB>2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"1340","endPage":"1353","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133320,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Michigan, New York, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Lake Erie","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -83.51806640624999,\n              41.66470503009207\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.14453125,\n              41.57436130598913\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.03466796874999,\n              41.51680395810118\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.1884765625,\n              41.4509614012039\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.891845703125,\n              41.36031866306708\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.72705078125,\n              41.409775832009565\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.46337890625,\n              41.352072144512924\n            ],\n            [\n              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   }\n  ]\n}","volume":"129","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602d85","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Madenjian, Charles P. 0000-0002-0326-164X cmadenjian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0326-164X","contributorId":2200,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madenjian","given":"Charles","email":"cmadenjian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309914,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Knight, Roger L.","contributorId":81049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knight","given":"Roger","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309917,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bur, Michael","contributorId":64617,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bur","given":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309916,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Forney, John L.","contributorId":46476,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forney","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309915,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1000858,"text":"1000858 - 2000 - Aggressive and foraging behavioral interactions among ruffe","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T14:03:32","indexId":"1000858","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1528,"text":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Aggressive and foraging behavioral interactions among ruffe","docAbstract":"The ruffe, <i>Gymnocephalus cernuus</i>, is a  nonindigenous percid in the Great Lakes.  Ruffe are aggressive benthivores and forage over soft substrates.  Laboratory studies in pools (100 cm in diameter, 15 cm water depth) were conducted to determine whether fish density (low = 2, medium = 4, high = 6 ruffe per pool) changed foraging and aggressive behaviors with a limited food supply of chironomid larvae.  All fish densities demonstrated a hierarchy based on aggressive interactions, but ruffe were most aggressive at low and high fish densities.  Time spent in foraging was lowest at the low fish density.  The best forager at the low fish density was the most aggressive individual, but the second most aggressive fish at the medium and high fish density was the best forager and also the one chased most frequently.  A medium fish density offered the best energetic benefits to ruffe by providing the lowest ratio of time spent in aggression to that spent foraging.  Based on our results, ruffe should grow best at an intermediate density.  With high ruffe densities, we would also expect disparity in size as the more aggressive fish are able to garner a disproportionate amount of the resources.  Alternatively, as the Great Lakes are a fairly open system, ruffe could migrate out of one area to colonize another as populations exceed optimal densities.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmental Biology of Fishes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Springer","publisherLocation":"Amsterdam, Netherlands","doi":"10.1023/A:1007523307404","usgsCitation":"Savino, J.F., and Kostich, M., 2000, Aggressive and foraging behavioral interactions among ruffe: Environmental Biology of Fishes, v. 57, no. 3, p. 337-345, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007523307404.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"337","endPage":"345","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133635,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266952,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007523307404"}],"volume":"57","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606503","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savino, Jacqueline F. jsavino@usgs.gov","contributorId":2213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savino","given":"Jacqueline","email":"jsavino@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kostich, Melissa J.","contributorId":72325,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kostich","given":"Melissa J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1017141,"text":"1017141 - 2000 - Ecology and biology of paddlefish in North America: historical perspectives, management approaches, and research priorities","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-15T14:26:25.002968","indexId":"1017141","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3278,"text":"Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecology and biology of paddlefish in North America: historical perspectives, management approaches, and research priorities","docAbstract":"<p>Paddlefish (<i>Polyodon spathula</i>, Polyodontidae)are large, mostly-riverine fish that once were abundant in medium- to large-sized river systems throughout much of the central United States. Concern for paddlefish populations has grown from a regional fisheries issue to one of national importance for the United States. In 1989, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) was petitioned to list paddlefish as a federally threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. The petition was not granted, primarily because of a lack of empirical data on paddlefish population size, age structure, growth, or harvest rates across the present 22-state range. Nonetheless, concern for paddlefish populations prompted the USFWS to recommend that paddlefish be protected through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The addition of paddlefish to Appendix II of CITES, which was approved in March 1992, provides a mechanism to curtail illegal trade in paddlefish and their parts and supports a variety of conservation plans. Paddlefish populations have been negatively affected by overharvest, river modifications, and pollution, but the paddlefish still occupies much of its historic range and most extant populations seem to be stable. Although many facets of paddlefish biology and ecology are well understood, the lack of information on larval and juvenile ecology, mechanisms that determine recruitment, population size and vital rates, interjurisdictional movements, and the effects of anthropogenic activities present significant obstacles for managing paddlefish populations. Questions about the size and structure of local populations, and how such populations are affected by navigation traffic, dams, and pollution are regarded as medium priority areas for future research. The availability of suitable spawning habitat and overall reproductive success in impounded rivers are unknown and represent critical areas for future research. Research on reproductive and recruitment success in impounded rivers have significant implications for managing paddlefish, as rivers are modified further for human use.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/A:1016633604301","usgsCitation":"Jennings, C.A., and Zigler, S.J., 2000, Ecology and biology of paddlefish in North America: historical perspectives, management approaches, and research priorities: Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, v. 10, no. 2, p. 167-181, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016633604301.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"167","endPage":"181","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128599,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"10","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627b53","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jennings, Cecil A. 0000-0002-6159-6026 jennings@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6026","contributorId":874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jennings","given":"Cecil","email":"jennings@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":324624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zigler, Stephen J.","contributorId":77472,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zigler","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1002992,"text":"1002992 - 2000 - Statistical and procedural issues in the use of heated taxidermic mounts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-24T17:20:57.686526","indexId":"1002992","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2476,"text":"Journal of Thermal Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Statistical and procedural issues in the use of heated taxidermic mounts","docAbstract":"<p>Studies using mounts have an inherently nested error structure; calibration and standardization should use the appropriate procedures and statistics. One example is that individual mount differences are nested within morphological factors related to species, age, or gender; without replication, mount differences may be confused with differences due to morphology. Also, the sensitivity of mounts to orientation to wind or sun is nested within mount; without replication, inadvertent variation in mount positioning may be confused with differences among mounts. Data on heat loss from a of 1-day-old mallard duckling mount are used to illustrate orientation sensitivity.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00094-7","usgsCitation":"Bakken, G., Kenow, K., Korschgen, C.E., and Boysen, A., 2000, Statistical and procedural issues in the use of heated taxidermic mounts: Journal of Thermal Biology, v. 25, no. 4, p. 317-321, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4565(99)00094-7.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"317","endPage":"321","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130102,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"25","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e2894","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bakken, G.S.","contributorId":96629,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bakken","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kenow, K.P.","contributorId":18302,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kenow","given":"K.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Korschgen, C. E.","contributorId":9197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Korschgen","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312528,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boysen, A.F.","contributorId":99507,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Boysen","given":"A.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1002991,"text":"1002991 - 2000 - Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-28T18:47:31.740537","indexId":"1002991","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1571,"text":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA","docAbstract":"<p><span>Cadmium was quantified in the surface sediments of six seepage lakes ranging from 8 to 70 ha in surface area, 6 to 20 m in maximum depth, 5.2 to 7.0 in mean epilimnetic pH, and 1.7 to 6.8 mg·L</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;in dissolved organic carbon. Within each lake, dry-weight concentrations of cadmium (range, 0.02–7.17 μg·g</span><sup>−1</sup><span>) were positively correlated with volatile matter content of the sediments, which increased with water depth. Volumetric concentrations (i.e., mass per volume of wet sediment) were correlated with water depth in only one lake, and they more accurately represented the spatial distribution of sedimentary cadmium within the lakes. Analysis of sediment cores from two of the lakes indicated that surface sediments were enriched with cadmium. The source of cadmium and the within-lake processes controlling deposition to the sediments were presumably similar among the lakes, as demonstrated by the strong correlation between lake area and whole-lake burdens of cadmium in the surface sediments (range, 625–5785 g/lake). Hence, cadmium in these lakes appears to be derived largely from atmospheric deposition. When normalized for lake area, cadmium burdens in the surface sediments ranged from 62 to 92 g·ha</span><sup>−1</sup><span>&nbsp;and were strongly correlated with dissolved organic carbon, but not with lake pH, which suggests a link between the transport of cadmium and organic matter to the sediments.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","publisherLocation":"Auburn, MI","doi":"10.1002/etc.5620190608","issn":"07307268","usgsCitation":"Powell, D., Rada, R., Wiener, J., and Atchison, G., 2000, Whole-lake burdens and spatial distribution of cadmium in sediments of Wisconsin seepage lakes, USA: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v. 19, no. 6, p. 1523-1531, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620190608.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1523","endPage":"1531","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":199214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","county":"Vilas County","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.9879,46.0971],[-88.9329,46.0746],[-88.9332,45.9822],[-89.0478,45.9822],[-89.0477,45.8953],[-89.1091,45.8973],[-89.1752,45.8993],[-89.1754,45.859],[-89.3008,45.8606],[-89.3007,45.9014],[-89.3628,45.8987],[-89.4256,45.8987],[-89.5498,45.8988],[-89.6741,45.8987],[-89.7571,45.8985],[-89.797,45.898],[-89.8199,45.8984],[-89.9212,45.8981],[-89.9846,45.8974],[-90.0428,45.8972],[-90.0442,45.9823],[-90.0134,45.9824],[-89.9853,45.9821],[-89.9289,45.9818],[-89.9282,46.0693],[-89.9288,46.1558],[-89.9287,46.2428],[-89.929,46.3],[-89.7599,46.268],[-89.7368,46.2636],[-89.5829,46.2347],[-89.5331,46.2252],[-89.5133,46.2215],[-89.4272,46.2048],[-89.3759,46.1949],[-89.2666,46.1737],[-89.2302,46.1662],[-89.0854,46.1365],[-88.9879,46.0971]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Vilas\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","volume":"19","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2000-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49c8e4b07f02db5d63d9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, D.E.","contributorId":72093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312527,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rada, R.G.","contributorId":7651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rada","given":"R.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312524,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wiener, J.G.","contributorId":44107,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiener","given":"J.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312525,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Atchison, G.J.","contributorId":59406,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Atchison","given":"G.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312526,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1008636,"text":"1008636 - 2000 - What is “natural”? : Yellowstone elk population - A case study","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-06T17:02:02","indexId":"1008636","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2008,"text":"Integrative Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"What is “natural”? : Yellowstone elk population - A case study","docAbstract":"<p><span>Ecology analyzes the structure and function of ecosystems at all points along the continuum of human disturbance, from so-called pristine forests to urban backyards. Undisturbed systems provide reference points at one end of the spectrum, and nature reserves and parks are highly valued because they can provide unique examples of such ecosystems. Unfortunately the concept of “natural” or pristine is not that easy to define. Indeed, although ecologists have considered pre-Columbian, western-hemisphere ecosystems to have been largely unaltered by human action, and have termed their state “natural” or “pristine,” evidence from archaeology challenges this view. U.S. and Canadian national parks are charged with preserving the “natural,” and thus need to be able to understand and manage for the “natural.” A pivotal “natural” question in Yellowstone National Park management is the size of the northern-range, wintering elk population at Park establishment in 1872, argued both to have been small and large. Integrating and quantifying several sources of evidence provides a consistent picture of a low population (ca. 5,000–6,000), largely migrating out of the northern range in winter, with little vegetation impact. If we accept this conclusion about what is natural for the Yellowstone ecosystem, then it dramatically alters how we view management alternatives for the Park, which currently supports a northern wintering herd of up to ˜ 25,000 elk.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<133::AID-INBI3>3.0.CO;2-U","usgsCitation":"Keigley, R., and Wagner, F.H., 2000, What is “natural”? : Yellowstone elk population - A case study: Integrative Biology, v. 1, no. 4, p. 133-148, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6602(1998)1:4<133::AID-INBI3>3.0.CO;2-U.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"133","endPage":"148","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":130789,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Yellowstone National Park","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.1651611328125,\n              44.044167353572185\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.1651611328125,\n              45.09679146394738\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.57763671875,\n              45.09679146394738\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.57763671875,\n              44.044167353572185\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.1651611328125,\n              44.044167353572185\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"1","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f059b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Keigley, R.B.","contributorId":85115,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigley","given":"R.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wagner, Frederic H.","contributorId":9610,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wagner","given":"Frederic","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008271,"text":"1008271 - 2000 - Distribution and habitat use by manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Belize and Chetumal Bay, Mexico","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-30T15:40:52.635017","indexId":"1008271","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1015,"text":"Biological Conservation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Distribution and habitat use by manatees (<i>Trichechus manatus manatus</i>) in Belize and Chetumal Bay, Mexico","title":"Distribution and habitat use by manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Belize and Chetumal Bay, Mexico","docAbstract":"<p><span>The nearshore coastal areas of Belize and of Chetumal Bay, Mexico, support one of the largest populations of manatees (</span><i>Trichechus manatus manatus</i><span>) in the Caribbean. In order to further document the distribution, relative abundance, habitat associations, and status of this population, we conducted three aerial surveys. The flights were done in January 1994, May 1994, and January 1995. Total manatee counts for each survey were 266, 207, and 171, respectively. Calves represented 7.4% of the grand total. Solitary manatees represented 62.8% of the total count. Manatees were numerous around the cays east of Belize City, in Placentia and Indian Hill lagoons, and in Chetumal Bay. Most manatees were observed in lagoons and rivers. Growing tourist activities should be assessed to avoid undesirable effects on manatees. Poaching and marketing of manatee products continues to jeopardize the animals in some areas. Current research and management activities are part of a cooperative international program to conserve the manatee in the Caribbean region.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00009-4","usgsCitation":"Morales-Vela, B., Olivera-Gomez, D., Reynolds, J., and Rathbun, G.B., 2000, Distribution and habitat use by manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Belize and Chetumal Bay, Mexico: Biological Conservation, v. 95, p. 67-75, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00009-4.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"67","endPage":"75","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130821,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Belize, Mexico","otherGeospatial":"Chetumal Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -89.22546386718749,\n              15.88737600990871\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.5994873046875,\n              15.88737600990871\n            ],\n            [\n              -87.5994873046875,\n              18.92187618976372\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.22546386718749,\n              18.92187618976372\n            ],\n            [\n              -89.22546386718749,\n              15.88737600990871\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"95","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db649ccb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morales-Vela, B.","contributorId":32481,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morales-Vela","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317219,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olivera-Gomez, D.","contributorId":32875,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olivera-Gomez","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reynolds, J.E. III","contributorId":44499,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reynolds","given":"J.E.","suffix":"III","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rathbun, G. B.","contributorId":106044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rathbun","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70022448,"text":"70022448 - 2000 - Classification of river regimes: A context for hydroecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:43","indexId":"70022448","displayToPublicDate":"2000-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Classification of river regimes: A context for hydroecology","docAbstract":"Over the past 30 years, ecologists have demostrated the importance of flow and temperature as primary variables in driving running water, riparian and floodplain ecosystems. As it is important to assess the size and timing of discharge variations in relation to those in temperature, a method is proposed that uses multivariate techniques to separately classify annual discharge and temperature regimes according to their 'shape' and 'magnitude', and which then combines the classifications. This paper: (i) describes a generally applicable method; (ii) tests the method by applying it to riparian systems on four British rivers using a 20-year record (1977-97) of flow and air temperature: (iii) proposes a hydroecological interpretation of the classification; (iv) considers the degree to which the methodology might provide information to support the design of ecologically acceptable flow regimes. 'Regimes' are defined for discharge and air temperature using monthly mean data. The results of applying the classification procedure to four British rivers indicates that the 'typical' regimes for each of the four catchments are composite features produced by a small number of clearly defined annual types that reflect interannual variability in hydroclimatological conditions. Annual discharge patterns are dominated by three 'shape' classes (accounting for 94% of the station years: class A, early (November) peak; class B, intermediate (December-January) peak; and class C, late (March) peak) and one 'magnitude' class (70% of the station years fall into class 3, intermediate), with two subordinate 'magnitude' classes: low-flow years (18%) and high flow years (12%). For air temperature, annual patterns are classified evenly into three 'shape' and four 'magnitude' classes. It is argued that this variety of flow-temperature patterns is important for sustaining ecosystem integrity and for establishing benchmark flow regimes and associated frequencies to aid river management. Copyright ?? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Over the past 30 years, ecologists have demonstrated the importance of flow and temperature as primary variables in driving running water, riparian and floodplain ecosystems. As it is important to assess the size and timing of discharge variations in relation to those in temperature, a method is proposed that uses multivariate techniques to separately classify annual discharge and temperature regimes according to their `shape' and `magnitude', and which then combines the classifications. This paper: (i) describes a generally applicable method; (ii) tests the method by applying it to riparian systems on four British rivers using a 20-year record (1977-97) of flow and air temperature; (iii) proposes a hydroecological interpretation of the classification; (iv) considers the degree to which the methodology might provide information to support the design of ecologically acceptable flow regimes. `Regimes' are defined for discharge and air temperature using monthly mean data. The results of applying the classification procedure to four British rivers indicates that the `typical' regimes for each of the four catchments are composite features produced by a small number of clearly defined annual types that reflect interannual variability in hydroclimatological conditions. Annual discharge patterns are dominated by three `shape' classes (accounting for 94% of the station years: class A, early (November) peak; class B, intermediate (December-January) peak; and class C, late (March) peak) and one `magnitude' class (70% of the station years fall into class 3, intermediate), with two subordinate `magnitude' classes: low-flow years (18%) and high flow years (12%). For air temperature, annual patterns are classified evenly into three `shape' and four `magnitude' classes. It is argued that this variety of flow-temperature patterns is important for sustaining ecosystem integrity and for establishing benchmark flow regimes and associated frequencies to aid ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons Ltd","publisherLocation":"Chichester, United Kingdom","doi":"10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2831::AID-HYP122>3.0.CO;2-O","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Osterkamp, W.R., and Friedman, J.M., 2000, Classification of river regimes: A context for hydroecology: Hydrological Processes, v. 14, no. 16-17, p. 2831-2848, https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2831::AID-HYP122>3.0.CO;2-O.","startPage":"2831","endPage":"2848","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":230722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":206755,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1085(200011/12)14:16/17<2831::AID-HYP122>3.0.CO;2-O"}],"volume":"14","issue":"16-17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f61ce4b0c8380cd4c5d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Osterkamp, W. R.","contributorId":46044,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Osterkamp","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":393652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":393651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
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