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The report presents baseline data and some interpretation of ground- and surface-water hydrology and quality of the Reservation.</p>\n<p>The area stratigraphy consists of basal Precambrian crystalline bedrock and overlying till and sand and gravel deposits. In the Reservation, the glacial deposits range in thickness from zero to 180 feet. The bedrock aquifer is composed of fractured and weathered Precambrian bedrock within about 20 feet of the upper bedrock surface. &nbsp;The sand and gravel aquifer is composed of saturated, permeable sand and gravel that occurs as layers, lenses, terrace deposits, and valley fillings. &nbsp;The glacial material has a saturated thickness ranging from approximately 150 feet to zero feet in areas where the Precambrian bedrock crops out. Water-table conditions commonly occur in both aquifers. Horizontal hydraulic conductivity of the sand and gravel and bedrock aquifers is estimated to be 5 and 0.3 feet per day, respectively.</p>\n<p>The Wolf River and its tributaries drain the Reservation except for the eastern quarter, which is drained by the South Branch of the Oconto River. The average discharge of the Wolf River, monitored continuously during 1907-85 at Keshena Falls near Keshena, was 762 ft 3/s (cubic feet per second). Maximum instantaneous discharge was 5,200 ft3/s recorded on March 15, 1973, and the minimum was 91 ft3/s recorded on December 22,1939. Low flow and flood-frequency characteristics for the Wolf River were estimated using mean-daily discharge for the period of record at Keshena Falls.</p>\n<p>Ground water from the sand and gravel and bedrock aquifers is a calcium magnesium bicarbonate type. The composition of waters from the two aquifers is similar because water recharging the bedrock aquifer is from the overlying sand and gravel aquifer. Iron or manganese concentrations exceeding secondary maximum contaminant levels were found in water samples from approximately one-quarter to one-half of the wells sampled.</p>\n<p>Approximately three-quarters of the groundwater sampled during the study is moderately hard to very hard, with a median hardness equal to 171 mg/L (milligrams per liter) (as calcium carbonate)for the sand and gravel aquifer and 165mg/L (as calcium carbonate) for the bedrock aquifer. &nbsp;Alkalinity of the ground water ranged from26 to 211 mg/L, with a median value of 182 mg/L(as calcium carbonate) for the sand and gravel aquifer and ranged from 72 to 250 mg/L, with a median value of 170 mg/L (as calcium carbonate)for the bedrock aquifer.</p>\n<p>Water samples collected from Reservation streams and lakes were similar to ground water (calcium magnesium bicarbonate type), reflecting the strong surface-water/ground-water interaction in the study area. The chemical composition of water from lakes having inlets or outlets indicate that they are not influenced by precipitation as much as lakes that do not have inlets or outlets.</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934053","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin","usgsCitation":"Krohelski, J.T., Kammerer, P., and Conlon, T.D., 1994, Water resources of the Menominee Indian Reservation of Wisconsin: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4053, Report: v, 54 p.; 4 Plates: 19.20 x 16.56 inches or smalller, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934053.","productDescription":"Report: v, 54 p.; 4 Plates: 19.20 x 16.56 inches or smalller","numberOfPages":"60","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":56973,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123959,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":56974,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56975,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56976,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":56977,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4053/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Menominee Indian Reservation","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-88.6399,45.1171],[-88.6109,45.1174],[-88.5598,45.1175],[-88.4836,45.117],[-88.4862,45.0302],[-88.4881,44.9435],[-88.4894,44.8554],[-88.6117,44.8563],[-88.736,44.8561],[-88.7356,44.9429],[-88.7982,44.9432],[-88.8588,44.943],[-88.9516,44.943],[-88.9812,44.9427],[-88.9812,45.0299],[-88.9818,45.118],[-88.9301,45.1182],[-88.8623,45.1175],[-88.8118,45.1177],[-88.7343,45.1172],[-88.6826,45.1174],[-88.6574,45.1172],[-88.6399,45.1171]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Menominee\",\"state\":\"WI\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602c6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krohelski, J. T.","contributorId":59046,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krohelski","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":199294,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kammerer, P.A.","contributorId":21943,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kammerer","given":"P.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":199293,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Conlon, Terrence D. 0000-0002-5899-7187 tdconlon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5899-7187","contributorId":819,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Conlon","given":"Terrence","email":"tdconlon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":199292,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":31815,"text":"ofr94225B - 1994 - Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Plymouth Quadrangle and eastern portion of the Killington Peak Quadrangle, Windsor and Rutland counties, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-06-02T05:40:24","indexId":"ofr94225B","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-225","chapter":"B","title":"Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Plymouth Quadrangle and eastern portion of the Killington Peak Quadrangle, Windsor and Rutland counties, Vermont","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94225B","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Vermont, Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., and Ratcliffe, N.M., 1994, Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Plymouth Quadrangle and eastern portion of the Killington Peak Quadrangle, Windsor and Rutland counties, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-225, 6 slides: 1.34 x 1.0 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94225B.","productDescription":"6 slides: 1.34 x 1.0 inches","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":287912,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":287906,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225-B/slide-1.pdf"},{"id":287908,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225-B/slide-3.pdf"},{"id":287909,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225-B/slide-4.pdf"},{"id":287910,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225-B/slide-5.pdf"},{"id":287911,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225-B/slide-6.pdf"},{"id":287907,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225-B/slide-2.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"Vermont","county":"Rutland County;Windsor County","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -72.875,43.5 ], [ -72.875,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.625 ], [ -72.625,43.5 ], [ -72.875,43.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c961","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207006,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31814,"text":"ofr94225A - 1994 - Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Plymouth quadrangle and eastern portion of the Killington Peak quadrangle, Windsor and Rutland Counties, Vermont","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-23T14:45:40.370567","indexId":"ofr94225A","displayToPublicDate":"1995-05-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-225","chapter":"A","title":"Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Plymouth quadrangle and eastern portion of the Killington Peak quadrangle, Windsor and Rutland Counties, Vermont","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94225A","usgsCitation":"Walsh, G.J., and Ratcliffe, N.M., 1994, Preliminary bedrock geologic map of the Plymouth quadrangle and eastern portion of the Killington Peak quadrangle, Windsor and Rutland Counties, Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-225, Report: 36 p.; 1 Plate: 25.00 × 37.00 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94225A.","productDescription":"Report: 36 p.; 1 Plate: 25.00 × 37.00 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":397785,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19316.htm"},{"id":60017,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":21564,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225a/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0225a/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Vermont","county":"Rutland County, Windsor County","otherGeospatial":"Killington Peak quadrangle, Plymouth quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72.792,\n              43.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.625,\n              43.625\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.625,\n              43.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.792,\n              43.5\n            ],\n            [\n              -72.792,\n              43.625\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a132","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Walsh, Gregory J. 0000-0003-4264-8836 gwalsh@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4264-8836","contributorId":873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walsh","given":"Gregory","email":"gwalsh@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":207004,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ratcliffe, Nicholas M. 0000-0002-7922-5784 nratclif@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7922-5784","contributorId":4167,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ratcliffe","given":"Nicholas","email":"nratclif@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":207005,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":29451,"text":"wri944062 - 1994 - Quality of ground water around Vadnais Lake and in Lambert Creek watershed, and interaction of ground water with Vadnais Lake, Ramsey County, Minnesota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T11:21:34","indexId":"wri944062","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4062","title":"Quality of ground water around Vadnais Lake and in Lambert Creek watershed, and interaction of ground water with Vadnais Lake, Ramsey County, Minnesota","docAbstract":"<p>Vadnais Lake is located in northern Ramsey County, Minnesota. The lake is managed by the St. Paul Water Utility for storage of municipal water supplies that are provided to residents of St. Paul and surrounding communities. In recent years, algal blooms in Vadnais Lake have caused taste and odor problems in St. Paul's municipal water supply. This problem has potentially been exacerbated by phosphorus enrichment of the lake from surface-water transport and from nutrient recycling between the lake and bottom sediments. Phosphorus loading in Vadnais Lake has been linked to increased algal growth. Surface-water drainage from supply lakes and, during wet years, from wetlands in Lambert Creek watershed, which extends over about 20 square miles east of the lake, is known to be a significant source of phosphorus. The role of ground water in the phosphorus budget of the lake was unknown. The results of this study indicate that ground-water transport of phosphorus into Vadnais Lake is a small part of the phosphorus budget of the lake.</p>\n<p>Seepage into and out of Vadnais Lake was estimated by the following methods: (1) interpretation of the hydraulic conductivities of glacial deposits around the lake and of the hydraulic gradients between ground water in these deposits and the lake; and (2) interpretation of the hydraulic conductivities of lakebed materials and of the hydraulic gradients between ground water in the lakebed and the lake. The estimated net annual seepage out of the lake determined by the second method of 9.56 x 10<sup>7</sup> feet<sup>3</sup> per year was greater by an order of magnitude than the value determined by the first method, which was 7.63 x 10<sup>6</sup> feet<sup>3</sup> per year.</p>\n<p>The net seepage out of Vadnais Lake was a small part of the lake water budget. Inflow to the lake is mostly streamflow from Sucker Creek, which is water from the Mississippi River routed through a series of lakes. Outflow from the lake is mostly withdrawals by the St Paul Water Utility. The net seepage out of the lake between spring and winter was from less than 1 to about 4 percent of the total loss attributed to withdrawals and evaporation.</p>\n<p>The quality of the ground water in the study area was similar to the quality measured in shallow glacial-drift aquifers throughout Minnesota. Calcium magnesium bicarbonate water was the dominant type. Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in ground-water samples were below detection limits. The concentration of total phosphorus in ground-water samples generally was below 0.15 milligrams per liter.</p>\n<p>The results of the seepage analysis and ground-water quality evaluation indicate that the effect of the quality of the surrounding ground water on the quality of Vadnais Lake probably was small. Ground water that discharged to the lake generally had lower concentrations of calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and total dissolved solids than the lake. The mixing of ground water with the lake slightly diluted the lake with respect to these constituents.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri944062","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the St. Paul Water Utility and the Vadnais Lake Area Watershed Management Organization","usgsCitation":"Ruhl, J.F., 1994, Quality of ground water around Vadnais Lake and in Lambert Creek watershed, and interaction of ground water with Vadnais Lake, Ramsey County, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4062, vi, 59 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944062.","productDescription":"vi, 59 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58296,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4062/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160443,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4062/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Minnesota","otherGeospatial":"Vadnais Lake and Lambert Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.10604095458984,\n              45.04199287723725\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.10604095458984,\n              45.108181031163305\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.98828125,\n              45.108181031163305\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.98828125,\n              45.04199287723725\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.10604095458984,\n              45.04199287723725\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a8fe4b07f02db655151","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ruhl, J. F.","contributorId":81866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ruhl","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201546,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":5009,"text":"fs01494 - 1994 - Zebra mussels in the eastern United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:31","indexId":"fs01494","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"014-94","title":"Zebra mussels in the eastern United States","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey,","doi":"10.3133/fs01494","usgsCitation":"Haag, K.H., 1994, Zebra mussels in the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 014-94, [2] p. : ill. ; 28 cm. ill. ;, https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01494.","productDescription":"[2] p. : ill. ; 28 cm. ill. ;","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":94738,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0014/report.pdf","size":"314","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":139182,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1994/0014/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de127","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Haag, Kim H. khhaag@usgs.gov","contributorId":381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haag","given":"Kim","email":"khhaag@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":150284,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":25577,"text":"wri934221 - 1994 - Hydrogeology of recharge areas and water quality of the principal aquifers along the Wasatch Front and adjacent areas, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:08:21","indexId":"wri934221","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4221","title":"Hydrogeology of recharge areas and water quality of the principal aquifers along the Wasatch Front and adjacent areas, Utah","docAbstract":"The principal basin-fill aquifers in Cache Valley, the lower Bear River area, and along the Wasatch Front provide ground water to about 84 percent of the population of Utah. Recharge areas for the principal aquifers were mapped to provide information needed for the implementation of ground-water quality regulations and a State ground-water protection plan. Water samples were collected and analyzed to provide baseline water- quality data for the principal aquifers. The study area includes five subareas: Cache Valley, the 1ower Bear River area, the East Shore area, Salt Lake Valley, and Utah and Goshen Valleys. Basin-fill deposits in each subarea are lithologically heterogeneous. The principal aquifers in most of the subareas are composed of multiple discontinuous unconfined and confined aquifers and confining layers. Primary recharge areas generally are located along adjacent mountain fronts and extend into the valleys at the mouths of major drainages. Secondary recharge areas are located on the benches and uplands of the valleys. Ground-water flow generally is from these recharge areas to the discharge areas in the topographically low parts of the valleys. In general, dissolved-solids concentrations in ground water range from less than 500 mg/L to about 3,000 mg/L. Of 73 water samples, 5 contained inorganic constituents in concentrations that exceeded State of Utah water-quality standards. None of the samples contained concentrations of organic compounds that exceeded State standards.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934221","usgsCitation":"Anderson, P., Susong, D., Wold, S., Heilweil, V., and Baskin, R.L., 1994, Hydrogeology of recharge areas and water quality of the principal aquifers along the Wasatch Front and adjacent areas, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4221, vi, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934221.","productDescription":"vi, 74 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122945,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4221/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":54295,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4221/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54296,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4221/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54297,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4221/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54298,"rank":403,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4221/plate-4.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54299,"rank":404,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4221/plate-5.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":54300,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4221/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625142","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Anderson, P.B.","contributorId":103020,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"P.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Susong, D. D.","contributorId":12868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Susong","given":"D. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wold, S.R.","contributorId":29473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wold","given":"S.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194265,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Heilweil, V.M.","contributorId":25197,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heilweil","given":"V.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194264,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Baskin, R. L.","contributorId":14460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Baskin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":194263,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":26439,"text":"wri944092 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and selected water-quality aspects of the Hueco Bolson Aquifer at the Hueco Bolson Recharge Project area, El Paso, Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-16T14:22:59","indexId":"wri944092","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4092","title":"Hydrogeology and selected water-quality aspects of the Hueco Bolson Aquifer at the Hueco Bolson Recharge Project area, El Paso, Texas","docAbstract":"<p>Samples of ground water and tertiary-treated water were evaluated to determine the distribution of injected water and trihalomethane compounds in the Hueco bolson aquifer near El Paso, Texas. Chloride and nitrate concentrations and oxygen-18/oxygen-16 (&delta;<sup>18</sup>O) values were used with end-member mixing analysis to estimate the fractional contributions of injected water, irrigation-affected water, saline ground water, and freshwater to ground-water chemistry.</p>\n<p>Several laterally continuous sand and gravel layers are the principal water-yielding lithologies in the aquifer. The potentiometric surface sloped toward the south and southwest during January 1990. Average linear ground-water velocities were as large as 1.4 feet per day near the zone of largest hydraulic conductivity and were substantially smaller farther south and east.</p>\n<p>Ground-water samples from as far as 2,900 feet from an injection well contained injectedwater tracers and trihalomethane compounds. Ground-water samples with injected-water tracers and no trihalomethane compounds may indicate infiltration from septic systems or oxidation ponds. Apparent breakthrough velocities of injected water in the aquifer ranged from 0.13 to 1.3 feet per day. Irrigation-affected water and saline water also were identified in water from several wells.</p>\n<p>Ground-water transport of bromoform and dibromochloromethane is attenuated relative to injected water, chloroform, and dichlorobromomethane. Microbial transformation of bromoform and dibromochloromethane probably was responsible for their disappearance from ground water. Chloroform and dichlorobromomethane concentrations were affected principally by advective and dispersive transport of injected water.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Austin, TX","doi":"10.3133/wri944092","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the El Paso Water Utilities-Public Service Board, Texas Water Development Board, and U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Buszka, P., Brock, R., and Hooper, R.P., 1994, Hydrogeology and selected water-quality aspects of the Hueco Bolson Aquifer at the Hueco Bolson Recharge Project area, El Paso, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4092, v, 41 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944092.","productDescription":"v, 41 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4092/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55244,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4092/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","city":"El Paso","otherGeospatial":"Hueco Bolson Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.441667,\n              31.991667\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.441667,\n              31.904167\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.320833,\n              31.904167\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.320833,\n              31.991667\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.441667,\n              31.991667\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625436","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buszka, P.M.","contributorId":49001,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buszka","given":"P.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Brock, R.D.","contributorId":12874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brock","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hooper, R. P.","contributorId":26321,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hooper","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":196394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":21345,"text":"ofr9333 - 1994 - Ground-water quality and geochemistry in Carson and Eagle Valleys, western Nevada and eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-18T11:22:58.709129","indexId":"ofr9333","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-33","title":"Ground-water quality and geochemistry in Carson and Eagle Valleys, western Nevada and eastern California","docAbstract":"Aquifers in Carson and Eagle Valleys are an important source of water for human consumption and agriculture. Concentrations of major constituents in water from the principal aquifers on the west sides of Carson and Eagle Valleys appear to be a result of natural geochemical reactions with minerals derived primarily from plutonic rocks. In general, water from principal aquifers is acceptable for drinking when compared with current (1993) Nevada State drinking-water maximum contaminant level standards. Water was collected and analyzed for all inorganic constituents for which primary or secondary drinking-water standards have been established. About 3 percent of these sites had con- stituents that exceeded one or more primary or secondary drinking-water standards have been established. About 3 percent of these sites had con- stituents that exceeded one or more primary standards and water at about 10 percent of the sites had at least one constituent that surpassed a secondary standard. Arsenic exceeded the standard in water at less than 1 percent of the principal aquifer sites; nitrate surpassed its standard in water at 3 percent of 93 sites. Water from wells in the principal aquifer with high concentrations of nitrate was in areas where septic systems are used; these concentrations indicate that contamination may be entering the wells. Concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides in water from the principal aquifers, exceed the proposed Federal standards for some constituents, but were not found t be above current (1993) State standards. The uranium concen- trations exceeded the proposed 20 micrograms per liter Federal standard at 10 percent of the sites. Of the sites analyzed for all of the inorganic constituents with primary standards plus uranium, 15 percent exceed one or more established standards. If the proposed 20 micrograms per liter standard for uranium is applied to the sampled sites, then 23 percent would exceed the standard for uranium or some other constituent with a primary drinking water standard. This represents a 50-percent increase in the frequency of exceedance. Almost all water sampled from the principal aquifers exceeds the 300 picocuries per liter proposed standard for radon. Ground-water sampling sites with the highest radon activities in water are most commonly located in the upland aquifers in the Sierra Nevada and in the principal aquifers beneath the west sides of Carson and Eagle Valleys.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr9333","usgsCitation":"Welch, A., 1994, Ground-water quality and geochemistry in Carson and Eagle Valleys, western Nevada and eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-33, vi, 99 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9333.","productDescription":"vi, 99 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":50907,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0033/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":155148,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0033/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b06e4b07f02db69a214","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Welch, Alan H.","contributorId":45286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Alan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":184258,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":29471,"text":"wri944135 - 1994 - Analysis of data on nutrients and organic compounds in ground water in the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1980-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-11-22T12:10:16","indexId":"wri944135","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4135","title":"Analysis of data on nutrients and organic compounds in ground water in the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1980-91","docAbstract":"Nutrient and organic compound data from the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency STORET data bases provided information for development of a preliminary conceptual model of spatial and temporal ground-water quality in the upper Snake River Basin. Nitrite plus nitrate (as nitrogen; hereafter referred to as nitrate) concentrations exceeded the Federal drinking-water regulation of 10 milligrams per liter in three areas in Idaho\" the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, the area north of Pocatello (Fort Hall area), and the area surrounding Burley. Water from many wells in the Twin Falls area also contained elevated (greater than two milligrams per liter) nitrate concentrations. Water from domestic wells contained the highest median nitrate concentrations; water from industrial and public supply wells contained the lowest. Nitrate concentrations decreased with increasing well depth, increasing depth to water (unsaturated thickness), and increasing depth below water table (saturated thickness). Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations decreased with increasing well depth and depth below water table. The relation between kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations and depth to water was poor. Nitrate and total phosphorus concentrations in water from wells were correlated among three hydrogeomorphic regions in the upper Snake River Basin, Concentrations of nitrate were statistically higher in the eastern Snake River Plain and local aquifers than in the tributary valleys. There was no statistical difference in total phosphorus concentrations among the three hydrogeomorphic regions. Nitrate and total phosphorus concentrations were correlated with land-use classifications developed using the Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System. Concentrations of nitrate were statistically higher in area of agricultural land than in areas of rangeland. There was no statistical difference in concentrations between rangeland and urban land and between urban land and agricultural land. There was no statistical difference in total phosphorus concentrations among any of the land-use classifications. Nitrate and total phosphorus concentrations also were correlated with land-use classifications developed by the Idaho Department of Water Resources for the Idaho part of the upper Snake River Basin. Nitrate concentrations were statistically higher in areas of irrigated agriculture than in areas of dryland agriculture and rangeland. There was no statistical difference in total phosphorus concentrations among any of the Idaho Department of Water Resources land-use classifications. Data were sufficient to assess long-term trends of nitrate concentrations in water from only eight wells: four wells north of Burley and four wells northwest of Pocatello. The trend in nitrate concentrations in water from all wells in upward. The following organic compounds were detected in ground water in the upper Snake River Basin: cyanazine, 2,4-D DDT, dacthal, diazinon, dichloropropane, dieldrin, malathion, and metribuzin. Of 211 wells sampled for organic compounds, water from 17 contained detectable concentrations.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944135","usgsCitation":"Rupert, M.G., 1994, Analysis of data on nutrients and organic compounds in ground water in the upper Snake River basin, Idaho and western Wyoming, 1980-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4135, iii, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944135.","productDescription":"iii, 40 p.","numberOfPages":"45","temporalStart":"1980-01-01","temporalEnd":"1991-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":343,"text":"Idaho Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":159318,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4135/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":58317,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4135/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Idaho;Montana;Nevada;Utah;Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"Snake River Basin","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -115.0,41.5 ], [ -115.0,45.0 ], [ -110.0,45.0 ], [ -110.0,41.5 ], [ -115.0,41.5 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad0e4b07f02db680a42","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rupert, Michael G. mgrupert@usgs.gov","contributorId":1194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rupert","given":"Michael","email":"mgrupert@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":201575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":30313,"text":"wri934185 - 1994 - Hydrogeologic framework and simulation of shallow ground-water flow in the vicinity of a hazardous-waste landfill near Pinewood, South Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-25T14:38:40","indexId":"wri934185","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4185","title":"Hydrogeologic framework and simulation of shallow ground-water flow in the vicinity of a hazardous-waste landfill near Pinewood, South Carolina","docAbstract":"The geologic units in the vicinity of a hazardous- waste landfill near Pinewood, S.C., were divided into hydrogeologic units on the basis of lithologic and hydrologic characteristics. A quasi-3- dimensional finite-difference ground-water-flow model was constructed to represent the hydrogeologic flamework. The simulation results indicate that if non-reactive constituents were released to the Lang Syne water-bearing zone underlying the central and western pans of the disposal area, the constituents would move in a southwesterly direction at a rate of about one-half to 7 feet per year. Contaminants could move from the Lang Syne water-bearing zone upward to the surficial aquifer, to streams, or to Lake Marion. Although these flow rates indicate that it would require at least 50 years for contaminants to travel between the disposal area and a nearby (400 ft) potential discharge area, the heterogeneity of the site hydrogeology imparts an uncertainty to the conclusion. Faster travel times cannot be ruled out if contamination enters an area having a higher hydraulic conductivity than those determined in this investigation. Faster arrival times at Lake Marion also could result if there are pathways shorter than about 400 feet between contaminated water and an area where it can discharge to the surficial aquifer or to streams. If contaminant releases were to occur on the eastern side of the ground-water mounds, near landfill section II and the southeastern part of land fill section I, initial flow directions would be toward the water-level depression in the eastern part of the facility. Ground water within water- level depression would flow downward, probably to the underlying lower Sawdust Landing water-beating zone. Movement of non-reactive constituents in the tower Sawdust Landing water-bearing zone would be southwestward toward Lake Marion at a rate of about 8 to 20 feet per year. Transport to the lake by this route could require more than 200 years.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934185","usgsCitation":"Vroblesky, D., 1994, Hydrogeologic framework and simulation of shallow ground-water flow in the vicinity of a hazardous-waste landfill near Pinewood, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4185, v, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934185.","productDescription":"v, 76 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":59105,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4185/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123587,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4185/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":59104,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4185/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"South Carolina","city":"Pinewood","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.60394287109375,\n              33.41310221370827\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.60394287109375,\n              33.84760762988741\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0189208984375,\n              33.84760762988741\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.0189208984375,\n              33.41310221370827\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.60394287109375,\n              33.41310221370827\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627a48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Vroblesky, D.A.","contributorId":101691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vroblesky","given":"D.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203038,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38206,"text":"pp1538M - 1994 - Elements of infrastructure and seismic hazard in the central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:01","indexId":"pp1538M","displayToPublicDate":"1995-04-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"M","title":"Elements of infrastructure and seismic hazard in the central United States","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered patter of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This Professional Paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538M","usgsCitation":"Wheeler, R.L., Rhea, B.S., and Tarr, A.C., 1994, Elements of infrastructure and seismic hazard in the central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. M1-M18; 3 plates in separate case, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538M.","productDescription":"p. M1-M18; 3 plates in separate case","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":104675,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_4924.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"4924"},{"id":122597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538m/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64506,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538m/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64507,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538m/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64508,"rank":402,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538m/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":64509,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538m/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db60615c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219331,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rhea, B. Susan","contributorId":98775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219333,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Tarr, Arthur C. atarr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"Arthur","email":"atarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":219332,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":29364,"text":"wri934156 - 1994 - Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Owyhee and Vale Projects, Oregon and Idaho, 1990-91","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-07T08:32:52","indexId":"wri934156","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4156","title":"Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Owyhee and Vale Projects, Oregon and Idaho, 1990-91","docAbstract":"A reconnaissance investigation was conducted during 1990--91 in the Owyhee and Vale projects in eastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho, as well as at a number of sites in the Snake River and tributaries to the Snake River in the area of study. The objective of the study was to determine if agricultural drainwater entering the study area was causing, or had the potential to cause, significant harmful effects to human health, fish and wildlife, or may adversely affect the suitability of water for beneficial uses.  Approximately 153,000 acres of land are irrigated annually within the areas of the Owyhee and Vale projects. Large quantities of water are required because of the semiarid climate and relatively high evaporation rates. Several reservoirs in the area are filled annually during the wet, nonirrigation season to sustain irrigation during the dry summer months. During the irrigation season, this impounded water, along with direct diversions from the Malheur, Owyhee, and Snake Rivers, is transported to the irrigated areas through a series of diversion tunnels, siphons, canals, aqueducts, ditches, and drains. Major crops grown in the area include sugar beets, alfalfa hay and other hay crops, onions, and winter wheat. Minor crops include corn, potatoes, mint, various seed crops, and fruit. In 1987, it was estimated that the following amounts of pesticides were used in the project areas: 2,4-D (21,000 lbs [pounds]), chlorpyrifos (1,000 lbs), dacthal (40,000 lbs), dicamba (320 lbs), endosulfan (2,500 lbs), ethion (11,000 lbs), malathion (24,000 lbs), parathion (5,000 lbs), and phorate (11,000 lbs).  Median concentrations and values for total dissolved solids, alkalinity, sodium adsorption ratio, and hardness in the Vale project area were greater than 1.5 times those values observed in the Owyhee project area or at other Snake River locations. During irrigation (August 1990), total dissolved solids, alkalinity, sodium adsorption ratio, and hardness values increased in a downstream manner. Constituent values at drainwater sites generally were comparable to concentrations below the irrigated ureas in the Owyhee and Vale project areas.  The trace elements arsenic, boron, copper, molybdenum, vanadium, and zinc were detected in most water samples; cadmium, chromium, lead, and selenium were detected in some samples at concentrations generally near the analytical reporting limit; mercury was not detected in any samples. In some water samples, concentrations of arsenic, boron, cadmium, copper, and lead exceeded State or Federal water-quality standards or criteria.  Most trace elements in bottom sediment were detected at concentrations within the expected 95-percent baseline range for soils from the Western United States. Concentrations that exceeded the 95-percent baseline range for study area soils were: (1) arsenic and lead in one sample from a site in the Vale project area; (2) mercury, lead, and tin in one sample from a site in the Snake River system; (3) manganese in two samples from two sites in the Snake River system; and (4) manganese from one sample from a site in the Vale project area.  Fifteen pesticides and metabolites were detected in whole-water samples collected from sites in the study area. DDT, plus its metabolites (DDE and DDD), dieldrin, endrin, 2,4-D, dicamba, and dacthal were detected in samples collected from seven or more sites. Other pesticides detected included chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, ethion, malathion, parathion, phorate, and lindane. Most of the detected pesticide concentrations generally were largest in drainwater and at the most downstream sampling locations in the Owyhee and Vale project areas. Concentrations exceeded water-quality criteria established for the protection of freshwater aquatic life in 86 percent of the whole-water samples analyzed for DDT plus its metabolites, 71 percent of the dieldrin samples, 14 percent of the endrin samples, and 10 percent of the parathion samples.  Eight pesticides and ","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey ;\r\nUSGS Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/wri934156","usgsCitation":"Rinella, F.A., Mullins, W., and Schuler, C., 1994, Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Owyhee and Vale Projects, Oregon and Idaho, 1990-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4156, vii, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934156.","productDescription":"vii, 101 p. :ill., maps ;28 cm.","costCenters":[{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58212,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4156/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":159446,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1993/4156/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac7e4b07f02db67b29b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rinella, F. A.","contributorId":89120,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rinella","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mullins, W.H.","contributorId":105345,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mullins","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201414,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schuler, C.A.","contributorId":42627,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schuler","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":201412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":31802,"text":"ofr93659 - 1994 - Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface, May and June 1993, and change in water level 1983-93, in the carbonate rocks in part of East Whiteland and Charlestown Townships, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-03T20:40:27.511693","indexId":"ofr93659","displayToPublicDate":"1995-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-659","title":"Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface, May and June 1993, and change in water level 1983-93, in the carbonate rocks in part of East Whiteland and Charlestown Townships, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"A map showing ground-water levels in the carbonate rocks of northern Chester County, Pa., was constructed on the basis of water levels in 51 wells measured in May and June 1993. The area studied underlies parts of East Whiteland and Charlestown Townships. Water-level altitudes range from about 413 feet above sea level on Phoenixville Pike to 130 feet above sea level along Route 29.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93659","usgsCitation":"McManus, B., and Sloto, R., 1994, Altitude and configuration of the potentiometric surface, May and June 1993, and change in water level 1983-93, in the carbonate rocks in part of East Whiteland and Charlestown Townships, Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-659, 1 Plate: 28.36 × 21.64 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93659.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 28.36 × 21.64 inches","costCenters":[{"id":532,"text":"Pennsylvania Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":391359,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12792.htm"},{"id":60006,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0659/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":160604,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","county":"Chester County","otherGeospatial":"East Whiteland and Charlestown Townships","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -75.6,\n              40.033\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.517,\n              40.033\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.517,\n              40.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6,\n              40.083\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.6,\n              40.033\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae4e4b07f02db689df1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McManus, B. C.","contributorId":45731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McManus","given":"B. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206982,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sloto, R. A.","contributorId":36155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sloto","given":"R. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206981,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":19733,"text":"ofr94331 - 1994 - Bibliography of selected water-resources information for the Arkansas River basin in Colorado through 1985","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:07:47","indexId":"ofr94331","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-331","title":"Bibliography of selected water-resources information for the Arkansas River basin in Colorado through 1985","docAbstract":"The Arkansas River basin composes most of southeastern Colorado, and the numerous population centers and vast areas of agricultural development are located primarily in the semiarid part of the basin east of the Continental Divide.  Because effective management and development of water resources in this semiarid area are essential to the viability of the basin, many hydrologic data- collection programs and investigations have been done. This report contains a bibliography of selected water-resources information about the basin, including regularly published information and special investigations, from Federal, State, and other organizations. To aid the reader, the infor- mation is indexed by author, subject, county, and hydrologic unit (drainage basin).","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey :\r\nU.S.G.S. Earth Science Information Center, Open-File Reports Section [distributor],","doi":"10.3133/ofr94331","usgsCitation":"Kuzmiak, J.M., and Strickland, H.H., 1994, Bibliography of selected water-resources information for the Arkansas River basin in Colorado through 1985: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-331, 266 p, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94331.","productDescription":"266 p","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":154013,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0331/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":49207,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0331/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a3be4b07f02db61ee72","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kuzmiak, John M. jkuzmiak@usgs.gov","contributorId":2564,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kuzmiak","given":"John","email":"jkuzmiak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181412,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Strickland, Hyla H.","contributorId":42988,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"Hyla","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181413,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":67164,"text":"i1970D - 1994 - Maps showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains-northern plains states (west of 102 degrees west longitude)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:19","indexId":"i1970D","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1970","subseriesTitle":"NONE","chapter":"D","title":"Maps showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains-northern plains states (west of 102 degrees west longitude)","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/i1970D","usgsCitation":"Soller, D.R., 1994, Maps showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains-northern plains states (west of 102 degrees west longitude): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1970, 1 map :col. ;36 x 84 cm., on sheet 94 x 120 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/i1970D.","productDescription":"1 map :col. ;36 x 84 cm., on sheet 94 x 120 cm., folded in envelope 30 x 24 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":107226,"rank":700,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10048.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"10048"},{"id":188314,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"1000000","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -113,46 ], [ -113,49 ], [ -102,49 ], [ -102,46 ], [ -113,46 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606345","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soller, D. R.","contributorId":25923,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":275694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":38200,"text":"pp1538H - 1994 - A search for paleoliquefaction and evidence bearing on the recurrence behavior of the great 1811-12 New Madrid earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:00","indexId":"pp1538H","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"H","title":"A search for paleoliquefaction and evidence bearing on the recurrence behavior of the great 1811-12 New Madrid earthquakes","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This professional paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538H","usgsCitation":"Wesnousky, S., and Leffler, L., 1994, A search for paleoliquefaction and evidence bearing on the recurrence behavior of the great 1811-12 New Madrid earthquakes: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. H1-H42, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538H.","productDescription":"p. H1-H42","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":123909,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538h/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":64488,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538h/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b18e4b07f02db6a6fed","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wesnousky, S.G.","contributorId":16469,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesnousky","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219314,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leffler, L.M.","contributorId":63854,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leffler","given":"L.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":219315,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":31795,"text":"ofr94410 - 1994 - Preliminary bedrock geologic map of parts of the Lower Waterford, Concord, Littleton, and Miles Pond 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, Vermont and New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-03-28T21:52:31.230577","indexId":"ofr94410","displayToPublicDate":"1995-02-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-410","title":"Preliminary bedrock geologic map of parts of the Lower Waterford, Concord, Littleton, and Miles Pond 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, Vermont and New Hampshire","docAbstract":"<p>The map area, in east-central Vermont and adjacent New Hampshire, consists of parts of the Lower Waterford, Concord, Littleton and Miles Pond 7 1/2-minute quadrangles (Fig. 1) that together constitute the Littleton 15-minute quadrangle. The mapping is part of the effort to produce a new bedrock geologic map of Vermont through the collection of field data at a scale of 1:24,000. The focus of my part of the project is to map and interpret the \"New Hampshire sequence\" rocks (White and Jahns, 1950) that crop out in Vermont and their relationship to those of the \"Vermont sequence\", or the Connecticut Valley trough, west of the Monroe line, here a fault (Hatch, 1988a). The work is a continuation of mapping just initiated by N.L. Hatch, Jr., prior to his death in 1991. This particular map area was chosen as the place to initiate this study because it includes one of the largest areas of the New Hampshire sequence in Vermont, because it is adjacent to and on strike with the Littleton-Moosilauke area in New Hampshire that includes the type area of most of the units of the New Hampshire sequence (Billings, 1935, 1937), and because the Connecticut River here runs roughly east to west across the regional strike and might provide a good stratigraphic section across the rocks under study. The mapping showed that no bedrock is exposed along either bank of the Connecticut River across most of the area, but there are excellent exposures in the spillways of two large dams, Moore Dam on the east and Comerford Dam on the west (about 100 m west of the Lower Waterford quadrangle), along Interstate Highway 93 (1-93), and adequate exposures in the hills above the river. My mapping was mostly in the Vermont parts of the Littleton 15-minute quadrangle but included some work in the Barnett 7 1/2 x 15-minute quadrangle to the west and a zone along the New Hampshire side of the Connecticut River that included Albee Hill, Partridge Lake, Highland Croft farm, the former Fitch farm, and the outskirts of Littleton. The Vermont mapping is thus tied to the classic Littleton-Moosilauke area of Billings (1937) and the fossiliferous Fitch and Littleton Formations in their type areas.</p>","conferenceTitle":"U.S. Geological Survey","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94410","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Vermont","usgsCitation":"Rankin, D., 1994, Preliminary bedrock geologic map of parts of the Lower Waterford, Concord, Littleton, and Miles Pond 7 1/2-minute quadrangles, Vermont and New Hampshire: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-410, Report: 28 p.; 3 Plates: 31.29 x 33.48 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94410.","productDescription":"Report: 28 p.; 3 Plates: 31.29 x 33.48 inches or smaller","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310022,"rank":303,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0410/plate-3.pdf","text":"Plate 3","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310021,"rank":302,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0410/plate-2.pdf","text":"Plate 2","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":310020,"rank":301,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0410/plate-1.pdf","text":"Plate 1","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":60004,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0410/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0410/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":397760,"rank":6,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_19306.htm"}],"scale":"24000","country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire, Vermont","otherGeospatial":"Lower Waterford, Concord, Littleton, and Miles Pond 7 1/2-minute quadrangles","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -72,\n              44.31\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.792,\n              44.31\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.792,\n              44.455\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              44.455\n            ],\n            [\n              -72,\n              44.31\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c99b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rankin, Douglas W. dwrankin@usgs.gov","contributorId":1770,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rankin","given":"Douglas W.","email":"dwrankin@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":206970,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":31778,"text":"ofr94372 - 1994 - Potentiometric surface of the middle Potomac Aquifer in Virginia, 1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-26T21:10:19.789663","indexId":"ofr94372","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-372","title":"Potentiometric surface of the middle Potomac Aquifer in Virginia, 1993","docAbstract":"Ground-water level measurements from 50 wells in the middle Potomac aquifer in the Coastal Plain Physiographic Province of Virginia in 1993 were used to prepare a map of the potentiometric surface of the aquifer. The map shows the potentiometric surface of the middle Potomac aquifer sharply declining eastward from nearly 100 feet above sear level near the western boundary of the aquifer to 20 feet below sea level, and continues declining gradually toward the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean. A cone of depression is apparent around well fields in Franklin, Virginia. The potentiometric surface also appears to be affected by pumping in the area of Henrico County and Hanover County, Virginia. The highest ground-water-level measurement was 89 feet above sea level in Chesterfield County near Richmond, and the lowest ground-water-level measurement was 179 feet below sea level in southeastern Isle of Wight County, Virginia.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94372","usgsCitation":"Hammond, E.C., McFarland, E.R., and Focazio, M., 1994, Potentiometric surface of the middle Potomac Aquifer in Virginia, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-372, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94372.","productDescription":"1 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":59993,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0372/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":390987,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12512.htm"},{"id":160996,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0372/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Virginia","otherGeospatial":"middle Potomac Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -78,\n              36.48\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.119,\n              36.48\n            ],\n            [\n              -75.119,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -78,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -78,\n              36.48\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad4e4b07f02db682e36","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hammond, E. C.","contributorId":34544,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hammond","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206939,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McFarland, E. R.","contributorId":65109,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McFarland","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206941,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Focazio, M. J.","contributorId":62997,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Focazio","given":"M. J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":206940,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39626,"text":"pp1538N - 1994 - Evidence of contemporary and ancient excess fluid pressure in the New Madrid seismic zone of the Reelfoot Rift, central United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:55","indexId":"pp1538N","displayToPublicDate":"1995-01-10T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":331,"text":"Professional Paper","code":"PP","onlineIssn":"2330-7102","printIssn":"1044-9612","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1538","chapter":"N","title":"Evidence of contemporary and ancient excess fluid pressure in the New Madrid seismic zone of the Reelfoot Rift, central United States","docAbstract":"In the winter of 1811-12, three of the largest historic earthquakes in the United States occurred near New Madrid, Missouri. Seismicity continues to the present day throughout a tightly clustered pattern of epicenters centered on the bootheel of Missouri, including parts of northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, western Kentucky, and southern Illinois. In 1990, the New Madrid seismic zone/central United States became the first seismically active region east of the Rocky Mountains to be designated a priority research area within the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). This professional paper is a collection of papers, some published separately, presenting results of the newly intensified research program in this area. Major components of this research program include tectonic framework studies, seismicity and deformation monitoring and modeling, improved seismic hazard and risk assessments, and cooperative hazard mitigation studies.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/pp1538N","usgsCitation":"McKeown, F.A., and Diehl, S., 1994, Evidence of contemporary and ancient excess fluid pressure in the New Madrid seismic zone of the Reelfoot Rift, central United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1538, p. N1-N24, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1538N.","productDescription":"p. N1-N24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":124002,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538n/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":67263,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1538n/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f9946","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McKeown, F. A.","contributorId":106100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKeown","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221835,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Diehl, S.","contributorId":68368,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Diehl","given":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":221834,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70221642,"text":"70221642 - 1994 - Sedimentary patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-06-25T21:44:21.166946","indexId":"70221642","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-31T16:37:41","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":8941,"text":"Bulletin - Societe Belge de Geologie","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sedimentary patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States","docAbstract":"<p><span>Fossiliferous clay and sand belonging to calcareous nannofossil Zones NP 9 (latest Paleocene) and NP 10 (earliest Eocene) are widespread in the US Gulf and Atlantic Coastal Plains. Although the thickness of Zone NP 9-NP 10 strata is several times greater in the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain than in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the hiatus that usually is present between these two zones in inner neritic strata is of longer duration in the Gulf Coast. Although 6 sequences are found in Zones NP 10-NP 11 in both the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, the number of sequences in each NP zone differs in the 2 areas. There is continuous deposition across the Zone NP 9-NP 10 boundary only in the northern Atlantic Coastal Plain, where middle to outer neritic deposits record the presence of several latest Paleocene (upper Zone NP 9) events that occurred at approximately 55.2 Ma.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Societe Belge de Geologie","usgsCitation":"Gibson, T.G., and Bybell, L.M., 1994, Sedimentary patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of the United States: Bulletin - Societe Belge de Geologie, v. 103, no. 3-4, p. 237-265.","productDescription":"29 p.","startPage":"237","endPage":"265","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":386763,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Atlantic Coastal Plain, Gulf Coastal Plain","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -71.7626953125,\n              41.31082388091818\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.7724609375,\n              39.36827914916014\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.134765625,\n              36.06686213257888\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.79296874999999,\n              31.240985378021307\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.4619140625,\n              31.052933985705163\n            ],\n            [\n              -96.064453125,\n              30.259067203213018\n            ],\n            [\n              -98.525390625,\n              27.01998400798257\n            ],\n            [\n              -97.3828125,\n              25.363882272740256\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.900390625,\n              28.38173504322308\n            ],\n            [\n              -88.857421875,\n              28.110748760633534\n            ],\n            [\n              -85.166015625,\n              29.19053283229458\n            ],\n            [\n              -83.8916015625,\n              27.605670826465445\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.1337890625,\n              24.126701958681668\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.33203125,\n              24.407137917727667\n            ],\n            [\n              -78.0908203125,\n              27.605670826465445\n            ],\n            [\n              -79.98046875,\n              31.353636941500987\n            ],\n            [\n              -74.8828125,\n              34.88593094075317\n            ],\n            [\n              -71.7626953125,\n              41.31082388091818\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"103","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gibson, Thomas G.","contributorId":25180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gibson","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":818322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bybell, Laurel M. 0000-0002-4760-7542 lbybell@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4760-7542","contributorId":1760,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bybell","given":"Laurel","email":"lbybell@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":818323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70231172,"text":"70231172 - 1994 - Environmental geology of Warren County, New Jersey; bedrock geology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-05-02T15:27:11.757352","indexId":"70231172","displayToPublicDate":"1994-12-31T10:21:16","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":10736,"text":"Open File Map","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"15A","title":"Environmental geology of Warren County, New Jersey; bedrock geology","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Volkert, R.A., Herman, G.C., Drake, A.A., Epstein, J.B., Dalton, R.F., and Monteverde, D.H., 1994, Environmental geology of Warren County, New Jersey; bedrock geology: Open File Map 15A, 1 Plate: 41.93 × 49.44 inches.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 41.93 × 49.44 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,{"id":70216573,"text":"70216573 - 1994 - Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-11-27T18:20:00.191634","indexId":"70216573","displayToPublicDate":"1994-11-25T12:35:13","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":7443,"text":"Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model","docAbstract":"<p>This paper discusses the surface hydrology of a multi‐year simulation of present day climate over the United States (US) conducted with a regional climate model (RegCM) nested within a general circulation model (GCM). The RegCM, which is run with a 60 km gridpoint spacing is interactively coupled with a state‐of‐the‐art surface physics package that includes full surface hydrology calculations (the Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme or BATS). The hydrologic budgets of ten regional drainage basins in the US are analysed. Model results are compared with available observations and with results from previous modelling experiments to evaluate the feasibility of using nested RegCM/GCM models for hydrology studies. In our experiment, the model captures the basic seasonality of the basin hydrologic budgets, although the simulated precipitation amounts are too high over the western US and too low over the eastern US. As a result, runoff, snow cover and soil water content are underestimated over the eastern US basins, while evaporation and runoff are overestimated in some of the western US basins. Topographically induced characteristics of precipitation, snow cover and runoff are well simulated over the mountainous western regions. Also well captured is the inter‐basin variation of hydrologic budgets which occurs in response to different climatic settings. The springtime snowmelt and peak runoff season generally occurs in the model earlier in the year than is observed. Although our work indicates that the coupled regional modelling system can be useful in applications to hydrological studies, results from this experiment indicate that better accuracy in the simulation of regional climatic variables and more detailed representation of some hydrologic processes would be required before the coupled modelling system could be used to provide accurate assessments of hydrologic responses to climate change.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/qj.49712051510","usgsCitation":"Giorgi, F., Hostetler, S.W., and Shields Brodeur, C., 1994, Analysis of the surface hydrology in a regional climate model: Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, v. 120, no. 515, p. 161-183, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051510.","productDescription":"23 p","startPage":"161","endPage":"183","costCenters":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science 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,{"id":70243972,"text":"70243972 - 1994 - Long-period earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera Region, eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T16:13:59.411442","indexId":"70243972","displayToPublicDate":"1994-08-01T11:01:54","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-period earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera Region, eastern California","docAbstract":"<p><span>Most earthquakes occurring near Long Valley caldera since the onset of recurring swarm activity in 1980 have the broad-band signature typical of tectonic or volcano-tectonic earthquakes with impulsive, high-frequency P and S waves. With the Mammoth Mountain earthquake swarm in mid 1989, we began detecting occasional events with a marked deficiency in energy above 5 Hz, a feature typical of long-period (LP) volcanic earthquakes. These events occur beneath the southwest flank of Mammoth Mountain at focal depths ranging from 10 to 28 km, distinctly deeper than the 2- to 10-km depth range for tectonic earthquakes in the area. The LP events occur at intervals ranging from weeks to months. Individual occurrences typically consist of several events within 2 to 5 minutes where the largest event has never been first. Magnitudes range from 0.5 to 1.8. The mid-crustal focal depths of the LP events are similar to occurrences at a number of areas with Holocene volcanism in Japan and the western United States. They may indicate the movement of magmatic fluids but do not necessarily indicate an imminent volcanic eruption.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL01371","usgsCitation":"Pitt, A., and Hill, D.P., 1994, Long-period earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera Region, eastern California: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 16, p. 1679-1682, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL01371.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1679","endPage":"1682","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417513,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Long Valley Caldera","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -119.06651991676378,\n              37.61659398787745\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.75652144550818,\n              37.61659398787745\n            ],\n            [\n              -118.75652144550818,\n              37.790058096479925\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.06651991676378,\n              37.790058096479925\n            ],\n            [\n              -119.06651991676378,\n              37.61659398787745\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"16","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pitt, Andrew M. pitt@usgs.gov","contributorId":3893,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pitt","given":"Andrew M.","email":"pitt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873967,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hill, David P. 0000-0002-1619-2006 dhill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1619-2006","contributorId":206752,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hill","given":"David","email":"dhill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873968,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70243969,"text":"70243969 - 1994 - GPS measured rates of deformation in the northern San Francisco Bay Region, California, 1990–1993","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-26T15:15:13.069364","indexId":"70243969","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T09:35:47","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1807,"text":"Geophysical Research Letters","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"GPS measured rates of deformation in the northern San Francisco Bay Region, California, 1990–1993","docAbstract":"<p><span>A 100-km-long, 13-station profile extending across the San Andreas fault system north of San Francisco Bay was measured 7 times between March 1990 and January 1993 with the Global Positioning System (GPS). The data have been processed using the Bernese Version 3.2 software. Data from a continental-scale fiducial network were included in the solutions to aid orbit improvement and provide a consistent reference frame. We find 33 ± 2 mm/yr of fault-parallel (N33°W) shear evenly distributed southwest and northeast of the Rodgers Creek fault and a near linear velocity gradient across the profile. The profile spans most of the zone of active deformation associated with the San Andreas fault system. Shear is negligible at the east end of the profile near the Great Valley. Additional shear of a few millimeters per year is likely beyond Point Reyes Head, the west end of the profile. We observe no systematic convergence upon the fault. The GPS measured velocities are similar to those derived previously from trilateration. The velocity change across the GPS profile (31–35 mm/yr) plus that west of the profile (0–3 mm/yr) and that observed with VLBI east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains (∼10–12 mm/yr) accounts for the North American-Pacific plate rate (46–47 mm/yr).</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94GL01227","usgsCitation":"Williams, S.D., Svarc, J.L., Lisowski, M., and Prescott, W., 1994, GPS measured rates of deformation in the northern San Francisco Bay Region, California, 1990–1993: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 21, no. 14, p. 1511-1514, https://doi.org/10.1029/94GL01227.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"1511","endPage":"1514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":417497,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"San Francisco Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -122.67787296745597,\n              37.935723282750175\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.49240053350692,\n              37.582608421523375\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.19715869987414,\n              37.39940580401151\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.8413544388292,\n              37.3241930156277\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.39849168837979,\n              37.57360896549716\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.23951531642354,\n              37.9118365816349\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.33792926096763,\n              38.177138817390414\n            ],\n            [\n              -121.59531957746846,\n              38.30200351083394\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.27664688585205,\n              38.37325844916012\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.64759175375013,\n              38.18606483453169\n            ],\n            [\n              -122.67787296745597,\n              37.935723282750175\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"21","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2012-12-07","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Williams, S. D. P.","contributorId":305832,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Williams","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"D. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Svarc, Jerry L. 0000-0002-2802-4528 jsvarc@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2802-4528","contributorId":2413,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Svarc","given":"Jerry","email":"jsvarc@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lisowski, Michael 0000-0003-4818-2504 mlisowski@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4818-2504","contributorId":637,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lisowski","given":"Michael","email":"mlisowski@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":873959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Prescott, W.H.","contributorId":96337,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Prescott","given":"W.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":873960,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70187191,"text":"70187191 - 1994 - Climate, soil water storage, and the average annual water balance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-08T10:06:28","indexId":"70187191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-07-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Climate, soil water storage, and the average annual water balance","docAbstract":"<p><span>This paper describes the development and testing of the hypothesis that the long-term water balance is determined only by the local interaction of fluctuating water supply (precipitation) and demand (potential evapotranspiration), mediated by water storage in the soil. Adoption of this hypothesis, together with idealized representations of relevant input variabilities in time and space, yields a simple model of the water balance of a finite area having a uniform climate. The partitioning of average annual precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff depends on seven dimensionless numbers: the ratio of average annual potential evapotranspiration to average annual precipitation (index of dryness); the ratio of the spatial average plant-available water-holding capacity of the soil to the annual average precipitation amount; the mean number of precipitation events per year; the shape parameter of the gamma distribution describing spatial variability of storage capacity; and simple measures of the seasonality of mean precipitation intensity, storm arrival rate, and potential evapotranspiration. The hypothesis is tested in an application of the model to the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, with no calibration. Study area averages of runoff and evapotranspiration, based on observations, are 263 mm and 728 mm, respectively; the model yields corresponding estimates of 250 mm and 741 mm, respectively, and explains 88% of the geographical variance of observed runoff within the study region. The differences between modeled and observed runoff can be explained by uncertainties in the model inputs and in the observed runoff. In the humid (index of dryness &lt;1) parts of the study area, the dominant factor producing runoff is the excess of annual precipitation over annual potential evapotranspiration, but runoff caused by variability of supply and demand over time is also significant; in the arid (index of dryness &gt;1) parts, all of the runoff is caused by variability of forcing over time. Contributions to model runoff attributable to small-scale spatial variability of storage capacity are insignificant throughout the study area. The consistency of the model with observational data is supportive of the supply-demand-storage hypothesis, which neglects infiltration excess runoff and other finite-permeability effects on the soil water balance.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00586","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1994, Climate, soil water storage, and the average annual water balance: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 7, p. 2143-2156, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00586.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"2143","endPage":"2156","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59006082e4b0e85db3a5df08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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