{"pageNumber":"3020","pageRowStart":"75475","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184743,"records":[{"id":70023803,"text":"70023803 - 2002 - Latest Guadalupian (Middle Permian) conodonts and foraminifers from West Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:03","indexId":"70023803","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Latest Guadalupian (Middle Permian) conodonts and foraminifers from West Texas","docAbstract":"Clarkina, which characterizes Upper Permian (Lopingian Series) strata, evolved from Jinogondolella altudaensis in the Delaware basin of West Texas as demonstrated by transitional continuity. The West Texas section is significantly more complete in the uppermost Guadalupian interval than that of the probable GSSP reference section in South China, and clarifies the phylogenetic relationships among other conodont taxa as well. Jinogondolella granti clearly evolved into J. artafrons new species, both characterized by Pa elements with a distinctive fused carina. Representatives of Jinogondolella crofti are limited to the uppermost part of the altudaensis zone, and are interpreted as terminal paedomorphs. The associated foraminifer (non-fusulinid) fauna has some species in common with Zechstein faunas, possibly presaging the evaporitic basin that would develop following this latest Guadalupian marine deposition in West Texas.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/48.4.343","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"Lambert, L., Wardlaw, B.R., Nestell, M., and Nestell, G., 2002, Latest Guadalupian (Middle Permian) conodonts and foraminifers from West Texas: Micropaleontology, v. 48, no. 4, p. 343-364, https://doi.org/10.2113/48.4.343.","startPage":"343","endPage":"364","numberOfPages":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207371,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/48.4.343"},{"id":232270,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4579e4b0c8380cd67350","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lambert, L.L.","contributorId":23722,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lambert","given":"L.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398904,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wardlaw, B. R.","contributorId":9269,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wardlaw","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398903,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Nestell, M.K.","contributorId":44296,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestell","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398905,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Nestell, G.P.","contributorId":59584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nestell","given":"G.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398906,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024342,"text":"70024342 - 2002 - Sequence stratigraphic and sedimentologic significance of biogenic structures from a late Paleozoic marginal- to open-marine reservoir, Morrow Sandstone, subsurface of southwest Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024342","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequence stratigraphic and sedimentologic significance of biogenic structures from a late Paleozoic marginal- to open-marine reservoir, Morrow Sandstone, subsurface of southwest Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"Integrated ichnologic, sedimentologic, and stratigraphic studies of cores and well logs from Lower Pennsylvanian oil and gas reservoirs (lower Morrow Sandstone, southwest Kansas) allow distinction between fluvio-estuarine and open marine deposits in the Gentzler and Arroyo fields. The fluvio-estuarine facies assemblage is composed of both interfluve and valley-fill deposits, encompassing a variety of depositional environments such as fluvial channel, interfluve paleosol, bay head delta, estuary bay, restricted tidal flat, intertidal channel, and estuary mouth. Deposition in a brackish-water estuarine valley is supported by the presence of a low diversity, opportunistic, impoverished marine ichnofaunal assemblage dominated by infaunal structures, representing an example of a mixed, depauperate Cruziana and Skolithos ichnofacies. Overall distribution of ichnofossils along the estuarine valley was mainly controlled by the salinity gradient, with other parameters, such as oxygenation, substrate and energy, acting at a more local scale. The lower Morrow estuarine system displays the classical tripartite division of wave-dominated estuaries (i.e. seaward-marine sand plug, fine-grained central bay, and sandy landward zone), but tidal action is also recorded. The estuarine valley displays a northwest-southeast trend, draining to the open sea in the southeast. Recognition of valley-fill sandstones in the lower Morrow has implications for reservoir characterization. While the open marine model predicts a \"layer-cake\" style of facies distribution as a consequence of strandline shoreline progradation, identification of valley-fill sequences points to more compartmentalized reservoirs, due to the heterogeneity created by valley incision and subsequent infill. The open-marine facies assemblage comprises upper, middle, and lower shoreface; offshore transition; offshore; and shelf deposits. In contrast to the estuarine assemblage, open marine ichnofaunas are characterized by a high diversity of biogenic structures representing the activity of a benthic fauna developed under normal salinity conditions. Trace fossil and facies analyses allow environmental subdivision of the shoreface-offshore successions and suggest deposition in a weakly storm-affected nearshore area. An onshore-offshore replacement of the Skolithos ichnofacies by the Cruziana ichnofacies is clearly displayed. The lower Morrow fluvio-estuarine valley was incised during a drop of sea level coincident with the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian transition, but was mostly filled during a subsequent transgression. The transgressive nature of the estuarine infill is further indicated by the upward replacement of depauperate brackish-water trace fossil assemblages by the open-marine Cruziana ichnofacies. Additional stratal surfaces of allostratigraphic significance identified within the estuary include the bayline surface, the tidal ravinement surface, the wave ravinement surface, and a basinwide flooding surface recording inundation of the valley interfluves. A younger sequence boundary within the lower Morrow is also recorded in the Gentzler field at the base of a forced regression shoreface, demarcated by the firmground Glossifungites ichnofacies, indicating a rapid basinward facies migration during a sea-level drop. Trace fossil models derived from the analysis of Mesozoic and Cenozoic reservoirs are generally applicable to the study of these late Paleozoic reservoirs. Pennsylvanian brackish-water facies differ ichnologically from their post-Paleozoic counterparts, however, in that they have: (1) lower trace fossil diversity, (2) lower degree of bioturbation, (3) scarcity of crustacean burrows, (4) absence of firmground suites, and (5) absence of ichnotaxa displaying specific architectures designed to protect the tracemaker from salinity fluctuations. Morrow open-marine ichnofaunas closely resemble their post-Paleozoic equivalents. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00287-1","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L., Mangano, M., Alissa, A., and Carr, T., 2002, Sequence stratigraphic and sedimentologic significance of biogenic structures from a late Paleozoic marginal- to open-marine reservoir, Morrow Sandstone, subsurface of southwest Kansas, USA: Sedimentary Geology, v. 152, no. 1-2, p. 99-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00287-1.","startPage":"99","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207010,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00287-1"},{"id":231541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d4ae4b08c986b318321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangano, M.G.","contributorId":7432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alissa, A.","contributorId":39546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alissa","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, T.R.","contributorId":37094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70023846,"text":"70023846 - 2002 - Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 1. Polarity reversal of principal stresses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:37:50.886332","indexId":"70023846","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 1. Polarity reversal of principal stresses","docAbstract":"<p><span>We have applied a previously developed analytical stress model to interpret subsurface stress conditions inferred from acoustic televiewer logs obtained in two municipal water wells located in a valley in the southern Davis Mountains near Alpine, Texas. The appearance of stress-induced breakouts with orientations that shift by 90° at two different depths in one of the wells is explained by results from exact solutions for the effects of valleys on gravity and tectonically induced subsurface stresses. The theoretical results demonstrate that above a reference depth termed the hinge point, a location that is dependent on Poisson's ratio, valley shape, and magnitude of the maximum horizontal tectonic stress normal to the long axis of the valley, horizontal stresses parallel to the valley axis are greater than those normal to it. At depths below this hinge point the situation reverses and horizontal stresses normal to the valley axis are greater than those parallel to it. Application of the theoretical model at Alpine is accommodated by the fact that nearby earthquake focal mechanisms establish an extensional stress regime with the regional maximum horizontal principal stress aligned perpendicular to the valley axis. We conclude that the localized stress field associated with a valley setting can be highly variable and that breakouts need to be examined in this context when estimating the orientations and magnitudes of regional principal stresses.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000484","usgsCitation":"Savage, W.Z., and Morin, R.H., 2002, Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 1. Polarity reversal of principal stresses: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ETG 5-1-ETC 5-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000484.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"ETG 5-1","endPage":"ETC 5-15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478651,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000484","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"southern Davis Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -104.0899658203125,\n              30.016787209111047\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.590087890625,\n              30.016787209111047\n            ],\n            [\n              -103.590087890625,\n              30.458144351018078\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0899658203125,\n              30.458144351018078\n            ],\n            [\n              -104.0899658203125,\n              30.016787209111047\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4dbe4b08c986b3265b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023844,"text":"70023844 - 2002 - Model Performance of Water-Current Meters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023844","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Model Performance of Water-Current Meters","docAbstract":"The measurement of discharge in natural streams requires hydrographers to use accurate water-current meters that have consistent performance among meters of the same model. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the performance of four models of current meters - Price type-AA, Price pygmy, Marsh McBirney 2000 and Swoffer 2100. Tests for consistency and accuracy for six meters of each model are summarized. Variation of meter performance within a model is used as an indicator of consistency, and percent velocity error that is computed from a measured reference velocity is used as an indicator of meter accuracy. Velocities measured by each meter are also compared to the manufacturer's published or advertised accuracy limits. For the meters tested, the Price models werer found to be more accurate and consistent over the range of test velocities compared to the other models. The Marsh McBirney model usually measured within its accuracy specification. The Swoffer meters did not meet the stringent Swoffer accuracy limits for all the velocities tested.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J., 2002, Model Performance of Water-Current Meters, <i>in</i> Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 365-373.","startPage":"365","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ba3e4b0c8380cd6f6d6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536512,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, J.M.","contributorId":27473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":70023880,"text":"70023880 - 2002 - Potential for restoration of the Roanoke River population of Atlantic sturgeon","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70023880","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2166,"text":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Potential for restoration of the Roanoke River population of Atlantic sturgeon","docAbstract":"The Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) was historically abundant within Albemarie Sound and the Roanoke River in North Carolina, but declined dramatically in the late 1800s in response to intensive fishing. Recent evidence suggests that the population may be recovering, following a statewide prohibition on harvest in 1991. A recruitment index generally increased from 1992 through 2001. Estuarine habitat for juveniles appears to be suitable, resulting in mean growth rates for age 1 fish ranging from 0.59 to 0.81 mm day-1. A restoration goal of 7000-21 000 subadult and adult Atlantic sturgeon was developed for the Roanoke River, based on historical landings records. Bycatch mortality because of commercial gill-netting in Albermarle Sound could affect recovery. Telemetry and netting data indicate that juvenile Atlantic sturgeon in the sound are most abundant in shallow nearshore areas where commercial gill-netting is concentrated. However, immediate mortality rates from survey and commercial gill-netting in Albemarle Sound were only 0-2%. Additional field studies are needed to refine estimates of immediate- and longer-term mortality associated with gill-net bycatch.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Applied Ichthyology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00389.x","issn":"01758659","usgsCitation":"Armstrong, J., and Hightower, J., 2002, Potential for restoration of the Roanoke River population of Atlantic sturgeon: Journal of Applied Ichthyology, v. 18, no. 4-6, p. 475-480, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00389.x.","startPage":"475","endPage":"480","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207039,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00389.x"},{"id":231590,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"4-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a7f16e4b0c8380cd7a8f3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Armstrong, J.L.","contributorId":51056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Armstrong","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399172,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hightower, J.E.","contributorId":16605,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hightower","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399171,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":70023941,"text":"70023941 - 2002 - True metabolizable energy of moist-soil seeds","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:01","indexId":"70023941","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"True metabolizable energy of moist-soil seeds","docAbstract":"Habitat objectives for migrating and wintering waterfowl are often established by converting population energy demands into an equivalent measure of foraging habitat. In some areas, seeds produced from moist-soil plants provide a significant proportion of the energy available to waterfowl. To accurately establish habitat objectives for migrating and wintering waterfowl, managers must estimate seed production from moist-soil plants and have information on metabolizable energy (ME) of moist-soil seeds. Although methods for estimating seed production have been developed, ME has been determined for few natural seeds. We determined true metabolizable energy (TME) of 10 moist-soil seeds commonly consumed by wintering and migrating ducks. TME estimates were similar (P>0.05) for hairy crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis; 3.09 kcal/g), little hairy crabgrass (D. ischaemum; 3.10 kcal/g), pigweed (Amaranthus spp.; 2.97 kcal/g), yellow foxtail (Setaria lutescens; 2.88 kcal/g), fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum; 2.75 kcal/g), curly dock (Rumex crispus; 2.68 kcal/g), and wild millet (Echinochloa crusgalli; 2.61 kcal/g), but less (P<0.05) for beakrush (Rynchospora corniculata; 1.86 kcal/g), paspalum (Paspalum laeve; 1.57 kcal/g), and nodding or curltop ladysthumb smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium; 1.52 kcal/g). TME values determined for moist-soil seeds in this study will allow managers to accurately estimate carrying capacity of waterfowl habitats.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00917648","usgsCitation":"Checkett, J., Drobney, R., Petrie, M., and Graber, D., 2002, True metabolizable energy of moist-soil seeds: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 4, p. 1113-1119.","startPage":"1113","endPage":"1119","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231899,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb8a0e4b08c986b32798b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Checkett, J.M.","contributorId":84940,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Checkett","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Drobney, R.D.","contributorId":26827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drobney","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Petrie, M.J.","contributorId":57238,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Petrie","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Graber, D.A.","contributorId":66873,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Graber","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":70024428,"text":"70024428 - 2002 - Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-05-18T13:30:17.364546","indexId":"70024428","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2020,"text":"International Geology Review","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations","docAbstract":"We infer the fine structure of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) at the top of the lithospheric mantle from high-resolution seismic observations of Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNE) on superlong-range profiles in Russia. Densely recorded seismograms permit recognition of previously unknown features of teleseismic propagation of the well known Pn and Sn phases, such as a band of incoherent, scattered, high-frequency seismic energy, developing consistently from station to station, apparent velocities of sub-Moho material, and high-frequency energy to distances of more than 3000 km with a coda band, incoherent at 10 km spacing and yet consistently observed to the end of the profiles. Estimates of the other key elements of the SMBL were obtained by finite difference calculations of wave propagation in elastic 2D models from a systematic grid search through parameter space. The SMBL consists of randomly distributed, mild velocity fluctuations of 2% or schlieren of high aspect ratios (???40) with long horizontal extent (???20 km) and therefore as thin as 0.5 km only; SMBL thickness is 60-100 km. It is suggested that the SMBL is of global significance as the physical base of the platewide observed high-frequency phases Pn and Sn. It is shown that wave propagation in the SMBL waveguide is insensitive to the background velocity distribution on which its schlieren are superimposed. This explains why the Pn and Sn phases traverse geological provinces of various age, heat flow, crustal thickness, and tectonic regimes. Their propagation appears to be independent of age. temperature, pressure, and stress. Dynamic stretching of mantle material during subduction or flow, possibly combined with chemical differentiation have to be considered as scale-forming processes in the upper mantle. However, it is difficult to distinguish with the present sets of Pn/Sn array data whether (and also where) the boundary layer is a frozen-in feature of paleo-processes or whether it is a response to an on-going processes; nevertheless, the derived quantitative estimates of the SMBL properties provide important constraints for any hypothesis on scale-forming processes. Models to be tested by future numerical and field experiments are, for example, repeated subduction-convection stretching of oceanic lithosphere (marble-cake model) and schlieren formation at mid-ocean ridges. It is also proposed that the modeling of the observed blocking of Sn and Pn propagation at active plate margins offers a new tool to study the depth range of tectonics below the crust-mantle boundary. Finally, the deduced schlieren structure of the SMBL closes an important scale gap of three to four orders of magnitude between structural dimensions studied in petrological analysis of mantle samples (xenoliths or outcrop of oceanic lithosphere) and those imaged in classical seismological studies of the lithosphere.","largerWorkTitle":"","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.44.8.671","issn":"00206814","usgsCitation":"Fuchs, K., Tittgemeyer, M., Ryberg, T., Wenzel, F., and Mooney, W.D., 2002, Global significance of a sub-Moho boundary layer (SMBL) deduced from high-resolution seismic observations: International Geology Review, v. 44, no. 8, p. 671-685, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.44.8.671.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"671","endPage":"685","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231581,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a295de4b0c8380cd5a8d0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fuchs, K.","contributorId":89666,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuchs","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401223,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tittgemeyer, M.","contributorId":61205,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tittgemeyer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401222,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryberg, T.","contributorId":91643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryberg","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wenzel, F.","contributorId":12650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wenzel","given":"F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401220,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Mooney, Walter D. 0000-0002-5310-3631 mooney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5310-3631","contributorId":3194,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mooney","given":"Walter","email":"mooney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401221,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}}
,{"id":1015243,"text":"1015243 - 2002 - Observations of the larval stages of Diceroprocta apache Davis (Homoptera: Tibicinidae)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T20:02:56","indexId":"1015243","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2556,"text":"Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Observations of the larval stages of <i>Diceroprocta apache</i> Davis (Homoptera: Tibicinidae)","title":"Observations of the larval stages of Diceroprocta apache Davis (Homoptera: Tibicinidae)","docAbstract":"<p><i>Diceroprocta apache</i> Davis is a locally abundant cicada in the riparian woodlands of the southwestern United States. While its ecological importance has often been hypothesized, very little is known of its specific life history. This paper presents preliminary information on life history of <i>D. apache</i> from larvae collected in the field at seasonal intervals as well as a smaller number of reared specimens. Morphological development of the fore-femoral comb closely parallels growth through distinct size classes. The data indicate the presence of five larval instars in <i>D. apache</i>. Development times from greenhouse-reared specimens suggest a 3-4 year life span and overlapping broods were present in the field. Sex ratios among pre-emergent larvae suggest the asynchronous emergence of sexes.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Kansas (Central States) Entomological Society","usgsCitation":"Ellingson, A., Andersen, D., and Kondratieff, B., 2002, Observations of the larval stages of Diceroprocta apache Davis (Homoptera: Tibicinidae): Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, v. 75, no. 4, p. 283-289.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"289","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":14872,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25481788"}],"volume":"75","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4afce4b07f02db696494","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellingson, A.R.","contributorId":19514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellingson","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andersen, D.C.","contributorId":19119,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"D.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kondratieff, B.C.","contributorId":103230,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kondratieff","given":"B.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015248,"text":"1015248 - 2002 - Razorback sucker movements and habitat use in the San Juan River inflow, Lake Powell, Utah, 1995-1997","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-13T17:22:09","indexId":"1015248","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3746,"text":"Western North American Naturalist","onlineIssn":"1944-8341","printIssn":"1527-0904","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Razorback sucker movements and habitat use in the San Juan River inflow, Lake Powell, Utah, 1995-1997","docAbstract":"<p>Seventeen subadult, hatchery-reared razorback suckers (<i>Xyrauchen texanus</i>; (x̄ = 456 mm total length) were implanted with sonic transmitters and tracked for 23 months in the lower 89.6 km of the San Juan River (San Juan arm of Lake Powell, Utah). Fish were released at 2 sites, and 9 made extensive up-and downstream movements (x = 47.8 km; contact was lost with 4, and 4 others presumably died or lost their transmitters). The San Juan arm is primarily inundated canyon; however, most fish contacts occurred in shallow coves and shoreline with thick stands of flooded salt cedar in the upper inflow area. Eight fish frequented the Piute Farms river/lake mixing zone, and at least 4 moved upstream into the San Juan River. Seven fish were found in 2 aggregations in spring (3 fish in Neskahi Bay in 1996 and 4 fish just downstream of Piute Farms in 1997), and these may have been associated with spawning activity. Continued presence of razorback suckers in the Piute Farms area and lower San Juan River suggests the San Juan inflow to Lake Powell could be used as an alternate stocking site for reintroduction efforts.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University","usgsCitation":"Karp, C., and Mueller, G., 2002, Razorback sucker movements and habitat use in the San Juan River inflow, Lake Powell, Utah, 1995-1997: Western North American Naturalist, v. 62, no. 1, p. 106-111.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"106","endPage":"111","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":14969,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41717163","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"1692.000000000000000"},{"id":132404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad7e4b07f02db6843be","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Karp, C.A.","contributorId":81454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Karp","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mueller, G.","contributorId":81852,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015252,"text":"1015252 - 2002 - Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T10:15:41","indexId":"1015252","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3451,"text":"Southwestern Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Geographic variation in the black bear (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) in the eastern United States and Canada","title":"Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada","docAbstract":"<p>The pattern of geographic variation in morphologic characters of the black bear (<i>Ursus americanus</i>) was assessed at 13 sites in the eastern United States and Canada. Thirty measurements from 206 males and 207 females were recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm using digital calipers and subjected to principal components analysis. A matrix of correlations among skull characters was computed, and the first 3 principal components were extracted. These accounted for 90.5% of the variation in the character set for males and 87.1% for females. Three-dimensional projection of localities onto principal components showed that, for males and females, largest individuals occurred in the more southern localities (e.g., males--Louisiana-Mississippi, eastern Texas; females--Louisiana-eastern Texas) and the smallest animals occurred in the northernmost locality (Quebec). Generally, bears were similar morphologically to those in nearby geographic areas. For males, correlations between morphologic variation and environmental factors indicated a significant relationship between size variation and mean January temperature, mean July temperature, mean annual precipitation, latitude, and actual evapotranspiration; for females, a significant relationship was observed between morphologic variation and mean annual temperature, mean January temperature, mean July temperature, latitude, and actual evapotranspiration. There was no significant correlation for either sex between environmental factors and projections onto components II and III.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Southwestern Association of Naturalists","doi":"10.2307/3672913","usgsCitation":"Kennedy, M., Kennedy, P., Bogan, M., and Waits, J., 2002, Geographic variation in the black bear (Ursus americanus) in the eastern United States and Canada: Southwestern Naturalist, v. 47, no. 2, p. 257-266, https://doi.org/10.2307/3672913.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"257","endPage":"266","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132358,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","volume":"47","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8ff3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennedy, M.L.","contributorId":11170,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kennedy, P.K.","contributorId":87503,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennedy","given":"P.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322676,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bogan, M.A.","contributorId":17939,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bogan","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Waits, J.L.","contributorId":92630,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waits","given":"J.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322677,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":1015246,"text":"1015246 - 2002 - Economic costs of electrical system instability and power outages caused by snakes on the Island of Guam","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-03-18T14:08:26.681477","indexId":"1015246","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2018,"text":"International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Economic costs of electrical system instability and power outages caused by snakes on the Island of Guam","docAbstract":"<p>The Brown Tree Snake, <i>Boiga irregularis</i>, is an introduced species on Guam where it causes frequent electrical power outages. The snake's high abundance, its propensity for climbing, and use of disturbed habitats all contribute to interruption of Guam's electrical service and the activities that depend on electrical power. Snakes have caused more than 1600 power outages in the 20-yr period of 1978–1997 and most recently nearly 200 outages per year. Single outages spanning the entire island and lasting 8 or more hours are estimated to cost in excess of \\$3,000,000 in lost productivity, but the costs of outages that involve only parts of the island or those of shorter durations are more difficult to quantify. Costs to the island's economy have exceeded $4.5 M&nbsp;per year over a 7-yr period without considering repair costs, damage to electrical equipment, and lost revenues. Snakes pose the greatest problem on high voltage transmission lines, on transformers, and inside electrical substations.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0964-8305(01)00108-1","usgsCitation":"Fritts, T.H., 2002, Economic costs of electrical system instability and power outages caused by snakes on the Island of Guam: International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, v. 49, p. 93-100, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-8305(01)00108-1.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"93","endPage":"100","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132402,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Guam","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              144.5526123046875,\n              13.19917004906758\n            ],\n            [\n              144.9968719482422,\n              13.19917004906758\n            ],\n            [\n              144.9968719482422,\n              13.686019186915203\n            ],\n            [\n              144.5526123046875,\n              13.686019186915203\n            ],\n            [\n              144.5526123046875,\n              13.19917004906758\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","volume":"49","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625e12","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fritts, T. H.","contributorId":40147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fritts","given":"T.","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015240,"text":"1015240 - 2002 - Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-13T17:22:38","indexId":"1015240","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival","docAbstract":"<p>Estimation of avian nest survival has traditionally involved simple measures of apparent nest survival or Mayfield constant-nest-survival models. However, these methods do not allow researchers to build models that rigorously assess the importance of a wide range of biological factors that affect nest survival. Models that incorporate greater detail, such as temporal variation in nest survival and covariates representative of individual nests represent a substantial improvement over traditional estimation methods. In an attempt to improve nest survival estimation procedures, we introduce the nest survival model now available in the program MARK and demonstrate its use on a nesting study of Mountain Plovers (<i><span class=\"genusSpeciesInfoAsset\">Charadrius montanus</span> </i>Townsend) in Montana, USA. We modeled the daily survival of Mountain Plover nests as a function of the sex of the incubating adult, nest age, year, linear and quadratic time trends, and two weather covariates (maximum daily temperature and daily precipitation) during a six-year study (1995–2000). We found no evidence for yearly differences or an effect of maximum daily temperature on the daily nest survival of Mountain Plovers. Survival rates of nests tended by female and male plovers differed (female rate = 0.33; male rate = 0.49). The estimate of the additive effect for males on nest survival rate was 0.37 (95% confidence limits were 0.03, 0.71) on a logit scale. Daily survival rates of nests increased with nest age; the estimate of daily nest-age change in survival in the best model was 0.06 (95% confidence limits were 0.04, 0.09) on a logit scale. Daily precipitation decreased the probability that the nest would survive to the next day; the estimate of the additive effect of daily precipitation on the nest survival rate was −1.08 (95% confidence limits were −2.12, −0.13) on a logit scale. Our approach to modeling daily nest-survival rates allowed several biological factors of interest to be easily included in nest survival models and allowed us to generate more biologically meaningful estimates of nest survival.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3476:ATFMAN]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Dinsmore, S., White, G.C., and Knopf, F., 2002, Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival: Ecology, v. 83, no. 12, p. 3476-3488, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3476:ATFMAN]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"3476","endPage":"3488","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"83","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b04e4b07f02db69924c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dinsmore, S.J.","contributorId":85114,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dinsmore","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"White, Gary C.","contributorId":26256,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"White","given":"Gary","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knopf, F.L.","contributorId":26998,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knopf","given":"F.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":1015274,"text":"1015274 - 2002 - Assessing vulnerability to invasion by nonnative plant species at multiple spatial scales","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-17T10:44:38","indexId":"1015274","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1547,"text":"Environmental Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessing vulnerability to invasion by nonnative plant species at multiple spatial scales","docAbstract":"<p>Basic information on where nonnative plant species have successfully invaded is lacking. We assessed the vulnerability of 22 vegetation types (25 sets of four plots in nine study areas) to nonnative plant invasions in the north–central United States. In general, habitats with high native species richness were more heavily invaded than species-poor habitats, low-elevation areas were more invaded than high-elevation areas, and riparian zones were more invaded than nearby upland sites. For the 100 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plots (across all vegetation types), 50% of the variation in nonnative species richness was explained by longitude, latitude, native plant species richness, soil total percentage nitrogen, and mean maximum July temperature (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">n = 100</i> plots; <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">P &lt; 0.001</i>). At the vegetation-type scale (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">n = 25</i> sets of four 1000-m<sup>2</sup> plots/type), 64% of the variation in nonnative species richness was explained by native plant species richness, elevation, and October to June precipitation (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">P &lt; 0.001</i>). The foliar cover of nonnative species (log) was strongly positively correlated with the nonnative species richness at the plot scale (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">r = 0.77</i>, <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">P &lt; 0.001</i>) and vegetation-type scale (<i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">r = 0.83</i>, <i class=\"EmphasisTypeItalic \">P &lt; 0.001</i>). We concluded that, at the vegetation-type and regional scales in the north–central United States, (1) vegetation types rich in native species are often highly vulnerable to invasion by nonnative plant species; (2) where several nonnative species become established, nonnative species cover can substantially increase; (3) the attributes that maintain high native plant species richness (high light, water, nitrogen, and temperatures) also help maintain nonnative plant species richness; and (4) more care must be taken to preserve native species diversity in highly vulnerable habitats.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00267-001-0006-2","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T., Chong, G., Schell, L.D., Rimar, K., Otsuki, Y., Lee, M., Kalkhan, M.A., and Villa, C., 2002, Assessing vulnerability to invasion by nonnative plant species at multiple spatial scales: Environmental Management, v. 29, no. 4, p. 566-577, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-001-0006-2.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"566","endPage":"577","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"29","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db6729d1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, T.J.","contributorId":7217,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322725,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chong, G.W.","contributorId":54153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chong","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schell, L. D.","contributorId":75881,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schell","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Rimar, K.A.","contributorId":86731,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rimar","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Otsuki, Yuka","contributorId":23107,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Otsuki","given":"Yuka","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322726,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Lee, M.","contributorId":32484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322727,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Kalkhan, M. A.","contributorId":82655,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Kalkhan","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Villa, C.A.","contributorId":87097,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Villa","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}}
,{"id":53896,"text":"53896 - 2002 - Americans' attitudes toward wolves and wolf reintroduction: An annotated bibliography","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-19T19:56:14","indexId":"53896","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2002-0002","title":"Americans' attitudes toward wolves and wolf reintroduction: An annotated bibliography","docAbstract":"During the period 1974-2000, 50 reports were published in peer-reviewed journals and in theses and dissertations concerning public altitudes and preferences toward wolves and their reinstatement into previously occupied habitat in the continental U.S. This publication provides annotated synopses of these 50 reports, arranged chronologically, but also cross-referenced by authors and by geographic area. In general, Americans favor reinstatement of wolf populations except for those people who perceive them to be a direct threat to their livelihood.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Browne-Nunez, C., and Taylor, J.G., 2002, Americans' attitudes toward wolves and wolf reintroduction: An annotated bibliography: Information and Technology Report 2002-0002, vi, 14 p.","productDescription":"vi, 14 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177579,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e9b8e4b0c8380cd483e5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Browne-Nunez, Christine","contributorId":33772,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Browne-Nunez","given":"Christine","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Jonathan G.","contributorId":37378,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Jonathan","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":53888,"text":"53888 - 2002 - Lost, a desert river and its native fishes: A historical perspective of the lower Colorado River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-09-05T20:05:11.079335","indexId":"53888","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":37,"text":"Information and Technology Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"seriesNumber":"2002-0010","title":"Lost, a desert river and its native fishes: A historical perspective of the lower Colorado River","docAbstract":"<p>The Colorado River had one of the most unique fish communities in the world. Seventy-five percent of those species were found no where else in the world. Settlement of the lower basin brought dramatic changes to both the river and its native fish. Those changes began more than 120 years ago as settlers began stocking nonnative fishes. By 1930, nonnative fish had spread throughout the lower basin and replaced native communities. All resemblance of historic river conditions faded with the construction of Hoover Dam in 1935 and other large water development projects. Today, few remember what the Colorado River was really like. </p><p>Seven of the nine mainstream fishes are now federally protected as endangered. Federal and state agencies are attempting to recover these fish; however, progress has been frustrated due to the severity of human impact. This report presents testimony, old descriptions, and photographs describing the changes that have taken place in hopes that it will provide managers, biologists, and the interested public a better appreciation of the environment that shaped these unique fish.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Mueller, G.A., and Marsh, P.C., 2002, Lost, a desert river and its native fishes: A historical perspective of the lower Colorado River: Information and Technology Report 2002-0010, vii, 69 p.","productDescription":"vii, 69 p.","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":433516,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/53888/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":178047,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/53888/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Colorado River","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -101.15352875251801,\n              45.094293360347166\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.61867108155349,\n              45.094293360347166\n            ],\n            [\n              -126.61867108155349,\n              30.43580700173483\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.15352875251801,\n              30.43580700173483\n            ],\n            [\n              -101.15352875251801,\n              45.094293360347166\n            ]\n          ]\n        ],\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640db8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mueller, Gordon A.","contributorId":86420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"Gordon","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248589,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marsh, Paul C.","contributorId":33383,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marsh","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":248588,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1015273,"text":"1015273 - 2002 - Beyond theories of plant invasions: Lessons from natural landscapes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-30T10:45:58","indexId":"1015273","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1276,"text":"Comments on Theoretical Biology","printIssn":"0894-8550","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Beyond theories of plant invasions: Lessons from natural landscapes","docAbstract":"<p>There are a growing number of contrasting theories about plant invasions, but most are only weakly supported by small-scale field experiments, observational studies, and mathematical models. Among the most contentious theories is that species-rich habitats should be less vulnerable to plant invasion than species-poor sites, stemming from earlier theories that competition is a major force in structuring plant communities. Early ecologists such as Charles Darwin (1859) and Charles Elton (1958) suggested that a lack of intense interspecific competition on islands made these low-diversity habitats vulnerable to invasion. Small-scale field experiments have supported and contradicted this theory, as have various mathematical models. In contrast, many large-scale observational studies and detailed vegetation surveys in continental areas often report that species-rich areas are more heavily invaded than species-poor areas, but there are exceptions here as well. In this article, I show how these seemingly contrasting patterns converge once appropriate spatial and temporal scales are considered in complex natural environments. I suggest ways in which small-scale experiments, mathematical models, and large- scale observational studies can be improved and better integrated to advance a theoretically based understanding of plant invasions.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/08948550290022385","usgsCitation":"Stohlgren, T.J., 2002, Beyond theories of plant invasions: Lessons from natural landscapes: Comments on Theoretical Biology, v. 7, no. 6, p. 355-379, https://doi.org/10.1080/08948550290022385.","productDescription":"25 p.","startPage":"355","endPage":"379","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132438,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62ae15","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stohlgren, Thomas J. 0000-0001-9696-4450 stohlgrent@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9696-4450","contributorId":2902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"Thomas","email":"stohlgrent@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322724,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":1015245,"text":"1015245 - 2002 - Extreme floods, channel change, and riparian forests along ephemeral streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-12-18T09:58:02","indexId":"1015245","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1459,"text":"Ecological Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Extreme floods, channel change, and riparian forests along ephemeral streams","docAbstract":"<p><span>The geomorphic effectiveness of extreme floods increases with aridity and decreasing watershed size. Therefore, in small dry watersheds extreme floods should control the age structure and spatial distribution of populations of disturbance-dependent riparian trees. We examined the influence of extreme floods on the bottomland morphology and forest of ephemeral streams in a semiarid region. Along six stream reaches on the Colorado Piedmont we examined channel changes by analyzing a rectified sequence of aerial photographs spanning 56 yr, and we investigated the spatial distribution of different-aged patches of forest by aging 189 randomly sampled cottonwood trees. Channel change in these ephemeral sand-bed streams is dominated by widening, which occurs over a span of hours during infrequent floods, and postflood narrowing, which occurs over decades between floods. Narrowing is accelerated where reliable moisture increases the density and growth rate of vegetation on the former bed. Reproduction of cottonwood trees has occurred mostly in former channel bed during periods of channel narrowing beginning after floods in 1935 and 1965 and continuing for as long as two decades. Thus cottonwood establishment is related to low flows at the time scale of a year, but to high flows at the time scale of decades. At sites that have not experienced major floods in the last 80 yr, little channel change has occurred, cottonwood reproduction has been limited, tree density has declined, and succession to grassland is occurring. Because channel change and tree reproduction in this region are driven by infrequent local events, channel width and tree age distributions vary greatly over time and among sites. For the same reason, riparian forests along these ephemeral streams can be as wide as forests along perennial rivers with much higher mean discharge.</span></p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0409:EFCCAR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Friedman, J.M., and Lee, V., 2002, Extreme floods, channel change, and riparian forests along ephemeral streams: Ecological Monographs, v. 72, no. 3, p. 409-425, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2002)072[0409:EFCCAR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"409","endPage":"425","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"72","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a06e4b07f02db5f899a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Friedman, Jonathan M. 0000-0002-1329-0663","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1329-0663","contributorId":44495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Friedman","given":"Jonathan","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lee, V.J.","contributorId":23895,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"V.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":96856,"text":"96856 - 2002 - Terrestrial Vertebrate Inventory, Point Reyes National Seashore, 1998 - 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"96856","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Terrestrial Vertebrate Inventory, Point Reyes National Seashore, 1998 - 2001","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","collaboration":"National Park Service Report.","usgsCitation":"Fellers, G.M., and Pratt, D., 2002, Terrestrial Vertebrate Inventory, Point Reyes National Seashore, 1998 - 2001, 73 p.","productDescription":"73 p.","startPage":"73","numberOfPages":"73","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":126944,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad9e4b07f02db6850b1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fellers, Gary M. 0000-0003-4092-0285 gary_fellers@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4092-0285","contributorId":3150,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fellers","given":"Gary","email":"gary_fellers@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300417,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pratt, David dpratt@usgs.gov","contributorId":5091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pratt","given":"David","email":"dpratt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":300418,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":97013,"text":"97013 - 2002 - Neotropical migratory bird monitoring study at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. 2001 Annual Report","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:03:51","indexId":"97013","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Neotropical migratory bird monitoring study at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. 2001 Annual Report","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Kus, B., and Sharp, B., 2002, Neotropical migratory bird monitoring study at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California. 2001 Annual Report.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697e84","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kus, B.E.","contributorId":99492,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kus","given":"B.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300789,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sharp, B.L.","contributorId":78671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sharp","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300788,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008325,"text":"1008325 - 2002 - Sampling methods and trapping success trends for the Mohave ground squirrel (Spermophilus mohavensis)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:39","indexId":"1008325","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1153,"text":"California Fish and Game","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sampling methods and trapping success trends for the Mohave ground squirrel (Spermophilus mohavensis)","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"California Fish and Game","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Brooks, M., and Matchett, J., 2002, Sampling methods and trapping success trends for the Mohave ground squirrel (Spermophilus mohavensis): California Fish and Game, v. 88, no. 4, p. 165-177.","productDescription":"p. 165-177","startPage":"165","endPage":"177","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132449,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"88","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ee4b07f02db5fddee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brooks, M.L.","contributorId":70322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brooks","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Matchett, J.R.","contributorId":11535,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Matchett","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":317422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":1008187,"text":"1008187 - 2002 - Estimates of carrying capacity for sea otters in Washington state","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:05","indexId":"1008187","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3779,"text":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","onlineIssn":"1938-5463","printIssn":"0091-7648","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Estimates of carrying capacity for sea otters in Washington state","docAbstract":"Analyses of eggs of three species of North American accipitrine hawks for organochlorines and heavy metals indicate that contamination with DDE may be the primary cause of recent population declines of two of the species, Cooper's hawk and sharp-shinned hawk.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Society Bulletin","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","usgsCitation":"Laidre, K., Jameson, R., Jeffries, S., Hobbs, R., Bowlby, C., and VanBlaricom, G., 2002, Estimates of carrying capacity for sea otters in Washington state: Wildlife Society Bulletin, v. 30, no. 4, p. 1172-1181.","productDescription":"p. 1172-1181","startPage":"1172","endPage":"1181","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132344,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcb2c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Laidre, K.L.","contributorId":88319,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laidre","given":"K.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316958,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jameson, R.J.","contributorId":56581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jameson","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316955,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jeffries, S.J.","contributorId":26262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeffries","given":"S.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316954,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hobbs, R.C.","contributorId":69512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hobbs","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316956,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bowlby, C.E.","contributorId":81858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bowlby","given":"C.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316957,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"VanBlaricom, G.R.","contributorId":94239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"VanBlaricom","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316959,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":1015220,"text":"1015220 - 2002 - Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: A broad perspective","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-23T13:42:47","indexId":"1015220","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1450,"text":"Ecological Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: A broad perspective","docAbstract":"<p>The purpose of this paper is to promote a broad and flexible perspective on ecological restoration of Southwestern (U.S.) ponderosa pine forests. Ponderosa pine forests in the region have been radically altered by Euro-American land uses, including livestock grazing, fire suppression, and logging. Dense thickets of young trees now abound, old-growth and biodiversity have declined, and human and ecological communities are increasingly vulnerable to destructive crown fires. A consensus has emerged that it is urgent to restore more natural conditions to these forests. Efforts to restore Southwestern forests will require extensive projects employing varying combinations of young-tree thinning and reintroduction of low-intensity fires. Treatments must be flexible enough to recognize and accommodate: high levels of natural heterogeneity; dynamic ecosystems; wildlife and other biodiversity considerations; scientific uncertainty; and the challenges of on-the-ground implementation. Ecological restoration should reset ecosystem trends toward an envelope of “natural variability,” including the reestablishment of natural processes. Reconstructed historic reference conditions are best used as general guides rather than rigid restoration prescriptions. In the long term, the best way to align forest conditions to track ongoing climate changes is to restore fire, which naturally correlates with current climate. Some stands need substantial structural manipulation (thinning) before fire can safely be reintroduced. In other areas, such as large wilderness and roadless areas, fire alone may suffice as the main tool of ecological restoration, recreating the natural interaction of structure and process. Impatience, overreaction to crown fire risks, extractive economics, or hubris could lead to widespread application of highly intrusive treatments that may further damage forest ecosystems. Investments in research and monitoring of restoration treatments are essential to refine restoration methods. We support the development and implementation of a diverse range of scientifically viable restoration approaches in these forests, suggest principles for ecologically sound restoration that immediately reduce crown fire risk and incrementally return natural variability and resilience to Southwestern forests, and present ecological perspectives on several forest restoration approaches.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1418:EROSPP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.D., Savage, M., Falk, D.A., Suckling, K.F., Swetnam, T.W., Schulke, T., Stacey, P.B., Morgan, P., Hoffman, M., and Klingel, J.T., 2002, Ecological restoration of southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: A broad perspective: Ecological Applications, v. 12, no. 5, p. 1418-1433, https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1418:EROSPP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1418","endPage":"1433","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":132973,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350526,"rank":2,"type":{"id":22,"text":"Related Work"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70194845","text":"USGS Publications Warehouse citation page for republication","linkHelpText":"This article was republished in the book <i>Wildfire: A century of failed forest policy</i> (Island Press, 2006)"}],"volume":"12","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ee4b07f02db627bf9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig D. 0000-0002-8777-5989 craig_allen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-5989","contributorId":2597,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"craig_allen@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":322573,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savage, Melissa","contributorId":174055,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savage","given":"Melissa","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322568,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Falk, Donald A.","contributorId":197570,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Falk","given":"Donald","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322576,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Suckling, Kieran F.","contributorId":22297,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Suckling","given":"Kieran","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322569,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Swetnam, Thomas W.","contributorId":191872,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swetnam","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322577,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Schulke, Todd","contributorId":26659,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schulke","given":"Todd","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322570,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Stacey, Peter B.","contributorId":56608,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stacey","given":"Peter","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322574,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Morgan, Penelope","contributorId":127585,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Morgan","given":"Penelope","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322571,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Hoffman, Martos","contributorId":73743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hoffman","given":"Martos","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322575,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Klingel, Jon T.","contributorId":36904,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Klingel","given":"Jon","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322572,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10}]}}
,{"id":85938,"text":"85938 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part A. Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":85938,"text":"85938 - 2002 - Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part A. Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","indexId":"85938","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"chapter":"3A","title":"Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part A. 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Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill","docAbstract":"<p>Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) populations were severely affected by the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in western Prince William Sound, AK, and had not fully recovered by 2000. Here we present results of population surveys and incorporate findings from related studies to identify current population status and factors affecting recovery. Between 1993 and 2000, the number of sea otters in the spill-area of Prince William Sound increased by about 600 to nearly 2700. However, at Knight Island, where oil exposure and sea otter mortality in 1989 approached 0.90, no increase has been observed. Sea otter reproduction was not impaired and the age and sex structure of animals captured are consistent with both intrinsic reproduction and immigration contributing to recovery. However, low resighting rates of marked animals at Knight Island compared to an unoiled reference area, and a high proportion of young animals in beach cast carcasses through 1998, suggest that the lack of recovery was caused by relatively poor survival or emigration of potential recruits. Significantly higher levels of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), a biomarker of hydrocarbons, were found in sea otters at Knight Island in 1996-98 compared to unoiled Montague Island, implicating oil effects in the lack of recovery at Knight Island. Delayed recovery does not appear to be directly related to food limitation. Although food availability was relatively low at both oiled and unoiled areas, we detected significant increases in sea otter abundance only at Montague Island, a finding inconsistent with food as a principal limiting factor. Persistent oil in habitats and prey provides a source of continued oil exposure and, combined with relatively low prey densities, suggests a potential interaction between oil and food. However, sea otters foraged more successfully at Knight Island and young females were in better condition than those at Montague Island. We conclude that progress toward recovery of sea otters in Prince William Sound is evident, but that in areas where initial oil effects were greatest, recovery may be constrained by residual spill effects, resulting in elevated mortality and emigration. It is evident that internal reproduction and immigration of juveniles has been the primary means of population recovery, as opposed to broad scale redistribution of adults from outside affected areas. The result is a recovery period protracted by long-term spill effects on survival and emigration and intrinsic limits to population growth.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mechanisms of impact and potential recovery of nearshore vertebrate predators following the 1989 <i>Exxon Valdez</i> oil spill","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"language":"English","publisher":"<i>Exxon Valdez</i> Oil Spill Trustee Council","publisherLocation":"Anchorage, AK","usgsCitation":"Bodkin, J.L., Ballachey, B.E., Dean, T.A., Fukuyama, A.K., Jewett, S.C., McDonald, L.L., Monson, D., O’Clair, C.E., and VanBlaricom, G.R., 2002, Sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>) perspective: Part A. Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 28 p.","productDescription":"28 p.","startPage":"3A.1","endPage":"3A.28","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342357,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.evostc.state.ak.us/index.cfm?FA=searchresults.projectInfo&Project_ID=630"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -149.150390625,\n              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jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296674,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ballachey, Brenda E. 0000-0003-1855-9171 bballachey@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1855-9171","contributorId":2966,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ballachey","given":"Brenda","email":"bballachey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":296675,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dean, Thomas 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,{"id":96903,"text":"96903 - 2002 - Tracking Spring Migration of Northern Pintails with Satellite Telemetry. Progress Report 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-18T12:38:10","indexId":"96903","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Tracking Spring Migration of Northern Pintails with Satellite Telemetry. Progress Report 2002","docAbstract":"No abstract available at this time","language":"English","publisher":"Western Ecological Research Center, Dixon and San Francisco Bay Estuary Field Stations, California","usgsCitation":"Miller, M.R., Takekawa, J.Y., Orthmeyer, D., Fleskes, J., Casazza, M.L., and Perry, W., 2002, Tracking Spring Migration of Northern Pintails with Satellite Telemetry. Progress Report 2002.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127092,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4de4b07f02db627384","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Miller, M. R.","contributorId":19104,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300548,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Takekawa, John Y. 0000-0003-0217-5907 john_takekawa@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0217-5907","contributorId":176168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Takekawa","given":"John","email":"john_takekawa@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Y.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":300550,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Orthmeyer, D.L.","contributorId":84684,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Orthmeyer","given":"D.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Fleskes, J. P.","contributorId":98661,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleskes","given":"J. P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300552,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Casazza, Michael L. 0000-0002-5636-735X mike_casazza@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5636-735X","contributorId":2091,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Casazza","given":"Michael","email":"mike_casazza@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":300549,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Perry, W.M.","contributorId":15949,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Perry","given":"W.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":300547,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":81595,"text":"81595 - 2002 - Grasses, mallows, desert vine, and more: Diet of the desert tortoise in Arizona and Sonora","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T19:28:20.947687","indexId":"81595","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesNumber":"8","title":"Grasses, mallows, desert vine, and more: Diet of the desert tortoise in Arizona and Sonora","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"The Sonoran desert tortoise: Natural history, biology, and conservation","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum; The University of Arizona Press","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","doi":"10.2307/j.ctvfjcx1x.11","usgsCitation":"Van Devender, T.R., Martin, B.E., Averill-Murray, R.C., Esque, T., Holm, P.A., Dickinson, V.M., Schwalbe, C., Wirt, E.B., and Barrett, S.L., 2002, Grasses, mallows, desert vine, and more: Diet of the desert tortoise in Arizona and Sonora, chap. <i>of</i> The Sonoran desert tortoise: Natural history, biology, and conservation, p. 159-193, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfjcx1x.11.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"159","endPage":"193","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127898,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a29be","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Van Devender, T.R.","contributorId":111404,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Devender","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504354,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Van Devender, T. R.","contributorId":8033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Van Devender","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, B. E.","contributorId":57787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295714,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Averill-Murray, R. C.","contributorId":45244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Averill-Murray","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295711,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Esque, T. C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295715,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Holm, P. A.","contributorId":51234,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holm","given":"P.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295713,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Dickinson, V. M.","contributorId":46446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dickinson","given":"V.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295712,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295710,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Wirt, E. B.","contributorId":27389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wirt","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295709,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Barrett, S. L.","contributorId":77867,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrett","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295716,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}}
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