A plot of Ce/Yb vs. Ba/Ce, for locality averages, effectively separates mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) (Ce/Yb <10, Ba/Ce 1-4.2), oceanic island volcanics (OIV) (Ce/Yb >10, Ba/Ce <6), which are generally hotspot related, and island arc volcanics (IAV) (Ce/Yb <23, Ba/Ce >4.2). The conventional interpretation is that these three types of volcanic environments involve oceanic rift-related, large-volume partial melts (˜20-30%) of a depleted source (MORB), small volume melts (˜5% for alkalic volcanics) of enriched sources related to plumes (OIV), and melts of hydrous-enriched sources during subduction, especially for Ba (IAV). Three OIV sites, however, have average ratios that fall in the MORB field (e.g., Krafla Volcano, Iceland), and these localities also tend to have other geochemical data similar to MORB. Average ratios of Hawaiian tholeiitic shield basalts of Mauna Kea and Koolau volcanoes occupy a restricted field on a plot of Ce/Yb vs. Ba/Ce of 10-18 for Ce/Yb and 2.8-3.1 for Ba/Ce, a field toward which other shield basalts and cone-building volcanics regress. In general, post-shield alkalic rocks have higher values of Ce/Yb than do tholeiites. Peralkalic basalts (basanites, melilitites, and phonolites) have even higher values of Ce/Yb, reflecting smaller degrees of partial melting (perhaps 1-2%) and melting of sources containing phlogopite that were enriched by CO2-dominated fluids. The minor post-erosion nephelinitic suites of Hawaii (e.g., the Honolulu Series on Oahu, and the Koloa suite on Kauai) generally have values both greater than IAV for Ce/Yb and greater than other kinds of OIV for Ba/Ce in a part of the plot previously not found to be occupied by data. Alkali basalts of both these nephelinitic series have the lowest and similar ratios (Ce/Yb ˜ 25; Ba/Ce ˜ 10). In the Hawaiian Islands, there are two trends. One (a), where phlogopite has been interpreted to remain in the source, generally has Ba/Ce decrease away from the alkali basalts as Ce/Yb increases. The other (b), where phlogopite has been interpreted to enter the melt, occupies a field that is high in both Ce/Yb (>30) relative to IAV and in Ba/Ce (>8) relative to the OIV field.
There are some exceptions, also, for IAV that plot outside the IAV field. The values of Ce/Yb in Mariana Islands samples, for example, are exceptionally low for the IAV (Ce/Yb <5 with many samples <2). Examples of two cross-chain Kasuga Islands, however, have average values of Ce/Yb considerably greater than for any other Mariana Islands data, and individual samples extend from within the IAV field into the OIV field, which may indicate a mixture of IAV and OIV sources (rather than involvement of a hotspot, these island volcanics have been interpreted as magma of OIV entrapped \"plums\" in an IAV \"pudding\" by Stern et al., 1993).
Not surprisingly, continental arc volcanics (CAV) are generally similar to IAV, but with somewhat greater dispersion in Ce/Yb, perhaps representing a larger contribution of continental materials to the volcanics. Continental rift volcanics (CRV) are complex. The Antarctic rift data fall in the OIV field, and clearly define a hotspot origin for the rift with little contamination in the continental lithosphere, but most CRV data fall in the IAV field (Rio Grande rift tholeiites, Yellowstone Plateau basalts, Columbia River basalts, East African rift basalts). The Yellowstone basalt samples judged to be least crustally contaminated from other considerations (e.g., through Pb and Sr isotopes) approach closest to the OIV or hotspot field in the Ce/Yb vs. Ba/Ce plot, compatible with a hotspot origin with variable continental lithosphere interactions. The data from the Rio Grande rift have no such trend in Ce/Yb vs. Ba/Ce. Other trace element and isotopic data are suggestive of a different kind of origin, perhaps melting in the continental lithosphere from pressure release or other causes as suggested in the literature.
Carbonatites, kimberlites, and ultrapotassic rocks form extreme end members for the peralkalic rocks on the continents with Ce/Yb values in the hundreds and even exceeding 1,000 in natrocarbonatite. Carbonatites and kimberlite type I, however, have Ba/Ce <8 with few exceptions. Ultrapo tassic rocks and kimberlite type II also have Ce/Yb values in the hundreds but with Ba/Ce >9. These rocks, although rare in the ocean basins (e.g., carbonatite on São Vicente Island in the Cape Verdes archipelago, Indian Ocean) plot similarly to their continental cousins. For Hawaii, the nephelinitic suites of both the Honolulu and Koloa series trend from alkali and alkali olivine basalt ratios toward higher signatures for Ce/Yb for other rock types. The Honolulu series, however, progresses towards smaller values of Ba/Ce for nephelinite-melilitite (Ce/Yb ˜ 85; Ba/Ce ˜ 5-7) near the low end of Ce/Yb found in carbonatite/kimberlite type I, whereas the Koloa series progresses toward higher Ba/Ce (Ce/Yb ˜ 65; Ba/Ce ˜ 14-15) for nephelinite-melilitite with Ce/Yb values near the lower end of kimberlite type II/ultrapotassic rocks. Carbonated phlogopitic sources have been proposed for peralkalic rocks of both oceans and continents. Carbonatites and/or kimberlites are suggested to possibly be present at depth under the Hawaiian nephelinitic series and in other OIV environments containing peralkalic suites.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.2747/0020-6814.44.10.877","usgsCitation":"Doe, B.R., 2002, Further considerations of the Ce/Yb vs. Ba/Ce plot in volcanology and tectonics: International Geology Review, v. 44, no. 10, p. 877-912, https://doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.44.10.877.","productDescription":"36 p.","startPage":"877","endPage":"912","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231726,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"44","issue":"10","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-14","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1422e4b0c8380cd5490f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Doe, Bruce R.","contributorId":87554,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doe","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400376,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024094,"text":"70024094 - 2002 - Variation in foraging behavior and body mass in broods of Emperor Geese (Chen canagica): Evidence for interspecific density dependence","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-08-19T20:11:25","indexId":"70024094","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3544,"text":"The Auk","onlineIssn":"1938-4254","printIssn":"0004-8038","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Variation in foraging behavior and body mass in broods of Emperor Geese (Chen canagica): Evidence for interspecific density dependence","docAbstract":"Broods of geese spend time feeding according to availability and quality of food plants, subject to inherent foraging and digestive constraints. We studied behavioral patterns of broods of Emperor Geese (Chen canagica) on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, and examined how feeding and alert behavior varied in relation to habitat and goose density. During 1994–1996, time spent feeding by Emperor Goose goslings and adult females was positively related to multispecies goose densities near observation blinds, and not to just Emperor Goose density. Similarly, body mass of Emperor Goose goslings was more strongly related (negatively) to multispecies goose densities than intraspecific densities. A grazing experiment in 1995 indicated that most above ground primary production by Carex subspathacea, a preferred food plant, was consumed by grazing geese. Those results demonstrate that interspecific competition for food occurred, with greatest support for goslings whose behavioral repertoire is limited primarily to feeding, digesting, and resting. Although the more abundant Cackling Canada Geese (Branta canadensis minima) differed from Emperor Geese in their preferred use of habitats during brooding rearing (Schmutz 2001), the two species occurred in equal abundance in habitats preferred by Emperor Goose broods. Thus, Cackling Canada Geese were a numerically significant competitor with Emperor Geese. Comparing these results to an earlier study, time spent feeding by goslings, adult females, and adult males were greater during 1993–1996 than during 1985–1986. During the interval between those studies, densities of Cackling Canada Geese increased two to three times whereas Emperor Goose numbers remained approximately stable, which implies that interspecific competition affected foraging behavior over a long time period. These density-dependent changes in foraging behavior and body mass indicate that interspecific competition affects nutrient acquisition and gosling growth, which has a demonstrated effect (Schmutz 1993) on juvenile survival of Emperor Geese. Management of Emperor Geese should consider interspecific relations and densities of all goose species occurring on the Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Ornithological Society","doi":"10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0996:VIFBAB]2.0.CO;2","issn":"00048038","usgsCitation":"Schmutz, J.A., and Laing, K., 2002, Variation in foraging behavior and body mass in broods of Emperor Geese (Chen canagica): Evidence for interspecific density dependence: The Auk, v. 119, no. 4, p. 996-1009, https://doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[0996:VIFBAB]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"996","endPage":"1009","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231797,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"119","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bc158e4b08c986b32a523","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Schmutz, Joel A. 0000-0002-6516-0836 jschmutz@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6516-0836","contributorId":1805,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schmutz","given":"Joel","email":"jschmutz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":117,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology WTEB","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400007,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Laing, K.K.","contributorId":34685,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laing","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400008,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023846,"text":"70023846 - 2002 - Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 1. Polarity reversal of principal stresses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T22:37:50.886332","indexId":"70023846","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 1. Polarity reversal of principal stresses","docAbstract":"We have applied a previously developed analytical stress model to interpret subsurface stress conditions inferred from acoustic televiewer logs obtained in two municipal water wells located in a valley in the southern Davis Mountains near Alpine, Texas. The appearance of stress-induced breakouts with orientations that shift by 90° at two different depths in one of the wells is explained by results from exact solutions for the effects of valleys on gravity and tectonically induced subsurface stresses. The theoretical results demonstrate that above a reference depth termed the hinge point, a location that is dependent on Poisson's ratio, valley shape, and magnitude of the maximum horizontal tectonic stress normal to the long axis of the valley, horizontal stresses parallel to the valley axis are greater than those normal to it. At depths below this hinge point the situation reverses and horizontal stresses normal to the valley axis are greater than those parallel to it. Application of the theoretical model at Alpine is accommodated by the fact that nearby earthquake focal mechanisms establish an extensional stress regime with the regional maximum horizontal principal stress aligned perpendicular to the valley axis. We conclude that the localized stress field associated with a valley setting can be highly variable and that breakouts need to be examined in this context when estimating the orientations and magnitudes of regional principal stresses.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000484","usgsCitation":"Savage, W.Z., and Morin, R.H., 2002, Topographic stress perturbations in southern Davis Mountains, west Texas 1. Polarity reversal of principal stresses: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B12, p. ETG 5-1-ETC 5-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000484.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"ETG 5-1","endPage":"ETC 5-15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478651,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2001jb000484","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232272,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"southern Davis Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 30.016787209111047\n ],\n [\n -103.590087890625,\n 30.016787209111047\n ],\n [\n -103.590087890625,\n 30.458144351018078\n ],\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 30.458144351018078\n ],\n [\n -104.0899658203125,\n 30.016787209111047\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-12-12","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bb4dbe4b08c986b3265b2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Savage, W. Z.","contributorId":106481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Savage","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"Z.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Morin, R. H.","contributorId":31794,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023844,"text":"70023844 - 2002 - Model Performance of Water-Current Meters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70023844","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Model Performance of Water-Current Meters","docAbstract":"The measurement of discharge in natural streams requires hydrographers to use accurate water-current meters that have consistent performance among meters of the same model. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the performance of four models of current meters - Price type-AA, Price pygmy, Marsh McBirney 2000 and Swoffer 2100. Tests for consistency and accuracy for six meters of each model are summarized. Variation of meter performance within a model is used as an indicator of consistency, and percent velocity error that is computed from a measured reference velocity is used as an indicator of meter accuracy. Velocities measured by each meter are also compared to the manufacturer's published or advertised accuracy limits. For the meters tested, the Price models werer found to be more accurate and consistent over the range of test velocities compared to the other models. The Marsh McBirney model usually measured within its accuracy specification. The Swoffer meters did not meet the stringent Swoffer accuracy limits for all the velocities tested.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Fulford, J., 2002, Model Performance of Water-Current Meters, in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 365-373.","startPage":"365","endPage":"373","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232235,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5ba3e4b0c8380cd6f6d6","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536512,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Fulford, J.M.","contributorId":27473,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fulford","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399025,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024442,"text":"70024442 - 2002 - Persistent organochlorine pollutants in ringed seals and polar bears collected from northern Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024442","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistent organochlorine pollutants in ringed seals and polar bears collected from northern Alaska","docAbstract":"Blubber samples from ringed seal (Phoca hispida; n=8) and polar bear subcutaneous fat (Ursus maritimus; n=5) were collected near Barrow, Alaska in 1996 as part of the Alaska Marine Mammal Tissue Archival Project (AMMTAP) and retained in the National Biomonitoring Specimen Bank at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland (USA). The samples were analyzed for a variety of persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), chlordane and metabolites, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and DDTs and metabolites. The geometric mean, on a wet mass basis, of ??PCBs (sum of 29 congeners and congener groups) were 732??282 ng/g (1 S.D.) in seals and 3395??1442 ng/g in polar bears. The geometric mean of ??DDTs, ??HCHs (??-, ??- and ??- HCH) and HCB concentrations (wet mass basis) in seals and bears were 562??261 ng/g vs. 74.8??39 ng/g, 380??213 ng/g vs. 515 ng/g, and 17.4??10.1 ng/g vs. 183??153 ng/g, respectively. The geometric mean sum of chlordane (??chlordane, sum of cis- and trans-chlordane, cis- and trans-nonachlor, oxychlordane and heptachlor epoxide) and dieldrin concentrations in ringed seals and polar bears were 753??617 ng/g vs. 720??315 ng/g and 38.6??22.8 ng/g vs. 130??65 ng/g, respectively. Apparent bioaccumulation factors (polar bear/ringed seal POP concentrations) were lower in the animals sampled near Barrow, Alaska than in those from locations in the Canadian Arctic. This suggests that polar bears are also preying on marine mammals from lower trophic levels than the ringed seals with correspondingly lower organochlorine levels, such as bowhead whale carcasses. PCB congener patterns in the samples demonstrated the metabolism of certain PCB congeners in the polar bear relative to the ringed seal in agreement with previous studies. Regional comparisons of animals collected in Alaska and Arctic Canada are presented. Copyright ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00997-4","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Kucklick, J., Struntz, W., Becker, P., York, G., O'Hara, T., and Bohonowych, J., 2002, Persistent organochlorine pollutants in ringed seals and polar bears collected from northern Alaska: Science of the Total Environment, v. 287, no. 1-2, p. 45-59, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00997-4.","startPage":"45","endPage":"59","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207087,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00997-4"},{"id":231695,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"287","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a76fde4b0c8380cd783d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kucklick, J.R.","contributorId":66446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kucklick","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401300,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Struntz, W.D.J.","contributorId":11381,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Struntz","given":"W.D.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401297,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Becker, P.R.","contributorId":101035,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401301,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"York, G.W.","contributorId":105474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"York","given":"G.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401302,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O'Hara, T. M.","contributorId":64610,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O'Hara","given":"T. M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401298,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bohonowych, J.E.","contributorId":65250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohonowych","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401299,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024342,"text":"70024342 - 2002 - Sequence stratigraphic and sedimentologic significance of biogenic structures from a late Paleozoic marginal- to open-marine reservoir, Morrow Sandstone, subsurface of southwest Kansas, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:17","indexId":"70024342","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3368,"text":"Sedimentary Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sequence stratigraphic and sedimentologic significance of biogenic structures from a late Paleozoic marginal- to open-marine reservoir, Morrow Sandstone, subsurface of southwest Kansas, USA","docAbstract":"Integrated ichnologic, sedimentologic, and stratigraphic studies of cores and well logs from Lower Pennsylvanian oil and gas reservoirs (lower Morrow Sandstone, southwest Kansas) allow distinction between fluvio-estuarine and open marine deposits in the Gentzler and Arroyo fields. The fluvio-estuarine facies assemblage is composed of both interfluve and valley-fill deposits, encompassing a variety of depositional environments such as fluvial channel, interfluve paleosol, bay head delta, estuary bay, restricted tidal flat, intertidal channel, and estuary mouth. Deposition in a brackish-water estuarine valley is supported by the presence of a low diversity, opportunistic, impoverished marine ichnofaunal assemblage dominated by infaunal structures, representing an example of a mixed, depauperate Cruziana and Skolithos ichnofacies. Overall distribution of ichnofossils along the estuarine valley was mainly controlled by the salinity gradient, with other parameters, such as oxygenation, substrate and energy, acting at a more local scale. The lower Morrow estuarine system displays the classical tripartite division of wave-dominated estuaries (i.e. seaward-marine sand plug, fine-grained central bay, and sandy landward zone), but tidal action is also recorded. The estuarine valley displays a northwest-southeast trend, draining to the open sea in the southeast. Recognition of valley-fill sandstones in the lower Morrow has implications for reservoir characterization. While the open marine model predicts a \"layer-cake\" style of facies distribution as a consequence of strandline shoreline progradation, identification of valley-fill sequences points to more compartmentalized reservoirs, due to the heterogeneity created by valley incision and subsequent infill. The open-marine facies assemblage comprises upper, middle, and lower shoreface; offshore transition; offshore; and shelf deposits. In contrast to the estuarine assemblage, open marine ichnofaunas are characterized by a high diversity of biogenic structures representing the activity of a benthic fauna developed under normal salinity conditions. Trace fossil and facies analyses allow environmental subdivision of the shoreface-offshore successions and suggest deposition in a weakly storm-affected nearshore area. An onshore-offshore replacement of the Skolithos ichnofacies by the Cruziana ichnofacies is clearly displayed. The lower Morrow fluvio-estuarine valley was incised during a drop of sea level coincident with the Mississippian-Pennsylvanian transition, but was mostly filled during a subsequent transgression. The transgressive nature of the estuarine infill is further indicated by the upward replacement of depauperate brackish-water trace fossil assemblages by the open-marine Cruziana ichnofacies. Additional stratal surfaces of allostratigraphic significance identified within the estuary include the bayline surface, the tidal ravinement surface, the wave ravinement surface, and a basinwide flooding surface recording inundation of the valley interfluves. A younger sequence boundary within the lower Morrow is also recorded in the Gentzler field at the base of a forced regression shoreface, demarcated by the firmground Glossifungites ichnofacies, indicating a rapid basinward facies migration during a sea-level drop. Trace fossil models derived from the analysis of Mesozoic and Cenozoic reservoirs are generally applicable to the study of these late Paleozoic reservoirs. Pennsylvanian brackish-water facies differ ichnologically from their post-Paleozoic counterparts, however, in that they have: (1) lower trace fossil diversity, (2) lower degree of bioturbation, (3) scarcity of crustacean burrows, (4) absence of firmground suites, and (5) absence of ichnotaxa displaying specific architectures designed to protect the tracemaker from salinity fluctuations. Morrow open-marine ichnofaunas closely resemble their post-Paleozoic equivalents. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Sedimentary Geology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00287-1","issn":"00370738","usgsCitation":"Buatois, L., Mangano, M., Alissa, A., and Carr, T., 2002, Sequence stratigraphic and sedimentologic significance of biogenic structures from a late Paleozoic marginal- to open-marine reservoir, Morrow Sandstone, subsurface of southwest Kansas, USA: Sedimentary Geology, v. 152, no. 1-2, p. 99-132, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00287-1.","startPage":"99","endPage":"132","numberOfPages":"34","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207010,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(01)00287-1"},{"id":231541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"152","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8d4ae4b08c986b318321","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Buatois, L.A.","contributorId":40740,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Buatois","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400913,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mangano, M.G.","contributorId":7432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mangano","given":"M.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400910,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Alissa, A.","contributorId":39546,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Alissa","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carr, T.R.","contributorId":37094,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carr","given":"T.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70023935,"text":"70023935 - 2002 - Whirling disease among snake river cutthroat trout in two spring streams in Wyoming","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:02","indexId":"70023935","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":718,"text":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Whirling disease among snake river cutthroat trout in two spring streams in Wyoming","docAbstract":"We assessed endemic age-0 cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki for evidence of pathology associated with Myxobolus cerebralis in two streams formed by springs in western Wyoming. We hypothesized that the location of spawning sites in spring streams would affect the extent of exposure of cutthroat trout fry to M. cerebralis triactinomyxons (tams), occurrence of the parasite in their bodies, and clinical signs of whirling disease. The spring streams were warm relative to nearby streams flowing from the mountains or spawning and emergence of fry was early compared with fish in mountain streams. Tams were abundant early in the summer and clinical signs of whirling disease among age-0 fish were seen as early as mid-June in one stream. There were high densities of tams in one stream, and densities declined with upstream progression from May through July, whereas in the other stream, low densities of tams were observed in the downstream portion early in the summer, and they were not detected in July and August. Age-0 cutthroat trout were abundant; clinical signs of whirling disease were evident, and histological evidence of whirling disease was common in the stream where tams were abundant. Low densities of age-0 cutthroat trout and no clinical signs of whirling disease were observed in the stream where tams were not abundant. Among sentinel fish in the stream with abundant tams, we found extensive occurrence of M. cerebralis, with many fish showing clinical signs and histological evidence of pathology associated with M. cerebralis. The proportion of sentinel fish with clinical and histological signs of whirling disease decreased with upstream progression. In the stream with low tam, densities sentinel fish became infected with M. cerebralis, but there were essentially no clinical signs or histological indications of whirling disease. ?? 2002 by the American Fisheries Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"American Fisheries Society Symposium","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08922284","usgsCitation":"Hubert, W., Joyce, M.P., Gipson, R., Zafft, D., Money, D., Hawk, D., and Taro, B., 2002, Whirling disease among snake river cutthroat trout in two spring streams in Wyoming: American Fisheries Society Symposium, v. 2002, no. 29, p. 181-193.","startPage":"181","endPage":"193","numberOfPages":"13","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231825,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2002","issue":"29","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bd065e4b08c986b32ee21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hubert, W.A.","contributorId":12822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hubert","given":"W.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399400,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Joyce, M. P.","contributorId":34292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joyce","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399401,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gipson, R.","contributorId":85359,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gipson","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399403,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zafft, D.","contributorId":93662,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zafft","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Money, D.","contributorId":7040,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Money","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399399,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hawk, D.","contributorId":38736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hawk","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399402,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Taro, B.","contributorId":88527,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taro","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399404,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024055,"text":"70024055 - 2002 - Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:04","indexId":"70024055","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2653,"text":"Mammalian Biology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mammalian Biology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1078/1616-5047-00052","issn":"16165047","usgsCitation":"Pine, R.H., Woodman, N., and Timm, R.M., 2002, Rediscovery of Enders's small-eared shrew, Cryptotis endersi (Insectivora: Soricidae), with a redescription of the species: Mammalian Biology, v. 67, no. 6, p. 372-377, https://doi.org/10.1078/1616-5047-00052.","startPage":"372","endPage":"377","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478704,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/4473","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207114,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1078/1616-5047-00052"},{"id":231759,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"67","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3b4e4b0e8fec6cdb931","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pine, R. H.","contributorId":32636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pine","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399827,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Woodman, N. 0000-0003-2689-7373","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2689-7373","contributorId":104176,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Woodman","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399829,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Timm, R. M.","contributorId":92376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Timm","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399828,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024165,"text":"70024165 - 2002 - Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline marking, and year-class contribution of black-nosed crappies stocked into Tennessee reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:19:59","indexId":"70024165","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2886,"text":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline marking, and year-class contribution of black-nosed crappies stocked into Tennessee reservoirs","docAbstract":"Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline mark persistence, and year-class contribution were evaluated for black-nosed crappies, a morphological variant of the black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus, stocked into Tennessee reservoirs during 1997-1999. Average initial poststocking mortality was low (x?? = 13%, N = 44). Lake temperature and the difference between lake and hauling tank water temperatures were significant in explaining variability in arcsine-transformed mortality estimates; however, the variability explained by these factors was low (R2 = 0.15). Oxytetracycline immersion was a highly effective marking tool; 97-100% of all crappies treated were marked, and 99% of the marks were visible 36-110 weeks after marking. All control otoliths were correctly scored as unmarked during the evaluation, and mortality rates did not differ between marked and unmarked crappies. Year-class contribution was variable across reservoirs and was highest in Normandy Reservoir (34-93% at ages 1-3). Contribution at ages 1 and 2 was 11-24% in Woods Reservoir. Stocking did not supplement the crappie population in Lake Graham. Black-nosed crappies made up a significant portion (>50%) of the crappies harvested by anglers in Center Hill Reservoir 3 years after stocking was initiated. Conversely, black-nosed crappies made up a relatively small percentage (???12%) of the crappies harvested in Cherokee Reservoir in the 4 years after initial stocking.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"North American Journal of Fisheries Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1399:IPMOMA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"02755947","usgsCitation":"Isermann, D., Bettoli, P., Sammons, S., and Churchill, T., 2002, Initial poststocking mortality, oxytetracycline marking, and year-class contribution of black-nosed crappies stocked into Tennessee reservoirs: North American Journal of Fisheries Management, v. 22, no. 4, p. 1399-1408, https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1399:IPMOMA>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"1399","endPage":"1408","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207098,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1399:IPMOMA>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":231722,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3be6e4b0c8380cd628ff","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Isermann, D.A.","contributorId":33480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Isermann","given":"D.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bettoli, P.W.","contributorId":80606,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bettoli","given":"P.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sammons, S.M.","contributorId":88513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sammons","given":"S.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400237,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Churchill, T.N.","contributorId":12233,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Churchill","given":"T.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400234,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024314,"text":"70024314 - 2002 - Seismic determination of saturation in fractured reservoirs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:16","indexId":"70024314","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3325,"text":"SPE Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Seismic determination of saturation in fractured reservoirs","docAbstract":"Detecting the saturation of a fractured reservoir using shear waves is possible when the fractures have a geometry that induces a component of movement perpendicular to the fractures. When such geometry is present, vertically traveling shear waves can be used to examine the saturation of the fractured reservoir. Tilted, corrugated, and saw-tooth fracture models are potential examples.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"SPE Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"1086055X","usgsCitation":"Brown, R., Wiggins, M., and Gupta, A., 2002, Seismic determination of saturation in fractured reservoirs: SPE Journal, v. 7, no. 3, p. 237-242.","startPage":"237","endPage":"242","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231654,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8afce4b08c986b3174fd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, R.L.","contributorId":107014,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"R.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400820,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wiggins, M.L.","contributorId":55999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wiggins","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400818,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gupta, A.","contributorId":63992,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gupta","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400819,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024454,"text":"70024454 - 2002 - Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-10-13T11:51:56","indexId":"70024454","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":887,"text":"Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA","docAbstract":"This article is the second in a series of three that describes the results of a Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) conducted in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern (IHAOC). The assessment area is located in northwest Indiana and was divided into nine reaches to facilitate the assessment. This component of the NRDA was undertaken to determine if fish and wildlife resources have been injured due to exposure to contaminants that are associated with discharges of oil or releases of other hazardous substances. To support this assessment, information was compiled on the chemical composition of sediment and tissues; on the toxicity of whole sediments, pore water, and elutriates to fish; on the status of fish communities; and on fish health. The data on each of these indicators were compared to regionally relevant benchmarks to assess the presence and extent of injury to fish and wildlife resources. The results of this assessment indicate that injury to fish and wildlife resources has occurred throughout the assessment area, with up to five distinct lines of evidence demonstrating injury within the various reaches. Based on the frequency of exceedance of the benchmarks for assessing sediment and tissue chemistry data, total polychlorinated biphenyls is the primary bioaccumulative contaminant of concern in the assessment area. It is important to note, however, that this assessment was restricted by the availability of published bioaccumulation-based sediment quality guidelines, tissue residue guidelines, and other benchmarks of sediment quality conditions. The availability of chemistry data for tissues also restricted this assessment in certain reaches of the assessment area. Furthermore, insufficient information was located to facilitate identification of the substances that are causing or substantially contributing to effects on fish (i.e., sediment toxicity, impaired fish health, or impaired fish community structure). Therefore, substances not included on the list of COCs cannot necessarily be considered to be of low priority with respect to sediment injury (e.g., metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, alkenes, organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, dioxins, and furans, etc.).","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y","issn":"00904341","usgsCitation":"MacDonald, D., Ingersoll, C., Smorong, D., Lindskoog, R., Sparks, D.W., Smith, J., Simon, T., and Hanacek, M., 2002, Assessment of injury to fish and wildlife resources in the Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor Area of Concern, USA: Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, v. 43, no. 2, p. 130-140, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"130","endPage":"140","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478697,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.504.6930","text":"External Repository"},{"id":231657,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207066,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00244-001-0053-y"}],"volume":"43","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2001-10-17","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ee3be4b0c8380cd49c3a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"MacDonald, D.D.","contributorId":41986,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"MacDonald","given":"D.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401344,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ingersoll, C.G. 0000-0003-4531-5949","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4531-5949","contributorId":56338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingersoll","given":"C.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smorong, D.E.","contributorId":31155,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smorong","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401343,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Lindskoog, R.A.","contributorId":91659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lindskoog","given":"R.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sparks, D. W.","contributorId":99926,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparks","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Smith, J.R.","contributorId":43942,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Simon, T.P.","contributorId":75465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Simon","given":"T.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Hanacek, M.A.","contributorId":12651,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hanacek","given":"M.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70023834,"text":"70023834 - 2002 - Comparability and accuracy of fluvial-sediment data - A view from the U.S. Geological Survey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023834","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Comparability and accuracy of fluvial-sediment data - A view from the U.S. Geological Survey","docAbstract":"The quality of historical fluvial-sediment data cannot be taken for granted, based on a review of upper Colorado River basin suspended-sediment discharges, and on an evaluation of the reliability of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) data. Additionally, the quality of future fluvial-sediment data are not assured. Sediment-surrogate technologies, including those that operate on acoustic, laser, bulk optic, digital optic, or pressure differential principles, are being used with increasing frequency to measure in-stream and (or) laboratory fluvial-sediment characteristics. Data from sediment-surrogate technologies may yield results that differ significantly from those obtained by traditional methods for the same sedimentary conditions. Development of national sediment data-quality criteria and rigorous comparisons of data derived from sediment-surrogate technologies to those obtained by traditional techniques will minimize the potential for future fluvial-sediment data-quality concerns.","largerWorkTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods","conferenceTitle":"Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods 2002","conferenceDate":"28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Estes Park, CO","language":"English","isbn":"0784406553","usgsCitation":"Gray, J.R., Glysson, G., and Mueller, D.S., 2002, Comparability and accuracy of fluvial-sediment data - A view from the U.S. Geological Survey, in Hydraulic Measurements and Experimental Methods, Estes Park, CO, 28 July 2002 through 1 August 2002, p. 919-924.","startPage":"919","endPage":"924","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232755,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f80de4b0c8380cd4ce5e","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","contributorId":128321,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.Wahl T.L.Pugh C.A.Oberg K.A.Vermeyen T.B.","id":536508,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Gray, J. R.","contributorId":63372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gray","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399000,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Glysson, G.D.","contributorId":16430,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Glysson","given":"G.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398998,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Mueller, D. S.","contributorId":51338,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mueller","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398999,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023832,"text":"70023832 - 2002 - Raw materials and technology fuel U.S. economic growth","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023832","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2755,"text":"Mining Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Raw materials and technology fuel U.S. economic growth","docAbstract":"In 1900, the average U.S. citizen's average life span was 47 years. He traveled about 1,900 km (1,200 miles) in a lifetime and resided in a home with an icebox for food storage and oil or gas for lighting. He communicated by mail, telegraph and crude telephones with limited availability and range. By 2000, the average citizen's life span was 77 years. He traveled an average of 19,000 km/a (12,000 miles/ year) by automobile alone. He resided in a home with many electrical appliances, including refrigerators and electric lights. And the communicated almost instantaneously with any other part of the globe by several widely available means, including portable phones and e-mail. Technology, the application of knowledge about the Earth's materials, their extraction and fabrication into products, helped create this change. Throughout the 20th century, the United States was a leader in technology. Automobiles, refrigerators, electric lighting, telephones and personal computers are only a few examples of the products invented and improved or further developed by American technology (National Academy of Engineering, 2000).","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mining Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00265187","usgsCitation":"Kelly, T., 2002, Raw materials and technology fuel U.S. economic growth: Mining Engineering, v. 54, no. 12, p. 17-21.","startPage":"17","endPage":"21","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232715,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"54","issue":"12","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a9557e4b0c8380cd81962","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kelly, T.D.","contributorId":34297,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kelly","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398991,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70023831,"text":"70023831 - 2002 - McCauley Sinks: A compound breccia pipe in evaporite karst, Holbrook Basin, Arizona, U.S.A","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:12","indexId":"70023831","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1184,"text":"Carbonates and Evaporites","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"McCauley Sinks: A compound breccia pipe in evaporite karst, Holbrook Basin, Arizona, U.S.A","docAbstract":"The McCauley Sinks, in the Holbrook basin of northeastern Arizona, are comprised of some 50 individual sinkholes within a 3-km-wide depression. The sinks are grouped in a semi-concentric pattern of three nested rings. The outer ring is an apparent tension zone containing ring fractures. The two inner rings are semi-circular chains of large sinkholes, ranging up to 100 m across and 50 m deep. Several sub-basins within the larger depression show local downwarping and possible incipient sinkholes. Permian Kaibab Formation limestone is the principal surface lithology; the limestone here is less than 15 m thick and is near its easternmost limit. Although surface rillenkarren are present, and the sinks are seen in the Kaibab limestone outcrops, the Kaibab is mainly a passive rock unit that has collapsed into solution cavities developed in underlying salt beds. Beneath the Kaibab is Coconino Sandstone, which overlies the Permian Schnebly Hill Formation, the unit containing the evaporite rocks-principally halite in the Corduroy Member. Evaporite karst in this part of the Holbrook basin is quite different from the eastern part, probably because of the westward disappearance of the Holbrook anticline, a structure that has major joint systems that help channel water down to the salt beds farther to the east. Also, the McCauley Sinks are near the western limits of the evaporites. The structure at McCauley Sinks suggests a compound breccia pipe, with multiple sinks contributing to the inward-dipping major depression. The Richards Lake depression, 5 km southeast of McCauley Sinks, is similar in form and size but contains only a single, central sinkhole. An apparent difference in hydrogeology at McCauley Sinks is their proximity to the adjacent, deeply incised, Chevelon Canyon drainage, but the hydrologic connections are unknown. The 3-km-wide McCauley Sinks karst depression, along with five other nearby depressions, provide substantial hydrologic catchment. Because of widespread piping into karst features and jointed bedrock at shallow depth, runoff water does not pond easily at the surface. There appears to be a greater recharge efficiency here than in alluvial areas; thus concern exists for groundwater users downgradient from the karst area. Accordingly, sinkholes and open fissures should not be used for waste disposal.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Carbonates and Evaporites","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"08912556","usgsCitation":"Neal, J., and Johnson, K., 2002, McCauley Sinks: A compound breccia pipe in evaporite karst, Holbrook Basin, Arizona, U.S.A: Carbonates and Evaporites, v. 17, no. 2, p. 98-106.","startPage":"98","endPage":"106","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232714,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a52aee4b0c8380cd6c5d6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Neal, J.T.","contributorId":39550,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Neal","given":"J.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398990,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, K.S.","contributorId":24385,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398989,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023826,"text":"70023826 - 2002 - Routine low-level monitoring of polar pesticides and pesticide degradates by HPLC/ESI-MS: Evaluating long-term performance","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70023826","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Routine low-level monitoring of polar pesticides and pesticide degradates by HPLC/ESI-MS: Evaluating long-term performance","docAbstract":"The sensitivity and selective determination of polar pesticides were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS). The effects of multiple operators and instruments on method performance were evaluated using 440 pairs of fortified reagent-water and blank reagent-water samples. The influence of varying environmental matrices on recovery and precision were also analyzed using 200 fortified ambient water samples and duplicate ambient water samples. The results show that compound stability in filtered water was matrix-, chemical class- and compound-dependent which ranged from 1 day to 2 weeks.","largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings 50th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrmetry and Allied Topics","conferenceTitle":"Porceedings - 50th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics","conferenceDate":"2 June 2002 through 6 June 2002","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Furlong, E., Martin, J., Werner, S., and Gates, P.M., 2002, Routine low-level monitoring of polar pesticides and pesticide degradates by HPLC/ESI-MS: Evaluating long-term performance, in Proceedings 50th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrmetry and Allied Topics, Orlando, FL, 2 June 2002 through 6 June 2002, p. 651-652.","startPage":"651","endPage":"652","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232629,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505aaeade4b0c8380cd8716f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Furlong, E. T. 0000-0002-7305-4603","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7305-4603","contributorId":98346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Furlong","given":"E. T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin, Jeffrey D.","contributorId":40609,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin","given":"Jeffrey D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398975,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Werner, S.L.","contributorId":82734,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werner","given":"S.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398976,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gates, Paul M.","contributorId":31411,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gates","given":"Paul","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":398974,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024280,"text":"70024280 - 2002 - Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:00","indexId":"70024280","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3773,"text":"Wildlife Monographs","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls","docAbstract":"We studied the dispersal behavior of 1,475 northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) during banding and radio-telemetry studies in Oregon and Washington in 1985-1996. The sample included 324 radio-marked juveniles and 1,151 banded individuals (711 juveniles, 440 non-juveniles) that were recaptured or resighted after dispersing from the initial banding location. Juveniles typically left the nest during the last week in May and the first two weeks in June (x?? ?? SE = 8 June ?? 0.53 days, n = 320, range = 15 May-1 July), and spent an average of 103.7 days in the natal territory after leaving the nest (SE = 0.986 days, n = 137, range = 76-147 days). The estimated mean date that juveniles began to disperse was 19 September in Oregon (95% CI = 17-21 September) and 30 September in Washington (95% CI = 25 September-4 October). Mean dispersal dates did not differ between males and females or among years. Siblings dispersed independently. Dispersal was typically initiated with a series of rapid movements away from the natal site during the first few days or weeks of dispersal. Thereafter, most juveniles settled into temporary home ranges in late October or November and remained there for several months. In February-April there was a second pulse of dispersal activity, with many owls moving considerable distances before settling again in their second summer. Subsequent dispersal patterns were highly variable, with some individuals settling permanently in their second summer and others occupying a series of temporary home ranges before eventually settling on territories when they were 2-5 years old. Final dispersal distances ranged from 0.6-111.2 km for banded juveniles and 1.8-103.5 km for radio-marked juveniles. The distribution of dispersal distances was strongly skewed towards shorter distances, with only 8.7% of individuals dispersing more than 50 km. Median natal dispersal distances were 14.6 km for banded males, 13.5 km for radio-marked males, 24.5 km for banded females, and 22.9 km for radio-marked females. On average, banded males and females settled within 4.2 and 7.0 territory widths of their natal sites, respectively. Maximum and final dispersal distances were largely independent of the number of days that juveniles were tracked. Although statistical tests of dispersal direction based on all owls indicated that direction of natal dispersal was non-random, the mean angular deviations and 95% CI's associated with the samples were large, and r-values (vector length) were small. This lead us to conclude that significant test results were the result of large sample size and were not biologically meaningful. Our samples were not large enough to test whether dispersal direction from individual territories was random. In the sample of radio-marked owls, 22% of males and 44% of females were paired at 1 year of age, but only 1.5% of males and 1.6% of females were actually breeding at 1 year of age. At 2 years of age, 68% of males and 77% of females were paired, but only 5.4% of males and 2.6% of females were breeding. In contrast to the radio-marked owls, most juveniles that were banded and relocated at 1 or 2 years of age were paired, although few were breeding. Although recruitment into the territorial population typically occurred when owls were 1-5 years old, 9% of banded juveniles were not recaptured until they were > 5 years old. We suspect that our estimates of age at recruitment of banded owls are biased high because of the likelihood that some individuals were not recaptured in the first year that they entered the territorial population. A minimum of 6% of the banded, non-juvenile owls on our demographic study areas changed territories each year (breeding dispersal). The likelihood of breeding dispersal was higher for females, young owls, owls that did not have a mate in the previous year, and owls that lost their mate from the previous year through death or divorce. Mean and median distances dispersed by adults were ","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wildlife Monographs","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"00840173","usgsCitation":"Forsman, E., Anthony, R., Reid, J., Loschl, P., Sovern, S., Taylor, M., Biswell, B., Ellingson, A., Meslow, E.C., Miller, G., Swindle, K., Thrailkill, J., Wagner, F., and Seaman, D., 2002, Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls: Wildlife Monographs, no. 149, p. 1-35.","startPage":"1","endPage":"35","numberOfPages":"35","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231772,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"issue":"149","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6186e4b0c8380cd719fc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Forsman, E.D.","contributorId":88324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Forsman","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400703,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, R.G.","contributorId":107641,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"R.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400708,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Reid, J.A.","contributorId":90907,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reid","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400704,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Loschl, P.J.","contributorId":96045,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loschl","given":"P.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400705,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sovern, S.G.","contributorId":21725,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sovern","given":"S.G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Taylor, M.","contributorId":97872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400706,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Biswell, B.L.","contributorId":34291,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Biswell","given":"B.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400696,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ellingson, A.","contributorId":73371,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellingson","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Meslow, E. Charles","contributorId":75100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meslow","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Charles","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Miller, G.S.","contributorId":54762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miller","given":"G.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400697,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Swindle, K.A.","contributorId":56414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swindle","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400698,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Thrailkill, J.A.","contributorId":68067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thrailkill","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400700,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"Wagner, F.F.","contributorId":64840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wagner","given":"F.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400699,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Seaman, D.E.","contributorId":102845,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seaman","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400707,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14}]}} ,{"id":70024337,"text":"70024337 - 2002 - Fault structure and mechanics of the Hayward Fault, California from double-difference earthquake locations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:41:29.284363","indexId":"70024337","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fault structure and mechanics of the Hayward Fault, California from double-difference earthquake locations","docAbstract":"The relationship between small-magnitude seismicity and large-scale crustal faulting along the Hayward Fault, California, is investigated using a double-difference (DD) earthquake location algorithm. We used the DD method to determine high-resolution hypocenter locations of the seismicity that occurred between 1967 and 1998. The DD technique incorporates catalog travel time data and relative P and S wave arrival time measurements from waveform cross correlation to solve for the hypocentral separation between events. The relocated seismicity reveals a narrow, near-vertical fault zone at most locations. This zone follows the Hayward Fault along its northern half and then diverges from it to the east near San Leandro, forming the Mission trend. The relocated seismicity is consistent with the idea that slip from the Calaveras Fault is transferred over the Mission trend onto the northern Hayward Fault. The Mission trend is not clearly associated with any mapped active fault as it continues to the south and joins the Calaveras Fault at Calaveras Reservoir. In some locations, discrete structures adjacent to the main trace are seen, features that were previously hidden in the uncertainty of the network locations. The fine structure of the seismicity suggests that the fault surface on the northern Hayward Fault is curved or that the events occur on several substructures. Near San Leandro, where the more westerly striking trend of the Mission seismicity intersects with the surface trace of the (aseismic) southern Hayward Fault, the seismicity remains diffuse after relocation, with strong variation in focal mechanisms between adjacent events indicating a highly fractured zone of deformation. The seismicity is highly organized in space, especially on the northern Hayward Fault, where it forms horizontal, slip-parallel streaks of hypocenters of only a few tens of meters width, bounded by areas almost absent of seismic activity. During the interval from 1984 to 1998, when digital waveforms are available, we find that fewer than 6.5% of the earthquakes can be classified as repeating earthquakes, events that rupture the same fault patch more than one time. These most commonly are located in the shallow creeping part of the fault, or within the streaks at greater depth. The slow repeat rate of 2–3 times within the 15-year observation period for events with magnitudes around M = 1.5 is indicative of a low slip rate or a high stress drop. The absence of microearthquakes over large, contiguous areas of the northern Hayward Fault plane in the depth interval from ∼5 to 10 km and the concentrations of seismicity at these depths suggest that the aseismic regions are either locked or retarded and are storing strain energy for release in future large-magnitude earthquakes.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2000JB000084","usgsCitation":"Waldhause, F., and Ellsworth, W.L., 2002, Fault structure and mechanics of the Hayward Fault, California from double-difference earthquake locations: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B3, p. ESE 3-1-ESE 3-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB000084.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"ESE 3-1","endPage":"ESE 3-15","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478719,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.7916/d8xd0zr0","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":232077,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hayward Fault","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 36.98500309285596\n ],\n [\n -121.06933593749999,\n 37.23032838760387\n ],\n [\n -122.3876953125,\n 38.8824811975508\n ],\n [\n -122.70629882812499,\n 38.685509760012\n ],\n [\n -121.56372070312499,\n 36.98500309285596\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f1ce4b0c8380cd5378d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Waldhause, Felix","contributorId":50822,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waldhause","given":"Felix","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":400898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellsworth, William L. ellsworth@usgs.gov","contributorId":787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellsworth","given":"William","email":"ellsworth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":400899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023884,"text":"70023884 - 2002 - Carboniferous Psammichnites: Systematic re-evaluation, taphonomy and autecology","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-06T15:56:01","indexId":"70023884","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1965,"text":"Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces","onlineIssn":"1563-5236","printIssn":"1042-0940","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Carboniferous Psammichnites: Systematic re-evaluation, taphonomy and autecology","title":"Carboniferous Psammichnites: Systematic re-evaluation, taphonomy and autecology","docAbstract":"The ichnogenus Psammichnites Torell 1870 includes a wide variety of predominantly horizontal, sinuous to looped, backfilled traces, characterized by a distinctive median dorsal structure. Though commonly preserved in full relief on upper bedding surfaces, some ichnospecies of Psammichnites may be preserved in negative hyporelief. Psammichnites records the feeding activities of a subsurface animal using a siphon-like device. Several ichnogenera reflect this general behavioral pattern, including Plagiogmus Roedel 1929 and the Carboniferous ichnogenera Olivellites Fenton and Fenton 1937a and Aulichnites Fenton and Fenton 1937b. Based on analysis of specimens from the United States, Spain, and the United Kingdom, three Carboniferous ichnospecies of Psammichnites are reviewed in this paper: P. plummeri (Fenton and Fenton, 1937a), P. grumula(Romano and Meléndez 1979), and P. implexus (Rindsberg 1994). Psammichnites plummeri is the most common Carboniferous ichnospecies and is characterized by a relatively straight, continuous dorsal ridge/groove, fine transverse ridges, larger size range, and non-looping geometric pattern. It represents a grazing trace of deposit feeders. Psammichnites grumula differs from the other ichnospecies of Psammichnitesby having median dorsal holes or protruding mounds. The presence of mounds or holes in P. grumulasuggests a siphon that was regularly connected to the sediment-water interface. This ichnospecies is interpreted as produced by a deposit feeder using the siphon for respiration or as a device for a chemosymbiotic strategy. Psammichnites implexus is characterized by its consistently smaller size range, subtle backfill structure, and tendency to scribble. Although displaying similarities with Dictyodora scotica, P. implexus is a very shallow-tier, grazing trace. Changes in behavioral pattern, preservational style, and bedform morphology suggest a complex interplay of ecological and taphonomic controls in Carboniferous tidal-flat Psammichnites. A first distributional pattern consists of guided meandering specimens preserved in ripple troughs, probably reflecting food-searching of buried organic matter concentrated in troughs. A second is recorded by concentration of Psammichnites on ripple crests and slopes. In some cases, the course is almost straight to slightly sinuous and closely follows topographic highs, suggesting a direct control of bedform morphology on trace pattern. Occurrences of Carboniferous Psammichnites most likely represent an opportunistic strategy in marginal-marine settings. Analysis of Carboniferous Psammichnites indicates the presence of a siphon-like device in the producer and reestablishes the possibility of a molluscan tracemaker.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/10420940190034175","usgsCitation":"Mángano, M., and Rindsberg, A.K., 2002, Carboniferous Psammichnites: Systematic re-evaluation, taphonomy and autecology: Ichnos: An International Journal for Plant and Animal Traces, v. 9, no. 1-2, p. 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940190034175.","productDescription":"22 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"22","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231664,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"9","issue":"1-2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059f372e4b0c8380cd4b80e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mángano, M. Gabriela","contributorId":57619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Mángano","given":"M. Gabriela","affiliations":[{"id":35641,"text":"Kansas Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rindsberg, Andrew K.","contributorId":16612,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Rindsberg","given":"Andrew","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70023925,"text":"70023925 - 2002 - Deep space 1 mission and observation of comet Borrellly","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70023925","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Deep space 1 mission and observation of comet Borrellly","docAbstract":"The NASA's new millennium program (NMP) focuses on testing high-risk, advanced technologies in space with low-cost flights. The objective of the NMP technology validation missions is to enable future science missions. The NMP missions are technology-driven, with the principal requirements coming from the needs of the advanced technologies that form the 'payload'.","largerWorkTitle":"Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems","conferenceTitle":"2002 45th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems","conferenceDate":"4 August 2002 through 7 August 2002","conferenceLocation":"Tulsa, OK","language":"English","usgsCitation":"Lee, M., Weidner, R., and Soderblom, L., 2002, Deep space 1 mission and observation of comet Borrellly, in Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, v. 2, Tulsa, OK, 4 August 2002 through 7 August 2002.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231666,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe2ae4b0c8380cd4eb6a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lee, M.","contributorId":32484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lee","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399357,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Weidner, R.J.","contributorId":8255,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weidner","given":"R.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Soderblom, L.A. 0000-0002-0917-853X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":6139,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"L.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399355,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024000,"text":"70024000 - 2002 - In memorium: Willem Aaldert van den Bold","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:19","indexId":"70024000","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2735,"text":"Micropaleontology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"In memorium: Willem Aaldert van den Bold","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Micropaleontology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.2113/48.3.300","issn":"00262803","usgsCitation":"McLaughlin, P., Sen Gupta, B.K., and Krutak, P., 2002, In memorium: Willem Aaldert van den Bold: Micropaleontology, v. 48, no. 3, p. 300-302, https://doi.org/10.2113/48.3.300.","startPage":"300","endPage":"302","numberOfPages":"3","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207020,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/48.3.300"},{"id":231557,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"48","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a398ee4b0c8380cd61970","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"McLaughlin, P.P.","contributorId":45865,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McLaughlin","given":"P.P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399642,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sen Gupta, B. K.","contributorId":87715,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sen Gupta","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399643,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krutak, P.R.","contributorId":108278,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krutak","given":"P.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399644,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1014935,"text":"1014935 - 2002 - IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T15:30:17.617167","indexId":"1014935","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2350,"text":"Journal of Immunology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression","docAbstract":"Cytokine treatment of NK cells results in alterations in multiple cellular responses that include cytotoxicity, cytokine production, proliferation, and chemotaxis. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these responses, microarray analysis was performed and the resulting gene expression patterns were compared between unstimulated, IL-2, IL-2 plus IL-12, and IL-2 plus IL-18-stimulated NK92 cells. RNase protection assays and RT-PCR confirmed microarray predictions for changes in mRNA expression for nine genes involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction, transcriptional activation, and chemotaxis. Multiprobe RNase protection assay also detected changes in the expression of CCR2 mRNA, a gene that was not imprinted on the microarray. We subsequently expanded our search for other chemokine receptor genes absent from the microarray and found an IL-2- and IL-12-dependent decrease in CXCR3 receptor mRNA expression in NK92 cells. A detailed analysis of CXCR3 expression in primary NK cells revealed that an IL-2 and an IL-12 together significantly decreased the CXCR3 receptor mRNA and receptor surface expression by 6 and 24 h of treatment, respectively. This decrease in receptor expression was associated with a significant reduction in chemotaxis in the presence of IFN-γ-inducible protein-10. The decline in CXCR3 mRNA was due to transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms as the addition of actinomycin D to IL-2- and IL-12-treated NK92 slightly altered the half-life of the CXCR3 mRNA. Collectively, these data suggest that IL-2 and IL-12 directly affect NK cell migratory ability by rapid and direct down-regulation of chemokine receptor mRNA expression.
Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes that play an important role in the defense against virally infected or malignant cells (1). Their activity can be characterized as nonadaptive and independent of MHC restriction (1, 2). A variety of NK cell functions including cytotoxicity, proliferation, chemotaxis, and cytokine production are modulated by regulatory cytokines including IFN-αβ, IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, IL-10, and TNF (reviewed in Refs. 3 and 4). Because cytokines induce such a broad range of effects in NK cells, the potential for alterations in gene expression in stimulated cells is very great. To determine which genes are regulated in response to cytokine stimulation, our laboratory has used cDNA microarray technology to examine gene expression in NK cells. Microarray technology is very useful because it allows for large-scale examination of gene expression. Additionally, this technology has proved useful in identifying physiologically relevant gene expression patterns in eukaryotic systems such as yeast (5) and fibroblasts (6) as well as predicting patterns of gene expression in tumor cells (7, 8). To examine gene expression in response to cytokine stimulation, a human NK cell line, NK92, was stimulated with IL-2 alone or in combination with IL-12 or IL-18. These cytokines were chosen because of their ability to induce NK cell responses; however, little is known about the repertoire of genes that are activated by these cytokines. Microarray analysis of gene expression in NK92 cells identified a variety of genes whose mRNA expression patterns change in response to cytokine stimulation. The genes encoding the mRNAs are not specific to any one pathway; however, changes in cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor gene mRNAs were prevalent. Our mRNA studies on chemokine receptor gene expression were extended to cell surface analysis of receptor densities in cytokine-treated primary NK cells. Using FACS analysis, we observed a significant decrease in CXCR3 receptor expression in NK cells treated for 24 h with IL-2 and IL-12 alone or in combination. Recently, alterations in chemokine receptor expression were reported in IL-2-stimulated NK cells (9); however, the cells were cultured in IL-2 for 8–10 days. In contrast, our data demonstrate that cytokines can modify chemokine receptor function within hours, thus supporting a model whereby cytokines, in particular IL-2 and IL-12, regulate chemokine receptor expression in a direct, rapid, and novel manner.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Association of Immunologists","doi":"10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6090","usgsCitation":"Hodge, D.L., Schill, W.B., Wang, J.M., Blanca, I., Reynolds, D.A., Ortaldo, J.R., and Young, H., 2002, IL-2 and IL-12 alter NK cell responsiveness to IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 by down-regulating CXCR3 expression: Journal of Immunology, v. 168, p. 6090-6098, https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6090.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"6090","endPage":"6098","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478679,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.168.12.6090","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":131024,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"168","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c883","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Hodge, D. L.","contributorId":20286,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hodge","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321579,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schill, William B. 0000-0002-9217-984X wschill@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9217-984X","contributorId":2736,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schill","given":"William","email":"wschill@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":365,"text":"Leetown Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":321583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wang, Ji Ming","contributorId":294521,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wang","given":"Ji","email":"","middleInitial":"Ming","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blanca, I.","contributorId":21909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blanca","given":"I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321580,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Reynolds, D. A.","contributorId":62555,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Reynolds","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ortaldo, J. R.","contributorId":40559,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ortaldo","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":321582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Young, H. A.","contributorId":24310,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Young","given":"H. 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From examples of Spanish and American cities, geo-indicators for assessing environmental conditions and changes in urban and suburban areas are proposed. The paper explore two types of geo-indicators. The first type presents general information that can be used to indicate the presence of a broad array of geologic conditions, either favouring or limiting various kinds of uses of the land. The second type of geo-indicator is the one most commonly used, and as a group most easily understood; these are site and problem specific and they are generally used after a problem is identified. Among them, watershed processes, seismicity and physiographic diversity are explained in more detail. A second dimension that is considered when discussing geo-indicators is the issue of scale. Broad scale investigations, covering extensive areas are only efficient at cataloguing general conditions common to much of the area or some outstanding feature within the area. This type of information is best used for policy type decisions. Detailed scale investigations can provide information about local conditions, but are not efficient at cataloguing vast areas. Information gathered at the detailed level is necessary for project design and construction.","largerWorkTitle":"Advances in Architecture Series","conferenceTitle":"Second International Conference on Urban regeneration and Sustainability, SUSTAINABLE CITY II","conferenceDate":"3 July 2002 through 5 July 2002","conferenceLocation":"Segovia","language":"English","issn":"13681435","usgsCitation":"Martin-Duque, J., Godfrey, A., Diez, A., Cleaves, E., Pedraza, J., Sanz, M., Carrasco, R., and Bodoque, J., 2002, Examples of landscape indicators for assessing environmental conditions and problems in urban and suburban areas, in Advances in Architecture Series, v. 14, Segovia, 3 July 2002 through 5 July 2002, p. 467-476.","startPage":"467","endPage":"476","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232271,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0d9fe4b0c8380cd530f9","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Brebbia, C.A.","contributorId":111480,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brebbia","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508742,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Martin-Duque, J.F.","contributorId":111985,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Martin-Duque","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508743,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wadhwa, L.C.","contributorId":112729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wadhwa","given":"L.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":508744,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Martin-Duque, J. 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