New40Ar-39Ar total fusion ages have been obtained on sanidine from tuffs in the zone of Mantelliceras saxbii (equivalent to the same subzone of the European ammonite zonation) and the zone of Graysonites wooldridgei (equivalent to the European subzone of Neostlingoceras carcitanense). Ages of 98.98±0.38 Ma and 99.16±0.37 Ma, for these zones, respectively, place new constraints on the age of the AlbianlCenomanian boundary. If the base of the Cenomanian is to be defined, as currently proposed, as the FAD of the planktonic foraminifera Rotalipora globotruncanoides then the Albian/Cenomanian boundary will be at least as old as 99.2±0.4 Ma. Some 50±10m of undated sediments lie below the lowest find of R. globotruncanoides and above bono fide uppermost Albian strata.
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2002 - Cross-scale structure and scale breaks in ecosystems and other complex systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-12T12:40:04","indexId":"70024587","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1478,"text":"Ecosystems","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Cross-scale structure and scale breaks in ecosystems and other complex systems","docAbstract":"[No abstract available]","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s10021-001-0075-3","usgsCitation":"Allen, C.R., and Holling, C.S., 2002, Cross-scale structure and scale breaks in ecosystems and other complex systems: Ecosystems, v. 5, no. 4, p. 315-318, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0075-3.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"318","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232767,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"5","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcc3e4b0c8380cd4e40b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Allen, Craig R. 0000-0001-8655-8272 allencr@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8655-8272","contributorId":1979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allen","given":"Craig","email":"allencr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":200,"text":"Coop Res Unit Seattle","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":198,"text":"Coop Res Unit Atlanta","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401802,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Holling, Crawford S.","contributorId":20511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holling","given":"Crawford","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401801,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024586,"text":"70024586 - 2002 - Factors controlling storm impacts on coastal barriers and beaches - A preliminary basis for near real-time forecasting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024586","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2220,"text":"Journal of Coastal Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Factors controlling storm impacts on coastal barriers and beaches - A preliminary basis for near real-time forecasting","docAbstract":"Analysis of ground conditions and meteorological and oceanographic parameters for some of the most severe Atlantic and Gulf Coast storms in the U.S. reveals the primary factors affecting morphological storm responses of beaches and barrier islands. The principal controlling factors are storm characteristics, geographic position relative to storm path, timing of storm events, duration of wave exposure, wind stress, degree of flow confinement, antecedent topography and geologic framework, sediment textures, vegetative cover, and type and density of coastal development. A classification of commonly observed storm responses demonstrates the sequential interrelations among (1) land elevations, (2) water elevations in the ocean and adjacent lagoon (if present), and (3) stages of rising water during the storm. The predictable coastal responses, in relative order from high frequency beach erosion to low frequency barrier inundation, include: beach erosion, berm migration, dune erosion, washover terrace construction, perched fan deposition, sheetwash, washover channel incision, washout formation, and forced and unforced ebb flow. Near real-time forecasting of expected storm impacts is possible if the following information is available for the coast: a detailed morphological and topographic characterization, accurate storm-surge and wave-runup models, the real-time reporting of storm parameters, accurate forecasts of the storm position relative to a particular coastal segment, and a conceptual model of geological processes that encompasses observed morphological changes caused by extreme storms.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Coastal Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"07490208","usgsCitation":"Morton, R., 2002, Factors controlling storm impacts on coastal barriers and beaches - A preliminary basis for near real-time forecasting: Journal of Coastal Research, v. 18, no. 3, p. 486-501.","startPage":"486","endPage":"501","numberOfPages":"16","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":232766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"18","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0ebbe4b0c8380cd535c8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morton, R.A.","contributorId":53849,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morton","given":"R.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401800,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024585,"text":"70024585 - 2002 - Long-term tritium transport through field-scale compacted soil liner","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024585","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2327,"text":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Long-term tritium transport through field-scale compacted soil liner","docAbstract":"A 13-year study of tritium transport through a field-scale earthen liner was conducted by the Illinois State Geological Survey to determine the long-term performance of compacted soil liners in limiting chemical transport. Two field-sampling procedures (pressure-vacuum lysimeter and core sampling) were used to determine the vertical tritium concentration profiles at different times and locations within the liner. Profiles determined by the two methods were similar and consistent. Analyses of the concentration profiles showed that the tritium concentration was relatively uniformly distributed horizontally at each sampling depth within the liner and thus there was no apparent preferential transport. A simple one-dimensional analytical solution to the advective-dispersive solute transport equation was used to model tritium transport through the liner. Modeling results showed that diffusion was the dominant contaminant transport mechanism. The measured tritium concentration profiles were accurately modeled with an effective diffusion coefficient of 6 ?? 10-4 mm2/s, which is in the middle of the range of values reported in the literature.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:8(640)","issn":"10900241","usgsCitation":"Toupiol, C., Willingham, T., Valocchi, A., Werth, C., Krapac, I., Stark, T., and Daniel, D., 2002, Long-term tritium transport through field-scale compacted soil liner: Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, v. 128, no. 8, p. 640-650, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:8(640).","startPage":"640","endPage":"650","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207976,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:8(640)"},{"id":233307,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"128","issue":"8","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a49aee4b0c8380cd687e7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Toupiol, C.","contributorId":76911,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Toupiol","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401798,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Willingham, T.W.","contributorId":36329,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Willingham","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401795,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Valocchi, A.J.","contributorId":61980,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valocchi","given":"A.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401796,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Werth, C.J.","contributorId":26481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Werth","given":"C.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401793,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Krapac, I.G.","contributorId":33850,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krapac","given":"I.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401794,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Stark, T.D.","contributorId":69751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stark","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401797,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Daniel, D.E.","contributorId":86531,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Daniel","given":"D.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401799,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7}]}} ,{"id":70024584,"text":"70024584 - 2002 - The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024584","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater","docAbstract":"One-hundred fluid inclusions in Silurian marine halite were analyzed in order to determine the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater. The samples analyzed were from three formations in the Late Silurian Michigan Basin, the A-1, A-2, and B Evaporites of the Salina Group, and one formation in the Early Silurian Canning Basin (Australia), the Mallowa Salt of the Carribuddy Group. The results indicate that the major-ion composition of Silurian seawater was not the same as present-day seawater. The Silurian ocean had lower concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, and SO2-4, and much higher concentrations of Ca2+ relative to the ocean's present-day composition. Furthermore, Silurian seawater had Ca2+ in excess of SO2-4. Evaporation of Silurian seawater of the composition determined in this study produces KC1-type potash minerals that lack the MgSO4-type late stage salts formed during the evaporation of present-day seawater. The relatively low Na+ concentrations in Silurian seawater support the hypothesis that oscillations in the major-ion composition of the oceans are primarily controlled by changes in the flux of mid-ocean ridge brine and riverine inputs and not global or basin-scale, seawater-driven dolomitization. The Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of Silurian seawater was ~1.4, and the K+/Ca2+ ratio was ~0.3, both of which differ from the present-day counterparts of 5 and 1, respectively. Seawaters with Mg2+/Ca2+ <2 facilitate the precipitation of low-magnesian calcite (mol % Mg < 4) marine ooids and submarine carbonate cements whereas seawater with Mg2+/Ca2+ >2 (e.g., modern seawater) facilitate the precipitation of aragonite and high-magnesian calcite. Therefore, the early Paleozoic calcite seas were likely due to the low Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio of seawater, not the pCO2 of the Silurian atmosphere. Copyright ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Brennan, S., and Lowenstein, T., 2002, The major-ion composition of Silurian seawater: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 15, p. 2683-2700, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0.","startPage":"2683","endPage":"2700","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207975,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00870-0"},{"id":233306,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"15","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505badb6e4b08c986b323daa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brennan, S.T. 0000-0002-7102-9359","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7102-9359","contributorId":35915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brennan","given":"S.T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lowenstein, T.K.","contributorId":36328,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lowenstein","given":"T.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024582,"text":"70024582 - 2002 - Spatial and temporal distribution of contaminated, effluent-affected sediment on the Palos Verdes margin, southern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-04-09T12:27:30","indexId":"70024582","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1333,"text":"Continental Shelf Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal distribution of contaminated, effluent-affected sediment on the Palos Verdes margin, southern California","docAbstract":"A sedimentary deposit on the continental margin near the Palos Verdes Peninsula, California is comprised of sewage effluent and geologic materials and is contaminated with metals, pesticides (including DDT and associated compounds), and PCBs. The deposit was mapped with subbottom acoustic profilers, and sediment cores were analyzed for geochemical and physical properties to determine the volume of the deposit and the distribution and mass of contaminants. Mapping showed that the deposit ranges up to 60-cm thick, has a total volume exceeding 9 million m3, and covers over 40 km2. Virtually the entire effluent-affected deposit is contaminated with DDT and PCBs. Nearly half of the area of the deposit lies on the continental slope, but 70-75% of the volume of the deposit and total mass of DDT reside on the continental shelf. Analysis of data collected biennially since 1981 by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County show that the mass of DDT has apparently decreased at some stations but has remained essentially constant at others. Temporal changes m mass per unit area of DDT are not statistically significant (at the 90% confidence level) at the most contaminated locations over a 16-yr period. The results of this mapping effort were used as a basis for modeling efforts described elsewhere in this issue.
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D.","contributorId":27056,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edwards","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Wong, F.","contributorId":66451,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Hamer, M.","contributorId":24138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hamer","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70024581,"text":"70024581 - 2002 - Diffuse fluid flux through orogenic belts: Implications for the world ocean","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024581","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3165,"text":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Diffuse fluid flux through orogenic belts: Implications for the world ocean","docAbstract":"Fifty years ago a classic paper by W. W. Rubey [(1951) Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 62, 1111-1148] examined various hypotheses regarding the origin of sea water and concluded that the most likely hypothesis was volcanic outgassing, a view that was generally accepted by earth scientists for the next several decades. More recent work suggests that the rate of subduction of water is much larger than the volcanic outgassing rate, lending support to hypotheses that either ocean volume has decreased with time, or that the imbalance is offset by continuous replenishment of water by cometary impacts. These alternatives are required in the absence of additional mechanisms for the return of water from subducting lithosphere to the Earth's surface. Our recent work on crustal permebility suggests a large capacity for water upflow through tectonically active continental crust, resulting in a heretofore unrecognized degassing pathway that can accommodate the waer subduction rate. Escape of recycled water via delivery from the mantle through zones of active metamorphism eliminates the mass-balance argument for the loss of ocean volume or extraterestrial sources.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1073/pnas.132275699","issn":"00278424","usgsCitation":"Ingebritsen, S.E., and Manning, C.E., 2002, Diffuse fluid flux through orogenic belts: Implications for the world ocean: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 99, no. 14, p. 9113-9116, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.132275699.","startPage":"9113","endPage":"9116","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478677,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.132275699","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233267,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207945,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.132275699"}],"volume":"99","issue":"14","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-06-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a010de4b0c8380cd4fa95","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ingebritsen, S. E.","contributorId":8078,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ingebritsen","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Manning, C. E.","contributorId":16987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Manning","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024580,"text":"70024580 - 2002 - Lower crustal deformation beneath the central Transverse Ranges, southern California: Results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-22T17:00:56.688323","indexId":"70024580","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Lower crustal deformation beneath the central Transverse Ranges, southern California: Results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment","docAbstract":"We present a P wave velocity model derived from active source seismic data collected during the 1994 Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment. Our model extends previously published upper crustal velocity models to mantle depths. Our model was developed by both ray tracing through a layered model and calculating travel times through a gridded model. It includes an 8-km-thick crustal root centered beneath the surface trace of the San Andreas fault, north of the highest topography in the San Gabriel Mountains. A simple mass balance calculation suggests that ∼36 km of north-south shortening across the San Andreas fault in the central Transverse Ranges could have formed this root. If north-south compression began when the “Big Bend” in the San Andreas fault formed at ∼5 Ma, 36 km of shortening implies a north-south contraction rate of ∼7.1 mm/yr across the central Transverse Ranges. If, instead, north-south compression began when the Transverse Ranges formed at 3.4–3.9 Ma, 36 km of shortening implies a contraction rate of 9.2–10.6 mm/yr. North of the San Andreas fault, the Mojave Desert crust has a low-velocity (6.3 km/s) mid and lower crust and a 28-km-deep Moho. South of the San Andreas fault, beneath the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Valley basins, there is a fast (6.6–6.8 km/s), thick (10–12 km) lower crust with a 27-km-deep Moho. Farther south still, the lower crust of the Continental Borderland is fast (6.6–6.8 km/s) and thin (5 km) with a shallow (22 km deep) Moho.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000354","usgsCitation":"Godfrey, N.J., Fuis, G.S., Langenheim, V., Okaya, D., and Brocher, T.M., 2002, Lower crustal deformation beneath the central Transverse Ranges, southern California: Results from the Los Angeles Region Seismic Experiment: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. 7, p. ETG 8-1-ETG 8-19, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000354.","productDescription":"19 p.","startPage":"ETG 8-1","endPage":"ETG 8-19","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233232,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Transverse Ranges","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -117.99316406249999,\n 33.358061612778876\n ],\n [\n -117.99316406249999,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 35.496456056584165\n ],\n [\n -119.794921875,\n 33.358061612778876\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-25","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a4a7ae4b0c8380cd68dcd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Godfrey, N. J.","contributorId":12866,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Godfrey","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401775,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fuis, Gary S. 0000-0002-3078-1544 fuis@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3078-1544","contributorId":2639,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fuis","given":"Gary","email":"fuis@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Langenheim, Victoria E. 0000-0003-2170-5213 zulanger@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":1526,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"Victoria E.","email":"zulanger@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401777,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Okaya, David A.","contributorId":76724,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Okaya","given":"David A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401776,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Brocher, Thomas M. 0000-0002-9740-839X brocher@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9740-839X","contributorId":262,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brocher","given":"Thomas","email":"brocher@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":847356,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024578,"text":"70024578 - 2002 - North Atlantic Deep Water export to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr: Evidence from Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-09-02T09:29:00","indexId":"70024578","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3002,"text":"Paleoceanography","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"North Atlantic Deep Water export to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr: Evidence from Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts","docAbstract":"The intensity of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) production has been one of the most important parameters controlling the global thermohaline ocean circulation system and climate. Here we present a new approach to reconstruct the overall strength of NADW export from the North Atlantic to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr applying the deep water Nd and Pb isotope composition as recorded by ferromanganese crusts and nodules. We present the first long-term Nd and Pb isotope time series for deep Southern Ocean water masses, which are compared with previously published time series for NADW from the NW Atlantic Ocean. These data suggest a continuous and strong export of NADW, or a precursor of it, into the Southern Ocean between 14 and 3 Ma. An increasing difference in Nd and Pb isotope compositions between the NW Atlantic and the Southern Ocean over the past 3 Myr gives evidence for a progressive overall reduction of NADW export since the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation (NHG). The Nd isotope data allow us to assess at least semiquantitatively that the amount of this reduction has been in the range between 14 and 37% depending on location.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Paleoceanography","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1029/2000PA000606","issn":"08838305","usgsCitation":"Frank, M., Whiteley, N., Kasten, S., Hein, J., and O’Nions, K., 2002, North Atlantic Deep Water export to the Southern Ocean over the past 14 Myr: Evidence from Nd and Pb isotopes in ferromanganese crusts: Paleoceanography, v. 17, no. 2, p. 12-13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000606.","startPage":"12","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478695,"rank":1,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2000pa000606","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":233230,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":293251,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000PA000606"}],"volume":"17","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-05-21","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a67ece4b0c8380cd73521","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frank, M.","contributorId":103396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frank","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401770,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whiteley, N.","contributorId":37924,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whiteley","given":"N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401767,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kasten, S.","contributorId":37506,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kasten","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401766,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hein, J.R. 0000-0002-5321-899X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-899X","contributorId":61429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hein","given":"J.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401769,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"O’Nions, K.","contributorId":39165,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Nions","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401768,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024577,"text":"70024577 - 2002 - Temperate zone fens of the glaciated Midwestern USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-22T16:06:07.784901","indexId":"70024577","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Temperate zone fens of the glaciated Midwestern USA","docAbstract":"A study of more than 70 fens in the Midwestern United States and a review of the literature indicates that these temperate zone wetlands may differ from fens of the boreal zone and are not adequately differentiated from the by present classification systems. Fens of the Midwestern temperate zone 1) are wetlands with high botanical diversity, 2) are supported in part by ground water with conductivity > 100mS/cm and circumneutral pH, 3) contain water in the root zone during most of the growing season yet are not usually innudated, and 4) accumulate organic and/or carbonate substrates. Individually, none of these descriptors is adequate to distinguish fens from other wetland communities of the Midwest such as marshes, sedge meadows, and wet prairies; yet, when they are taken together, such discrimination is possible. While fens of this zone share many species, our study does not support using indicator species because too few are both faithfully represented and geographically widespread. Midwestern temperate fens are sustained by forces of climate, landscape, and geology, which permit ground water to seep continuously into the root zone in a focused location. Since water availability in the temperate Midwest is less than in the boreal zone, continuous discharge is needed to maintain the saturation conducive to peat formation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Link","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0301:TZFOTG]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Amon, J.P., Thompson, C.A., Carpenter, Q.J., and Miner, J., 2002, Temperate zone fens of the glaciated Midwestern USA: Wetlands, v. 22, no. 2, p. 301-317, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0301:TZFOTG]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"301","endPage":"317","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233197,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"MultiPolygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[[-87.800477,42.49192],[-87.812461,42.232278],[-87.511043,41.696535],[-87.187651,41.629653],[-86.616978,41.896625],[-86.321803,42.310743],[-86.208309,42.762789],[-86.540916,43.633158],[-86.25395,44.64808],[-86.066745,44.905685],[-85.780439,44.977932],[-85.540497,45.210169],[-85.641652,44.810816],[-85.520205,44.960347],[-85.477423,44.813781],[-85.355478,45.282774],[-84.91585,45.393115],[-85.110884,45.526285],[-84.94565,45.708621],[-85.011433,45.757962],[-84.204218,45.627116],[-84.095905,45.497298],[-83.488826,45.355872],[-83.291346,45.062597],[-83.435822,45.000012],[-83.277213,44.7167],[-83.335248,44.357995],[-83.890145,43.934672],[-83.909479,43.672622],[-83.618602,43.628891],[-83.227093,43.981003],[-82.833103,44.036851],[-82.643166,43.852468],[-82.423086,42.988728],[-82.509935,42.637294],[-82.648776,42.550401],[-82.630922,42.64211],[-82.780817,42.652232],[-83.431103,41.757457],[-82.481214,41.381342],[-81.69325,41.514161],[-80.533774,41.973475],[-80.518991,40.638801],[-80.667957,40.582496],[-80.619297,40.26517],[-80.88036,39.620706],[-81.656138,39.277355],[-81.874857,38.881174],[-82.068864,38.984878],[-82.318111,38.457876],[-82.569368,38.406258],[-82.923694,38.750076],[-83.301951,38.598178],[-83.512571,38.701716],[-83.762445,38.652103],[-84.212904,38.805707],[-84.445242,39.114461],[-84.744149,39.147458],[-84.888873,39.066376],[-84.816506,38.80532],[-85.448862,38.713368],[-85.415272,38.555416],[-85.816164,38.282969],[-86.042354,37.958018],[-86.33281,38.182938],[-86.634271,37.843845],[-86.810913,37.99715],[-87.065388,37.810481],[-87.402632,37.942267],[-87.666522,37.827455],[-87.921744,37.907885],[-88.158374,37.639948],[-88.063311,37.515755],[-88.450127,37.411717],[-88.490068,37.067874],[-89.058036,37.188767],[-89.171881,37.068184],[-89.202607,36.601576],[-89.343753,36.630991],[-89.429311,36.481875],[-89.55264,36.577178],[-89.527029,36.341679],[-89.703511,36.243412],[-89.615128,36.113816],[-89.733095,36.000608],[-90.368718,35.995812],[-90.075934,36.281485],[-90.157136,36.484317],[-94.617919,36.499414],[-94.605734,39.122204],[-95.082714,39.516712],[-94.891744,39.724894],[-95.00844,39.900596],[-95.784575,40.000463],[-102.051744,40.003078],[-102.051614,41.002377],[-104.039238,41.001502],[-104.048807,48.933636],[-95.153711,48.998903],[-95.153314,49.384358],[-94.974286,49.367738],[-94.555835,48.716207],[-93.741843,48.517347],[-92.984963,48.623731],[-92.634931,48.542873],[-92.698824,48.494892],[-92.341207,48.23248],[-92.066269,48.359602],[-91.542512,48.053268],[-90.88548,48.245784],[-90.703702,48.096009],[-89.489226,48.014528],[-90.86827,47.5569],[-92.058888,46.809938],[-91.942988,46.679939],[-90.880358,46.957661],[-90.78804,46.844886],[-90.920813,46.637432],[-90.398478,46.575832],[-88.982483,46.99883],[-88.400224,47.379551],[-87.816958,47.471998],[-87.730804,47.449112],[-88.349952,47.076377],[-88.462349,46.786711],[-88.167373,46.9588],[-87.915943,46.909508],[-87.619747,46.79821],[-87.366767,46.507303],[-86.850111,46.434114],[-86.188024,46.654008],[-84.964652,46.772845],[-84.969464,46.47629],[-84.177428,46.52692],[-84.097766,46.256512],[-84.247687,46.17989],[-83.931175,46.017871],[-83.63498,46.103953],[-83.49484,45.999541],[-84.345451,45.946569],[-84.656567,46.052654],[-84.820557,45.868293],[-85.047028,46.020603],[-85.528403,46.087121],[-85.663966,45.967013],[-86.278007,45.942057],[-86.687208,45.634253],[-86.532989,45.882665],[-86.92106,45.697868],[-87.018902,45.838886],[-88.027103,44.578992],[-87.943801,44.529693],[-87.428144,44.890738],[-87.021088,45.296541],[-87.73063,43.893862],[-87.910172,43.236634],[-87.800477,42.49192]]],[[[-88.684434,48.115785],[-88.447236,48.182916],[-89.022736,47.858532],[-89.255202,47.876102],[-88.684434,48.115785]]],[[[-86.880572,45.331467],[-86.956192,45.351179],[-86.82177,45.427602],[-86.880572,45.331467]]]]},\"properties\":{\"name\":\"Iowa\",\"nation\":\"USA \"}}]}","volume":"22","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba4b5e4b08c986b320515","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amon, J. P.","contributorId":58427,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amon","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401764,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Thompson, C. A.","contributorId":98769,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thompson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401765,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Carpenter, Q. J.","contributorId":38743,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carpenter","given":"Q.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Miner, J.","contributorId":31946,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Miner","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024576,"text":"70024576 - 2002 - Delineation of faulting and basin geometry along a seismic reflection transect in urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024576","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Delineation of faulting and basin geometry along a seismic reflection transect in urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California","docAbstract":"Fourteen kilometers of continuous, shallow seismic reflection data acquired through the urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California, have revealed numerous faults between the San Jacinto and San Andreas faults as well as a complex pattern of downdropped and uplifted blocks. These data also indicate that the Loma Linda fault continues northeastward at least 4.5 km beyond its last mapped location on the southern edge of the valley and to within at least 2 km of downtown San Bernardino. Previously undetected faults within the valley northeast of the San Jacinto fault are also imaged, including the inferred western extension of the Banning fault and several unnamed faults. The Rialto-Colton fault is interpreted southwest of the San Jacinto fault. The seismic data image the top of the crystalline basement complex across 70% of the profile length and show that the basement has an overall dip of roughly 10?? southwest between Perris Hill and the San Jacinto fault. Gravity and aeromagnetic data corroborate the interpreted location of the San Jacinto fault and better constrain the basin depth along the seismic profile to be as deep as 1.7 km. These data also corroborate other fault locations and the general dip of the basement surface. At least 1.2 km of apparent vertical displacement on the basement is observed across the San Jacinto fault at the profile location. The basin geometry delineated by these data was used to generate modeled ground motions that show peak horizontal amplifications of 2-3.5 above bedrock response in the 0.05- to 1.0-Hz frequency band, which is consistent with recorded earthquake data in the valley.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1785/0120010222","issn":"00371106","usgsCitation":"Stephenson, W.J., Odum, J.K., Williams, R.A., and Anderson, M., 2002, Delineation of faulting and basin geometry along a seismic reflection transect in urbanized San Bernardino Valley, California: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 6, p. 2504-2520, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120010222.","startPage":"2504","endPage":"2520","numberOfPages":"17","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207908,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120010222"},{"id":233196,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"92","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe69e4b0c8380cd4ed0a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stephenson, W. J.","contributorId":87982,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stephenson","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401759,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Odum, J. K.","contributorId":105705,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Odum","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401761,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Williams, R. A.","contributorId":82323,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, M.L.","contributorId":93138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401760,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024554,"text":"70024554 - 2002 - Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-11-21T16:12:58","indexId":"70024554","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":904,"text":"Arid Land Research and Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy","docAbstract":"Recovery of soil properties from World War II-era military training exercises in the Mojave Desert was measured approximately 55 years following disturbance. Tracks from military vehicles were still visible, particularly in areas of desert pavement. Soil penetrability was much lower in visible tracks than outside the tracks. Soils in tracks had fewer rocks in the top 10cm of the soil profile than adjacent untracked soils. Larger particles (> 4.8mm) formed a moderately well-developed pavement outside of the tracks, while smaller, loose particles ( h 4.8mm) dominated the surface of the tracks. The time required to restore the desert pavement is likely to be measured in centuries. Based on biomass estimates, the cyanobacterial component of biological soil crusts had recovered 46-65% in tracks, compared to outside the tracks. Overall recovery of lichen cover has been much slower. Under plant canopies, cover of Collema tenax was not significantly different between areas inside and outside the tracks; however, recovery of Catapyrenium squamulosum was only 36%. In plant interspaces with less favorable moisture and temperature conditions, C. tenax showed a 6% recovery and C. squamulosum a 3% recovery. Assuming recovery of the biological soil crust is linear, and complete only when the most sensitive species (C. squamulosum) has fully recovered in the most limiting microhabitats (plant interspaces), it may require almost two millennia for full recovery of these areas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/153249802760284793","usgsCitation":"Belnap, J., and Warren, S.D., 2002, Patton's tracks in the Mojave Desert, USA: An ecological legacy: Arid Land Research and Management, v. 16, no. 3, p. 245-258, https://doi.org/10.1080/153249802760284793.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"245","endPage":"258","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232876,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a75efe4b0c8380cd77e21","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belnap, Jayne 0000-0001-7471-2279 jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7471-2279","contributorId":1332,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belnap","given":"Jayne","email":"jayne_belnap@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":568,"text":"Southwest Biological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":401690,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Warren, Steven D.","contributorId":59367,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Warren","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024552,"text":"70024552 - 2002 - Movement of water through the thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes in the western Mojave Desert, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-09-19T08:36:41","indexId":"70024552","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1923,"text":"Hydrogeology Journal","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Movement of water through the thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes in the western Mojave Desert, USA","docAbstract":"Previous studies indicate that a small quantity of recharge occurs from infiltration of streamflow in intermittent streams in the upper Mojave River basin, in the western Mojave Desert, near Victorville, California. Chloride, tritium, and stable isotope data collected in the unsaturated zone between 1994 and 1998 from boreholes drilled in Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes indicate that infiltration of streamflow occurs to depths below the root zone, and presumably to the water table, along much of Oro Grande Wash and near the mountain front along Sheep Creek Wash. Differences in infiltration at sites along each wash are the result of hydrologic variables such as proximity to the mountain front, quantity of streamflow, and texture of the subsurface deposits. Differences in infiltration between the washes are the result of large-scale geomorphic processes. For example, Oro Grande wash is incised into the Victorville fan and infiltration has occurred at approximately the same location over recent geologic time. In contrast, Sheep Creek Wash overlies an active alluvial fan and the stream channel can move across the fan surface through time. Infiltration does not occur to depths below the root zone at control sites outside of the washes.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrogeology Journal","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1007/s10040-002-0194-8","issn":"14312174","usgsCitation":"Izbicki, J., Radyk, J., and Michel, R.L., 2002, Movement of water through the thick unsaturated zone underlying Oro Grande and Sheep Creek Washes in the western Mojave Desert, USA: Hydrogeology Journal, v. 10, no. 3, p. 409-427, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0194-8.","startPage":"409","endPage":"427","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232843,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207685,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-002-0194-8"}],"volume":"10","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-24","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5f27e4b0c8380cd70dd5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Izbicki, J. A. 0000-0003-0816-4408","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-4408","contributorId":28244,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Izbicki","given":"J. A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401686,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Radyk, J.","contributorId":63984,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Radyk","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401687,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Michel, R. L.","contributorId":86375,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401688,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024550,"text":"70024550 - 2002 - Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part III: Interannual variability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:13","indexId":"70024550","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2344,"text":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part III: Interannual variability","docAbstract":"The Land Dynamics (LaD) model is tested by comparison with observations of interannual variations in discharge from 44 large river basins for which relatively accurate time series of monthly precipitation (a primary model input) have recently been computed. When results are pooled across all basins, the model explains 67% of the interannual variance of annual runoff ratio anomalies (i.e., anomalies of annual discharge volume, normalized by long-term mean precipitation volume). The new estimates of basin precipitation appear to offer an improvement over those from a state-of-the-art analysis of global precipitation (the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation, CMAP), judging from comparisons of parallel model runs and of analyses of precipitation-discharge correlations. When the new precipitation estimates are used, the performance of the LaD model is comparable to, but not significantly better than, that of a simple, semiempirical water-balance relation that uses only annual totals of surface net radiation and precipitation. This implies that the LaD simulations of interannual runoff variability do not benefit substantially from information on geographical variability of land parameters or seasonal structure of interannual variability of precipitation. The aforementioned analyses necessitated the development of a method for downscaling of long-term monthly precipitation data to the relatively short timescales necessary for running the model. The method merges the long-term data with a reference dataset of 1-yr duration, having high temporal resolution. The success of the method, for the model and data considered here, was demonstrated in a series of model-model comparisons and in the comparisons of modeled and observed interannual variations of basin discharge.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Hydrometeorology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0311:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2","issn":"1525755X","usgsCitation":"Shmakin, A., Milly, P., and Dunne, K., 2002, Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part III: Interannual variability: Journal of Hydrometeorology, v. 3, no. 3, p. 311-321, https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0311:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2.","startPage":"311","endPage":"321","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":487456,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0311:gmolwa>2.0.co;2","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207665,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0311:GMOLWA>2.0.CO;2"},{"id":232804,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"3","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a294ee4b0c8380cd5a846","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shmakin, A.B.","contributorId":46723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shmakin","given":"A.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401679,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401680,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dunne, K.A.","contributorId":18920,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dunne","given":"K.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401678,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024548,"text":"70024548 - 2002 - 15N NMR investigation of the reduction and binding of TNT in an aerobic bench scale reactor simulating windrow composting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T14:00:13","indexId":"70024548","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"15N NMR investigation of the reduction and binding of TNT in an aerobic bench scale reactor simulating windrow composting","docAbstract":"T15NT was added to a soil of low organic carbon content and composted for 20 days in an aerobic bench scale reactor. The finished whole compost and fulvic acid, humic acid, humin, and lignocellulose fractions extracted from the compost were analyzed by solid-state CP/MAS and DP/MAS 15N NMR. 15N NMR spectra provided direct spectroscopic evidence for reduction of TNT followed by covalent binding of the reduced metabolites to organic matter of the composted soil, with the majority of metabolite found in the lignocellulose fraction, by mass also the major fraction of the compost. In general, the types of bonds formed between soil organic matter and reduced TNT amines in controlled laboratory reactions were observed in the spectra of the whole compost and fractions, confirming that during composting TNT is reduced to amines that form covalent bonds with organic matter through aminohydroquinone, aminoquinone, heterocyclic, and imine linkages, among others. Concentrations of imine nitrogens in the compost spectra suggestthat covalent binding bythe diamines 2,4DANT and 2,6DANT is a significant process in the transformation of TNT into bound residues. Liquid-phase 15N NMR spectra of the fulvic acid and humin fractions provided possible evidence for involvement of phenoloxidase enzymes in covalent bond formation.","language":"English","publisher":"ACS","doi":"10.1021/es011382r","issn":"0013936X","usgsCitation":"Thorn, K.A., Pennington, J., and Hayes, C., 2002, 15N NMR investigation of the reduction and binding of TNT in an aerobic bench scale reactor simulating windrow composting: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 17, p. 3797-3805, https://doi.org/10.1021/es011382r.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"3797","endPage":"3805","numberOfPages":"9","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232764,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"17","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-06","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e227e4b0c8380cd459d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Thorn, K. A.","contributorId":33294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thorn","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401670,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pennington, J.C.","contributorId":105085,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pennington","given":"J.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401672,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hayes, C.A.","contributorId":50691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hayes","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401671,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024546,"text":"70024546 - 2002 - Real-time water quality monitoring and regression analysis to estimate nutrient and bacteria concentrations in Kansas streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024546","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Real-time water quality monitoring and regression analysis to estimate nutrient and bacteria concentrations in Kansas streams","docAbstract":"An innovative approach currently is underway in Kansas to estimate and monitoring constituent concentrations in streams. Continuous in-stream water-quality monitors are installed at selected U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging stations to provide real-time measurement of specific conductance, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and total chlorophyll. In addition, periodic water samples are collected manually and analyzed for nutrients, bacteria, and other constituents of concern. Regression equations then are developed from measurements made by the water-quality monitors and analytical results of manually collected samples. These regression equations are used to estimate nutrient, bacteria, and other constituent concentrations. Concentrations then are available to calculate loads and yields to further assess water quality in watersheds. The continuous and real-time nature of the data may be important when considering recreational use of a water body; developing and monitoring total maximum daily loads; adjusting water-treatment strategies; and determining high constituent concentrations in time to prevent adverse effects on fish or other aquatic life.","largerWorkTitle":"Water Science and Technology","language":"English","issn":"02731223","usgsCitation":"Christensen, V., Rasmussen, P., and Ziegler, A., 2002, Real-time water quality monitoring and regression analysis to estimate nutrient and bacteria concentrations in Kansas streams, in Water Science and Technology, v. 45, no. 9, p. 205-211.","startPage":"205","endPage":"211","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233304,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a95b1e4b0c8380cd81b9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Christensen, V.G.","contributorId":23583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Christensen","given":"V.G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rasmussen, P.P.","contributorId":6887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rasmussen","given":"P.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ziegler, A.C.","contributorId":74398,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ziegler","given":"A.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024544,"text":"70024544 - 2002 - Intercontinental convergence of stream fish community traits along geomorphic and hydraulic gradients","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-03T16:18:13.191367","indexId":"70024544","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1465,"text":"Ecology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Intercontinental convergence of stream fish community traits along geomorphic and hydraulic gradients","docAbstract":"Community convergence across biogeographically distinct regions suggests the existence of key, repeated, evolutionary mechanisms relating community characteristics to the environment. However, convergence studies at the community level often involve only qualitative comparisons of the environment and may fail to identify which environmental variables drive community structure. We tested the hypothesis that the biological traits of fish communities on two continents (Europe and North America) are similarly related to environmental conditions. Specifically, from observations of individual fish made at the microhabitat scale (a few square meters) within French streams, we generated habitat preference models linking traits of fish species to local scale hydraulic conditions (Froude number), Using this information, we then predicted how hydraulics and geomorphology at the larger scale of stream reaches (several pool-riffle sequences) should quantitatively influence the trait composition of fish communities. Trait composition for fishes in stream reaches with low Froude number at low flow or high proportion of pools was predicted as nonbenthic, large, fecund, long-lived, nonstreamlined, and weak swimmers. We tested our predictions in contrasting stream reaches in France (n = 11) and Virginia, USA (n = 76), using analyses of covariance to quantify the relative influence of continent vs. physical habitat variables on fish traits. The reach-scale convergence analysis indicated that trait proportions in the communities differed between continents (up to 55% of the variance in each trait was explained by \"continent\"), partly due to distinct evolutionary histories. However, within continents, trait proportions were comparably related to the hydraulic and geomorphic variables (up to 54% of the variance within continents explained). In particular, a synthetic measure of fish traits in reaches was well explained (50% of its variance) by the Froude number independently of the continent. The effect of physical variables did not differ across continents for most traits, confirming our predictions qualitatively and quantitatively. Therefore, despite phylogenetic and historical differences between continents, fish communities of France and Virginia exhibit convergence in biological traits related to hydraulics and geomorphology. This convergence reflects morphological and behavioral adaptations to physical stress in streams. This study supports the existence of a habitat template for ecological strategies. Some key quantitative variables that define this habitat template can be identified by characterizing how individual organisms use their physical environment, and by using dimensionless physical variables that reveal common energetic properties in different systems. Overall, quantitative tests of community convergence are efficient tools to demonstrate that some community traits are predictable from environmental features.","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1792:ICOSFC]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Lamouroux, N., Poff, N., and Angermeier, P., 2002, Intercontinental convergence of stream fish community traits along geomorphic and hydraulic gradients: Ecology, v. 83, no. 7, p. 1792-1807, https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1792:ICOSFC]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"1792","endPage":"1807","costCenters":[{"id":613,"text":"Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478646,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46822","text":"External Repository"},{"id":233265,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"France, United States","state":"Virginia","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -2.197265625,\n 49.55372551347579\n ],\n [\n -5.537109374999999,\n 48.574789910928864\n ],\n [\n -2.724609375,\n 46.98025235521883\n ],\n [\n -1.318359375,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -1.669921875,\n 42.8115217450979\n ],\n [\n 3.33984375,\n 42.22851735620852\n ],\n [\n 3.69140625,\n 43.068887774169625\n ],\n [\n 6.591796875,\n 42.94033923363181\n ],\n [\n 8.0859375,\n 43.58039085560784\n ],\n [\n 6.85546875,\n 46.800059446787316\n ],\n [\n 8.4375,\n 48.922499263758255\n ],\n [\n 1.9335937499999998,\n 51.17934297928927\n ],\n [\n -2.197265625,\n 49.55372551347579\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.5400390625,\n 36.527294814546245\n ],\n [\n -75.7177734375,\n 36.491973470593685\n ],\n [\n -76.86035156249999,\n 38.37611542403604\n ],\n [\n -77.2119140625,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -78.44238281249999,\n 39.30029918615029\n ],\n [\n -79.62890625,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -80.419921875,\n 37.54457732085582\n ],\n [\n -81.6943359375,\n 37.405073750176925\n ],\n [\n -82.177734375,\n 37.47485808497102\n ],\n [\n -83.5400390625,\n 36.527294814546245\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"83","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3cf2e4b0c8380cd63190","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lamouroux, N.","contributorId":105482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamouroux","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401657,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poff, N.L.","contributorId":22723,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poff","given":"N.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Angermeier, P. L. 0000-0003-2864-170X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2864-170X","contributorId":6410,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Angermeier","given":"P. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401655,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024543,"text":"70024543 - 2002 - Efficacy of glyphosate and five surfactants for controlling giant salvinia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:05","indexId":"70024543","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2180,"text":"Journal of Aquatic Plant Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Efficacy of glyphosate and five surfactants for controlling giant salvinia","docAbstract":"Giant salvinia (Salvinia molesta Mitchell) is a non-native, invasive aquatic fern that was recently introduced to the southern United States. The aggressive nature of the species has led to concerns over its potential adverse impacts to native plants, fish, and invertebrates. We conducted a study to determine the efficacy of glyphosate [isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphono-methyl)glycine] and several surfactants for control of giant salvinia. Studies were conducted over a 42-day period using static renewals (twice weekly) with 4% Hoagland's medium (10 mg/L N equivalent) in replicated 2-L containers. Five concentrations of glyphosate (0, 0.45, 0.91, 1.82, and 3.60% v:v) and five surfactants (0.25% concentration, v:v; Optima???, Kinetic???, Mon 0818???, Cygnet Plus???, and LI-700???) were applied with a pressurized sprayer as a single surface application in a fully nested experimental design. Untreated giant salvinia grew rapidly and exhibited an increase of 800% wet weight biomass over the 42-day test duration. Glyphosate, with and without surfactants, exhibited efficacy at concentrations as low as 0.45% of the commercial formulation. Glyphosate with Optima was the only mixture that resulted in complete mortality of plants with no regrowth.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Aquatic Plant Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","issn":"01466623","usgsCitation":"Fairchild, J., Allert, A., Riddle, J., and Gladwin, D., 2002, Efficacy of glyphosate and five surfactants for controlling giant salvinia: Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, v. 40, no. 2, p. 53-58.","startPage":"53","endPage":"58","numberOfPages":"6","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233229,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"40","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a085ce4b0c8380cd51ab3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fairchild, J.F.","contributorId":88891,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fairchild","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401654,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Allert, A.L.","contributorId":55987,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Allert","given":"A.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401653,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Riddle, J.S.","contributorId":34298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Riddle","given":"J.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401652,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gladwin, D.R.","contributorId":14153,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gladwin","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024541,"text":"70024541 - 2002 - Generalized avian dispersal syndrome contributes to Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasiveness","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-04-11T15:41:21","indexId":"70024541","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1399,"text":"Diversity and Distributions","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Generalized avian dispersal syndrome contributes to Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasiveness","docAbstract":"Plants possessing generalized dispersal syndromes are likely to be more invasive than those relying on specialist dispersal agents. To address this issue on a local and regional scale, avian seed dispersal of the invasive alien Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum (L.) Roxb.) was assessed in forests and spoil areas of South Carolina and along forest edges in Louisiana during the 1997-99 fruiting seasons. Tallow trees in these floristically distinct habitats had a few common and many casual visitors, and considerable species overlap among habitats was found. However, bird species differed in the importance of dispersing and dropping seeds among habitats. Important dispersal agents common to forests and spoil areas of South Carolina included Northern Flicker, American Robin and Redwinged Blackbird, whereas Red-bellied Woodpecker and European Starling were important in the former and latter habitat, respectively. In Louisiana, Red-bellied Woodpecker, American Robin, Northern Cardinal and Eastern Bluebird dispersed many seeds. Nearly all species foraging on seeds were winter residents. Estimated numbers of seeds dispersed and dropped were higher in spoil areas of South Carolina than in Louisiana because of higher numbers of individuals per visit, higher seed consumption and seed dropping rates, and longer foraging durations. Within South Carolina, more seeds were dispersed and dropped in spoil areas than in forests because of higher numbers of birds per visit. These findings show that among habitats, tallow tree attracts diverse but variable coteries of dispersal agents that are qualitatively similar in seed usage patterns. We suggest that its generalized dispersal syndrome contributes to effective seed dispersal by many bird species throughout its range. Effects of differential avian use among locales may include changes in local bird communities, and differing tallow tree demographics and invasion patterns.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Diversity and Distributions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1472-4642.2002.00150.x","issn":"13669516","usgsCitation":"Renne, I., Barrow, W., Randall Johnson, L.A., and Bridges, W., 2002, Generalized avian dispersal syndrome contributes to Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum, Euphorbiaceae) invasiveness: Diversity and Distributions, v. 8, no. 5, p. 285-295, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2002.00150.x.","startPage":"285","endPage":"295","numberOfPages":"11","costCenters":[{"id":17705,"text":"Wetland and Aquatic Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233195,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207907,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-4642.2002.00150.x"}],"volume":"8","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-08-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a1519e4b0c8380cd54cbc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Renne, I.J.","contributorId":84951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Renne","given":"I.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401648,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barrow, W.C. Jr. 0000-0003-4671-2823","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4671-2823","contributorId":11183,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barrow","given":"W.C.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401645,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Randall Johnson, Lori A. 0000-0003-0100-994X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0100-994X","contributorId":63575,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall Johnson","given":"Lori","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401647,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bridges, W.C. Jr.","contributorId":62376,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bridges","given":"W.C.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401646,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024539,"text":"70024539 - 2002 - Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024539","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems","docAbstract":"Research from several regions of the world provides spatially anecdotal evidence to hypothesize which hydrologic and agricultural factors contribute to groundwater vulnerability to nitrate contamination. Analysis of nationally consistent measurements from the U.S. Geological Survey's NAWOA program confirms these hypotheses for a substantial range of agricultural systems. Shallow unconfined aquifers are most susceptible to nitrate contamination associated with agricultural systems. Alluvial and other unconsolidated aquifers are the most vulnerable and shallow carbonate aquifers provide a substantial but smaller contamination risk. Where any of these aquifers are overlain by permeable soils the risk of contamination is larger. Irrigated systems can compound this vulnerability by increasing leaching facilitated by additional recharge and additional nutrient applications. The agricultural system of corn, soybeans, and hogs produced significantly larger concentrations of groundwater nitrate than all other agricultural systems, although mean nitrate concentrations in counties with dairy, poultry, cattle and grains, and horticulture systems were similar. If trends in the relation between increased fertilizer use and groundwater nitrate in the United States are repeated in other regions of the world, Asia may experience increasing problems because of recent increases in fertilizer use. Groundwater monitoring in Western and Eastern Europe as well as Russia over the next decade may provide data to determine if the trend in increased nitrate contamination can be reversed. If the concentrated livestock trend in the United States is global, it may be accompanied by increasing nitrogen contamination in groundwater. Concentrated livestock provide both point sources in the confinement area and intense non-point sources as fields close to facilities are used for manure disposal. Regions where irrigated cropland is expanding, such as in Asia, may experience the greatest impact of this practice.","largerWorkTitle":"Water Science and Technology","language":"English","issn":"02731223","usgsCitation":"Burkart, M.R., and Stoner, J., 2002, Nitrate in aquifers beneath agricultural systems, in Water Science and Technology, v. 45, no. 9, p. 19-28.","startPage":"19","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233160,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"45","issue":"9","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a66a1e4b0c8380cd72eb9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Burkart, M. R.","contributorId":42190,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401640,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stoner, J.D.","contributorId":58261,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stoner","given":"J.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401641,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024537,"text":"70024537 - 2002 - Last interglacial climates","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024537","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3218,"text":"Quaternary Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Last interglacial climates","docAbstract":"The last interglacial, commonly understood as an interval with climate as warm or warmer than today, is represented by marine isotope stage (MIS) 5e, which is a proxy record of low global ice volume and high sea level. It is arbitrarily dated to begin at approximately 130,000 yr B.P. and end at 116,000 yr B.P. with the onset of the early glacial unit MIS 5d. The age of the stage is determined by correlation to uranium-thorium dates of raised coral reefs. The most detailed proxy record of interglacial climate is found in the Vostok ice core where the temperature reached current levels 132,000 yr ago and continued rising for another two millennia. Approximately 127,000 yr ago the Eemian mixed forests were established in Europe. They developed through a characteristic succession of tree species, probably surviving well into the early glacial stage in southern parts of Europe. After ca. 115,000 yr ago, open vegetation replaced forests in northwestern Europe and the proportion of conifers increased significantly farther south. Air temperature at Vostok dropped sharply. Pulses of cold water affected the northern North Atlantic already in late MIS 5e, but the central North Atlantic remained warm throughout most of MIS 5d. Model results show that the sea surface in the eastern tropical Pacific warmed when the ice grew and sea level dropped. The essentially interglacial conditions in southwestern Europe remained unaffected by ice buildup until late MIS 5d when the forests disappeared abruptly and cold water invaded the central North Atlantic ca. 107,000 yr ago. ?? 2002 University of Washington.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Quaternary Research","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1006/qres.2001.2316","issn":"00335894","usgsCitation":"Kukla, G., Bender, M., de Beaulieu, J.#., Bond, G., Broecker, W., Cleveringa, P., Gavin, J., Herbert, T., Imbrie, J., Jouzel, J., Keigwin, L., Knudsen, K.L., McManus, J., Merkt, J., Muhs, D., Muller, H., Poore, R., Porter, S., Seret, G., Shackleton, N.J., Turner, C., Tzedakis, P., and Winograd, I., 2002, Last interglacial climates: Quaternary Research, v. 58, no. 1, p. 2-13, https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2316.","startPage":"2","endPage":"13","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478805,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.650.7835","text":"External Repository"},{"id":207868,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2316"},{"id":233125,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2017-01-20","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a44bbe4b0c8380cd66d28","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kukla, G.J.","contributorId":13407,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kukla","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401619,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bender, M.L.","contributorId":52346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bender","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401630,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"de Beaulieu, J. #NAME?","contributorId":49567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"de Beaulieu","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"#NAME?","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401629,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bond, G.","contributorId":83709,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401635,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Broecker, W.S.","contributorId":95195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Broecker","given":"W.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401636,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Cleveringa, P.","contributorId":54377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cleveringa","given":"P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401631,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Gavin, J.E.","contributorId":7467,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gavin","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401616,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Herbert, T.D.","contributorId":7048,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Herbert","given":"T.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401615,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Imbrie, J.","contributorId":31945,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Imbrie","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401624,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Jouzel, J.","contributorId":15797,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jouzel","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401620,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Keigwin, L.D.","contributorId":27213,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Keigwin","given":"L.D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401623,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Knudsen, Kathy L.","contributorId":41188,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Knudsen","given":"Kathy","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401628,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"McManus, J.F.","contributorId":22944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McManus","given":"J.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401621,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13},{"text":"Merkt, J.","contributorId":35914,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Merkt","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401627,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":14},{"text":"Muhs, D.R. 0000-0001-7449-251X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7449-251X","contributorId":61460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muhs","given":"D.R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401632,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":15},{"text":"Muller, H.","contributorId":79270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Muller","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401634,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":16},{"text":"Poore, R.Z.","contributorId":35314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poore","given":"R.Z.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401626,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":17},{"text":"Porter, S.C.","contributorId":35066,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Porter","given":"S.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401625,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":18},{"text":"Seret, G.","contributorId":23727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Seret","given":"G.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401622,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":19},{"text":"Shackleton, N. J.","contributorId":8996,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Shackleton","given":"N.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401617,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":20},{"text":"Turner, C.","contributorId":74151,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401633,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":21},{"text":"Tzedakis, P.C.","contributorId":105481,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tzedakis","given":"P.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401637,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":22},{"text":"Winograd, I.J.","contributorId":10408,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winograd","given":"I.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401618,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":23}]}} ,{"id":70024536,"text":"70024536 - 2002 - A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota II: Geochemistry, mineralogy, and stable isotopes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024536","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2411,"text":"Journal of Paleolimnology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota II: Geochemistry, mineralogy, and stable isotopes","docAbstract":"Most of the sediment components that have accumulated in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, northwestern Minnesota, over the past 1500 years are authigenic or biogenic (CaCO3, biogenic SiO2, organic matter, iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, and iron phosphate) and are delivered to the sediment-water interface on a seasonal schedule where they are preserved as distinct annual laminae (varves). The annual biogeochemical cycles of these components are causally linked through the 'carbon pump', and are recapitulated in longer-term cycles, most prominently with a periodicity of about 400 years. Organic carbon is fixed in the epilimnion by photosynthetic removal of CO2, which also increases the pH, triggering the precipitation of CaCO3. The respiration and degradation of fixed organic carbon in the hypolimnion consumes dissolved oxygen, produces CO2, and lowers the pH so that the hypolimnion becomes anoxic and undersaturated with respect to CaCO3 during the summer. Some of the CaCO3 produced in the epilimnion is dissolved in the anoxic, lower pH hypolimnion and sediments. The amount of CaCO3 that is ultimately incorporated into the sediments is a function of how much is produced in the epilimnion and how much is consumed in the hypolimnion and the sediments. Iron, manganese, and phosphate accumulate in the anoxic hypolimnion throughout the summer. Sediment-trap studies show that at fall overturn, when iron-, manganese-, and phosphate-rich bottom waters mix with carbonate- and oxygen-rich surface waters, precipitation of iron and manganese oxyhydroxides, iron phosphate, and manganese carbonate begins and continues into the winter months. Detrital clastic material in the sediments of Elk Lake deposited over the last 1500 years is a minor component (<10% by weight) that is mostly wind-borne (eolian). Detailed analyses of the last 1500 years of the Elk Lake sediment record show distinct cycles in eolian clastic variables (e.g. aluminum, sodium, potassium, titanium, and quartz), with a periodicity of about 400 years. The 400-yr cycle in eolian clastic material does not correspond to the 400-yr cycles in redox-sensitive authigenic components, suggesting that the clastic component is responding to external forcing (wind) whereas the authigenic components are responding to internal forcing (productivity), although both may ultimately be forced by climate change. Variations in the oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of CaCO3 are small but appear to reflect small variations in ground water influx that are also driven by external forcing.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Journal of Paleolimnology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1016054522905","issn":"09212728","usgsCitation":"Dean, W., 2002, A 1500-year record of climatic and environmental change in Elk Lake, Clearwater County, Minnesota II: Geochemistry, mineralogy, and stable isotopes: Journal of Paleolimnology, v. 27, no. 3, p. 301-319, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016054522905.","startPage":"301","endPage":"319","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207846,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016054522905"},{"id":233088,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"27","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e2c0e4b0c8380cd45c01","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dean, W.","contributorId":24076,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dean","given":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401614,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70024535,"text":"70024535 - 2002 - Historical patterns of river stage and fish communities as criteria for operations of dams on the Illinois river","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-02-23T15:38:59","indexId":"70024535","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3301,"text":"River Research and Applications","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Historical patterns of river stage and fish communities as criteria for operations of dams on the Illinois river","docAbstract":"The hydrologic regime of the Illinois River has been altered over the past 100 years. Locks and dams regulate water surface elevations and flow, enabling commercial navigation to continue year round. This study relates changes in water surface elevation to fish abundance in the river, and establishes target criteria for operating locks and dams. Using long-term records of daily river stage, we identified ecologically meaningful hydrological parameters for eight gage locations along the Illinois River. Inter-annual variability of a long-term fisheries dataset beginning in 1957 was related to variability in stage, flood and recession duration, frequency, timing, and rate of change of water levels. Reversals in water surface elevation, maximum stage levels, and length of the spring flood were the most important parameters influencing abundance of age-zero fishes in annual collections. Smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunneins), and white bass (Morone chrysops) were most abundant in samples during years that approximated the natural water level regime. Of the 33 hydrologic parameters evaluated for the entire water year from an Illinois River gage site on La Grange Reach, all except average stage in January and Julian date (JD) of maximum stage had moderate or high hydrologic alteration based on the historical range of variation (RVA). The highest degree of hydrologic alteration was for minimum stage levels (1-day, 3-day, and 7-day), rate-of-rise, and rate-of-fall. Other parameters that have been severely altered were 30-day minimum stage, 90-day maximum stage, and the annual number of water level reversals. Operations of the La Grange and Peoria locks and dams could be modified so water level variability would approximate that of the late 1800s, when fish and wildlife resources were abundant. The water regime could be regulated to maintain navigation and improve conditions for native plants and animals without increasing flood damages.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1002/rra.630","usgsCitation":"Koel, T., and Sparks, R.E., 2002, Historical patterns of river stage and fish communities as criteria for operations of dams on the Illinois river: River Research and Applications, v. 18, no. 1, p. 3-19, https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.630.","productDescription":"17 p.","startPage":"3","endPage":"19","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233087,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"Illinois River","volume":"18","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-28","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3195e4b0c8380cd5e045","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Koel, Todd M.","contributorId":196920,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Koel","given":"Todd M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401612,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Sparks, Richard E.","contributorId":39091,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sparks","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401613,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}