Gravity and magnetic data indicate a mafic crustal heterogeneity that lies between the Hector Mine 16 October 1999 (Mw 7.1) and Landers 28 June 1992 (Mw 7.3) epicenters. The aftershocks and ruptures of these two events avoided the interior of the body. Two- and three-dimensional modeling of the potential-field anomalies shows that the source, here named the Emerson Lake body (ELB), extends to a depth of approximately 15 km. The source of the gravity and magnetic anomaly is most likely Jurassic diorite because exposures of these rocks coincide with both gravity and magnetic highs west of Emerson Lake. Seismic tomography also shows higher velocities within the region of the ELB. We propose that the ELB was an important influence on the rupture geometry of the Landers and Hector Mine ruptures and that the ELB may have played a role in transferring of stress from the Landers earthquake to the Hector Mine hypocenter. Seismicity before the Landers earthquake also tended to avoid the ELB, suggesting that the ELB affects how strain is distributed in this part of the Mojave Desert. Thus, faults within the body should have limited rupture sizes and lower seismic hazard than faults bounding or outside this mafic crustal heterogeneity.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000906","usgsCitation":"Langenheim, V., and Jachens, R., 2002, The Emerson Lake Body: A link between the Landers and Hector Mine earthquakes, southern California, as inferred from gravity and magnetic anomalies: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1606-1620, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000906.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"1606","endPage":"1620","numberOfPages":"15","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232775,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Emerson Lake","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 33.625\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 33.625\n ],\n [\n -115.75,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -117,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba71ae4b08c986b32136d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Langenheim, V.E. 0000-0003-2170-5213","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2170-5213","contributorId":54956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Langenheim","given":"V.E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402261,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Jachens, R.C.","contributorId":55433,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jachens","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402262,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024783,"text":"70024783 - 2002 - Fecal-indicator bacteria in streams alonga gradient of residential development","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-06T13:17:02","indexId":"70024783","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Fecal-indicator bacteria in streams alonga gradient of residential development","docAbstract":"Fecal-indicator bacteria were sampled at 14 stream sites in Anchorage, Alaska, USA, as part of a study to determine the effects of urbanization on water quality. Population density in the subbasins sampled ranged from zero to 1,750 persons per square kilometer. Higher concentrations of fecal-coliform, E. coli, and enterococci bacteria were measured at the most urbanized sites. Although fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations were higher in summer than in winter, seasonal differences in bacteria concentrations generally were not significant. Areas served by sewer systems had significantly higher fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations than did areas served by septic systems. The areas served by sewer systems also had storm drains that discharged directly to the streams, whereas storm sewers were not present in the areas served by septic systems. Fecal-indicator bacteria concentrations were highly variable over a two-day period of stable streamflow, which may have implications for testing of compliance to water-quality standards.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01550.x","issn":"1093474X","usgsCitation":"Frenzel, S.A., and Couvillion, C., 2002, Fecal-indicator bacteria in streams alonga gradient of residential development: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 38, no. 1, p. 265-273, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb01550.x.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"265","endPage":"273","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233067,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Anchorage","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -150.13366699218747,\n 61.062604732165404\n ],\n [\n -149.65,\n 61.062604732165404\n ],\n [\n -149.65,\n 61.26495144723964\n ],\n [\n -150.13366699218747,\n 61.26495144723964\n ],\n [\n -150.13366699218747,\n 61.062604732165404\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0f4be4b0c8380cd53861","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Frenzel, Steven A. sfrenzel@usgs.gov","contributorId":688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Frenzel","given":"Steven","email":"sfrenzel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":402607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Couvillion, Charles S.","contributorId":102243,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Couvillion","given":"Charles S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024762,"text":"70024762 - 2002 - Reduction of CO2 to C1 products and fuel","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024762","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Reduction of CO2 to C1 products and fuel","docAbstract":"Photochemical semiconductor processes readily reduced CO2 to a broad range of C1 products. However the intrinsic and solar efficiencies for the processes were low. Improved quantum efficiencies could be realized utilizing quantum-sized particles, but at the expense of using less of the visible solar spectrum. Conversely, semiconductors with small bandgaps used more of the visible solar spectrum at the expense of quantum efficiency. Thermal reduction of CO2 with Fe(II) was thermodynamically favored for forming many kinds of organic compounds and occurred readily with olivine and other Fe(II) minerals above 200??C to form higher alkanes and alkenes. No added hydrogen was required.","largerWorkTitle":"ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints","conferenceTitle":"224th ACS National Meeting","conferenceDate":"7 April 2002 through 11 April 2002","conferenceLocation":"Orlando, FL","language":"English","issn":"05693772","usgsCitation":"Mill, T., and Ross, D., 2002, Reduction of CO2 to C1 products and fuel, in ACS Division of Fuel Chemistry, Preprints, v. 47, no. 1, Orlando, FL, 7 April 2002 through 11 April 2002, p. 79-80.","startPage":"79","endPage":"80","numberOfPages":"2","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"47","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"50e4a3d8e4b0e8fec6cdb9d2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mill, T.","contributorId":100133,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mill","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402539,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, D.","contributorId":7049,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402538,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024681,"text":"70024681 - 2002 - Observations of comet 19P/Borrelly by the miniature integrated camera and spectrometer aboard deep space 1","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-12-12T08:42:43","indexId":"70024681","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Observations of comet 19P/Borrelly by the miniature integrated camera and spectrometer aboard deep space 1","docAbstract":"The nucleus of the Jupiter-family comet 19P/Borrelly was closely observed by the Miniature Integrated Camera and Spectrometer aboard the Deep Space 1 spacecraft on 22 September 2001. The 8-kilometer-long body is highly variegated on a scale of 200 meters, exhibiting large albedo variations (0.01 to 0.03) and complex geologic relationships. Short-wavelength infrared spectra (1.3 to 2.6 micrometers) show a slope toward the red and a hot, dry surface (≤345 kelvin, with no trace of water ice or hydrated minerals), consistent with ∼10% or less of the surface actively sublimating. Borrelly's coma exhibits two types of dust features: fans and highly collimated jets. At encounter, the near-nucleus coma was dominated by a prominent dust jet that resolved into at least three smaller jets emanating from a broad basin in the middle of the nucleus. Because the major dust jet remained fixed in orientation, it is evidently aligned near the rotation axis of the nucleus.
","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)","doi":"10.1126/science.1069527","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Soderblom, L.A., Becker, T., Bennett, G., Boice, D.C., Britt, D., Brown, R.H., Buratti, B.J., Isbell, C., Giese, B., Hare, T., Hicks, M., Howington-Kraus, E., Kirk, R.L., Lee, M., Nelson, R., Oberst, J., Owen, T., Rayman, M., Sandel, B., Stern, S., Thomas, N., and Yelle, R., 2002, Observations of comet 19P/Borrelly by the miniature integrated camera and spectrometer aboard deep space 1: Science, v. 296, no. 5570, p. 1087-1091, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1069527.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"1087","endPage":"1091","numberOfPages":"5","costCenters":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233239,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"otherGeospatial":"Comet Borrelly","volume":"296","issue":"5570","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a6a8be4b0c8380cd7421c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Soderblom, Laurence A. 0000-0002-0917-853X lsoderblom@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0917-853X","contributorId":2721,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Soderblom","given":"Laurence","email":"lsoderblom@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":131,"text":"Astrogeology Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402213,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Becker, T.L.","contributorId":88881,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"T.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bennett, G.","contributorId":102298,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bennett","given":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Boice, D. 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Time-since-burn, the time lapse from the date of burn to the date of image collection, was related to variation in mean NDVI over time. Regression analysis showed that NDVI increased for about 300 to 400 days immediately after the burn, overshooting the typical mean NDVI of a nonburned marsh. For about another 500 to 600 days NDVI decreased until reaching a nearly constant NDVI of about 0.40. During the phase of increasing NDVI the ability to predict time-since-burn was within about ??60 days. Within the decreasing phase this dropped to about ??88 days. Examination of each burn site revealed some nonburn related influences on NDVI (e.g., seasonality). Normalization of burn NDVI by site-specific nonburn control NDVI eliminated most influences. However, differential responses at the site-specific level remained related to either storm impacts or secondary burning. At these sites, collateral data helped clarify the abnormal changes in NDVI. Accounting for these abnormalities, site-specific burn recovery trends could be broadly standardized into four general phases: Phase 1-preburn, Phase 2-initial recovery (increasing NDVI), Phase 3-late recovery (decreasing NDVI), and Phase 4-final coalescence (unchanging NDVI). Phase 2 tended to last about 300 to 500 days, Phase 3 an additional 500 to 600 days, and finally reaching Phase 4, 900 to 1,000 days after burn.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Wetlands Ecology and Management","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1023/A:1014362616119","issn":"09234861","usgsCitation":"Ramsey, E., Sapkota, S., Barnes, F., and Nelson, G., 2002, Monitoring the recovery of Juncus roemerianus marsh burns with the normalized difference vegetation index and Landsat Thematic Mapper data: Wetlands Ecology and Management, v. 10, no. 1, p. 85-96, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014362616119.","startPage":"85","endPage":"96","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":233068,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":207831,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014362616119"}],"volume":"10","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a5df0e4b0c8380cd706cb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ramsey, Elijah W. 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In the 1993 snowmelt period, two-component isotopic hydrograph separations showed that new water (meltwater) inputs to the stream ranged widely from 41 to 74%, and increased with catchment size (41 to 11 125 ha) (with one exception) and with open land cover (0-73%). Peak dissolved organic carbon concentrations and relative alkalinity dilution in stream water ranked in the same order among catchments as the new water fractions, suggesting that new water followed shallow flow paths. During the 1994 snowmelt, despite similar timing and magnitude of melt inputs, the new-water contribution to stream flow ranged only from 30 to 36% in the four catchments. We conclude that the uncommonly high and variable new water fractions in streamwater during the 1993 melt were caused by direct runoff of meltwater over frozen ground, which was prevalent in open land areas during the 1993 winter. In a high-intensity summer rainstorm in 1993, new water fractions were smaller relative to the 1993 snowmelt, ranging from 28 to 46%, but they ranked in the identical catchment order. Reconciliation of the contrasting patterns of new-old water partitioning in the three events appears to require an explanation that invokes multiple processes and effects, including: 1 topographically controlled increase in surface-saturated area with increasing catchment size; 2 direct runoff over frozen ground; 3 low infiltration in agriculturally compacted soils; 4 differences in soil transmissivity, which may be more relevant under dry antecedent conditions. These data highlight some of the difficulties faced by catchment hydrologists in formulating a theory of runoff generation at varying basin scales. Copyright ?? 2002 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrological Processes","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/hyp.312","issn":"08856087","usgsCitation":"Shanley, J.B., Kendall, C., Smith, T.E., Wolock, D., and McDonnell, J.J., 2002, Controls on old and new water contributions to stream flow at some nested catchments in Vermont, USA: Hydrological Processes, v. 16, no. 3, p. 589-609, https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.312.","startPage":"589","endPage":"609","numberOfPages":"21","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207956,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.312"},{"id":233279,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"16","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-31","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fbd2e4b0c8380cd4dfa8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shanley, J. B.","contributorId":52226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shanley","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402535,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kendall, C. 0000-0002-0247-3405","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0247-3405","contributorId":35050,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402533,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smith, T. E.","contributorId":23530,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402532,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wolock, D.M. 0000-0002-6209-938X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6209-938X","contributorId":36601,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wolock","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402534,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"McDonnell, Jeffery J. 0000-0002-3880-3162","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3880-3162","contributorId":62723,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"McDonnell","given":"Jeffery","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402536,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70024687,"text":"70024687 - 2002 - The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:06","indexId":"70024687","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada","docAbstract":"This paper provides a geologic and hydrologic framework of the Yucca Mountain region for the geochemical papers in this volume. The regional geologic units, which range in age from late Precambrian through Holocene, are briefly described. Yucca Mountain is composed of dominantly pyroclastic units that range in age from 11.4 to 15.2 Ma. The principal focus of study has been on the Paintbrush Group, which includes two major zoned and welded ash-flow tuffs separated by an important hydrogeologic unit referred to as the Paintbrush non-welded (PTn). The regional structural setting is currently one of extension, and the major local tectonic domains are presented together with a tectonic model that is consistent with the known structures at Yucca Mountain. Streamflow in this arid to semi-arid region occurs principally in intermittent or ephemeral channels. Near Yucca Mountain, the channels of Fortymile Wash and Amargosa River collect infrequent runoff from tributary basins, ultimately draining to Death Valley. Beneath the surface, large-scale interbasin flow of groundwater from one valley to another occurs commonly in the region. Regional groundwater flow beneath Yucca Mountain originates in the high mesas to the north and returns to the surface either in southern Amargosa Desert or in Death Valley, where it is consumed by evapotranspiration. The water table is very deep beneath the upland areas such as Yucca Mountain, where it is 500-750 m below the land surface, providing a large thickness of unsaturated rocks that are potentially suitable to host a nuclear-waste repository. The nature of unsaturated flow processes, which are important for assessing radionuclide migration, are inferred mainly from hydrochemical or isotopic evidence, from pneumatic tests of the fracture systems, and from the results of in situ experiments. Water seeping down through the unsaturated zone flows rapidly through fractures and more slowly through the pores of the rock matrix. Although capillary forces are expected to divert much of the flow around repository openings, some may drip onto waste packages, ultimately causing release of radionuclides, followed by transport down to the water table. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Stuckless, J., and Dudley, W.W., 2002, The geohydrologic setting of Yucca Mountain, Nevada: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 6, p. 659-682, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X.","startPage":"659","endPage":"682","numberOfPages":"24","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207979,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(02)00029-X"},{"id":233313,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bac53e4b08c986b323412","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stuckless, J. S.","contributorId":6060,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stuckless","given":"J. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402252,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dudley, W. W.","contributorId":101941,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dudley","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402253,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024759,"text":"70024759 - 2002 - Identification of lithofacies using Kohonen self-organizing maps","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024759","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1315,"text":"Computers & Geosciences","printIssn":"0098-3004","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identification of lithofacies using Kohonen self-organizing maps","docAbstract":"Lithofacies identification is a primary task in reservoir characterization. Traditional techniques of lithofacies identification from core data are costly, and it is difficult to extrapolate to non-cored wells. We present a low-cost automated technique using Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOMs) to identify systematically and objectively lithofacies from well log data. SOMs are unsupervised artificial neural networks that map the input space into clusters in a topological form whose organization is related to trends in the input data. A case study used five wells located in Appleton Field, Escambia County, Alabama (Smackover Formation, limestone and dolomite, Oxfordian, Jurassic). A five-input, one-dimensional output approach is employed, assuming the lithofacies are in ascending/descending order with respect to paleoenvironmental energy levels. To consider the possible appearance of new logfacies not seen in training mode, which may potentially appear in test wells, the maximum number of outputs is set to 20 instead of four, the designated number of lithosfacies in the study area. This study found eleven major clusters. The clusters were compared to depositional lithofacies identified by manual core examination. The clusters were ordered by the SOM in a pattern consistent with environmental gradients inferred from core examination: bind/boundstone, grainstone, packstone, and wackestone. This new approach predicted lithofacies identity from well log data with 78.8% accuracy which is more accurate than using a backpropagation neural network (57.3%). The clusters produced by the SOM are ordered with respect to paleoenvironmental energy levels. This energy-related clustering provides geologists and petroleum engineers with valuable geologic information about the logfacies and their interrelationships. This advantage is not obtained in backpropagation neural networks and adaptive resonance theory neural networks. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Computers and Geosciences","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00067-X","issn":"00983004","usgsCitation":"Chang, H., Kopaska-Merkel, D., and Chen, H., 2002, Identification of lithofacies using Kohonen self-organizing maps: Computers & Geosciences, v. 28, no. 2, p. 223-229, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00067-X.","startPage":"223","endPage":"229","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207935,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(01)00067-X"},{"id":233246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"28","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a3831e4b0c8380cd6149b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Chang, H.-C.","contributorId":80463,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chang","given":"H.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kopaska-Merkel, D. C.","contributorId":21314,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kopaska-Merkel","given":"D. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chen, H.-C.","contributorId":9815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chen","given":"H.-C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024752,"text":"70024752 - 2002 - Atrazine and metolachlor occurrence in shallow ground water of the United States, 1993 to 1995: Relations to explanatory factors","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-27T14:40:06","indexId":"70024752","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2529,"text":"Journal of the American Water Resources Association","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Atrazine and metolachlor occurrence in shallow ground water of the United States, 1993 to 1995: Relations to explanatory factors","docAbstract":"Since 1991, the U.S. Geological Survey has been conducting the National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to determine the quality of the Nation's water resources. In an effort to obtain a better understanding of why pesticides are found in shallow ground water on a national scale, a set of factors likely to affect the fate and transport of two herbicides in the subsurface were examined. Atrazine and metolachlor were selected for this discussion because they were among the most frequently detected pesticides in ground water during the first phase of the NAWQA Program (1993 to 1995), and each was the most frequently detected compound in its chemical class (triazines and acetanilides, respectively). The factors that most strongly correlated with the frequencies of atrazine detection in shallow ground-water networks were those that provided either: (1) an indication of the potential susceptibility of ground water to atrazine contamination, or (2) an indication of relative ground-water age. The factors most closely related to the frequencies of metolachlor detection in ground water, however, were those that estimated or indicated the intensity of the agricultural use of metolachlor. This difference is probably the result of detailed use estimates for these compounds being available only for agricultural settings. While atrazine use is relatively extensive in nonagricultural settings, in addition to its widespread agricultural use, metolachlor is used almost exclusively for agricultural purposes. As a result, estimates of agricultural applications provide a less reliable indication of total chemical use for atrazine than for metolachlor. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the factors of interest explained about 50 percent of the variance in atrazine and metolachlor detection frequencies among the NAWQA land-use studies examined. The inclusion of other factors related to pesticide fate and transport in ground water, or improvements in the quality and accuracy of the data employed for the factors examined, may help explain more of the remaining variance in the frequencies of atrazine and metolachlor detection.
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]\n}","volume":"38","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2007-06-08","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059eecbe4b0c8380cd49f81","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, D.W.","contributorId":87565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"D.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402504,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Barbash, J.E.","contributorId":62783,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbash","given":"J.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402503,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gilliom, R. J.","contributorId":60650,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gilliom","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402502,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024751,"text":"70024751 - 2002 - Identifying elements of the plumbing system beneath Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from the source locations of very-long-period signals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024751","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1803,"text":"Geophysical Journal International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Identifying elements of the plumbing system beneath Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from the source locations of very-long-period signals","docAbstract":"We analyzed 16 seismic events recorded by the Hawaiian broad-band seismic network at Kilauca Volcano during the period September 9-26, 1999. Two distinct types of event are identified based on their spectral content, very-long-period (VLP) waveform, amplitude decay pattern and particle motion. We locate the VLP signals with a method based on analyses of semblance and particle motion. Different source regions are identified for the two event types. One source region is located at depths of ~1 km beneath the northeast edge of the Halemaumau pit crater. A second region is located at depths of ~8 km below the northwest quadrant of Kilauea caldera. Our study represents the first time that such deep sources have been identified in VLP data at Kilauea. This discovery opens the possibility of obtaining a detailed image of the location and geometry of the magma plumbing system beneath this volcano based on source locations and moment tensor inversions of VLP signals recorded by a permanent, large-aperture broad-band network.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geophysical Journal International","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01629.x","issn":"0956540X","usgsCitation":"Almendros, J., Chouet, B., Dawson, P., and Bond, T., 2002, Identifying elements of the plumbing system beneath Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, from the source locations of very-long-period signals: Geophysical Journal International, v. 148, no. 2, p. 303-312, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01629.x.","startPage":"303","endPage":"312","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478640,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01629.x","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207854,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01629.x"},{"id":233101,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"148","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a384ce4b0c8380cd61502","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Almendros, J.","contributorId":73369,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Almendros","given":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402501,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Chouet, B.","contributorId":68465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chouet","given":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402500,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Dawson, P. 0000-0003-4065-0588","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-0588","contributorId":49529,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dawson","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402499,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bond, T.","contributorId":19336,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bond","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402498,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024750,"text":"70024750 - 2002 - Uranium-series dating of pedogenic silica and carbonate, Crater Flat, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:08","indexId":"70024750","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1759,"text":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Uranium-series dating of pedogenic silica and carbonate, Crater Flat, Nevada","docAbstract":"A 230Th-234U-238U dating study on pedogenic silica-carbonate clast rinds and matrix laminae from alluvium in Crater Flat, Nevada was conducted using small-sample thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) analyses on a large suite of samples. Though the 232Th content of these soils is not particularly low (mostly 0.1-9 ppm), the high U content of the silica component (mostly 4-26 ppm) makes them particularly suitable for 230Th/U dating on single, 10 to 200 mg totally-digested samples using TIMS. We observed that (1) both micro- (within-rind) and macro-stratigraphic (mappabe deposit) order of the 230Th/U ages were preserved in all cases; (2) back-calculated initial 234U/238U fall in a restricted range (typically 1.67??0.19), so that 234U/238U ages with errors of about 100 kyr (2??) could be reliably determined for the oldest, 400 to 1000 ka rinds: and (3) though 13 of the samples were >350 ka, only three showed evidence for an open-system history, even though the sensitivity of such old samples to isotopic disruption is very high. An attempt to use leach-residue techniques to separate pedogenic from detrital U and Th failed, yielding corrupt 230Th/U ages. We conclude that 230Th/U ages determined from totally dissolved, multiple sub-mm size subsamples provide more reliable estimates of soil chronology than methods employing larger samples, chemical enhancement of 238U/232Th, or isochrons. Copyright ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00786-4","issn":"00167037","usgsCitation":"Ludwig, K., and Paces, J., 2002, Uranium-series dating of pedogenic silica and carbonate, Crater Flat, Nevada: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, no. 3, p. 487-506, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00786-4.","startPage":"487","endPage":"506","numberOfPages":"20","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207853,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00786-4"},{"id":233100,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"66","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505bbdfce4b08c986b329340","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ludwig, K.R.","contributorId":97112,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ludwig","given":"K.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":218,"text":"Denver Federal Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":402497,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Paces, J.B. 0000-0002-9809-8493","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":27482,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"J.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402496,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024629,"text":"70024629 - 2002 - The High Plains Aquifer, USA: Groundwater development and sustainability","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-14T17:34:38.303281","indexId":"70024629","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1785,"text":"Geological Society Special Publication","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The High Plains Aquifer, USA: Groundwater development and sustainability","docAbstract":"The High Plains Aquifer, located in the United States, is one of the largest freshwater aquifers in the world and is threatened by continued decline in water levels and deteriorating water quality. Understanding the physical and cultural features of this area is essential to assessing the factors that affect this groundwater resource. About 27% of the irrigated land in the United States overlies this aquifer, which yields about 30% of the nation's groundwater used for irrigation of crops including wheat, corn, sorghum, cotton and alfalfa. In addition, the aquifer provides drinking water to 82% of the 2.3 million people who live within the aquifer boundary. The High Plains Aquifer has been significantly impacted by human activities. Groundwater withdrawals from the aquifer exceed recharge in many areas, resulting in substantial declines in groundwater level. Residents once believed that the aquifer was an unlimited resource of high-quality water, but they now face the prospect that much of the water may be gone in the near future. Also, agricultural chemicals are affecting the groundwater quality. Increasing concentrations of nitrate and salinity can first impair the use of the water for public supply and then affect its suitability for irrigation. A variety of technical and institutional measures are currently being planned and implemented across the aquifer area in an attempt to sustain this groundwater resource for future generations. However, because groundwater withdrawals remain high and water quality impairments are becoming more commonplace, the sustainability of the High Plains Aquifer is uncertain.","language":"English","publisher":"GeoScienceWorld","doi":"10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.193.01.09","usgsCitation":"Dennehy, K., Litke, D.W., and McMahon, P., 2002, The High Plains Aquifer, USA: Groundwater development and sustainability: Geological Society Special Publication, no. 193, p. 99-119, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.193.01.09.","productDescription":"21 p.","startPage":"99","endPage":"119","costCenters":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":232952,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"High Plains Aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.46875,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 34.379712580462204\n ],\n [\n -98.1298828125,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -105.46875,\n 43.70759350405294\n ],\n [\n -105.46875,\n 34.379712580462204\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","issue":"193","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-03-19","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505ba776e4b08c986b32159a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dennehy, K.F.","contributorId":41841,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dennehy","given":"K.F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402011,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Litke, D. W.","contributorId":94346,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McMahon, P.B. 0000-0001-7452-2379","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7452-2379","contributorId":10762,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McMahon","given":"P.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402010,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024749,"text":"70024749 - 2002 - Displaced rocks, strong motion, and the mechanics of shallow faulting associated with the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-04-24T14:33:41.171788","indexId":"70024749","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Displaced rocks, strong motion, and the mechanics of shallow faulting associated with the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake","docAbstract":"The paucity of strong-motion stations near the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake makes it impossible to make instrumental studies of key questions about near-fault strong-motion patterns associated with this event. However, observations of displaced rocks allow a qualitative investigation of these problems. By observing the slope of the desert surface and the frictional coefficient between these rocks and the desert surface, we estimate the minimum horizontal acceleration needed to displace the rocks. Combining this information with observations of how many rocks were displaced in different areas near the fault, we infer the level of shaking. Given current empirical shaking attenuation relationships, the number of rocks that moved is slightly lower than expected; this implies that slightly lower than expected shaking occurred during the Hector Mine earthquake. Perhaps more importantly, stretches of the fault with 4 m of total displacement at the surface displaced few nearby rocks on 15?? slopes, suggesting that the horizontal accelerations were below 0.2g within meters of the fault scarp. This low level of shaking suggests that the shallow parts of this rupture did not produce strong accelerations. Finally, we did not observe an increased incidence of displaced rocks along the fault zone itself. This suggests that, despite observations of fault-zone-trapped waves generated by aftershocks of the Hector Mine earthquake, such waves were not an important factor in controlling peak ground acceleration during the mainshock.","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/0120000927","usgsCitation":"Michael, A.J., Ross, S.L., and Stenner, H.D., 2002, Displaced rocks, strong motion, and the mechanics of shallow faulting associated with the 1999 Hector Mine, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 92, no. 4, p. 1561-1569, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000927.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"1561","endPage":"1569","costCenters":[{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":233099,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Hector Mine","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.333,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -116.333,\n 34.666\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 34.666\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 35\n ],\n [\n -116.333,\n 35\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"92","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a021fe4b0c8380cd4fec7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michael, Andrew J. 0000-0002-2403-5019 michael@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2403-5019","contributorId":1280,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michael","given":"Andrew","email":"michael@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":234,"text":"Earthquake Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":237,"text":"Earthquake Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402494,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ross, Stephanie L. 0000-0003-1389-4405 sross@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-4405","contributorId":1024,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ross","given":"Stephanie","email":"sross@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":520,"text":"Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":402495,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stenner, Heidi D.","contributorId":35868,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stenner","given":"Heidi","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402493,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70024832,"text":"70024832 - 2002 - Problems in evaluating regional and local trends in temperature: An example from eastern Colorado, USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:07","indexId":"70024832","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2032,"text":"International Journal of Climatology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Problems in evaluating regional and local trends in temperature: An example from eastern Colorado, USA","docAbstract":"We evaluated long-term trends in average maximum and minimum temperatures, threshold temperatures, and growing season in eastern Colorado, USA, to explore the potential shortcomings of many climate-change studies that either: (1) generalize regional patterns from single stations, single seasons, or a few parameters over short duration from averaging dissimilar stations: or (2) generalize an average regional pattern from coarse-scale general circulation models. Based on 11 weather stations, some trends were weakly regionally consistent with previous studies of night-time temperature warming. Long-term (80 + years) mean minimum temperatures increased significantly (P < 0.2) in about half the stations in winter, spring, and autumn and six stations had significant decreases in the number of days per year with temperatures ??? - 17.8 ??C (???0??F). However, spatial and temporal variation in the direction of change was enormous for all the other weather parameters tested, and, in the majority of tests, few stations showed significant trends (even at P < 0.2). In summer, four stations had significant increases and three stations had significant decreases in minimum temperatures, producing a strongly mixed regional signal. Trends in maximum temperature varied seasonally and geographically, as did trends in threshold temperature days ???32.2??C (???90??F) or days ???37.8??C (???100??F). There was evidence of a subregional cooling in autumn's maximum temperatures, with five stations showing significant decreasing trends. There were many geographic anomalies where neighbouring weather stations differed greatly in the magnitude of change or where they had significant and opposite trends. We conclude that sub-regional spatial and seasonal variation cannot be ignored when evaluating the direction and magnitude of climate change. It is unlikely that one or a few weather stations are representative of regional climate trends, and equally unlikely that regionally projected climate change from coarse-scale general circulation models will accurately portray trends at sub-regional scales. However, the assessment of a group of stations for consistent more qualitative trends (such as the number of days less than - 17.8??C, such as we found) provides a reasonably robust procedure to evaluate climate trends and variability. Copyright ?? 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"International Journal of Climatology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/joc.706","issn":"08998418","usgsCitation":"Pielke, R., Stohlgren, T., Schell, L., Parton, W., Doesken, N., Redmond, K., Moeny, J., McKee, T., and Kittel, T., 2002, Problems in evaluating regional and local trends in temperature: An example from eastern Colorado, USA: International Journal of Climatology, v. 22, no. 4, p. 421-434, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.706.","startPage":"421","endPage":"434","numberOfPages":"14","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207938,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.706"},{"id":233250,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-04-18","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a8cd8e4b0c8380cd7e905","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pielke, R.A. Sr.","contributorId":96224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pielke","given":"R.A.","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Stohlgren, T.","contributorId":40766,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stohlgren","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402781,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schell, L.","contributorId":11801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schell","given":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402778,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Parton, W.","contributorId":93668,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Parton","given":"W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Doesken, N.","contributorId":20944,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Doesken","given":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402779,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Redmond, K.","contributorId":48355,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Redmond","given":"K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402782,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Moeny, J.","contributorId":74915,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moeny","given":"J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"McKee, T.","contributorId":67257,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McKee","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402783,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Kittel, T.G.F.","contributorId":21500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kittel","given":"T.G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402780,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70024822,"text":"70024822 - 2002 - Spatial and temporal variability of trace element concentrations in an urban subtropical watershed, Honolulu, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024822","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":835,"text":"Applied Geochemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Spatial and temporal variability of trace element concentrations in an urban subtropical watershed, Honolulu, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Trace metal concentrations in soils and in stream and estuarine sediments from a subtropical urban watershed in Hawaii are presented. The results are placed in the context of historical studies of environmental quality (water, soils, and sediment) in Hawaii to elucidate sources of trace elements and the processes responsible for their distribution. This work builds on earlier studies on sediments of Ala Wai Canal of urban Honolulu by examining spatial and temporal variations in the trace elements throughout the watershed. Natural processes and anthropogenic activity in urban Honolulu contribute to spatial and temporal variations of trace element concentrations throughout the watershed. Enrichment of trace elements in watershed soils result, in some cases, from contributions attributed to the weathering of volcanic rocks, as well as to a more variable anthropogenic input that reflects changes in land use in Honolulu. Varying concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments reflect about 60 a of anthropogenic activity in Honolulu. Land use has a strong impact on the spatial distribution and abundance of selected trace elements in soils and stream sediments. As noted in continental US settings, the phasing out of Pb-alkyl fuel additives has decreased Pb inputs to recently deposited estuarine sediments. Yet, a substantial historical anthropogenic Pb inventory remains in soils of the watershed and erosion of surface soils continues to contribute to its enrichment in estuarine sediments. Concentrations of other elements (e.g., Cu, Zn, Cd), however, have not decreased with time, suggesting continued active inputs. Concentrations of Ba, Co, Cr, Ni, V and U, although elevated in some cases, typically reflect greater proportions attributed to natural sources rather than anthropogenic input. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Applied Geochemistry","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00114-7","issn":"08832927","usgsCitation":"Heinen, D.C., and Anthony, S.S., 2002, Spatial and temporal variability of trace element concentrations in an urban subtropical watershed, Honolulu, Hawaii: Applied Geochemistry, v. 17, no. 4, p. 475-492, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00114-7.","startPage":"475","endPage":"492","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207810,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00114-7"},{"id":233034,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"17","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b9454e4b08c986b31a9f5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Heinen, De Carlo E.","contributorId":89309,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Heinen","given":"De","email":"","middleInitial":"Carlo E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Anthony, S. S.","contributorId":89173,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anthony","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":81590,"text":"81590 - 2002 - Alien annual plants and their relationships to fire and biotic change in Sonoran Desertscrub","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-15T19:23:38.904234","indexId":"81590","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"10","title":"Alien annual plants and their relationships to fire and biotic change in Sonoran Desertscrub","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Invasive exotic species in the Sonoran region","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum; The University of Arizona Press","publisherLocation":"Tucson, AZ","usgsCitation":"Esque, T., and Schwalbe, C., 2002, Alien annual plants and their relationships to fire and biotic change in Sonoran Desertscrub, chap. 10 of Invasive exotic species in the Sonoran region.","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":127805,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db688091","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Tellman, B.","contributorId":112649,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tellman","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":504345,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Esque, T. C. 0000-0002-4166-6234","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4166-6234","contributorId":76250,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Esque","given":"T. C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295702,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":295701,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024782,"text":"70024782 - 2002 - An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:09","indexId":"70024782","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3352,"text":"Science of the Total Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River","docAbstract":"The objective of this study was to describe and compare several reproductive parameters for Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) inhabiting the St. Johns River and exposed to different types and/or degrees of contamination. Welaka was selected as the reference site in this study because of its low urban and agricultural development, Palatka is in close proximity to a paper mill plant, the Green Cove site is influenced by marine shipping activities and Julington Creek site receives discharges of domestic wastewater and storm water runoff from recreational boating marinas. For this study, bass were sampled both prior to (September 1996) and during the spawning season (February 1997). In order to characterize chemical exposure, bass livers were analyzed for up to 90 trace organics and 11 trace metal contaminants. Reproductive parameters measured included gonadosomatic index (GSI), histological evaluation of gonads and plasma concentrations of vitellogenin (VTG), 17??-estradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). In general, the sum of organic chemicals was highest in livers from Palatka bass and bass from Green Cove and Julington Creek had higher hepatic concentrations of low molecular polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls when compared to fish from Welaka. Metals were more variable across sites, with highest mean concentrations found in bass from either Julington Creek (Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Zn) or Welaka (Cd, Hg, Pb, Se, Tn). Female bass from Palatka and Green Cove had lower concentrations of E2, VTG and lower GSI in relation to Welaka. Males from Palatka and Green Cove showed comparable declines in 11-KT in relation to males from Julington Creek and GSI were decreased only in Palatka males. These results indicate a geographical trend in reproductive effects, with changes being most pronounced at the site closest to the paper mill (Palatka) and decreasing as the St. Johns River flows downstream. Since reproductive alterations were most evident in bass sampled from the site closest to the paper mill discharge, it is possible that exposure to these effluents might explain at least some of the results reported here. However, the presence of reproductive alterations in fish sampled at a considerable distance from the mill discharge (Green Cove, 40 km) would suggest exposure to chemicals released from sources other than the paper mill plant. It is clear that additional studies are needed to evaluate the potential impact of these reproductive changes in populations of Florida largemouth bass inhabiting the St. Johns River. ?? 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Science of the Total Environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4","issn":"00489697","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, M.S., Johnson, W., Higman, J.C., Denslow, N., Schoeb, T., and Gross, T., 2002, An evaluation of biomarkers of reproductive function and potential contaminant effects in Florida largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides floridanus) sampled from the St. Johns River: Science of the Total Environment, v. 289, no. 1-3, p. 133-144, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4.","startPage":"133","endPage":"144","numberOfPages":"12","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":207809,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01029-4"},{"id":233033,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"289","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059ea48e4b0c8380cd4875c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, M. S.","contributorId":99918,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402605,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, W.E.","contributorId":33276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"W.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Higman, J. C.","contributorId":65044,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Higman","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Denslow, N. D.","contributorId":101606,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Denslow","given":"N. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402606,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schoeb, T. R.","contributorId":73550,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schoeb","given":"T. R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Gross, T. S.","contributorId":95828,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gross","given":"T. S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":402604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70188326,"text":"70188326 - 2002 - Using spring-water chemistry to assess groundwater contamination and ages of shallow and deep ground water flow systems","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-06-06T11:20:05","indexId":"70188326","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Using spring-water chemistry to assess groundwater contamination and ages of shallow and deep ground water flow systems","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Hydrology and biology of post-paleozoic carbonate aquifers, Karst Waters Institute Special Publication 7","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Karst Waters Institute","usgsCitation":"Katz, B.G., Bohlke, J., and Hornsby, D., 2002, Using spring-water chemistry to assess groundwater contamination and ages of shallow and deep ground water flow systems, chap. of Hydrology and biology of post-paleozoic carbonate aquifers, Karst Waters Institute Special Publication 7, p. 76-78.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"76","endPage":"78","costCenters":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":342149,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":342148,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://karstwaters.org/publications/sp7-hydrology-and-biology-of-post-paleozoic-carbonate-aquifers/"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5937bf32e4b0f6c2d0d9c7c2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Katz, B. G.","contributorId":115372,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Katz","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bohlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455 jkbohlke@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":191103,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bohlke","given":"J.K.","email":"jkbohlke@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37277,"text":"WMA - Earth System Processes Division","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":36183,"text":"Hydro-Ecological Interactions Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":697230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hornsby, D.","contributorId":192642,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Hornsby","given":"D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":697231,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70023865,"text":"70023865 - 2002 - Natural history of a northern population of twin-spotted rattlesnakes, Crotalus pricei","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T15:19:04.250603","indexId":"70023865","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2334,"text":"Journal of Herpetology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Natural history of a northern population of twin-spotted rattlesnakes, Crotalus pricei","title":"Natural history of a northern population of twin-spotted rattlesnakes, Crotalus pricei","docAbstract":"The twin-spotted rattlesnake (Crotalus pricei) is a small-bodied pitviper that has received little attention in the literature to date. The species reaches the northern limit of its range in southeastern Arizona, where it inhabits higher elevations than any of the state's 10 other rattlesnake species. During 1997–2000, we captured, measured, and marked 127 C. pricei in Arizona's Chiricahua Mountains between 2530 and 2900 m elevation. We also used radiotelemetry to track the movements of 16 C. pricei in the study area during 1997–1998. Mean (± SE) snout–vent length of C. pricei was 387.8 ± 8.3 mm (range = 168–572), and mean mass was 53.5 ± 3.3 g (range = 3.6–188.5). Based on fecal analyses, lizards constituted the bulk of prey (74%), but the diet of C. pricei also included mammals, birds, and a conspecific. Mating was concentrated in August and early September and parturition took place during late July and August. Mean number of embryos was 3.94 ± 0.34 (range = 1–6) and female reproduction appeared biennial or less frequent. Based on shed and growth rates, female C. pricei develop embryos at 4–5 years of age. Gravid females maintained warmer body temperatures relative to substrate temperature than nongravid females or males, presumably by spending more time basking than other snakes. Radiotelemetry revealed that movement patterns varied from year to year, as males moved over six times farther per week during the 1998 monsoon season (July to September) than during the 1997 monsoon season. Additionally, use of talus slopes by males decreased during 1998. During dry years, such as 1998, males may be forced off talus into cooler microclimates where resources are less concentrated than on talus.
","language":"English","publisher":"Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles","doi":"10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0598:NHOANP]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Prival, D.B., Goode, M.J., Swann, D.E., Schwalbe, C., and Schroff, M.J., 2002, Natural history of a northern population of twin-spotted rattlesnakes, Crotalus pricei: Journal of Herpetology, v. 36, no. 4, p. 598-607, https://doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2002)036[0598:NHOANP]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"598","endPage":"607","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":231969,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a631fe4b0c8380cd722f7","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Prival, D. B.","contributorId":10954,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Prival","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399110,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Goode, Matthew J","contributorId":118037,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goode","given":"Matthew","email":"","middleInitial":"J","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399113,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Swann, Don E.","contributorId":218874,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Swann","given":"Don","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":36189,"text":"National Park Service","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399111,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Schwalbe, C.R.","contributorId":35259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwalbe","given":"C.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399112,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Schroff, M. J.","contributorId":72164,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schroff","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399114,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70023986,"text":"70023986 - 2002 - Evaluation of potential impacts on Great Lakes water resources based on climate scenarios of two GCMs","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-03T14:01:11.885709","indexId":"70023986","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2330,"text":"Journal of Great Lakes Research","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Evaluation of potential impacts on Great Lakes water resources based on climate scenarios of two GCMs","docAbstract":"The results of general circulation model predictions of the effects of climate change from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis (model CGCM1) and the United Kingdom Meteorological Office's Hadley Centre (model HadCM2) have been used to derive potential impacts on the water resources of the Great Lakes basin. These impacts can influence the levels of the Great Lakes and the volumes of channel flow among them, thus affecting their value for interests such as riparians, shippers, recreational boaters, and natural ecosystems. On one hand, a hydrological modeling suite using input data from the CGCM1 predicts large drops in lake levels, up to a maximum of 1.38 m on Lakes Michigan and Huron by 2090. This is due to a combination of a decrease in precipitation and an increase in air temperature that leads to an increase in evaporation. On the other hand, using input from HadCM2, rises in lake levels are predicted, up to a maximum of 0.35 m on Lakes Michigan and Huron by 2090, due to increased precipitation and a reduced increase in air temperature. An interest satisfaction model shows sharp decreases in the satisfaction of the interests of commercial navigation, recreational boating, riparians, and hydropower due to lake level decreases. Most interest satisfaction scores are also reduced by lake level increases. Drastic reductions in ice cover also result from the temperature increases such that under the CGCM1 predictions, most of Lake Erie has 96% of its winters ice-free by 2090. Assessment is also made of impacts on the groundwater-dependent region of Lansing, Michigan.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70604-7","usgsCitation":"Lofgren, B.M., Quinn, F.H., Clites, A.H., Assel, R.A., Eberhardt, A.J., and Luukkonen, C.L., 2002, Evaluation of potential impacts on Great Lakes water resources based on climate scenarios of two GCMs: Journal of Great Lakes Research, v. 28, no. 4, p. 537-554, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(02)70604-7.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"537","endPage":"554","numberOfPages":"18","costCenters":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":231976,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","otherGeospatial":"Great Lakes basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 40.38002840251183\n ],\n [\n -75.05859375,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 50.064191736659104\n ],\n [\n -92.548828125,\n 40.38002840251183\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"28","issue":"4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a0cade4b0c8380cd52c54","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Lofgren, Brent M.","contributorId":139534,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Lofgren","given":"Brent","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":12789,"text":"NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399603,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Quinn, F. H.","contributorId":42753,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Quinn","given":"F.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399601,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clites, A. H.","contributorId":46260,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clites","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399602,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Assel, Raymond A.","contributorId":147963,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Assel","given":"Raymond","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12448,"text":"U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":399604,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Eberhardt, A. J.","contributorId":13780,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Eberhardt","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":399599,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Luukkonen, Carol L. clluukko@usgs.gov","contributorId":3489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luukkonen","given":"Carol","email":"clluukko@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":382,"text":"Michigan Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":399600,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70185173,"text":"70185173 - 2002 - Determination of the total oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and the calibration of a Δ17Ο nitrate reference material","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-04T13:58:21","indexId":"70185173","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":761,"text":"Analytical Chemistry","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Determination of the total oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and the calibration of a Δ17Ο nitrate reference material","title":"Determination of the total oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and the calibration of a Δ17Ο nitrate reference material","docAbstract":"A thermal decomposition method was developed and tested for the simultaneous determination of δ18O and δ17Ο in nitrate. The thermal decomposition of AgNO3 allows for the rapid and accurate determination of 18O/16O and 17O/16O isotopic ratios with a precision of ±1.5‰ for δ18O and ±0.11‰ for Δ17Ο (Δ17Ο = δ17Ο − 0.52 × δ18O). The international nitrate isotope reference material IAEA-NO3 yielded a δ18O value of +23.6‰ and Δ17Ο of −0.2‰, consistent with normal terrestrial mass-dependent isotopic ratios. In contrast, a large sample of NaNO3 from the Atacama Desert, Chile, was found to have Δ17Ο = 21.56 ± 0.11‰ and δ18O = 54.9 ± 1.5‰, demonstrating a substantial mass-independent isotopic composition consistent with the proposed atmospheric origin of the desert nitrate. It is suggested that this sample (designated USGS-35) can be used to generate other gases (CO2, CO, N2O, O2) with the same Δ17Ο to serve as measurement references for a variety of applications involving mass-independent isotopic compositions in environmental studies.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/ac0256282","usgsCitation":"Michalski, G., Savarino, J., Böhlke, J., and Thiemens, M., 2002, Determination of the total oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate and the calibration of a Δ17Ο nitrate reference material: Analytical Chemistry, v. 74, no. 19, p. 4989-4993, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0256282.","productDescription":"5 p.","startPage":"4989","endPage":"4993","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337678,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"74","issue":"19","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d5e4b0849ce97c8708","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Michalski, Greg","contributorId":187898,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Michalski","given":"Greg","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28086,"text":"University of California San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Savarino, Joel","contributorId":189366,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Savarino","given":"Joel","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684609,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Thiemens, Mark","contributorId":187899,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Thiemens","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":28086,"text":"University of California San Diego","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":684610,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70185134,"text":"70185134 - 2002 - Mobilization of natural colloids from an iron oxide-coated sand aquifer: Effect of pH and ionic strength","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-28T08:45:25","indexId":"70185134","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1565,"text":"Environmental Science & Technology","onlineIssn":"1520-5851","printIssn":"0013-936X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Mobilization of natural colloids from an iron oxide-coated sand aquifer: Effect of pH and ionic strength","docAbstract":"Field and laboratory column experiments were performed to assess the effect of elevated pH and reduced ionic strength on the mobilization of natural colloids in a ferric oxyhydroxide-coated aquifer sediment. The field experiments were conducted as natural gradient injections of groundwater amended by sodium hydroxide additions. The laboratory experiments were conducted in columns of undisturbed, oriented sediments and disturbed, disoriented sediments. In the field, the breakthrough of released colloids coincided with the pH pulse breakthrough and lagged the bromide tracer breakthrough. The breakthrough behavior suggested that the progress of the elevated pH front controlled the transport of the mobilized colloids. In the laboratory, about twice as much colloid release occurred in the disturbed sediments as in the undisturbed sediments. The field and laboratory experiments both showed that the total mass of colloid release increased with increasing pH until the concurrent increase in ionic strength limited release. A decrease in ionic strength did not mobilize significant amounts of colloids in the field. The amount of colloids released normalized to the mass of the sediments was similar for the field and the undisturbed laboratory experiments.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Chemical Society","doi":"10.1021/es0109141","usgsCitation":"Bunn, R.A., Magelky, R.D., Ryan, J.N., and Elimelech, M., 2002, Mobilization of natural colloids from an iron oxide-coated sand aquifer: Effect of pH and ionic strength: Environmental Science & Technology, v. 36, no. 3, p. 314-322, https://doi.org/10.1021/es0109141.","productDescription":"9 p. ","startPage":"314","endPage":"322","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337614,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-01-04","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58ca52d6e4b0849ce97c871a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bunn, Rebecca A.","contributorId":189311,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bunn","given":"Rebecca","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684477,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Magelky, Robin D.","contributorId":189313,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Magelky","given":"Robin","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684478,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ryan, Joseph N.","contributorId":54290,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ryan","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[{"id":604,"text":"University of Colorado- Boulder","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":684479,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Elimelech, Menachem","contributorId":189312,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Elimelech","given":"Menachem","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":684480,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70024528,"text":"70024528 - 2002 - Crustal structure of central Lake Baikal: Insights into intracontinental rifting","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-02T15:19:51.194557","indexId":"70024528","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2314,"text":"Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Crustal structure of central Lake Baikal: Insights into intracontinental rifting","docAbstract":"The Cenozoic rift system of Baikal, located in the interior of the largest continental mass on Earth, is thought to represent a potential analog of the early stage of breakup of supercontinents. We present a detailed P wave velocity structure of the crust and sediments beneath the Central Basin, the deepest basin in the Baikal rift system. The structure is characterized by a Moho depth of 39–42.5 km; an 8-km-thick, laterally continuous high-velocity (7.05–7.4 km/s) lower crust, normal upper mantle velocity (8 km/s), a sedimentary section reaching maximum depths of 9 km, and a gradual increase of sediment velocity with depth. We interpret the high-velocity lower crust to be part of the Siberian Platform that was not thinned or altered significantly during rifting. In comparison to published results from the Siberian Platform, Moho under the basin is elevated by <3 km. On the basis of these results we propose that the basin was formed by upper crustal extension, possibly reactivating structures in an ancient fold-and-thrust belt. The extent and location of upper mantle extension are not revealed by our data, and it may be offset from the rift. We believe that the Baikal rift structure is similar in many respects to the Mesozoic Atlantic rift system, the precursor to the formation of the North Atlantic Ocean. We also propose that the Central Baikal rift evolved by episodic fault propagation and basin enlargement, rather than by two-stage rift evolution as is commonly assumed.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/2001JB000300","usgsCitation":"ten Brink, U., and Taylor, M.H., 2002, Crustal structure of central Lake Baikal: Insights into intracontinental rifting: Journal of Geophysical Research B: Solid Earth, v. 107, no. B7, p. ETG 2-1-ETG 2-15, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000300.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"ETG 2-1","endPage":"ETG 2-15","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478737,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1808/17109","text":"External Repository"},{"id":232978,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Russia","otherGeospatial":"Lake Baikal","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 103.38134765625,\n 51.248163159055906\n ],\n [\n 111.09374999999999,\n 51.248163159055906\n ],\n [\n 111.09374999999999,\n 55.78892895389262\n ],\n [\n 103.38134765625,\n 55.78892895389262\n ],\n [\n 103.38134765625,\n 51.248163159055906\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"107","issue":"B7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-07-16","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fcebe4b0c8380cd4e4fe","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"ten Brink, Uri S. 0000-0001-6858-3001 utenbrink@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6858-3001","contributorId":127560,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"ten Brink","given":"Uri S.","email":"utenbrink@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":186,"text":"Coastal and Marine Geology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":401585,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Taylor, Michael H.","contributorId":78773,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401584,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70024419,"text":"70024419 - 2002 - Defining surfaces for skewed, highly variable data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-12T17:20:18","indexId":"70024419","displayToPublicDate":"2002-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1577,"text":"Environmetrics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Defining surfaces for skewed, highly variable data","docAbstract":"Skewness of environmental data is often caused by more than simply a handful of outliers in an otherwise normal distribution. Statistical procedures for such datasets must be sufficiently robust to deal with distributions that are strongly non-normal, containing both a large proportion of outliers and a skewed main body of data. In the field of water quality, skewness is commonly associated with large variation over short distances. Spatial analysis of such data generally requires either considerable effort at modeling or the use of robust procedures not strongly affected by skewness and local variability. Using a skewed dataset of 675 nitrate measurements in ground water, commonly used methods for defining a surface (least-squares regression and kriging) are compared to a more robust method (loess). Three choices are critical in defining a surface: (i) is the surface to be a central mean or median surface? (ii) is either a well-fitting transformation or a robust and scale-independent measure of center used? (iii) does local spatial autocorrelation assist in or detract from addressing objectives? Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Environmetrics","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1002/env.531","issn":"11804009","usgsCitation":"Helsel, D., and Ryker, S., 2002, Defining surfaces for skewed, highly variable data: Environmetrics, v. 13, no. 5-6, p. 445-452, https://doi.org/10.1002/env.531.","startPage":"445","endPage":"452","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":478770,"rank":10000,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/env.531","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":207011,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/env.531"},{"id":231544,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"13","issue":"5-6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2002-09-30","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059fe39e4b0c8380cd4ebdc","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Helsel, D.R.","contributorId":57448,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Helsel","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7242,"text":"Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI, USA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":401181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ryker, S.J.","contributorId":16047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ryker","given":"S.J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":401180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ]}