Short-term climate and weather systems can have a strong influence on mountain snowmelt, sometimes overwhelming the effects of elevation and aspect. Although most years exhibit a spring onset that starts first at lowest and moves to highest elevations, in spring 2002, flow in a variety of streams within the Tuolumne and Merced River basins of the southern Sierra Nevada all rose synchronously on 29 March. Flow in streams draining small high-altitude glacial subcatchments rose at the same time as that draining much larger basins gauged at lower altitudes, and streams from north- and south-facing cirques rose and fell together. Historical analysis demonstrates that 2002 was one among only 8 yr with such synchronous flow onsets during the past 87 yr, recognized by having simultaneous onsets of snowmelt at over 70% of snow pillow sites, having discharge in over 70% of monitored streams increase simultaneously, and having temperatures increase over 12°C within a 5-day period. Synchronous springs tend to begin with a low pressure trough over California during late winter, followed by the onset of a strong ridge and unusually warm temperatures. Synchronous springs are characterized by warmer than average winters and cooler than average March temperatures in California. In the most elevation-dependent, nonsynchronous years, periods of little or no storm activity, with warmer than average March temperatures, precede the onset of spring snowmelt, allowing elevation and aspect to influence snowmelt as spring arrives gradually.
Accurate prediction of available water supply from snowmelt is needed if the myriad of human, environmental, agricultural, and industrial demands for water are to be satisfied, especially given legislatively imposed conditions on its allocation. Robust retrievals of hydrologic basin model variables (e.g., insolation or areal extent of snow cover) provide several advantages over the current operational use of either point measurements or parameterizations to help to meet this requirement. Insolation can be provided at hourly time scales (or better if needed during rapid melt events associated with flooding) and at 1-km spatial resolution. These satellite-based retrievals incorporate the effects of highly variable (both in space and time) and unpredictable cloud cover on estimates of insolation. The insolation estimates are further adjusted for the effects of basin topography using a high- resolution digital elevation model prior to model input. Simulations of two Sierra Nevada rivers in the snowmelt seasons of 1998 and 1999 indicate that even the simplest improvements in modeled insolation can improve snowmelt simulations, with 10%–20% reductions in root-mean-square errors. Direct retrieval of the areal extent of snow cover may mitigate the need to rely entirely on internal calculations of this variable, a reliance that can yield large errors that are difficult to correct until long after the season is complete and that often leads to persistent underestimates or overestimates of the volumes of the water to operational reservoirs. Agencies responsible for accurately predicting available water resources from the melt of snowpack [e.g., both federal (the National Weather Service River Forecast Centers) and state (the California Department of Water Resources)] can benefit by incorporating concepts developed herein into their operational forecasting procedures.
Hydrologic responses of river basins in the Sierra Nevada of California to historical and future climate variations and changes are assessed by simulating daily streamflow and water-balance responses to simulated climate variations over a continuous 200-yr period. The coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice-land Parallel Climate Model provides the simulated climate histories, and existing hydrologic models of the Merced, Carson, and American Rivers are used to simulate the basin responses. The historical simulations yield stationary climate and hydrologic variations through the first part of the 20th century until about 1975 when temperatures begin to warm noticeably and when snowmelt and streamflow peaks begin to occur progressively earlier within the seasonal cycle. A future climate simulated with business-as-usual increases in greenhouse-gas and aerosol radiative forcings continues those recent trends through the 21st century with an attendant +2.5 °C warming and a hastening of snowmelt and streamflow within the seasonal cycle by almost a month. The various projected trends in the business-as-usual simulations become readily visible despite realistic simulated natural climatic and hydrologic variability by about 2025. In contrast to these changes that are mostly associated with streamflow timing, long-term average totals of streamflow and other hydrologic fluxes remain similar to the historical mean in all three simulations. A control simulation in which radiative forcings are held constant at 1995 levels for the 50 years following 1995 yields climate and streamflow timing conditions much like the 1980s and 1990s throughout its duration. The availability of continuous climate-change projection outputs and careful design of initial conditions and control experiments, like those utilized here, promise to improve the quality and usability of future climate-change impact assessments.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013683.13346.4f","issn":"01650009","usgsCitation":"Dettinger, M.D., Cayan, D., Meyer, M., and Jeton, A., 2004, Simulated hydrologic responses to climate variations and change in the Merced, Carson, and American River basins, Sierra Nevada, California, 1900-2099 : Climatic Change, v. 62, no. 1-3, p. 283-317, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013683.13346.4f.","productDescription":"35 p.","startPage":"283","endPage":"317","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":552,"text":"San Francisco Bay-Delta","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":5079,"text":"Pacific Regional Director's Office","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":210917,"rank":9999,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000013683.13346.4f"},{"id":237997,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"62","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505b8fb1e4b08c986b3190a6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dettinger, M. D. 0000-0002-7509-7332","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-7332","contributorId":93069,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Dettinger","given":"M.","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":415230,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Cayan, D.R.","contributorId":25961,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cayan","given":"D.R.","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":16196,"text":"Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":415227,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Meyer, M.K.","contributorId":66474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Meyer","given":"M.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415229,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Jeton, A.","contributorId":65658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jeton","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":415228,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70194933,"text":"70194933 - 2004 - Hydrologic processes in deep vadose zones in interdrainage arid environments","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-30T17:26:25","indexId":"70194933","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"seriesTitle":{"id":5612,"text":"Water Science and Application","printIssn":"1526-758X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":24}},"subseriesTitle":"9","title":"Hydrologic processes in deep vadose zones in interdrainage arid environments","docAbstract":"A unifying theory for the hydrology of desert vadose zones is particularly timely considering the rising population and water stresses in arid and semiarid regions. Conventional models cannot reconcile the apparent discrepancy between upward flow indicated by hydraulic gradient data and downward flow suggested by environmental tracer data in deep vadose zone profiles. A conceptual model described here explains both hydraulic and tracer data remarkably well by incorporating the hydrologic role of desert plants that encroached former juniper woodland 10 to 15 thousand years ago in the southwestern United States. Vapor transport also plays an important role in redistributing moisture through deep soils, particularly in coarse-grained sediments. Application of the conceptual model to several interdrainage arid settings reproduces measured matric potentials and chloride accumulation by simulating the transition from downward flow to upward flow just below the root zone initiated by climate and vegetation change. Model results indicate a slow hydraulic drying response in deep vadose zones that enables matric potential profiles to be used to distinguish whether precipitation episodically percolated below the root zone or was completely removed via evapotranspiration during the majority of the Holocene. Recharge declined dramatically during the Holocene in interdrainage basin floor settings of arid and semiarid basins. Current flux estimates across the water table in these environmental settings, are on the order of 0.01 to 0.1 mm yr-1 and may be recharge (downward) or discharge (upward) depending on vadose zone characteristics, such as soil texture, geothermal gradient, and water table depth. In summary, diffuse recharge through the basin floor probably contributes only minimally to the total recharge in arid and semiarid basins.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Groundwater recharge in a desert environment: The southwestern United States (Water Science and Application, no. 9)","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Americal Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/009WSA02","isbn":"9780875903583","usgsCitation":"Walvoord, M.A., and Scanlon, B., 2004, Hydrologic processes in deep vadose zones in interdrainage arid environments, chap. of Groundwater recharge in a desert environment: The southwestern United States (Water Science and Application, no. 9): Water Science and Application, p. 15-28, https://doi.org/10.1029/009WSA02.","productDescription":"14 p.","startPage":"15","endPage":"28","costCenters":[{"id":465,"text":"Nevada Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":350810,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":350812,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/009WSA02/summary"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5a719273e4b0a9a2e9dbde40","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Hogan, James F.","contributorId":30533,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hogan","given":"James F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726194,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Fred M.","contributorId":57957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Fred","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726195,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Scanlon, Bridget R.","contributorId":74093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Bridget R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726196,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Walvoord, Michelle Ann 0000-0003-4269-8366 walvoord@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4269-8366","contributorId":147211,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Walvoord","given":"Michelle","email":"walvoord@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":726192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Scanlon, Bridget R.","contributorId":74093,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Scanlon","given":"Bridget R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":726193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1015143,"text":"1015143 - 2004 - Patterns of nitrogen accumulation and cycling in riparian floodplain ecosystems along the Green and Yampa rivers","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-19T09:43:09","indexId":"1015143","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2932,"text":"Oecologia","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Patterns of nitrogen accumulation and cycling in riparian floodplain ecosystems along the Green and Yampa rivers","docAbstract":"Patterns of nitrogen (N) accumulation and turnover in riparian systems in semi-arid regions are poorly understood, particularly in those ecosystems that lack substantial inputs from nitrogen fixing vegetation. We investigated sources and fluxes of N in chronosequences of riparian forests along the regulated Green River and the free-flowing Yampa River in semi-arid northwestern Colorado. Both rivers lack significant inputs from N-fixing vegetation. Total soil nitrogen increased through time along both rivers, at a rate of about 7.8 g N m−2 year−1 for years 10–70, and 2.7 g N m−2year−1 from years 70–170. We found that the concentration of N in freshly deposited sediments could account for most of the soil N that accumulated in these floodplain soils. Available N (measured by ion exchange resin bags) increased with age along both rivers, more than doubling in 150 years. In contrast to the similar levels of total soil N along these rivers, N turnover rates, annual N mineralization, net nitrification rates, resin-N, and foliar N were all 2–4 times higher along the Green River than the Yampa River. N mineralization and net nitrification rates generally increased through time to steady or slightly declining rates along the Yampa River. Along the Green River, rates of mineralization and nitrification were highest in the youngest age class. The high levels of available N and N turnover in young sites are not characteristic of riparian chronosequences and could be related to changes in hydrology or plant community composition associated with the regulation of the Green River.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1007/s00442-004-1486-6","usgsCitation":"Carol E., A., Binkley, D., and Andersen, D., 2004, Patterns of nitrogen accumulation and cycling in riparian floodplain ecosystems along the Green and Yampa rivers: Oecologia, v. 139, no. 1, p. 108-116, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1486-6.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"108","endPage":"116","costCenters":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":131791,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Green river, Yampa river","volume":"139","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae1e4b07f02db688ad1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Carol E., Adair","contributorId":126967,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Carol E.","given":"Adair","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":6735,"text":"University of Vermont, Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":322317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Binkley, Dan","contributorId":102419,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Binkley","given":"Dan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":322319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Andersen, Douglas C. doug_andersen@usgs.gov","contributorId":2216,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andersen","given":"Douglas C.","email":"doug_andersen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":291,"text":"Fort Collins Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":322318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70026439,"text":"70026439 - 2004 - Frequency spectral analysis of GPR data over a crude oil spill","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-10T16:56:50","indexId":"70026439","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Frequency spectral analysis of GPR data over a crude oil spill","docAbstract":"A multi-offset ground penetrating radar (GPR) dataset was acquired by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) at a crude oil spill site near Bemidji, Minnesota, USA. The dataset consists of two, parallel profiles, each with 17 transmitter-receiver offsets ranging from 0.60 to 5.15m. One profile was acquired over a known oil pool floating on the water table, and the other profile was acquired over an uncontaminated area. The data appear to be more attenuated, or at least exhibit less reflectivity, in the area over the oil pool. In an attempt to determine the frequency dependence of this apparent attenuation, several attributes of the frequency spectra of the data were analyzed after accounting for the effects on amplitude of the radar system (radiation pattern), changes in antenna-ground coupling, and spherical divergence. The attributes analyzed were amplitude spectra peak frequency, 6 dB down, or half-amplitude, spectrum width, and the low and high frequency slopes between the 3 and 9 dB down points. The most consistent trend was observed for Fourier transformed full traces at offsets 0.81, 1.01, and 1.21m which displayed steeper low frequency slopes over the area corresponding to the oil pool. The Fourier-transformed time-windowed traces, where each window was equal to twice the airwave wavelet length, exhibited weakly consistent attribute trends from offset to offset and from window to window. The fact that strong, consistent oil indicators are not seen in this analysis indicates that another mechanism due to the presence of the oil, such as a gradient in the electromagnetic properties, may simply suppress reflections over the contaminated zone.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2004","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2004","conferenceDate":"June 21-24, 2004","language":"English","isbn":"9090179593","usgsCitation":"Burton, B., Olhoeft, G., and Powers, M., 2004, Frequency spectral analysis of GPR data over a crude oil spill, in Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference Ground Penetrating Radar, GPR 2004, v. 1, June 21-24, 2004, p. 267-270.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"267","endPage":"270","numberOfPages":"4","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":234302,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"505a13d4e4b0c8380cd547c4","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Slob E.Yarovoy A.Rhebergen J.B.","contributorId":128406,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Slob E.Yarovoy A.Rhebergen J.B.","id":536603,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Burton, B.L.","contributorId":93983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burton","given":"B.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409531,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olhoeft, G.R.","contributorId":10405,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olhoeft","given":"G.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409529,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Powers, M.H.","contributorId":40352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powers","given":"M.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":409530,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":1008087,"text":"1008087 - 2004 - Benefits and impacts of road removal","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-21T14:43:59","indexId":"1008087","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1701,"text":"Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Benefits and impacts of road removal","docAbstract":"Road removal is being used to mitigate the physical and ecological impacts of roads and to restore both public and private lands. Although many federal and state agencies and private landowners have created protocols for road removal and priorities for restoration, research has not kept pace with the rate of removal. Some research has been conducted on hydrologic and geomorphic restoration following road removal, but no studies have directly addressed restoring wildlife habitat. Road removal creates a short-term disturbance which may temporarily increase sediment loss. However, long-term monitoring and initial research have shown that road removal reduces chronic erosion and the risk of landslides. We review the hydrologic, geomorphic, and ecological benefits and impacts of three methods of road removal, identify knowledge gaps, and propose questions for future research, which is urgently needed to quantify how effectively road removal restores terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic habitat and other ecosystem processes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Ecological Society of America","doi":"10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0021:BAIORR]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Switalski, T., Bissonette, J., DeLuca, T., Luce, C., and Madej, M.A., 2004, Benefits and impacts of road removal: Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, v. 2, no. 1, p. 21-28, https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0021:BAIORR]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"21","endPage":"28","numberOfPages":"8","costCenters":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":130966,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"2","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62b715","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Switalski, T.A.","contributorId":12418,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Switalski","given":"T.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316718,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bissonette, J.A.","contributorId":21498,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bissonette","given":"J.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"DeLuca, T.H.","contributorId":106061,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeLuca","given":"T.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Luce, C.H.","contributorId":81057,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Luce","given":"C.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":316721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Madej, Mary Ann 0000-0003-2831-3773 mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2831-3773","contributorId":40304,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Madej","given":"Mary","email":"mary_ann_madej@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"Ann","affiliations":[{"id":651,"text":"Western Ecological Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":316720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1001882,"text":"1001882 - 2004 - Impacts of water development on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and plants in wetlands of a semi-arid landscape","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-10-20T10:13:22","indexId":"1001882","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Impacts of water development on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and plants in wetlands of a semi-arid landscape","docAbstract":"We compared the macroinvertebrate and amphibian communities of 12 excavated and 12 natural wetlands in western North Dakota, USA, to assess the effects of artificially lengthened hydroperiods on the biotic communities of wetlands in this semi-arid region. Excavated wetlands were much deeper and captured greater volumes of water than natural wetlands. Most excavated wetlands maintained water throughout the study period (May to October 1999), whereas most of the natural wetlands were dry by June. Excavated wetlands were largely unvegetated or contained submergent and deep-marsh plant species. The natural wetlands had two well-defined vegetative zones populated by plant species typical of wet meadows and shallow marshes. Excavated wetlands had a richer aquatic macroinvertebrate community that included several predatory taxa not found in natural wetlands. Taxa adapted to the short hydroperiods of seasonal wetlands were largely absent from excavated wetlands. The amphibian community of natural and excavated wetlands included the boreal chorus frog (Pseudacris maculata), northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens), plains spadefoot (Scaphiopus bombifrons), Woodhouse's toad (Bufo woodhousii woodhousii), and tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). The plains spadefoot occurred only in natural wetlands while tiger salamanders occurred in all 12 excavated wetlands and only one natural wetland. Boreal chorus frogs and northern leopard frogs were present in both wetland types; however, they successfully reproduced only in wetlands lacking tiger salamanders. Artificially extending the hydroperiod of wetlands by excavation has greatly influenced the composition of native biotic communities adapted to the naturally short hydroperiods of wetlands in this semi-arid region. The compositional change of the biotic communities can be related to hydrological changes and biotic interactions, especially predation related to excavation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980490281335","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N.H., and Mushet, D.M., 2004, Impacts of water development on aquatic macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and plants in wetlands of a semi-arid landscape: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 7, no. 1, p. 73-84, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980490281335.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"73","endPage":"84","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f25a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, Ned H. Jr. ceuliss@usgs.gov","contributorId":2916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"Ned","suffix":"Jr.","email":"ceuliss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312021,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mushet, David M. 0000-0002-5910-2744 dmushet@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":1299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"David","email":"dmushet@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":312022,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1016585,"text":"1016585 - 2004 - The wetland continuum: A conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-11-01T16:53:10.283798","indexId":"1016585","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3750,"text":"Wetlands","onlineIssn":"1943-6246","printIssn":"0277-5212","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The wetland continuum: A conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies","docAbstract":"We describe a conceptual model, the wetland continuum, which allows wetland managers, scientists, and ecologists to consider simultaneously the influence of climate and hydrologic setting on wetland biological communities. Although multidimensional, the wetland continuum is most easily represented as a two-dimensional gradient, with ground water and atmospheric water constituting the horizontal and vertical axis, respectively. By locating the position of a wetland on both axes of the continuum, the potential biological expression of the wetland can be predicted at any point in time. The model provides a framework useful in the organization and interpretation of biological data from wetlands by incorporating the dynamic changes these systems undergo as a result of normal climatic variation rather than placing them into static categories common to many wetland classification systems. While we developed this model from the literature available for depressional wetlands in the prairie pothole region of North America, we believe the concept has application to wetlands in many other geographic locations.","language":"English","publisher":"Springer Nature","doi":"10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0448:TWCACF]2.0.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Euliss, N., LaBaugh, J.W., Fredrickson, L., Mushet, D., Laubhan, M.K., Swanson, G., Winter, T.C., Rosenberry, D., and Nelson, R., 2004, The wetland continuum: A conceptual framework for interpreting biological studies: Wetlands, v. 24, no. 2, p. 448-458, https://doi.org/10.1672/0277-5212(2004)024[0448:TWCACF]2.0.CO;2.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"448","endPage":"458","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128597,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"24","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a58e4b07f02db62eb86","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"LaBaugh, J. W.","contributorId":23484,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"LaBaugh","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fredrickson, L.H.","contributorId":91042,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredrickson","given":"L.H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Laubhan, Murray K.","contributorId":100324,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Laubhan","given":"Murray","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":826102,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Swanson, G.A.","contributorId":49299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Swanson","given":"G.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324440,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Winter, T. C.","contributorId":23485,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winter","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Rosenberry, D.O. 0000-0003-0681-5641","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0681-5641","contributorId":38500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosenberry","given":"D.O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":324439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Nelson, R.D.","contributorId":21898,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nelson","given":"R.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":324436,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":1001040,"text":"1001040 - 2004 - Elements of a predictive model for determining beach closures on a real time basis: the case of 63rd Street Beach Chicago","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-18T15:13:20","indexId":"1001040","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1552,"text":"Environmental Monitoring and Assessment","onlineIssn":"1573-2959","printIssn":"0167-6369","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Elements of a predictive model for determining beach closures on a real time basis: the case of 63rd Street Beach Chicago","docAbstract":"Data on hydrometeorological conditions and E. coli concentration were simultaneously collected on 57 occasions during the summer of 2000 at 63rd Street Beach, Chicago, Illinois. The data were used to identify and calibrate a statistical regression model aimed at predicting when the bacterial concentration of the beach water was above or below the level considered safe for full body contact. A wide range of hydrological, meteorological, and water quality variables were evaluated as possible predictive variables. These included wind speed and direction, incoming solar radiation (insolation), various time frames of rainfall, air temperature, lake stage and wave height, and water temperature, specific conductance, dissolved oxygen, pH, and turbidity. The best-fit model combined real-time measurements of wind direction and speed (onshore component of resultant wind vector), rainfall, insolation, lake stage, water temperature and turbidity to predict the geometric mean E.coliconcentration in the swimming zone of the beach. The model, which contained both additive and multiplicative (interaction) terms, accounted for 71% of the observed variability in the log E. coliconcentrations. A comparison between model predictions of when the beach should be closed and when the actualbacterial concentrations were above or below the 235 cfu 100 ml-1 threshold value, indicated that the model accurately predicted openingsversus closures 88% of the time.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038185.79137.b9","usgsCitation":"Olyphant, G.A., and Whitman, R.L., 2004, Elements of a predictive model for determining beach closures on a real time basis: the case of 63rd Street Beach Chicago: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, v. 98, no. 1-3, p. 175-190, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038185.79137.b9.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"175","endPage":"190","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":128766,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"98","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db60605c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Olyphant, Greg A.","contributorId":57007,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olyphant","given":"Greg","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Whitman, Richard L. rwhitman@usgs.gov","contributorId":542,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitman","given":"Richard","email":"rwhitman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":310309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1001035,"text":"1001035 - 2004 - Implications of hydrologic variability on the succession of plants in Great Lakes wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T15:55:34","indexId":"1001035","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":865,"text":"Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Implications of hydrologic variability on the succession of plants in Great Lakes wetlands","docAbstract":"Primary succession of plant communities directed toward a climax is not a typical occurrence in wetlands because these ecological systems are inherently dependent on hydrology, and temporal hydrologic variability often causes reversals or setbacks in succession. Wetlands of the Great Lakes provide good examples for demonstrating the implications of hydrology in driving successional processes and for illustrating potential misinterpretations of apparent successional sequences. Most Great Lakes coastal wetlands follow cyclic patterns in which emergent communities are reduced in area or eliminated by high lake levels and then regenerated from the seed bank during low lake levels. Thus, succession never proceeds for long. Wetlands also develop in ridge and swale terrains in many large embayments of the Great Lakes. These formations contain sequences of wetlands of similar origin but different age that can be several thousand years old, with older wetlands always further from the lake. Analyses of plant communities across a sequence of wetlands at the south end of Lake Michigan showed an apparent successional pattern from submersed to floating to emergent plants as water depth decreased with wetland age. However, paleoecological analyses showed that the observed vegetation changes were driven largely by disturbances associated with increased human settlement in the area. Climate-induced hydrologic changes were also shown to have greater effects on plant-community change than autogenic processes. Other terms, such as zonation, maturation, fluctuations, continuum concept, functional guilds, centrifugal organization, pulse stability, and hump-back models provide additional means of describing organization and changes in vegetation; some of them overlap with succession in describing vegetation processes in Great Lakes wetlands, but each must be used in the proper context with regard to short- and long-term hydrologic variability.
","language":"English","publisher":"Taylor & Francis","doi":"10.1080/14634980490461579","usgsCitation":"Wilcox, D.A., 2004, Implications of hydrologic variability on the succession of plants in Great Lakes wetlands: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, v. 7, no. 2, p. 223-231, https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980490461579.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"223","endPage":"231","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":478283,"rank":1,"type":{"id":41,"text":"Open Access External Repository Page"},"url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12648/2296","text":"External Repository"},{"id":133742,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"7","issue":"2","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49fde4b07f02db5f6017","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":310285,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1002907,"text":"1002907 - 2004 - Hydrologic and hydraulic factors affecting passage of paddlefish through dams in the Upper Mississippi River","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-27T18:12:51.18457","indexId":"1002907","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3624,"text":"Transactions of the American Fisheries Society","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Hydrologic and hydraulic factors affecting passage of paddlefish through dams in the Upper Mississippi River","docAbstract":"Populations of paddlefish Polyodon spathula have been adversely affected by dams that can block their movements. Unlike high-head dams that preclude fish passage (unless they are equipped with fishways), the dams on the upper Mississippi River are typically low-head dams with bottom release gates that may allow fish passage under certain conditions. We evaluated the relation of dam head and river discharge to the passage of radio-tagged paddlefish through dams in the upper Mississippi River. Radio transmitters were surgically implanted into 71 paddlefish from Navigation Pools 5A and 8 of the upper Mississippi River and from two tributary rivers during fall 1994 through fall 1996. We tracked paddlefish through September 1997 and documented 53 passages through dams, 20 upstream and 33 downstream. Passages occurred mostly during spring (71%) but also occurred sporadically during summer and fall (29%). Spring passages varied among years in response to hydrologic conditions. We evaluated patterns in upstream and downstream passages with Cox proportional hazard regression models. Model results indicated that dam head height strongly affected the upstream passage of paddlefish but not the downstream passage. Several paddlefish, however, passed upstream through a dam during periods when the minimum head at the dam was substantial (≥1 m). In these cases, we hypothesize that paddlefish moved upstream through the lock chamber.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.1577/T02-161","usgsCitation":"Zigler, S.J., Dewey, M.R., Knights, B., Runstrom, A., and Steingraeber, M., 2004, Hydrologic and hydraulic factors affecting passage of paddlefish through dams in the Upper Mississippi River: Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, v. 133, no. 1, p. 160-172, https://doi.org/10.1577/T02-161.","productDescription":"13 p.","startPage":"160","endPage":"172","costCenters":[{"id":606,"text":"Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":178205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin","otherGeospatial":"Upper Mississippi River","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -92.98828125,\n 44.68427737181225\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 43.389081939117496\n ],\n [\n -90.703125,\n 42.16340342422401\n ],\n [\n -91.4501953125,\n 40.68063802521456\n ],\n [\n -90.3955078125,\n 40.97989806962013\n ],\n [\n -89.8681640625,\n 42.06560675405716\n ],\n [\n -90.52734374999999,\n 43.03677585761058\n ],\n [\n -91.58203125,\n 44.59046718130883\n ],\n [\n -92.94433593749999,\n 45.27488643704891\n ],\n [\n -92.63671874999997,\n 45.82879925192134\n ],\n [\n -92.98828125,\n 44.68427737181225\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"133","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a29e4b07f02db61180c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Zigler, S. J.","contributorId":21513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zigler","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312317,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Dewey, M. R.","contributorId":48908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dewey","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312319,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Knights, B.C. 0000-0001-8526-8468","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8526-8468","contributorId":42937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knights","given":"B.C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312318,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Runstrom, A.L.","contributorId":87206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Runstrom","given":"A.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Steingraeber, M.T.","contributorId":106192,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steingraeber","given":"M.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":312321,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1001748,"text":"1001748 - 2004 - The flora of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-01-04T12:16:27","indexId":"1001748","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3111,"text":"Prairie Naturalist","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The flora of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota","docAbstract":"The 92 ha Cottonwood Lake Study Area is located in south-central North Dakota along the eastern edge of a glacial stagnation moraine known as the Missouri Coteau. The study area has been the focus of biologic and hydrologic research since the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service purchased the site in 1963. We studied the plant communities of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area from 1992 to 2001. During this time period, the vascular flora of the study area consisted of 220 species representing 51 families. Over half of the species were perennial forbs (117 species). Perennial grasses (26 species) and annual forbs (22 species) made up the next two largest physiognomic groupings. The flora, having a mean Coefficient of Conservatism of 4.6 and a Floristic Quality Index of 62, consisted of 187 native species. Thirty-three species were non-natives. Our annotated list should provide information useful to researchers, graduate students, and others as they design and implement future studies in wetlands and uplands both in and around the Cottonwood Lake Study Area.","language":"English","publisher":"Prairie Naturalist","usgsCitation":"Mushet, D., Euliss, N., Lane, S., and Goldade, C., 2004, The flora of the Cottonwood Lake Study Area, Stutsman County, North Dakota: Prairie Naturalist, v. 36, p. 43-62.","productDescription":"20 p.","startPage":"43","endPage":"62","costCenters":[{"id":480,"text":"Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":134032,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"36","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65daf2","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mushet, D.M. 0000-0002-5910-2744","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5910-2744","contributorId":59377,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mushet","given":"D.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311661,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Euliss, N.H. Jr.","contributorId":54917,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Euliss","given":"N.H.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311660,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lane, S.P.","contributorId":75495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lane","given":"S.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311662,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Goldade, C.M.","contributorId":83471,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Goldade","given":"C.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":311663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":1000913,"text":"1000913 - 2004 - Great Lakes clams find refuge from zebra mussels in restored, lake-connected marsh (Ohio)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:41","indexId":"1000913","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1462,"text":"Ecological Restoration","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Great Lakes clams find refuge from zebra mussels in restored, lake-connected marsh (Ohio)","docAbstract":"Since the early 1990s, more than 95 percent of the freshwater clams once found in Lake Erie have died due to the exotic zebara mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). Zebra mussels attach themselves to native clams in large numbers, impeding the ability of the clams to eat and burrow. However, in 1996, we discovered a population of native clams in Metzger Marsh in western Lake Erie (about 50 miles [80 km] east of Toledo) that were thriving despite the longtime presence of zebra mussel in surrounding waters. At that time, Metzger Marsh was undergoing extensive restoration, including construction of a dike to replace the eroded barrier beach and of a water-control structure to maintain hydrologic connections with the lake (Wilcox and Whillans 1999). The restoration plan called for a drawdown of water levels to promote plant growth from the seedbank -- a process that would also destroy most of the clam population. State and federal resource managers recommended removing as many clams as possible to a site that was isolated from zebra mussels, and then returning them to the marsh after it was restored. We removed about 7,000 native clams in 1996 and moved them back to Metzger Marsh in 1999.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Ecological Restoration","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","usgsCitation":"Nichols, S.J., and Wilcox, D.A., 2004, Great Lakes clams find refuge from zebra mussels in restored, lake-connected marsh (Ohio): Ecological Restoration, v. 22, no. 1, p. 51-52.","productDescription":"p. 51-52","startPage":"51","endPage":"52","numberOfPages":"1","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133112,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"22","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671f4b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nichols, S. Jerrine","contributorId":25887,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Nichols","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"Jerrine","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309825,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Wilcox, Douglas A.","contributorId":36880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilcox","given":"Douglas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309826,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":1000880,"text":"1000880 - 2004 - A Holocene history of dune-mediated landscape change along the southeastern shore of Lake Superior","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-01-22T15:45:29","indexId":"1000880","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1801,"text":"Geomorphology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A Holocene history of dune-mediated landscape change along the southeastern shore of Lake Superior","docAbstract":"Causal links that connect Holocene high stands of Lake Superior with dune building, stream damming and diversion and reservoir impoundment and infilling are inferred from a multidisciplinary investigation of a small watershed along the SE shore of Lake Superior. Radiocarbon ages of wood fragments from in-place stumps and soil O horizons, recovered from the bottom of 300-ha Grand Sable Lake, suggest that the near-shore inland lake was formed during multiple episodes of late Holocene dune damming of ancestral Sable Creek. Forest drownings at ~3000, 1530, and 300 cal. years BP are highly correlated with local soil burial events that occurred during high stands of Lake Superior. During these and earlier events, Sable Creek was diverted onto eastward-graded late Pleistocene meltwater terraces. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) reveals the early Holocene valley of Sable Creek (now filled) and its constituent sedimentary structures. Near-planar paleosols, identified with GPR, suggest two repeating modes of landscape evolution mediated by levels of Lake Superior. High lake stands drove stream damming, reservoir impoundment, and eolian infilling of impoundments. Falling Lake Superior levels brought decreased sand supply to dune dams and lowered stream base level. These latter factors promoted stream piracy, breaching of dune dams, and aerial exposure and forestation of infilled lakebeds. The bathymetry of Grand Sable Lake suggests that its shoreline configuration and depth varied in response to events of dune damming and subsequent dam breaching. The interrelated late Holocene events apparent in this study area suggest that variations in lake level have imposed complex hydrologic and geomorphic signatures on upper Great Lakes coasts.","largerWorkType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"largerWorkTitle":"Geomorphology","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"language":"English","doi":"10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.01.005","usgsCitation":"Loope, W.L., Fisher, T.G., Jol, H.M., Anderton, J.B., and Blewett, W.L., 2004, A Holocene history of dune-mediated landscape change along the southeastern shore of Lake Superior: Geomorphology, v. 61, no. 3-4, p. 303-322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.01.005.","productDescription":"p. 303-322","startPage":"303","endPage":"322","numberOfPages":"19","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133541,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":266265,"type":{"id":10,"text":"Digital Object Identifier"},"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.01.005"}],"volume":"61","issue":"3-4","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b30e4b07f02db6b4100","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Loope, Walter L. wloope@usgs.gov","contributorId":4616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loope","given":"Walter","email":"wloope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309719,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fisher, Timothy G.","contributorId":45659,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fisher","given":"Timothy","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309722,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Jol, Harry M.","contributorId":11571,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jol","given":"Harry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309720,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderton, John B.","contributorId":23880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderton","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309721,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Blewett, William L.","contributorId":57031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blewett","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309723,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1000867,"text":"1000867 - 2004 - Rapid assessment indicator of wetland integrity as an unintended predictor of avian diversity","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-05-12T11:51:30","indexId":"1000867","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1919,"text":"Hydrobiologia","onlineIssn":"1573-5117","printIssn":"0018-8158","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Rapid assessment indicator of wetland integrity as an unintended predictor of avian diversity","docAbstract":"Rapid assessment of aquatic ecosystems has been widely implemented, sometimes without thorough evaluation of the robustness of rapid assessment metrics as indicators of ecological integrity. Here, we evaluate whether the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method (ORAM) for Wetlands Version 5.0 is a useful indicator of ecological integrity beyond its intended purpose. ORAM was developed to categorize natural wetlands for regulatory purposes and to contribute to the development of indicators of biotic integrity. It was never intended for use as an index of the quality of habitat for wetland birds. Nonetheless, it is conceivable that ORAM scores could serve as adequate predictors of avian diversity. We evaluated whether avian species richness in wetlands could be reliably predicted from each of the following variables: (1) total ORAM score, (2) total score minus the score for one metric that did not apply to all wetlands, and (3) sum of scores for the four ORAM components (of 16 scored) with the highest potential point total. These four components corresponded to aquatic vegetation communities, microtopography, modifications to natural hydrologic regime, and sources of water. All three variables were significant predictors of both total species richness and mean species richness of birds of conservation concern. Variable (3) was a significant predictor of mean species richness of wetland-dependent birds. Variable (2) was a weak predictor of both total and mean species richness of all birds combined. These results extend the robustness of ORAM as an indicator of the ecological integrity of wetlands.
","language":"English","publisher":"Springer","doi":"10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027731.16535.53","usgsCitation":"Stapanian, M.A., Waite, T.A., Krzys, G., Mack, J.J., and Micacchion, M., 2004, Rapid assessment indicator of wetland integrity as an unintended predictor of avian diversity: Hydrobiologia, v. 520, no. 1-3, p. 119-126, https://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000027731.16535.53.","productDescription":"8 p.","startPage":"119","endPage":"126","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":133562,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"520","issue":"1-3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a80e4b07f02db64945e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stapanian, Martin A. 0000-0001-8173-4273 mstapanian@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-4273","contributorId":3425,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stapanian","given":"Martin","email":"mstapanian@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":324,"text":"Great Lakes Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":309663,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Waite, Thomas A.","contributorId":98691,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Waite","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Krzys, Gregory","contributorId":87508,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krzys","given":"Gregory","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mack, John J.","contributorId":55395,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mack","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309665,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Micacchion, Mick","contributorId":21511,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micacchion","given":"Mick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":309664,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":1015161,"text":"1015161 - 2004 - Sensitivity to acidification of subalpine ponds and lakes in north-western Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-11-14T08:24:28","indexId":"1015161","displayToPublicDate":"2004-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1924,"text":"Hydrological Processes","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Sensitivity to acidification of subalpine ponds and lakes in north-western Colorado","docAbstract":"Although acidifying deposition in western North America is lower than in many parts of the world, many high-elevation ecosystems there are extremely sensitive to acidification. Previous studies determined that the Mount Zirkel Wilderness Area (MZWA) has the most acidic snowpack and aquatic ecosystems that are among the most sensitive in the region. In this study, spatial and temporal variability of ponds and lakes in and near the MZWA were examined to determine their sensitivity to acidification and the effects of acidic deposition during and after snowmelt. Within the areas identified as sensitive to acidification based on bedrock types, there was substantial variability in acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), which was related to differences in hydrological flowpaths that control delivery of weathering products to surface waters. Geological and topographic maps were of limited use in predicting acid sensitivity because their spatial resolution was not fine enough to capture the variability of these attributes for lakes and ponds with small catchment areas. Many of the lakes are sensitive to acidification (summer and autumn ANC < 100 µeq L−1), but none of them appeared to be threatened immediately by episodic or chronic acidification. In contrast, 22 ponds had minimum ANC < 30 µeq L−1, indicating that they are extremely sensitive to acidic deposition and could be damaged by episodic acidification, although net acidity (ANC < 0) was not measured in any of the ponds during the study. The lowest measured pH value was 5·4, and pH generally remained less than 6·0 throughout early summer in the most sensitive ponds, indicating that biological effects of acidification are possible at levels of atmospheric deposition that occurred during the study. The aquatic chemistry of lakes was dominated by atmospheric deposition and biogeochemical processes in soils and shallow ground water, whereas the aquatic chemistry of ponds was also affected by organic acids and biogeochemical processes in the water column and at the sediment–water interface. These results indicate that conceptual and mechanistic acidification models that have been developed for lakes and streams may be inadequate for predicting acidification in less-understood systems such as ponds.
The Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program, RASA, represents a systematic effort to study a number of the Nation’s most important aquifer systems, which, in aggregate, underlie much of the country and which represent an important component of the Nation’s total water supply. In general, the boundaries of these studies are identified by the hydrologic extent of each system and, accordingly, transcend the political subdivisions to which investigations have often arbitrarily been limited in the past. The broad objective for each study is to assemble geologic, hydrologic, and geochemical information, to analyze and develop an understanding of the system, and to develop predictive capabilities that will contribute to the effective management of the system. The use of computer simulation is an important element of the RASA studies to develop an understanding of the natural, undisturbed hydrologic system and the changes brought about in it by human activities and to provide a means of predicting the regional effects of future pumping or other stresses.
The final interpretive results of the RASA Program are presented in a series of U.S. Geological Survey Professional Papers that describe the geology, hydrology, and geochemistry of each regional aquifer system. Each study within the RASA Program is assigned a single Professional Paper number beginning with Professional Paper 1400.
This paper, Professional Paper 1422, represents the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont. It is published as several individual volumes over several years.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/pp1422","usgsCitation":"U.S. Geological Survey, 2004, Regional Aquifer-System Analysis— Appalachian Valley and Piedmont: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1422, https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1422.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":344329,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5979aa59e4b0ec1a488b8c4c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":152492,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"U.S. Geological Survey","id":706427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":55665,"text":"ofr03448 - 2004 - Comparison of Estimated Areas Contributing Recharge to Selected Springs in North-Central Florida by Using Multiple Ground-Water Flow Models","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:51","indexId":"ofr03448","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-448","title":"Comparison of Estimated Areas Contributing Recharge to Selected Springs in North-Central Florida by Using Multiple Ground-Water Flow Models","docAbstract":"Areas contributing recharge to springs are defined in this report as the land-surface area wherein water entering the ground-water system at the water table eventually discharges to a spring. These areas were delineated for Blue Spring, Silver Springs, Alexander Springs, and Silver Glen Springs in north-central Florida using four regional ground-water flow models and particle tracking. As expected, different models predicted different areas contributing recharge. In general, the differences were due to different hydrologic stresses, subsurface permeability properties, and boundary conditions that were used to calibrate each model, all of which are considered to be equally feasible because each model matched its respective calibration data reasonably well. To evaluate the agreement of the models and to summarize results, areas contributing recharge to springs from each model were combined into composite areas. During 1993-98, the composite areas contributing recharge to Blue Spring, Silver Springs, Alexander Springs, and Silver Glen Springs were about 130, 730, 110, and 120 square miles, respectively. The composite areas for all springs remained about the same when using projected 2020 ground-water withdrawals.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr03448","usgsCitation":"Shoemaker, W., O’Reilly, A.M., Sepulveda, N., Williams, S.A., Motz, L.H., and Sun, Q., 2004, Comparison of Estimated Areas Contributing Recharge to Selected Springs in North-Central Florida by Using Multiple Ground-Water Flow Models: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-448, 31 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03448.","productDescription":"31 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5429,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://fl.water.usgs.gov/Abstracts/ofr03_448_shoemaker.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":174181,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6aeca9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Shoemaker, W. Barclay bshoemak@usgs.gov","contributorId":1495,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"W. Barclay","email":"bshoemak@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":269,"text":"FLWSC-Ft. Lauderdale","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":156,"text":"Caribbean Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253930,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Reilly, Andrew M. 0000-0003-3220-1248 aoreilly@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-1248","contributorId":2184,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Reilly","given":"Andrew","email":"aoreilly@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253931,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Sepulveda, Nicasio 0000-0002-6333-1865 nsepul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1865","contributorId":1454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nicasio","email":"nsepul@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":253929,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Williams, Stanley A.","contributorId":24421,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Williams","given":"Stanley","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Motz, Louis H.","contributorId":6934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Motz","given":"Louis","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253932,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sun, Qing","contributorId":8921,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sun","given":"Qing","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":253933,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":58319,"text":"tm5A7 - 2004 - Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for methylmercury","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-05T20:25:34","indexId":"tm5A7","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":335,"text":"Techniques and Methods","code":"TM","onlineIssn":"2328-7055","printIssn":"2328-7047","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"5-A7","title":"Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for methylmercury","docAbstract":"This report presents the methods and method performance data for the determination of methylmercury concentrations in solids and suspended solids. Using the methods outlined here, the U.S. Geological Survey's Wisconsin District Mercury Laboratory can consistently detect methylmercury in solids and suspended solids at environmentally relevant concentrations. Solids can be analyzed wet or freeze dried with a minimum detection limit of 0.08 ng/g (as-processed). Suspended solids must first be isolated from aqueous matrices by filtration. The minimum detection limit for suspended solids is 0.01 ng per filter resulting in a minimum reporting limit ranging from 0.2 ng/L for a 0.05 L filtered volume to 0.01 ng/L for a 1.0 L filtered volume. Maximum concentrations for both matrices can be extended to cover nearly any amount of methylmercury by limiting sample size.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Book 5. Laboratory Analysis, Section A. Water Analysis","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/tm5A7","usgsCitation":"DeWild, J.F., Olund, S.D., Olson, M.L., and Tate, M., 2004, Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for methylmercury: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 5-A7, 21 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/tm5A7.","productDescription":"21 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":180836,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5900,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/tm5A7/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a53e4b07f02db62bae9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"DeWild, John F. 0000-0003-4097-2798 jfdewild@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4097-2798","contributorId":2525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"DeWild","given":"John","email":"jfdewild@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258728,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Olund, Shane D.","contributorId":94352,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olund","given":"Shane","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Olson, Mark L.","contributorId":101693,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Olson","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":258731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tate, Michael T. 0000-0003-1525-1219 mttate@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-1219","contributorId":3144,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tate","given":"Michael T.","email":"mttate@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37947,"text":"Upper Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":677,"text":"Wisconsin Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258729,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":53371,"text":"wdrUT031 - 2004 - Water resources data, Utah, water year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-02-03T16:39:59","indexId":"wdrUT031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"UT-03-1","title":"Water resources data, Utah, water year 2003","docAbstract":"Water-resources data for the 2005 water year for Utah consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs; and water levels and water quality of ground water. This report contains discharge records for 165 gaging stations; stage and contents for 8 lakes and reservoirs; water quality for 22 hydrologic stations, and 57 wells; water levels for 65 observation wells; and precipitation for 3 stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System collected by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State and Federal agencies in Utah.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Salt Lake City, UT","doi":"10.3133/wdrUT031","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Utah and other cooperators and agencies","usgsCitation":"Tibbetts, J., Enright, M., and Wilberg, D., 2004, Water resources data, Utah, water year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report UT-03-1, xxxvi, 453 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrUT031.","productDescription":"xxxvi, 453 p.","numberOfPages":"496","costCenters":[{"id":610,"text":"Utah Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":179531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5130,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/WDRUT03/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fa7df","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tibbetts, J.R.","contributorId":63470,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tibbetts","given":"J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247428,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Enright, Michael","contributorId":99979,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Enright","given":"Michael","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247429,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wilberg, Dale E.","contributorId":60215,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wilberg","given":"Dale E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53375,"text":"wdrME031 - 2004 - Water resources data-Maine, water year 2003","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:26","indexId":"wdrME031","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"ME-03-1","title":"Water resources data-Maine, water year 2003","docAbstract":"This volume of the annual hydrologic data report of Maine is one of a series of annual reports that document data gathered from the U.S. Geological Survey's surface- and ground-water data-collection networks in each State, Puerto Rico, and the Trust Territories. These records of streamflow, ground-water levels, and quality of water provide the hydrologic information needed by State, local, and Federal agencies, and the private sector for developing and managing our Nation's land and water resources.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrME031","usgsCitation":"Stewart, G., Caldwell, J.M., and Cloutier, A., 2004, Water resources data-Maine, water year 2003: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report ME-03-1, 250 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrME031.","productDescription":"250 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":179619,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":5133,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/wdr-me-03-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f096d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Stewart, G.J.","contributorId":62246,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247438,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Caldwell, J. M.","contributorId":93934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Caldwell","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247439,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cloutier, A.R.","contributorId":26356,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Cloutier","given":"A.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":247437,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":53270,"text":"ofr03285 - 2004 - SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-16T11:11:58","indexId":"ofr03285","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-285","title":"SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport","docAbstract":"This report describes SutraGUI, a flexible graphical user-interface (GUI) that supports two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) simulation with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) SUTRA ground-water-flow and transport model (Voss and Provost, 2002). SutraGUI allows the user to create SUTRA ground-water models graphically. SutraGUI provides all of the graphical functionality required for setting up and running SUTRA simulations that range from basic to sophisticated, but it is also possible for advanced users to apply programmable features within Argus ONE to meet the unique demands of particular ground-water modeling projects. SutraGUI is a public-domain computer program designed to run with the proprietary Argus ONE? package, which provides 2D Geographic Information System (GIS) and meshing support. For 3D simulation, GIS and meshing support is provided by programming contained within SutraGUI. When preparing a 3D SUTRA model, the model and all of its features are viewed within Argus 1 in 2D projection. For 2D models, SutraGUI is only slightly changed in functionality from the previous 2D-only version (Voss and others, 1997) and it provides visualization of simulation results. In 3D, only model preparation is supported by SutraGUI, and 3D simulation results may be viewed in SutraPlot (Souza, 1999) or Model Viewer (Hsieh and Winston, 2002). A comprehensive online Help system is included in SutraGUI. For 3D SUTRA models, the 3D model domain is conceptualized as bounded on the top and bottom by 2D surfaces. The 3D domain may also contain internal surfaces extending across the model that divide the domain into tabular units, which can represent hydrogeologic strata or other features intended by the user. These surfaces can be non-planar and non-horizontal. The 3D mesh is defined by one or more 2D meshes at different elevations that coincide with these surfaces. If the nodes in the 3D mesh are vertically aligned, only a single 2D mesh is needed. For nonaligned meshes, two or more 2D meshes of similar connectivity are used. Between each set of 2D meshes (and model surfaces), the vertical space in the 3D mesh is evenly divided into a user-specified number of layers of finite elements. Boundary conditions may be specified for 3D models in SutraGUI using a variety of geometric shapes that may be located freely within the 3D model domain. These shapes include points, lines, sheets, and solids. These are represented by 2D contours (within the vertically-projected Argus ONE view) with user-defined elevations. In addition, boundary conditions may be specified for 3D models as points, lines, and areas that are located exactly within the surfaces that define the model top and the bottoms of the tabular units. Aquifer properties may be specified separately for each tabular unit. If the aquifer properties vary vertically within a unit, SutraGUI provides the Sutra_Z function that can be used to specify such variation.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr03285","usgsCitation":"Winston, R.B., and Voss, C.I., 2004, SutraGUI, a graphical-user interface for SUTRA, a model for ground-water flow with solute or energy transport: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2003-285, 114 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr03285.","productDescription":"114 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":177832,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":4976,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.usgs.gov/nrp/gwsoftware/sutra-gui/SutraGUI.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ae0e4b07f02db687f10","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Winston, Richard B. 0000-0002-6287-8834 rbwinst@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6287-8834","contributorId":3567,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Winston","given":"Richard","email":"rbwinst@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":37778,"text":"WMA - Integrated Modeling and Prediction Division","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247133,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Voss, Clifford I. 0000-0001-5923-2752 cvoss@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5923-2752","contributorId":1559,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Voss","given":"Clifford","email":"cvoss@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":247132,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":53972,"text":"wri034263 - 2004 - Geohydrology of the French Creek Basin and simulated effects of drought and ground-water withdrawals, Chester County, Pennsylvania","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-05T20:39:05.135415","indexId":"wri034263","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2004","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2003-4263","title":"Geohydrology of the French Creek Basin and simulated effects of drought and ground-water withdrawals, Chester County, Pennsylvania","docAbstract":"This report describes the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Delaware River Basin Commission, to develop a regional ground-water-flow model of the French Creek Basin in Chester County, Pa. The model was used to assist water-resource managers by illustrating the interconnection between ground-water and surface-water systems. The 70.7-square mile French Creek Basin is in the Piedmont Physiographic Province and is underlain by crystalline and sedimentary fractured-rock aquifers. Annual water budgets were calculated for 1969-2001 for the French Creek Basin upstream of streamflow-measurement station French Creek near Phoenixville (01472157). Average annual precipitation was 46.28 in. (inches), average annual streamflow was 20.29 in., average annual base flow determined by hydrograph separation was 12.42 in., and estimated average annual ET (evapotranspiration) was 26.10 in. Estimated average annual recharge was 14.32 in. and is equal to 31 percent of the average annual precipitation. Base flow made up an average of 61 percent of streamflow.
Ground-water flow in the French Creek Basin was simulated using the finite-difference MODFLOW-96 computer program. The model structure is based on a simplified two-dimensional conceptualization of the ground-water-flow system. The modeled area was extended outside the French Creek Basin to natural hydrologic boundaries; the modeled area includes 40 square miles of adjacent areas outside the basin. The hydraulic conductivity for each geologic unit was calculated from reported specific-capacity data determined from aquifer tests and was adjusted during model calibration. The model was calibrated for above-average conditions by simulating base-flow and water-level measurements made on May 1, 2001, using a recharge rate of 20 in/yr (inches per year). The model was calibrated for below-average conditions by simulating base-flow and water-level measurements made on September 11 and 17, 2001, using a recharge rate of 6.2 in/yr. Average conditions were simulated by adjusting the recharge rate until simulated streamflow at streamflow-measurement station 01472157 matched the long-term (1968-2001) average base flow of 54.1 cubic feet per second. The recharge rate used for average conditions was 15.7 in/yr.
The effect of drought in the French Creek Basin was simulated using a drought year recharge rate of 8 in/yr for 3 months. After 3 months of drought, the simulated streamflow of French Creek at streamflow-measurement station 01472157 decreased 34 percent. The simulations show that after 6 months of average recharge (15.7 in/yr) following drought, streamflow and water levels recovered almost to pre-drought conditions.
The effect of increased ground-water withdrawals on stream base flow in the South Branch French Creek Subbasin was simulated under average and drought conditions with pumping rates equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the Delaware River Basin Commission Ground Water Protected Area (GWPA) withdrawal limit (1,393 million gallons per year) with all pumped water removed from the basin. For average recharge conditions, the simulated streamflow of South Branch French Creek at the mouth decreased 18, 28, and 37 percent at a withdrawal rate equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the GWPA limit, respectively. After 3 months of drought recharge conditions, the simulated streamflow of South Branch French Creek at the mouth decreased 27, 40, and 52 percent at a withdrawal rate equal to 50, 75, and 100 percent of the GWPA limit, respectively.
The effect of well location on base flow, water levels, and the sources of water to the well was simulated by locating a hypothetical well pumping 200 gallons per minute in different places in the Beaver Run Subbasin with all pumped water removed from the basin. The smallest reduction in the base flow of Beaver Run was from a well on the drainage divide between the French Creek Basin and the Marsh Creek Basin to the south; the simulated base flow of Beaver Run at the mouth was reduced 1 percent. The greatest reduction in the base flow of Beaver Creek was from a well close to Beaver Run; the simulated base flow of Beaver Run at the mouth was reduced 8 percent. The simulations showed that (1) if the contributing area of a well is in a basin, pumping will affect stream base flow and water levels in that basin whether the well is inside or outside that basin; (2) wells in different areas of a basin away from a divide produce a similar reduction in base flow; (3) a well within a basin will derive more water from diverted base flow and less water from storage than a well on or near a basin divide; and (4) the reduction in base flow at the mouth of the stream is the same for a well in the headwaters and a well downstream near the confluence.
Model simulations illustrate some of the typical analyses and results that can be produced. The model was calibrated using annual values for recharge and ground-water ET and then was run using the annual values in a seasonally independent transient mode to show changes with time. The timing and relative magnitude of some of the changes simulated with the model when viewed in terms of a normal climatic year may be subject to considerable uncertainty because of the variability in seasonal recharge and ground-water ET rates. Transient model simulations for short-term periods are indicative of possible hydrologic system response and are considered an approximation.