This paper describes the development and testing of the hypothesis that the long-term water balance is determined only by the local interaction of fluctuating water supply (precipitation) and demand (potential evapotranspiration), mediated by water storage in the soil. Adoption of this hypothesis, together with idealized representations of relevant input variabilities in time and space, yields a simple model of the water balance of a finite area having a uniform climate. The partitioning of average annual precipitation into evapotranspiration and runoff depends on seven dimensionless numbers: the ratio of average annual potential evapotranspiration to average annual precipitation (index of dryness); the ratio of the spatial average plant-available water-holding capacity of the soil to the annual average precipitation amount; the mean number of precipitation events per year; the shape parameter of the gamma distribution describing spatial variability of storage capacity; and simple measures of the seasonality of mean precipitation intensity, storm arrival rate, and potential evapotranspiration. The hypothesis is tested in an application of the model to the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, with no calibration. Study area averages of runoff and evapotranspiration, based on observations, are 263 mm and 728 mm, respectively; the model yields corresponding estimates of 250 mm and 741 mm, respectively, and explains 88% of the geographical variance of observed runoff within the study region. The differences between modeled and observed runoff can be explained by uncertainties in the model inputs and in the observed runoff. In the humid (index of dryness <1) parts of the study area, the dominant factor producing runoff is the excess of annual precipitation over annual potential evapotranspiration, but runoff caused by variability of supply and demand over time is also significant; in the arid (index of dryness >1) parts, all of the runoff is caused by variability of forcing over time. Contributions to model runoff attributable to small-scale spatial variability of storage capacity are insignificant throughout the study area. The consistency of the model with observational data is supportive of the supply-demand-storage hypothesis, which neglects infiltration excess runoff and other finite-permeability effects on the soil water balance.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00586","usgsCitation":"Milly, P., 1994, Climate, soil water storage, and the average annual water balance: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 7, p. 2143-2156, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00586.","productDescription":"14 p. ","startPage":"2143","endPage":"2156","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":340424,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"7","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59006082e4b0e85db3a5df08","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Milly, P. C. D.","contributorId":100489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Milly","given":"P. C. D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":692977,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70209800,"text":"70209800 - 1994 - Preliminary U-series disequilibrium and thermoluminescence ages of surficial deposits and paleosols associated with Quaternary faults, eastern Yucca Mountain","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-29T16:05:17.130121","indexId":"70209800","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-30T10:57:50","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":24,"text":"Conference Paper"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":19,"text":"Conference Paper"},"title":"Preliminary U-series disequilibrium and thermoluminescence ages of surficial deposits and paleosols associated with Quaternary faults, eastern Yucca Mountain","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"High Level Radioactive Waste Management 1994","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":12,"text":"Conference publication"},"conferenceTitle":"International high-level radioactive waste management conference","conferenceDate":"May 22-26, 1994","conferenceLocation":"Las Vegas, NV","language":"English","publisher":"ASCE","usgsCitation":"Paces, J.B., Menges, C.M., Wildmann, B., Wesling, J.R., Bush, C.A., Futa, K., Millard, H.T., Maat, P., and Whitney, J.W., 1994, Preliminary U-series disequilibrium and thermoluminescence ages of surficial deposits and paleosols associated with Quaternary faults, eastern Yucca Mountain, in High Level Radioactive Waste Management 1994, Las Vegas, NV, May 22-26, 1994, p. 2391-2401.","productDescription":"11 p.","startPage":"2391","endPage":"2401","costCenters":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":374356,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":374354,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://cedb.asce.org/CEDBsearch/record.jsp?dockey=0088213"}],"country":"United States","state":"Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.91352904330221\n ],\n [\n -116.43602371215822,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.95757376878687\n ],\n [\n -116.48254394531249,\n 36.91352904330221\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Paces, James B. 0000-0002-9809-8493 jbpaces@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-8493","contributorId":2514,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Paces","given":"James","email":"jbpaces@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788075,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Menges, Christopher M. 0000-0002-8045-2933 cmmenges@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8045-2933","contributorId":167644,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Menges","given":"Christopher","email":"cmmenges@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788076,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wildmann, B.","contributorId":224394,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Wildmann","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788077,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Wesling, J. R.","contributorId":115937,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wesling","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788078,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bush, Charles A. cbush@usgs.gov","contributorId":1258,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bush","given":"Charles","email":"cbush@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788079,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Futa, Kiyoto 0000-0001-8649-7510 kfuta@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8649-7510","contributorId":619,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Futa","given":"Kiyoto","email":"kfuta@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":164,"text":"Central Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788080,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Millard, H. T.","contributorId":38587,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Millard","given":"H.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788081,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Maat, P. B.","contributorId":41070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maat","given":"P. B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":788082,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Whitney, John W. 0000-0003-3824-3692 jwhitney@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3824-3692","contributorId":804,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Whitney","given":"John","email":"jwhitney@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":318,"text":"Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":788083,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":70159214,"text":"70159214 - 1994 - Hydrogeology, simulation of regional ground-water flow, and saltwater intrusion, Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-08-23T08:55:32","indexId":"70159214","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-14T09:15:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":2,"text":"State or Local Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":127,"text":"New Jersey Geological Survey Report","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":2}},"seriesNumber":"36","title":"Hydrogeology, simulation of regional ground-water flow, and saltwater intrusion, Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey","docAbstract":"The Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system in Middlesex and Monmouth Counties in the northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey consists primarily of unconsolidated Cretaceous sediments, which are divided into the upper and middle aquifers and confining units. These units, which strike northeastsouthwest along the Fall Line, dip and thicken to the southeast. The upper aquifer consists primarily of the Old Bridge Sand Member of the Magothy Formation, which is composed of coarse-grained sands, localized thin clay beds, and younger surficial sands and gravels in and near the outcrop. Transmissivity ranges from 1,760 to 19,400 ft2/d (feet squared per day) and tends to be higher in updip areas. Estimated withdrawals from the upper aquifer in the northern Coastal Plain were approximately 42 Mgal/d (million gallons per day) in 1986. Cones of depression whose centers range from 36 to 42 ft (feet) below sea level have developed as a result of these withdrawals.
\nThe upper aquifer is confined throughout most of the northern New Jersey Coastal Plain by clays and silts of the Cretaceous Woodbury Clay and Merchantville Formation and younger sediments of the Magothy Formation. This confining unit generally is greater than 200 ft thick. The simulated vertical hydraulic conductivity for the confining unit ranges from 8.4 x 10-5 to 5.6 x 10-3 feet per day; interpreted vertical hydraulic conductivities generally are lower except in southwestern Middlesex County, where the vertical hydraulic conductivities of the confining unit are higher.
\nThe middle aquifer consists primarily of the Farrington Sand Member of the Cretaceous Raritan Formation and surficial Holocene and Miocene sands and gravels in its outcrop area. It also can include the uppermost sands of the Cretaceous Potomac Group in parts of Monmouth County. The middle aquifer is composed of fine to coarse sand that contains some lignite and pyrite, and, locally, some clay beds. It pinches out in the northern part of Sayreville Township, near Raritan River. The transmissivity of the aquifer ranges from 2,140 to 13,800 ft2/d and tends to decrease in the northern part of the northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey where the aquifer thins. A poorly permeable confining unit composed mostly of clays and silts of the Woodbridge Clay Member of the Raritan Formation overlies the aquifer in most of this area. The confining unit generally is greater than 100 ft thick, although it thins and is sandy in the southwestern part of Middlesex County, where a good hydraulic connection exists between the middle and upper aquifers. Estimated withdrawals from the middle aquifer in the northern Coastal Plain were about 22 Mgal/d in 1986. These withdrawals have caused cones of depression whose centers range from 77 to 93 ft below sea level.
\nA finite-difference, quasi-three-dimensional ground-water flow model was developed to simulate ground-water flow in the aquifer system. The confined and unconfined areas of the upper and middle aquifers were modeled as separate layers. The model was calibrated primarily by adjusting vertical hydraulic conductivity in the confining units and horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifers, then matching simulated and measured groundwater levels for the period 1896-1986 and simulated and interpreted potentiometric surfaces under predevelopment conditions and in 1984.
\nFor the predevelopment period, the total flow into and out of the upper and middle aquifers is 35 and 21 Mgal/d, respectively. Recharge to the aquifer system is from direct recharge in the unconfined areas and from vertical leakage through overlying confining units. The main recharge areas are the topographically high areas in southwestern Middlesex County for both aquifers, in the eastern Sayreville area for the upper aquifer, and north of the Raritan River for the middle aquifer. Most ground water discharges to low-lying regional surface-water drains (streams), which flow into the South River.
\nFor 1984 transient conditions, the total ground-water flow into and out of the upper and middle aquifers is 61 and 34 Mgal/d, respectively. The largest amount of recharge is from direct recharge in the unconfined areas, but some recharge also is derived from vertical leakage through the Merchantville-Woodbury confining unit, captured ground-water discharge to streams, and induced inflow at artificial-recharge facilities. Regional flow is from recharge areas toward major cones of depression.
\nSensitivity analysis showed that the model was useful for representing flow in the system, especially in the confined-aquifer areas. Model representation of lateral and vertical boundary conditions was judged acceptable. Simulation results were less sensitive to changes in aquifer properties in the unconfined areas of the aquifers and to changes in storage in the confining units. Sensitivity analysis and calibration of hydraulic parameters and conditions showed that the distribution of hydraulic head was sensitive to changes in horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the aquifers, vertical hydraulic conductivity in the confining units, magnitudes of ground-water withdrawals, and initial hydraulic head in aquifer outcrop areas.
\nTwo scenarios were simulated to determine the effects of ground-water withdrawals from 1986 through 2019. For the scenario in which ground-water withdrawals increase to about 69 Mgal/d in the upper aquifer and 37 Mgal/d in the middle aquifer, centers of cones of depression are as deep as 100 ft below sea level in the upper aquifer and 170 ft below sea level in the middle aquifer. For this scenario, most of the additional water comes from captured surface-water discharge, induced cross-formational flow from overlying aquifers, and increases in induced flow from artificial-recharge areas. Induced flow from Raritan Bay also increases. For the scenario in which ground water withdrawals are reduced to 42.5 Mgal/d in the upper aquifer and 15 Mgal/d in the middle aquifer, water levels recover to above sea level nearly everywhere. In each aquifer, ground-water discharge to streams increases and induced flow through the confining units and from the overlying sediments decreases, and discharge of ground water to Raritan Bay in the upper aquifer exceeds the induced recharge from Raritan Bay.
\nReversal of ground-water gradients has caused saltwater intrusion in the two aquifers. Chloride concentrations in water from the upper aquifer in Keyport and Union Beach Boroughs were as high as 2,100 mg/L (milligrams per liter) in 1986. The intrusion has not increased significantly since well fields in the area were closed in the late 1970's. Elevated chloride concentrations also were measured in Keanesburg Borough in 1986. In both of these areas, saltwater has entered the upper aquifer from the Bay because of movement of the freshwater-saltwater interface in response to increasing ground-water withdrawals.
\nChloride concentrations in well-water samples from the middle aquifer were as high as 6,000 mg/L in Sayreville Borough in 1987; concentrations in samples from drive-point wells from the same aquifer near the Washington Canal, the main source of saltwater, were as high as 7,100 mg/L. The migration of the saltwater front at about 470 feet per year to the southeast is influenced mainly by a thinning of the middle aquifer, which constrains flow, and by the locations of regional cones of depression caused by groundwater withdrawals.
","language":"English","publisher":"New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy","publisherLocation":"Trenton, NJ","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy Division of Science and Research Geological Survey","usgsCitation":"Pucci, A.A., Pope, D.A., and Gronberg, J.M., 1994, Hydrogeology, simulation of regional ground-water flow, and saltwater intrusion, Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Northern Coastal Plain of New Jersey: New Jersey Geological Survey Report 36, Report: xi, 209 p.; 2 Plates: 34.08 x 31.75 inches and 34.42 x 31.83 inches.","productDescription":"Report: xi, 209 p.; 2 Plates: 34.08 x 31.75 inches and 34.42 x 31.83 inches","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":310059,"rank":2,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/70159214.jpg"},{"id":311244,"rank":1,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159214/report.pdf","text":"Report","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"Report"},{"id":327410,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159214/plate-2.pdf"},{"id":327409,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/unnumbered/70159214/plate-1.pdf"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Jersey","county":"Mercer County, Middlesex County, Monmouth County","otherGeospatial":"Potomac-Raritan-Magothy Aquifer System, Raritan Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -74.6,\n 40.1\n ],\n [\n -74.6,\n 40.6\n ],\n [\n -73.97,\n 40.6\n ],\n [\n -73.97,\n 40.1\n ],\n [\n -74.6,\n 40.1\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"56261475e4b0fb9a11dd7635","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Pucci, Amleto A. Jr.","contributorId":86494,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pucci","given":"Amleto","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":577850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pope, Daryll A. dpope@usgs.gov","contributorId":3796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Daryll","email":"dpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":577851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Gronberg, JoAnn M. 0000-0003-4822-7434 jmgronbe@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4822-7434","contributorId":3548,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gronberg","given":"JoAnn","email":"jmgronbe@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":577852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70243630,"text":"70243630 - 1994 - Petrogenesis of the highly potassic 1.42 Ga Barrel Spring pluton, southeastern California, with implications for mid-Proterozoic magma genesis in the southwestern USA","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-05-16T11:49:04.350551","indexId":"70243630","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T06:27:07","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1336,"text":"Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Petrogenesis of the highly potassic 1.42 Ga Barrel Spring pluton, southeastern California, with implications for mid-Proterozoic magma genesis in the southwestern USA","docAbstract":"Syenites from the Barrel Spring pluton were emplaced in the Early Proterozoic Mojave crustal provine of southeastern California at 1.42 Ga. All rocks, even the most mafic, are highly enriched in incompatible elements (e.g. K2O 4–12 wt%, Rb 170–370 ppm, Th 12–120 ppm, La 350–1500xchondrite, La/Ybn 35–100). Elemental compositions require an incompatible element-rich but mafic (or ultramafic) source. Trace element models establish two plausible sources for Barrel Spring magmas: (1) LREE enriched garnet websterite with accessory apatite±rutile (enriched lithospheric mantle), and (2) garnet amphibolite or garnet-hornblende granulite with enriched alkali basalt composition, also with accessory apatite±rutile (mafic lower crust). Nd and Pb isotopic ratios do not distinguish a crust vs mantle source, but eliminate local Mojave province crust as the principal one, and indicate that generation of the enriched source occurred several hundred million years before emplacement of the Barrel Spring pluton. 1.40–1.44 Ga potassic granites are common in southeastern California, suggesting a genetic link between the Barrel Spring pluton and the granites; however, although the same thermal regime was probably responsible for producing both the granitic and syentic magmas, elemental and isotopic compositions preclude a close relationship. Isotopic similarity of the Barrel Spring pluton to 1.40–1.44 Ga granites emplaced in the Central Arizona crustal province to the east may imply that a common component was present in the lithosphere of these generally distinct regions.
Surface rupturing during the 28 June 1992 Landers, California, earthquake, east of Los Angeles, accommodated right-lateral offsets up to about 6 m along segments of distinct, en-echelon fault zones with a total length of 80 km. The offsets were accommodated generally not by faults—distinct slip surfaces—but rather by shear zones, tabular bands of localized shearing. Along simple stretches of fault zones at Landers the rupture is characterized by telescoping of shear zones and intensification of shearing: broad shear zones of mild shearing, containing narrow shear zones of more intense shearing, containing even narrower shear zones of very intense shearing, which may contain a fault. Thus the ground ruptured across broad belts of shearing with clearly defined, subparallel walls, oriented NW. Each broad belt consists of a broad zone of mild shearing, extending across its entire width (50 to 200 m), and much narrower (a few meters wide) shear zones that accommodate most of the offset of the belt and are portrayed by en-echelon tension cracks. In response to right-lateral shearing, the slices of ground bounded by the tension cracks rotated in a clockwise sense, producing left-lateral shearing, and the slices were forced against the walls of the shear zone, producing thrusting. Even narrower shear zones formed within the narrow shear zones. Although these probably are guides to right-lateral fault segments below, the surface rupturing during the earthquake is characterized not by faulting, but by the formation of shear zones at various scales.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840030499","usgsCitation":"Johnson, A.M., Fleming, R.W., and Cruikshank, K.M., 1994, Shear zones formed along long, straight traces of fault zones during the 28 June 1992 Landers, California, earthquake: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 3, p. 499-510, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840030499.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"499","endPage":"510","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339455,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-06-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e8a549e4b09da6799d63d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Arvid M.","contributorId":99547,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Arvid","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fleming, Robert W.","contributorId":102062,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fleming","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690369,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Cruikshank, Kenneth M.","contributorId":190691,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Cruikshank","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":690370,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70186259,"text":"70186259 - 1994 - Triggered seismicity and deformation between the Landers, California, and Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, earthquakes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-10-25T11:12:46.156025","indexId":"70186259","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1135,"text":"Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America","onlineIssn":"1943-3573","printIssn":"0037-1106","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Triggered seismicity and deformation between the Landers, California, and Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, earthquakes","docAbstract":"This article presents evidence for the channeling of strain energy released by the Ms = 7.4 Landers, California, earthquake within the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ). We document an increase in seismicity levels during the 22-hr period starting with the Landers earthquake and culminating 22 hr later with the Ms = 5.4 Little Skull Mountain (LSM), Nevada, earthquake. We evaluate the completeness of regional seismicity catalogs during this period and find that the continuity of post-Landers strain release within the ECSZ is even more pronounced than is evident from the catalog data. We hypothesize that regional-scale connectivity of faults within the ECSZ and LSM region is a critical ingredient in the unprecedented scale and distribution of remotely triggered earthquakes and geodetically manifest strain changes that followed the Landers earthquake. The viability of static strain changes as triggering agents is tested using numerical models. Modeling results illustrate that regional-scale fault connectivity can increase the static strain changes by approximately an order of magnitude at distances of at least 280 km, the distance between the Landers and LSM epicenters. This is possible for models that include both a network of connected faults that slip “sympathetically” and realistic levels of tectonic prestrain. Alternatively, if dynamic strains are a more significant triggering agent than static strains, ECSZ structure may still be important in determining the distribution of triggered seismic and aseismic deformation.
","language":"English","publisher":"Seismological Society of America","doi":"10.1785/BSSA0840030835","usgsCitation":"Bodin, P., and Gomberg, J., 1994, Triggered seismicity and deformation between the Landers, California, and Little Skull Mountain, Nevada, earthquakes: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 84, no. 3, p. 835-843, https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0840030835.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"835","endPage":"843","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339033,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339032,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/84/3/835/102710/Triggered-seismicity-and-deformation-between-the"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Landers, Little Skull Mountain","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 35.175884043309324\n ],\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 33.55266747577443\n ],\n [\n -115.32816726769562,\n 33.55266747577443\n ],\n [\n -115.32816726769562,\n 35.175884043309324\n ],\n [\n -117.48148758019548,\n 35.175884043309324\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116.25731325331711,\n 36.84237299356687\n ],\n [\n -116.25731325331711,\n 36.70827842185419\n ],\n [\n -116.07294893446968,\n 36.70827842185419\n ],\n [\n -116.07294893446968,\n 36.84237299356687\n ],\n [\n -116.25731325331711,\n 36.84237299356687\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"84","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e35f90e4b09da67997ecee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Bodin, Paul","contributorId":104142,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodin","given":"Paul","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688046,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gomberg, Joan","contributorId":77919,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gomberg","given":"Joan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688047,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70185390,"text":"70185390 - 1994 - Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-02-27T08:09:24","indexId":"70185390","displayToPublicDate":"1994-06-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3722,"text":"Water Resources Research","onlineIssn":"1944-7973","printIssn":"0043-1397","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr","title":"Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr","docAbstract":"This paper describes a direct comparison of apparent ages derived from 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons (CCl3F and CCl2F2), and 85Kr measurements in shallow groundwater. Wells chosen for this study are completed in the unconfined surficial aquifers in late Cenozoic Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments of the Delmarva Peninsula, on the east coast of the United States. Most of the apparent tracer ages agree within 2 years of each other for recharge dates between 1965 and 1990. Discrepancies in apparent tracer ages usually can be explained by hydrological processes such as mixing in a discharge area. Recharge rate calculations based on apparent tracer age gradients at multilevel well locations agree with previous recharge estimates. High recharge rates on the Delmarva Peninsula result in nearly complete dissolved-gas confinement in the groundwater. The remarkable agreement between the different tracer ages indicates negligible mixing of waters of different ages, insignificant dispersion, minimal gas loss to the atmosphere, and insignificant sorption-desorption processes at this location.
","language":"English","publisher":"American Geophysical Union","doi":"10.1029/94WR00156","usgsCitation":"Ekwurzel, B., Schlosser, P., Smethie, W.M., Plummer, N., Busenberg, E., Michel, R.L., Weppernig, R., and Stute, M., 1994, Dating of shallow groundwater: Comparison of the transient tracers 3H/3He, chlorofluorocarbons, and 85Kr: Water Resources Research, v. 30, no. 6, p. 1693-1708, https://doi.org/10.1029/94WR00156.","productDescription":"16 p. ","startPage":"1693","endPage":"1708","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":337954,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"volume":"30","issue":"6","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2010-07-09","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58d23b97e4b0236b68f82978","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ekwurzel, Brenda","contributorId":189618,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Ekwurzel","given":"Brenda","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685420,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schlosser, Peter","contributorId":50936,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schlosser","given":"Peter","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685421,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Smethie, William M. Jr.","contributorId":189619,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Smethie","given":"William","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685422,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Plummer, Niel 0000-0002-4020-1013 nplummer@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-1013","contributorId":190100,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Plummer","given":"Niel","email":"nplummer@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685423,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Busenberg, Eurybiades ebusenbe@usgs.gov","contributorId":2271,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Busenberg","given":"Eurybiades","email":"ebusenbe@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685424,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Michel, Robert L. rlmichel@usgs.gov","contributorId":823,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Michel","given":"Robert","email":"rlmichel@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":148,"text":"Branch of Regional Research-Western Region","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":685425,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Weppernig, Ralf","contributorId":189620,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Weppernig","given":"Ralf","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":685426,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Stute, Martin","contributorId":131127,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Stute","given":"Martin","email":"","affiliations":[{"id":7254,"text":"Columbia University - Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":685427,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70209215,"text":"70209215 - 1994 - Earthquake refraction profiles of the root of the Sierra Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-25T13:02:06","indexId":"70209215","displayToPublicDate":"1994-05-24T08:26:28","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3524,"text":"Tectonics","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Earthquake refraction profiles of the root of the Sierra Nevada","docAbstract":"We examine the seismic structure of the Sierra Nevada using records of nine earthquakes and one explosion in and near the Sierra, recorded on stations in the Sierra. We first interpret travel times from these paths, which are confined to a single tectonic block, in terms of one‐dimensional structures. The most nearly reversed pair of earthquakes, the 1966 Truckee and 1983 Durrwood Meadows earthquakes, share refracted (Pn) arrival times (corrected to surface focus) along a line t=8.75±0.25+Δ/8.0, suggesting that a nearly flat layer of 8.0 km/s mantle material lies at depths of 46–48 km. First arrivals from these events do not constrain velocities from ≈30 to 45 km depth. Secondary arrivals and some first arrivals from other earthquakes suggest that velocities in part of this region range between 6.9 and 7.8 km/s. The presence of this “7.x‐km/s” layer can help to explain previous contradictory observations. The 7.x‐km/s layer could be interpreted as either the mafic bottom of a silicic, Mesozoic magmatic arc or as accreted mafic underplating or rejuvenated mantle related to Cenozoic arc volcanism or Basin and Range spreading. Arrivals at stations in the foothills and the crest of the Sierra cannot be fit with a single longitudinal structure, indicating a lateral variation of velocity structure. These variations support previously inferred variations of lithospheric structure, with higher‐velocity, thinner crust to the west beneath the Sierran foothills and slower‐velocity crust (or possibly upper mantle) beneath the high mountains in the eastern Sierra. Rapid changes in arrival times between stations separated by short distances in the eastern Sierra suggest that a sharp boundary exists between the Sierra and the Basin and Range at Moho depths. We also present fresh evidence of the asymmetry of the root of the Sierra, wherein arrivals from earthquakes on the west of the Sierra are delayed within the Sierra and return to original values in the Basin and Range, while arrivals from earthquakes and explosions from the Sierra into the Great Valley. We suggest that if the 7.x‐km/s material occurs in a wedge above the Moho, then the asymmetry can be explained by arrivals from the west being delayed by the dipping 8.0‐km/s Moho, while those from the east may be entering the root along a 7.x‐km/s layer that is near the depth of the Basin and Range Moho.
Apparent phreatic explosion craters, caldera-floor volcanic cones, and geothermal features outline a ring fracture zone along which Mount Mazama collapsed to form the Crater Lake caldera during its climactic eruption about 6,850 yr B.P. Within a few years, subaerial deposits infilled the phreatic craters and then formed a thick wedge (10-20 m) of mass flow deposits shed from caldera walls. Intense volcanic activity (phreatic explosions, subaerial flows, and hydrothermal venting) occurred during this early postcaldera stage, and a central platform of subaerial andesite flows and scoria formed on the caldera floor.
Radiocarbon ages suggest that deposition of Iacustrine hemipelagic sediment began on the central platform about 150 yr after the caldera collapse. This is the minimum time to fill the lake halfway with water and cover the platform assuming present hydrologic conditions of precipitation and evaporation but with negligible leakage of lake water. Wizard Island formed during the final part of the 300-yr lake-filling period as shown by its (1) upper subaerial lava flows from 0 to -70 m below present water level and lower subaqueous lava flows from -70 to -500 m and by (2) lacustrine turbidite sand derived from Wizard Island that was deposited on the central platform about 350 yr after the caldera collapse. Pollen stratigraphy indicates that the warm and dry climate of middle Holocene time correlates with the early lake deposits. Diatom stratigraphy also suggests a more thermally stratified and phosphate-rich environment associated respectively with this climate and greater hydrothermal activity during the early lake history.
Apparent coarse-grained and thick-bedded turbidites of the early lake beds were deposited throughout northwest, southwest, and eastern basins during the time that volcanic and seismic activity formed the subaqueous Wizard Island, Merriam Cone, and rhyodacite dome. The last known postcaldera volcanic activity produced a subaqueous rhyodacite ash bed and dome about 4,240 yr B.P. The late lake beds with base-of-slope aprons and thin, fine-grained basin-plain turbidites were deposited during the volcanically quiescent period of the past 4,000 yr.
Deposits in Crater Lake and on similar caldera floors suggest that four stages characterize the postcaldera evolution of smaller (≤10 km in diameter) terrestrial caldera lake floors: (1) initial-stage caldera collapse forms the ring fracture zone that controls location of the main volcanic eruptive centers and sedimentary basin depocenters on the caldera floor; (2) early-stage subaerial sedimentation rapidly fills ring-fracture depressions and constructs basin-floor debris fans from calderawall landslides; (3) first-stage subaqueous sedimentation deposits thick flat-lying lake turbidites throughout basins, while a thin blanket of hemipelagic sediment covers volcanic edifices that continue to form concurrently with lake sedimentation; and (4) second-stage subaqueous sedimentation after the waning of major volcanic activity and the earlier periods of most rapid sedimentation develops small sili-ciclastic basin base-of-slope turbidite aprons and central basin plains. Renewed volcanic activity or lake destruction could cause part or all of the cycle to repeat.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Nelson, C.H., Bacon, C.R., Robinson, S.W., Adam, D.P., Bradbury, J.P., Barber, J.H., Schwartz, D., and Vagenas, G., 1994, The volcanic, sedimentologic, and paleolimnologic history of the Crater Lake caldera floor, Oregon:Evidence for small caldera evolution: Bulletin, v. 106, no. 5, p. 684-704, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0684:TVSAPH>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"21 p. ","startPage":"684","endPage":"704","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":340558,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Oregon","otherGeospatial":"Crater Lake","volume":"106","issue":"5","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"59030339e4b0e862d230f7ec","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Nelson, C. Hans","contributorId":191503,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Nelson","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Hans","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bacon, Charles R. 0000-0002-2165-5618 cbacon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2165-5618","contributorId":2909,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bacon","given":"Charles","email":"cbacon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":617,"text":"Volcano Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":693323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Robinson, Stephen W.","contributorId":191504,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Robinson","given":"Stephen","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Adam, David P.","contributorId":36132,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Adam","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693325,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Bradbury, J. Platt","contributorId":91106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bradbury","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Platt","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693326,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Barber, John H. Jr.","contributorId":102821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barber","given":"John","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693327,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Schwartz, Deborah","contributorId":191505,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Schwartz","given":"Deborah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693328,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Vagenas, Ginger","contributorId":191506,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Vagenas","given":"Ginger","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":693329,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8}]}} ,{"id":70017100,"text":"70017100 - 1994 - A seismotectonic model for the 300-kilometer-long eastern Tennessee seismic zone","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-09-15T16:17:20.804318","indexId":"70017100","displayToPublicDate":"1994-04-29T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3338,"text":"Science","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"A seismotectonic model for the 300-kilometer-long eastern Tennessee seismic zone","docAbstract":"Ten years of monitoring microearthquakes with a regional seismic network has revealed the presence of a well-defined, linear zone of seismic activity in eastern Tennessee. This zone produced the second highest release of seismic strain energy in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains during the last decade, when normalized by crustal area. The data indicate that seismicity produced by regional, intraplate stresses is now concentrating near the boundary between relatively strong and weak basement crustal blocks.","language":"English","publisher":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","doi":"10.1126/science.264.5159.686","issn":"00368075","usgsCitation":"Powell, C., Bollinger, G.A., Chapman, M., Sibol, M., Johnston, A.C., and Wheeler, R.L., 1994, A seismotectonic model for the 300-kilometer-long eastern Tennessee seismic zone: Science, v. 264, no. 5159, p. 686-688, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5159.686.","productDescription":"3 p.","startPage":"686","endPage":"688","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":224724,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Tennessee","otherGeospatial":"eastern Tennessee seismic zone","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -86.73820949512532,\n 36.60949394249076\n ],\n [\n -86.73820949512532,\n 34.99557700022865\n ],\n [\n -84.25328143551613,\n 34.95070764786888\n ],\n [\n -81.60653070442041,\n 36.31756723501552\n ],\n [\n -81.70635661015046,\n 36.60949394249076\n ],\n [\n -86.73820949512532,\n 36.60949394249076\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"264","issue":"5159","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5059e581e4b0c8380cd46da0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Powell, C.A.","contributorId":36687,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Powell","given":"C.A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375392,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bollinger, G. A.","contributorId":55809,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bollinger","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375394,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chapman, M.C.","contributorId":13727,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chapman","given":"M.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375390,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sibol, M.S.","contributorId":36688,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sibol","given":"M.S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375393,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Johnston, A. C.","contributorId":85574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375395,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Wheeler, R. L.","contributorId":34916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":375391,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":70186457,"text":"70186457 - 1994 - Conflicting tectonics? Contraction and extension at middle and upper crustal levels along the Cordilleran Late Jurassic arc, southeastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-22T17:11:52.743956","indexId":"70186457","displayToPublicDate":"1994-03-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1796,"text":"Geology","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Conflicting tectonics? Contraction and extension at middle and upper crustal levels along the Cordilleran Late Jurassic arc, southeastern California","docAbstract":"Effects of mid-Mesozoic contraction followed closely in time by extension are present in mid- to upper-crustal plutonic rocks in the Chuckwalla Mountains of the eastern Transverse Ranges, California. Late Jurassic movement along a steeply dipping, right-lateral mylonitic shear zone is bracketed between 159 and 147 Ma via U-Pb dated plutons. Depth of emplacement vs. time data based on hornblende geobarometry and U-Pb geochronology of Mesozoic plutons indicate that a period of dramatic uplift affected the Chuckwalla Mountains during the Late Jurassic, contrasting sharply with data from the (then) nearby San Gabriel Mountains. Subsequent latest Jurassic extensional tectonics is suggested by alkalic plutonism, nearly synchronous intrusion of the Late Jurassic Independence dike swarm, and possibly by deposition of the McCoy Mountains Formation. We conclude that both contraction and extension were significant at upper- and mid-crustal depths in the Chuckwalla Mountains region during the Late Jurassic, and speculate that the combined influence of oblique convergence and the opening of the Gulf of Mexico may have caused the contrasting and nearly contemporaneous tectonic modes.
","language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","doi":"10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0247:CTCAEA>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":"Davis, M.J., Farber, D.L., Wooden, J.L., and Anderson, J.L., 1994, Conflicting tectonics? Contraction and extension at middle and upper crustal levels along the Cordilleran Late Jurassic arc, southeastern California: Geology, v. 22, no. 3, p. 247-250, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0247:CTCAEA>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"4 p.","startPage":"247","endPage":"250","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":339160,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California","otherGeospatial":"Chuckwalla and Little Chuckwalla Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -116,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 33\n ],\n [\n -114.5,\n 33.75\n ],\n [\n -116,\n 33.75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e4b0b4e4b09da6799977b3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Davis, Mark J.","contributorId":190487,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Davis","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688520,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Farber, Daniel L.","contributorId":190488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farber","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688521,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wooden, Joe L.","contributorId":22210,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wooden","given":"Joe","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688522,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Anderson, J. Lawford","contributorId":7275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Anderson","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"Lawford","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":688523,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70208168,"text":"70208168 - 1994 - Persistence of metals in soil and selected vertebrates in the vicinity of the Palmerton zinc smelters","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-01-29T11:22:52","indexId":"70208168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-29T11:09:32","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2262,"text":"Journal of Environmental Quality","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Persistence of metals in soil and selected vertebrates in the vicinity of the Palmerton zinc smelters","docAbstract":"Concentration of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu in soil and wildlife at the Palmerton zinc smelter site in eastern Pennsylvania were determined 6 yr after zinc smelting was terminated in 1980. Levels of the four metals were higher in litter (01 and 02 horizon) than in soil (A1 horizon), and the metals were at or near levels when the smelters were still in operation. Levels of metals in soil were highest at sites close to the smelters and decreased as distances from the smelters increased. The relation of decreasing amounts of metals in body tissues with increasing distance from the smelters also held true for amphibians and mammals. An exception to this relation was higher level of Cu in red‐backed salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) captured ≈17 km downwind than those captured ≈12 km downwind. Levels of Zn, Pb, and Cu in liver, kidney, and muscle tissue of white‐footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were not different (P > 0.05) which is reportedly considered an indication of environmental contamination. Levels of Cd in kidneys and liver of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at Palmerton were five times higher than those for whitetailed deer collected 180 km southwest of Palmerton in southcentral Pennsylvania. The abnormal amounts of metals in the tissues of terrestrial vertebrates, and the absence or low abundance of wildlife at Palmerton indicated that ecological processes within 5 km of the smelters were markedly influenced 6 yr after zinc smelting was discontinued.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300030015x","usgsCitation":"Storm, G., Fosmire, G., and Bellis, E., 1994, Persistence of metals in soil and selected vertebrates in the vicinity of the Palmerton zinc smelters: Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 23, no. 3, p. 508-514, https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1994.00472425002300030015x.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"508","endPage":"514","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":371710,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Pennsylvania","otherGeospatial":"Palmerton","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -75.65494537353516,\n 40.809391811146064\n ],\n [\n -75.73081970214844,\n 40.78470081841747\n ],\n [\n -75.70369720458984,\n 40.74881754464601\n ],\n [\n -75.40878295898438,\n 40.85017679415775\n ],\n [\n -75.44036865234375,\n 40.8725069777884\n ],\n [\n -75.65494537353516,\n 40.809391811146064\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"23","issue":"3","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Storm, G.L.","contributorId":32888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Storm","given":"G.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780790,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Fosmire, G.J.","contributorId":221951,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Fosmire","given":"G.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780791,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bellis, E.D.","contributorId":221952,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Bellis","given":"E.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":780792,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207650,"text":"70207650 - 1994 - High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of sanidine from the Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:43:38.84869","indexId":"70207650","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:51:14","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of sanidine from the Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin","docAbstract":"40Ar/39Ar plateau age spectra of seven sanidine samples from the Fire Clay tonstein (Middle Pennsylvanian), collected along a 300-km traverse in the Appalachian basin, range from 310.3 to 311.4 Ma. All plateau ages agree, within the limits of analytical precision, with their respective total gas ages. This agreement, together with the reproducibility between samples, suggests the analyzed samples did not contain any significant contaminant feldspar. The mean of these seven plateau ages, 310.9 ± 0.8 Ma, is interpreted to represent a precise numerical estimate of time of eruption and deposition of this tonstein and the coal bed in which it is found. The lack of any discernible difference between the age of two samples of the Fire Clay tonstein collected from east of the Pine Mountain thrust fault, along with the age of five samples from west of this fault, suggests that the Fire Clay tonstein has been reliably correlated with a tonstein on the Cumberland overthrust sheet. This correlation, together with the age data presented in this paper, indicates that the Pine Mountain thrust fault must be younger than the 310.9-Ma age obtained for the Fire Clay tonstein.
The Fire Clay tonstein is biostratigraphically correlated with the Trace Creek Shale Member of the Atoka Formation in the Midcontinent of North America and with a position near the Westphalian B-C boundary in Western Europe. Our age of 310.9 ± 0.8 Ma for the Westphalian B-C boundary represents a well-constrained point, useful for the numerical refinement of the geologic time scale.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE294-p105","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., and Rice, C., 1994, High-precision 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum dating of sanidine from the Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin: GSA Special Papers, v. 294, p. 105-112, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE294-p105.","productDescription":"9 p.","startPage":"105","endPage":"112","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370943,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 38.736946065676\n ],\n [\n -85.6494140625,\n 36.65079252503471\n ],\n [\n -82.177734375,\n 36.58024660149866\n ],\n [\n -81.23291015625,\n 37.735969208590504\n ],\n [\n -82.4853515625,\n 39.01064750994083\n ],\n [\n -83.1005859375,\n 38.736946065676\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"294","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778752,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rice, Charles L.","contributorId":61801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"Charles L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70207649,"text":"70207649 - 1994 - 40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:48:31.012088","indexId":"70207649","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:38:18","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1723,"text":"GSA Bulletin","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","title":"40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas","docAbstract":"Field studies and 40Ar/39Ar dating reveal that silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains part of the Trans-Pecos Texas volcanic field occurred in six episodes at 0.3 m.y. intervals between 36.8 and 35.3 Ma. Additionally, two groups of silicic intrusions were emplaced at 34.6 and 32.8 Ma. This episodicity is similar to that determined for volcanic fields dominated by ash-flow tuffs, yet voluminous, extensive silicic lavas are considerably more abundant than tuffs in the Davis Mountains, by number of flows and by volume. The preponderance of voluminous silicic lavas over tuffs most likely reflects low water contents and high temperatures of the alkalic and commonly peralkaline Davis Mountains magmas.
The earliest episode, at 36.8 Ma, included a widespread and voluminous (possibly >1,000 km3) suite of rhyolite and quartz trachyte lavas, several rhyolite domes, and a strongly rheomorphic, peralkaline ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the northern Davis Mountains. The lava suite extends well beyond the Davis Mountains. Silicic lavas of all episodes probably erupted from widespread, fissure vents. The 36.5 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to quartz trachyte lavas, also extensive and voluminous (∼200 km3). The 36.3 Ma episode consisted of rhyolite to trachyte tuffs and lavas erupted from a central vent volcano in the southern Davis Mountains. The 35.9 Ma episode consisted of a single, moderately large (∼50 km3) rhyolite lava and a small-volume ash-flow tuff erupted from a caldera in the western Davis Mountains. Rocks emplaced during the 35.6 Ma episode were also rhyolites, including an enigmatic rock that may be strongly rheomorphic ash-flow tuff or a combination of tuff and lava, followed by definite lavas. The 35.3 Ma episode consisted of two ash-flow tuffs, one of which is strongly rheomorphic, and additional voluminous rhyolite lavas (∼120 km3). The rheomorphic tuff erupted from a caldera in the southwestern Davis Mountains. The source of the other tuff is probably in the western Davis Mountains.
Intermediate and mafic rocks are minor, except around the southeastern flank of the Davis Mountains, where basalt is abundant. Mafic lavas erupted only during gaps in the silicic activity and on the flanks of the Davis Mountains. Nevertheless, basaltic magma probably drove the silicic magmatism, either by differentiation or by crustal melting, and was present throughout the time of Davis Mountains activity but could not penetrate the low-density silicic magma chambers until they cooled and solidified. The time required for cooling and solidification appears to be 0.1-0.2 m.y.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1359:AACAVO>2.3.CO;2","usgsCitation":", C., Kunk, M.J., and McIntosh, W.C., 1994, 40Ar/39Ar chronology and volcanology of silicic volcanism in the Davis Mountains, Trans-Pecos Texas: GSA Bulletin, v. 106, no. 11, p. 1359-1376, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<1359:AACAVO>2.3.CO;2.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"1359","endPage":"1376","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370942,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Texas","otherGeospatial":"Davis Mountains","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ],\n [\n -101.7333984375,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 31.93351676190369\n ],\n [\n -103.974609375,\n 29.916852233070173\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"106","issue":"11","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":" Christopher D. Henry","contributorId":126897,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"given":"Christopher D. Henry","affiliations":[{"id":6689,"text":"Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":778749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"McIntosh, W. C.","contributorId":68039,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McIntosh","given":"W.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778751,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":70207648,"text":"70207648 - 1994 - 40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T13:50:11.932867","indexId":"70207648","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T12:16:02","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":3217,"text":"Quaternary International","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"displayTitle":"40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","title":"40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska","docAbstract":"40Ar/39Ar ages of volcanic rocks are used to provide numerical constraints on the age of middle and upper Miocene sedimentary strata collected along the Porcupine River. Intercalated sedimentary rocks north of latitude 67°10′N in the Porcupine terrane of east-central Alaska contain a rich record of plant fossils. The fossils are valuable indicators of this interior region's paleoclimate during the time of their deposition. Integration of the 40Ar/39Ar
40Ar/39Ar results of plagioclase and biotite from a single tephra, collected at sites 90-7 and 90-8 along the Canyon Village section of the Porcupine River, indicate an age of 6.57 ± 0.02 Ma for its time of eruption and deposition. These results, together with sedimentological and paleomagnetic data, suggest that all of the Upper Miocene lacustrine sedimentary rocks at these sites were deposited during a single interval of reversed magnetic polarity and may represent a duration of only about 40,000 years. The age of this tephra corresponds with a late late Miocene warm climatic interval.
The results from the Upper Ramparts and Half-way Pillar sites are used to estimate a minimum interval of continental flood basalt activity of 1.1–1.5 million years, and to set limits for the timing and duration of Tertiary extensional tectonic activity in the Porcupine terrane. Our data indicate that the oroclinal flexure that formed before the deposition of the basalts at the eastern end of the Brooks Range was created prior to 15.7 ± 0.1 Ma.
","language":"English","publisher":"Elsevier","doi":"10.1016/1040-6182(94)90005-1","usgsCitation":"Kunk, M.J., Rieck, H., Fouch, T.D., and Carter, L.D., 1994, 40Ar 39Ar age constraints on neogene sedimentary beds, Upper Ramparts, half-way Pillar and Canyon village sites, Porcupine river, east-central Alaska: Quaternary International, v. 22-23, p. 31-42, https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(94)90005-1.","productDescription":"12 p.","startPage":"31","endPage":"42","costCenters":[{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370941,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"East-central Alaska and northwestern Yukon","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -144.3603515625,\n 66.66603556892721\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 66.66603556892721\n ],\n [\n -141.0205078125,\n 67.90448702321025\n ],\n [\n -144.3603515625,\n 67.90448702321025\n ],\n [\n -144.3603515625,\n 66.66603556892721\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"22-23","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Rieck, H.","contributorId":33462,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieck","given":"H.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fouch, T. D.","contributorId":68333,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fouch","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Carter, L. David","contributorId":16827,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Carter","given":"L.","email":"","middleInitial":"David","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":70207647,"text":"70207647 - 1994 - The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-06-05T15:11:42.715632","indexId":"70207647","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-02T11:48:40","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":1727,"text":"GSA Special Papers","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy","docAbstract":"The Middle Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein, mostly kaolinite and minor accessory minerals, is an altered and lithified volcanic ash preserved as a thin, isochronous layer associated with the Fire Clay coal bed. Seven samples of the tonstein, taken along a 300-km traverse of the central Appalachian basin, contain cogenetic phenocrysts and trapped silicate-melt inclusions of a rhyolitic magma. The phenocrysts include beta-form quartz, apatite, zircon, sanidine, pyroxene, amphibole, monazite, garnet, biotite, and various sulfides. An inherited component of the zircons (determined from U-Pb isotope analyses) provides evidence that the source of the Fire Clay ash was Middle Proterozoic (Grenvillian) continental crust inboard of the active North American margin. 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of seven sanidine samples from the tonstein have a mean age of 310.9 ± 0.8 Ma, which suggests that it is the product of a single, large-volume, high-silica, rhyolitic eruption possibly associated with one of the Hercynian granitic plutons in the Piedmont. Biostratigraphic analyses correlate the Fire Clay coal bed with a position just below the top of the Trace Creek Member of the Atoka Formation in the North American Midcontinent and near the Westphalian B-C boundary in western Europe.
","language":"English","publisher":"GSA","doi":"10.1130/SPE294-p87","usgsCitation":"Rice, C.L., Belkin, H.E., Henry, T., Zartman, R., and Kunk, M.J., 1994, The Pennsylvanian Fire Clay tonstein of the Appalachian basin—Its distribution, biostratigraphy, and mineralogy: GSA Special Papers, v. 294, p. 87-104, https://doi.org/10.1130/SPE294-p87.","productDescription":"18 p.","startPage":"87","endPage":"104","costCenters":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":370933,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Appalachian Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 38.71980474264237\n ],\n [\n -84.5947265625,\n 36.56260003738545\n ],\n [\n -84.5947265625,\n 36.24427318493909\n ],\n [\n -83.51806640624999,\n 36.59788913307022\n ],\n [\n -82.30957031249999,\n 36.721273880045004\n ],\n [\n -81.5625,\n 38.54816542304656\n ],\n [\n -80.37597656249999,\n 39.62261494094297\n ],\n [\n -80.79345703125,\n 39.740986355883564\n ],\n [\n -82.99072265625,\n 38.71980474264237\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"294","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rice, C. L.","contributorId":60658,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rice","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Belkin, Harvey E. 0000-0001-7879-6529 hbelkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7879-6529","contributorId":581,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belkin","given":"Harvey","email":"hbelkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":241,"text":"Eastern Energy Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Henry, T.W.","contributorId":7707,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Henry","given":"T.W.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Zartman, R. E.","contributorId":15632,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zartman","given":"R. E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":778743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Kunk, Michael J. 0000-0003-4424-7825 mkunk@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4424-7825","contributorId":200968,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kunk","given":"Michael","email":"mkunk@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":778744,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":70129391,"text":"70129391 - 1994 - Predators of the Whitetail","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-21T13:23:37","indexId":"70129391","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T13:18:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Predators of the Whitetail","docAbstract":"white-tailed deer have long been important prey for large predators. Before Europeans colonized North America, deer roaming the forested region east of the Great Plains and areas along the Gulf of Mexico were hunted by wolves and mountain lions, and by Native Americans for food and clothing materials.
\nToday, wolves and mountain lions are largely gone from the white-tailed deer range of the eastern United States. Deer still face the threat of wolves in northern Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and of mountain lions, to a limited extent, in Texas and south Florida. Relatively small populations of whitetails have expanded westward, showing up in the Great Plains and several areas west of the Continental Divide such as northwestern Montana, northern Idaho, and eastern Washington. More than half the prey killed by recolonizing wolves in northwestern Montana are white-tailed deer. Although it has not been well documented, these western whitetails undoubtedly also are preyed on by mountain lions.
\nWolves and mountain lions have evolved as effective killers of deer but with very different physical characteristics and hunting behaviors. Of course, for their part, whitetails have found ways to protect themselves.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Deer","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"Stackpole Books","publisherLocation":"Mechanicsburg, PA","usgsCitation":"Fagre, D.B., 1994, Predators of the Whitetail, chap. of Deer, p. 224-230.","productDescription":"7 p.","startPage":"224","endPage":"230","numberOfPages":"7","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295575,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544775b8e4b0f888a81b8337","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Fagre, Daniel B. 0000-0001-8552-9461 dan_fagre@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8552-9461","contributorId":2036,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fagre","given":"Daniel","email":"dan_fagre@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[{"id":481,"text":"Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":503656,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70129550,"text":"70129550 - 1994 - Evaluating decision processes study: Eastman Falls project: Pemigewasset River, New Hampshire","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-10-23T11:52:16","indexId":"70129550","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T11:50:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"title":"Evaluating decision processes study: Eastman Falls project: Pemigewasset River, New Hampshire","docAbstract":"No abstract available.","language":"English","publisher":"National Biological Survey","publisherLocation":"Fort Collins, CO","usgsCitation":"Taylor, J.G., 1994, Evaluating decision processes study: Eastman Falls project: Pemigewasset River, New Hampshire, 48 p.","productDescription":"48 p.","numberOfPages":"48","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":295660,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New Hampshire","otherGeospatial":"Pemigewasset River","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"544a18cee4b04d2014abfb2f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Taylor, J. G.","contributorId":42534,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":503812,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70226851,"text":"70226851 - 1994 - Correlation and age of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation from magnetostratigraphic analysis","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T16:00:11.573958","indexId":"70226851","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T09:41:36","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Correlation and age of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation from magnetostratigraphic analysis","docAbstract":"The magnetostratigraphy of the Morrison Formation of east-central New Mexico resembles that of three western Colorado sections. Magnetic polarity and lithology agree among the sections, indicating the correlation potential of magnetostratigraphy in this lithologically complex formation. Both magnetostratigraphy, lithology, and paleopoles divide the formation into two parts. The lower sandstone-dominated portion was deposited during a time of relatively equal lengths normal and reversed polarity intervals, whereas the upper mudstone (Brushy Basin) portion was deposited during predominantly reversed polarity with interspersed short normal intervals. The four magnetostratigraphic sequences yield a composite Morrison Formation magnetostratigraphy. Upper Morrison polarity correlates well with the polarity pattern of the marine magnetic anomaly M-sequence and indicates that the Brushy Basin Member is Kimmeridgian and earliest Tithonian in age. The correlation suggests that lower part of the formation is at least Oxfordian in age.
Two pole positions were obtained from the New Mexico Morrison Formation. The lower sandstone-dominated part of the formation gives a different paleopole from the mostly mudstone upper portion of the formation. This difference is quite similar to observation of two pole positions in the Colorado Morrison Formation. The similarity between New Mexico and Colorado indicates that the base level change within the formation, the change from sandstone and mudstone to nearly purely mudstone deposition, was approximately synchronous in the two areas. The presence of two different paleopoles suggests an hiatus in the formation. The hiatus in sedimentation coincides with the base level change, and the difference in paleopoles suggests that sufficient time elapsed for continental motion to occur between deposition of the lower members of the Morrison Formation and the Brushy Basin Member above them.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Mesozoic systems of the Rocky Mountain region, USA, 1994","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"The Rocky Mountain Section Society for Sedimentary Geology","usgsCitation":"Steiner, M.B., Lucas, S.G., and Shoemaker, E.M., 1994, Correlation and age of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation from magnetostratigraphic analysis, chap. of Mesozoic systems of the Rocky Mountain region, USA, 1994, p. 315-330.","productDescription":"16 p.","startPage":"315","endPage":"330","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":392951,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":392950,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.rmssepm.org/publications"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah","otherGeospatial":"Colorado Plateau, Morrison Formation","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 33.815666308702774\n ],\n [\n -105.8642578125,\n 34.542762387234845\n ],\n [\n -106.3916015625,\n 37.00255267215955\n ],\n [\n -107.60009765625,\n 40.93011520598305\n ],\n [\n -109.09423828125,\n 40.79717741518766\n ],\n [\n -111.64306640625,\n 40.59727063442024\n ],\n [\n -114.345703125,\n 36.1733569352216\n ],\n [\n -109.0283203125,\n 33.815666308702774\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Caputo, Mario V.","contributorId":270139,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Caputo","given":"Mario","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828486,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peterson, James A.","contributorId":106872,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peterson","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828487,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Franczyk, Karen J.","contributorId":25224,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Franczyk","given":"Karen","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828488,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Steiner, Maureen B.","contributorId":37643,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steiner","given":"Maureen","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828483,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lucas, S. G.","contributorId":76934,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucas","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"G.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828484,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Shoemaker, Eugene Merle","contributorId":20342,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shoemaker","given":"Eugene","email":"","middleInitial":"Merle","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":828485,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":58671,"text":"mf2215D - 1994 - Mines, prospects, and occurrences of nonmetallic mineral commodities in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-04T21:20:19.599655","indexId":"mf2215D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2215","chapter":"D","title":"Mines, prospects, and occurrences of nonmetallic mineral commodities in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina","docAbstract":"Mines, prospects, and occurrences of nonmetal mineral commodities in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle are tabulated in this report. There are 488 symbols representing 579 mines, prospects, and occurrences located in the quadrangle. There are 379 symbols used for 466 features in Georgia, 106 symbols for 110 features in South Carolina, and 3 symbols for 3 features in North Carolina. The table lists, in consecutive orders for each county (fig. 1), the map number of each feature, which correlates and locates the item on the accompanying Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle map. Also listed are the known name of the feature; the 7.5 topographic map on which the commodity site is located; the Transverse Mercator (UTM) northing and easting grid coordinates from the appropriate 7.5’ topographic map; the commodity; remarks; and references. Some locations are known, but many sites are not verified and their locations are only approximate. Reference are listed in References Cited and referred to by number to save space. The generalized tectonic framework for the quadrangle is shown in figure 2.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mf2215D","usgsCitation":"D’Agostino, J.P., O’Connor, B.J., Zupan, A., and Maybin, A.H., 1994, Mines, prospects, and occurrences of nonmetallic mineral commodities in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2215, 1 Plate: 56.50 x 39.20 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2215D.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 56.50 x 39.20 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":283691,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2215-D/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":390921,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5849.htm"},{"id":183852,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2215d.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699d49","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agostino, John P.","contributorId":106957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agostino","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260353,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Connor, Bruce J.","contributorId":32180,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Connor","given":"Bruce","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260351,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zupan, Alan J.W.","contributorId":8174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zupan","given":"Alan J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260350,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maybin, Arthur H. III","contributorId":76403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maybin","given":"Arthur","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260352,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":58670,"text":"mf2215B - 1994 - Mines, prospects, and occurrences of metallic (excluding gold), pegmatite, and rare-earth mineral commodities in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-25T20:43:25.860011","indexId":"mf2215B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2215","chapter":"B","title":"Mines, prospects, and occurrences of metallic (excluding gold), pegmatite, and rare-earth mineral commodities in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina","docAbstract":"All of the known mines, prospects, and occurrences of metallic (excluding gold, pegmatite, and rare-earth mineral commodities for the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle are tabulated in this report. The table lists, in consecutive order for each county (fig. 1), the map number of each item, which correlates and locates the item on the accompanying Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle map. The known name of the feature; the 7.5' topographic map on the which the commodity site is located; the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) northing and easting grid coordinates from the appropriate 7.5' topographic map; the commodity; remarks; and references are also listed. Some locations are known, but many sites are not verified and their locations are only approximate. References are listed in References Cited and referred to by number to save space.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2215B","usgsCitation":"D’Agostino, J.P., Zupan, A.J., Maybin, A.H., Abrams, C.E., and German, J.M., 1994, Mines, prospects, and occurrences of metallic (excluding gold), pegmatite, and rare-earth mineral commodities in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2215, 1 Plate: 49.81 x 39.90 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2215B.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 49.81 x 39.90 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183851,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2215b.jpg"},{"id":283689,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2215-B/plate-1.pdf"},{"id":390919,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5847.htm"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b05e4b07f02db699dac","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agostino, John P.","contributorId":106957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agostino","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260349,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Zupan, Alan Jon","contributorId":46008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zupan","given":"Alan","email":"","middleInitial":"Jon","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260345,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Maybin, Arthur H. III","contributorId":76403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maybin","given":"Arthur","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260347,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Abrams, Charlotte E.","contributorId":58706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"Charlotte","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260346,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"German, Jerry M.","contributorId":94588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"German","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":260348,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":58471,"text":"mf2215C - 1994 - Gold occurrences in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-10-22T21:39:20.361962","indexId":"mf2215C","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2215","chapter":"C","title":"Gold occurrences in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina","docAbstract":"All of the gold mines, prospects, placers, and occurrences known in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle are tabulated in this report. The table lists, in consecutive order by county (fig. 1), the map number of each feature, which is located either on the accompanying Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle map or figure 2. The known name of the feature; the 7.5' topographic map on the which the gold site is located (if known, within 25 ft or 7.6 m), the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) northing and easting grid coordinates from the appropriate 7.5' topographic map; the commodity; remarks; and references are also listed. Some locations are known, but many sites are not verified and their locations are only approximate. References are listed in References Cited and referred to by number to save space.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2215C","usgsCitation":"D’Agostino, J.P., Mason, G.T., Zupan, A., Maybin, A.H., German, J.M., and Abrams, C.E., 1994, Gold occurrences in the Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle, South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2215, 1 Plate: 49.54 x 40.79 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2215C.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 49.54 x 40.79 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":183837,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2215c.jpg"},{"id":390868,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5848.htm"},{"id":283690,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2215-C/plate-1.pdf"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina","otherGeospatial":"Greenville 1° x 2° quadrangle","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -84.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,35.0 ], [ -82.0,34.0 ], [ -84.0,34.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db6740a1","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"D’Agostino, John P.","contributorId":106957,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agostino","given":"John","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259368,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mason, George T.","contributorId":51277,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mason","given":"George","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zupan, Alan J.W.","contributorId":8174,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zupan","given":"Alan J.W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Maybin, Arthur H. III","contributorId":76403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maybin","given":"Arthur","suffix":"III","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259366,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"German, Jerry M.","contributorId":94588,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"German","given":"Jerry","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259367,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Abrams, Charlotte E.","contributorId":58706,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Abrams","given":"Charlotte","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":259365,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":60688,"text":"mf2264A - 1994 - Map showing seismicity and sandblows in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-06-09T16:57:06.818096","indexId":"mf2264A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T07:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":325,"text":"Miscellaneous Field Studies Map","code":"MF","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2264","chapter":"A","title":"Map showing seismicity and sandblows in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri","docAbstract":"This is one of a series of five seismotectic maps of the seismically active New Madrid, Missouri, area (table 1; Wheeler and others, 1992). The map area centers near the sites of three great earthquakes that struck during the winter of 1811-12 (Fuller, 1912; Nuttli, 1973). These earthquakes and continuing subsequent seismicity rank the New Madrid area with Cherlevoix, Quebec, as the two most seismically active areas in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. The threat posed by New Madrid seismicity to the central United States makes the area the focus of many investigations (for examples, Heyl and McKeown, 1978; McKeown and Pakiser, 1982; Algemissen and Hopper, 1984; Hamilton and Johnston, 1990; Applied Technology Council, 1991; Johnston and others, 1992). The map area includes the most intense seismic activity in the New Madrid region.
\nA seismotectic map shows some of the geologic and geophysical information needed to assess seismic hazard (Hadley and Devine, 1974; Pavoni, 1985). A previous seismotectonic map of the central Mississippi River valley (Heyl and McKeown, 1978) has had wide use for planning field surveys, as a base map for plotting data collected during single investigations, and for compiling a range of information. Since 1978 numcrous researchers have greatly advanced our knowledge of the geology and geophysics of the central Mississippi Valley. The New Madrid seismotectonic map folio updates approximately the south-central sixth of the central Mississippi Valley seismotectonic map of Heyl and McKeown (1978).
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Denver, CO","doi":"10.3133/mf2264A","usgsCitation":"Rhea, B.S., Tarr, A.C., and Wheeler, R.L., 1994, Map showing seismicity and sandblows in the vicinity of New Madrid, Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map 2264, 1 Plate: 50.28 x 41.13 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/mf2264A.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 50.28 x 41.13 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":490277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_5882.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":283692,"rank":2,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/mf/2264-A/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":182798,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mf2264a.jpg"}],"scale":"250000","country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"New Madrid","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -91.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,37.0 ], [ -89.0,35.0 ], [ -91.0,35.0 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b12e4b07f02db6a2ace","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Rhea, B. Susan","contributorId":98775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rhea","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Susan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264226,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Tarr, Arthur C. atarr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1925,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tarr","given":"Arthur","email":"atarr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":264225,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wheeler, Russell L. wheeler@usgs.gov","contributorId":858,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Russell","email":"wheeler@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":264224,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":49728,"text":"ofr94192 - 1994 - Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Velocity analyses","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-05T15:11:47","indexId":"ofr94192","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-192","title":"Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Velocity analyses","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr94192","usgsCitation":"Klitgord, K.D., and Schneider, C.M., 1994, Geophysical database of the east coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Velocity analyses: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-192, 74 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94192.","productDescription":"74 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":86278,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0192/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175504,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0192/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c16e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240156,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schneider, C. M.","contributorId":27537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240155,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":49730,"text":"ofr94637 - 1994 - Geophysical database of the East Coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Cross sections and gridded database (Georges Bank Basin, Long Island Platform, and Baltimore Canyon Trough)","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-05T18:55:24.728257","indexId":"ofr94637","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-637","title":"Geophysical database of the East Coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Cross sections and gridded database (Georges Bank Basin, Long Island Platform, and Baltimore Canyon Trough)","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94637","usgsCitation":"Klitgord, K.D., Poag, C.W., Schneider, C.M., and North, L., 1994, Geophysical database of the East Coast of the United States northern Atlantic margin: Cross sections and gridded database (Georges Bank Basin, Long Island Platform, and Baltimore Canyon Trough): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-637, 189 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94637.","productDescription":"189 p.","costCenters":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":86279,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0637/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":404887,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12568.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":175506,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0637/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","otherGeospatial":"North Atlantic margin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 34\n ],\n [\n -66,\n 43.016\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 43.016\n ],\n [\n -76,\n 34\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ae4b07f02db6a87eb","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Klitgord, Kim D.","contributorId":82307,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Klitgord","given":"Kim","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":240164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Poag, C. W.","contributorId":16402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Poag","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240161,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Schneider, C. M.","contributorId":27537,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schneider","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"North, L.","contributorId":20397,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"North","given":"L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":240162,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ]}