A microsporidian of the genus Loma was noted in the gills of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from a state hatchery (Buford Trout Hatchery) in Georgia. Mortalities of varying severity occur at this hatchery every fall, and the microsporidian was noted during an experiment from August 1991 to January 1992 to determine the effects of water source on disease. Infections first appeared to be systemic in the October sample; xenomas were observed in heart, spleen, and peripheral vessel walls. The presence of unidentified intracellular material preceded the appearance of xenomas in all tissues, but whether this material was associated with inflammation or represented immature stages of the parasite has yet to be determined. These structures were also noted in the intestine and liver, although xenomas were not noted in these organs. Mature xenomas did not elicit an inflammatory response but appeared to be short-lived. When the xenoma wall ruptured and released spores, an inflammatory response was again observed. The prevalence and severity of the infection were determined in fish maintained in troughs with well water, Chattahoochee River water, or hatchery (treated river) water. The infection tended to be more prevalent and more severe in fish maintained in the hatchery or river water than in those maintained in the well water. Stress induced by poor water quality may increase mortality from this parasite. This report extends the range of Loma sp. into the eastern United States.
Determining factors that limit winter survival of waterfowl is necessary to develop effective management plans. We radiomarked immature and adult female mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) after the 1988 and 1989 hunting seasons in eastcentral Arkansas to test whether natural mortality sources and habitat conditions during late winter limit seasonal survival. We used data from 92 females to calculate survival estimates. We observed no mortalities during 2,510 exposure days, despite differences in habitat conditions between years. We used the binomial distribution to calculate daily and 30-day survival estimates plus 95% confidence intervals of 0.9988 ≤ 0.9997 ≤ 1.00 and 0.9648 ≤ 0.9925 ≤ 1.00, respectively. Our data indirectly support the hypothesis that hunting mortality and habitat conditions during the hunting season are the major determinants of winter survival for female mallards in Arkansas.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809554","usgsCitation":"Dugger, B., Reinecke, K.J., and Fredrickson, L.H., 1994, Late winter survival of female mallards in Arkansas: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 1, p. 94-99, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809554.","productDescription":"6 p.","startPage":"94","endPage":"99","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":489876,"rank":2,"type":{"id":40,"text":"Open Access Publisher Index Page"},"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3809554","text":"Publisher Index Page"},{"id":193981,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Arkansas","otherGeospatial":"White River National Wildlife Refuge","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.18171481207008,\n 34.37323485085338\n ],\n [\n -91.18171481207008,\n 34.012709674636895\n ],\n [\n -91.0179255009495,\n 34.012709674636895\n ],\n [\n -91.0179255009495,\n 34.37323485085338\n ],\n [\n -91.18171481207008,\n 34.37323485085338\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1be4b07f02db6a8b68","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dugger, Bruce D.","contributorId":81236,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugger","given":"Bruce D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Reinecke, Kenneth J.","contributorId":87275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Reinecke","given":"Kenneth","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337691,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Fredrickson, Leigh H.","contributorId":55874,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Fredrickson","given":"Leigh","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":337692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":44770,"text":"wri924043 - 1994 - Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-06T20:08:56.660936","indexId":"wri924043","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"92-4043","title":"Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah","docAbstract":"In the Altamont-Bluebell Petroleum Field within the Uinta Basin of Utah, saline oil-production water is being injected into the Duchesne River Formation. On the basis of geohydrologic information, a qualitative assessment of the possible effects of this injection indicates that fresh groundwater in certain areas of the Duchesne River formation may be more susceptible than water in other areas to becoming mixed with injected oil-production water. The reason for this possible mixing is because these areas containing the susceptible groundwater lack a thick shale layer above the disposal zone, as indicated in geophysical logs. In other areas, naturally occurring moderately saline water exists at shallow depths and may be withdrawn from water wells completed more than 200 ft below land surface. Additional geohydrologic information will need to be collected to allow investigators to make a quantitative determination of the rate of horizontal and vertical migration of injected oil-production water within and above the disposal zone.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri924043","usgsCitation":"Freethey, G.W., 1994, Maps summarizing geohydrologic information in an area of salt-water disposal, eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum field, Uinta Basin, Utah: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4043, 2 Plates: 21.26 × 25.88 inches and 21.26 × 26.33 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri924043.","productDescription":"2 Plates: 21.26 × 25.88 inches and 21.26 × 26.33 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":171516,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":393973,"rank":4,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47621.htm"},{"id":82078,"rank":401,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4043/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":82077,"rank":400,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1992/4043/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Utah","otherGeospatial":"eastern Altamont-Bluebell petroleum-field, Uinta Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -110.1803,\n 40.2722\n ],\n [\n -109.8589,\n 40.2722\n ],\n [\n -109.8589,\n 40.4775\n ],\n [\n -110.1803,\n 40.4775\n ],\n [\n -110.1803,\n 40.2722\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db6063d5","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Freethey, Geoffrey W.","contributorId":25570,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freethey","given":"Geoffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230397,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":1012838,"text":"1012838 - 1994 - Polar bear maternity denning in the Beaufort Sea","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-04-06T15:15:09.56482","indexId":"1012838","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":2,"text":"Article"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":10,"text":"Journal Article"},"seriesTitle":{"id":2508,"text":"Journal of Wildlife Management","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":10}},"title":"Polar bear maternity denning in the Beaufort Sea","docAbstract":"The distribution of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) is circumpolar in the Northern Hemisphere, but known locations of maternal dens are concentrated in relatively few, widely scattered locations. Denning is either uncommon or unknown within gaps. To understand effects of industrial development and propose increases in hunting, the temporal and spatial distribution of denning in the Beaufort Sea must be known. We caputred and radiocollared polar bears between 1981 and 1991 and determined tht denning in the Beaufort Sea region was sufficient to account for the estimated population there. Of 90 dens, 48 were on drifting pack ice, 38 on land, and 4 on land-fast ice. The portions of dens on land was higher (P = 0.029) in later compared with earlier years of the study. Bears denning on pack ice drifting as far as 997 km (x = 385 km) while in dens. there was no difference in cub production by bears denning on land and pack ice (P = 0.66). Mean entry and exit dates were 11 November and 5 April for land dens and 22 November and 26 March for pack-ice dens. Female polar bears captured in the Beaufort Sea appeared to be isolated from those caught east of Cape Bathurst in Canada. Of 35 polar bears that denned along the mainland coast of Alaska and Canada 80% denned between 137°00′W and 146°59′W. Bears followed to >1 den did not reuse sites and consecutive dens were 20-1,304 km apart. However radio-collared bears are largely faithful to substrate (pack-ice, land, and land-fast ice) and the general geographic area of previous dens. Bears denning on land may be vunerable to human activities such as hunting and industrial development. However, predictable denning chronology and lack of site fidelity indicate that many potential impacts on denning polar bears could be mitigated.
","language":"English","publisher":"Wiley","doi":"10.2307/3809542","usgsCitation":"Amstrup, S.C., and Gardner, C.L., 1994, Polar bear maternity denning in the Beaufort Sea: Journal of Wildlife Management, v. 58, no. 1, p. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.2307/3809542.","productDescription":"10 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"10","numberOfPages":"10","costCenters":[{"id":106,"text":"Alaska Biological Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":129505,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Beaufort Sea","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -160.83984375,\n 67.20403234340081\n ],\n [\n -165.849609375,\n 68.97416358340674\n ],\n [\n -157.32421875,\n 70.8446726342528\n ],\n [\n -137.28515624999997,\n 68.65655498475735\n ],\n [\n -120.234375,\n 68.8159271333607\n ],\n [\n -112.5,\n 69.28725695167886\n ],\n [\n -106.25976562499999,\n 73.09941313082075\n ],\n [\n -107.841796875,\n 74.59010800882325\n ],\n [\n -113.203125,\n 73.9710776393399\n ],\n [\n -122.16796875,\n 74.79890566232942\n ],\n [\n -158.291015625,\n 75.58493740869223\n ],\n [\n -163.037109375,\n 73.12494524712693\n ],\n [\n -169.892578125,\n 69.19379976461904\n ],\n [\n -165.146484375,\n 66.37275500247455\n ],\n [\n -158.994140625,\n 65.73062649311031\n ],\n [\n -160.83984375,\n 67.20403234340081\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","volume":"58","issue":"1","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad8e4b07f02db6849b6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Amstrup, Steven C.","contributorId":67034,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Amstrup","given":"Steven","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":13182,"text":"Polar Bears International","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":318406,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gardner, Craig L.","contributorId":65259,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Gardner","given":"Craig","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":318405,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":54857,"text":"wdrNY931 - 1994 - Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1993; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-14T10:47:44","indexId":"wdrNY931","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NY-93-1","title":"Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1993; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 1993 water year for New York consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage, content, and water quality of lakes and reservoirs; and ground water levels. This volume contains records for water discharge at 114 gaging stations; stage only at 4 gaging stations; stage and contents at 4 gaging stations, and 19 other lakes and reservoirs; water quality at 40 gaging stations; and water levels at 24 observation wells. Also included are data for 39 crest-stage partial-record stations. Locations of all these sites are shown on figures 8A and 8B. Additional water data were collected at various sites not in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements and analyses. These data, together with the data in volumes 2 and 3, represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with State, Municipal and Federal agencies in New York.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wdrNY931","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of New York and with other agencies","usgsCitation":"Firda, G.D., Lumia, R., Murray, P.M., and Freeman, W.O., 1994, Water Resources Data, New York, Water Year 1993; Volume 1. Eastern New York; Excluding Long Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NY-93-1, xiv, 452 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNY931.","productDescription":"xiv, 452 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":363751,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ny-93-1/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":175141,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/1993/ny-93-1/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"New York","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 41\n ],\n [\n -73.1,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 45\n ],\n [\n -76.25,\n 41\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ae4b07f02db5fb170","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Firda, Gary D. gfirda@usgs.gov","contributorId":1552,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Firda","given":"Gary","email":"gfirda@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251787,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lumia, Richard rlumia@usgs.gov","contributorId":4579,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lumia","given":"Richard","email":"rlumia@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251784,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Murray, Patricia M. pmurray@usgs.gov","contributorId":4863,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Murray","given":"Patricia","email":"pmurray@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251786,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Freeman, Ward O. wfreeman@usgs.gov","contributorId":1999,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Freeman","given":"Ward","email":"wfreeman@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"O.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":251785,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":57197,"text":"ofr94569 - 1994 - Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-02-21T16:54:19.305382","indexId":"ofr94569","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-569","title":"Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii","docAbstract":"Currently, gas emissions from Kilauea occur from the summit caldera, along the middle East Rift Zone (ERZ), and where lava enters the ocean. We estimate that the current ERZ eruption of Kilauea releases between 400 metric tonnes of SO2 per day, during eruptive pauses, to as much as 1850 metric tonnes per day during actively erupting periods, along with lesser amounts of other chemically and radiatively active species including H2S, HCl, and HF. In order to characterize gas emissions from Kilauea in a meaningful way for assessing environmental impact we made a series of replicate grab-sample measurements of ambient air and precipitation at the summit of Kilauea, along its ERZ, and at coastal sites where lava enters the ocean. The grab-sampling data combined with SO2 emission rates, and continuous air quality and meteorological monitoring at the summit of Kilauea show that the effects of these emissions on ambient air character are a complex function of chemical reactivity, source geometry and effusivity, and local meteorology. For all the measurement sites, ambient concentrations of the emitted gases decrease rapidly, even at short distances from point sources. Prevailing tradewinds typically carry the gases and aerosols released to the southwest, where they are further distributed by the regional wind regime. Episodes of kona, or low speed variable winds sometimes disrupt this pattern, however, and allow the gases and their oxidation products to collect at the summit and eastern side of the island. Summit solfatara areas of Kilauea are distinguished by moderate to high ambient SO2, high H2S at one location, and low H2S at all others, and negligible HC1 concentrations, as measured 1 m from degassing point-sources. Summit solfatara rain water has high sulfate and low chloride ioa concentrations, and low pH. The middle ERZ degassing areas show moderate to high SO2 at 100 m away from degassing lava, and low H2S concentrations. Moderate HC1 was found in ambient air. Rain water near the middle ERZ degassing areas have high sulfate, high chloride and low pH. Coastal entry areas are characterized by high HC1 in the gas plume and significant rain-out of this HCl as indicated by low rain water pH, and high rain water chloride. Sulfate in the coastal-entry rainwater is also high. Ambient SO2 and 112S are moderate to high near the coastal entry locations. Ambient air in the lower ERZ thermal and non-thermal areas shows essentially no influence from the on-going eruption, as evidenced by the absence of SO2, H2S, HC1, and the moderate rain water pH with low sulfate concentration. When the current eruption ceases, ERZ and summit gas emissions will be greatly reduced.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94569","usgsCitation":"Sutton, A.J., Elias, T., and Navarrete, R., 1994, Volcanic gas emissions and their impact on ambient air character at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-569, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94569.","productDescription":"34 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":482342,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173985,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0569/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United 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\"}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd938","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sutton, A. J. 0000-0003-1902-3977","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1902-3977","contributorId":28983,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sutton","given":"A.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256323,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Elias, T. 0000-0002-9592-4518","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9592-4518","contributorId":71195,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Elias","given":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256324,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Navarrete, R.","contributorId":12549,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Navarrete","given":"R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":256322,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":4312,"text":"cir1097 - 1994 - Guidebook on the geology, history, and surface-water contamination and remediation in the area from Denver to Idaho Springs, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-10-25T18:13:20","indexId":"cir1097","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":307,"text":"Circular","code":"CIR","onlineIssn":"2330-5703","printIssn":"1067-084X","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1097","title":"Guidebook on the geology, history, and surface-water contamination and remediation in the area from Denver to Idaho Springs, Colorado","docAbstract":"This guidebook for a 1-day drive in the Front Range west of Denver, Colorado, includes commentary on mountain landscapes, notes on the colorful mining history of the area, and discussions on the geology and some miningrelated environmental hazards in the Idaho Springs area. It was originally prepared as U.S. Geological Survey OpenFile Report 91-426 for a field trip sponsored by Division A-5 (Environmental Quality) of the Soil Science Society of America on October 10, 1991. That original report has been revised and expanded to make this circular more useful as a self-contained guide. A pamphlet entitled \"Mountains and Plains: Denver's Geologic Setting\" is a complimentary general interest publication that is available free of charge from map sales in building 810 on the Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, Colorado. The pamphlet contains useful background information on the geologic setting of Denver and nearby portions of the Front Range.
A few precautions and suggestions are offered to make the trip safe and enjoyable. Idaho Springs is about 7,500 feet above sea level and the lower oxygen content of the air (about 50 percent that of sea level) may adversely affect people with heart or breathing problems. The wetlands are \"wet\" so use suitable footwear. The daily weather patterns are changeable. Mornings in Denver may be sunny and warm, but afternoons in Idaho Springs may be cloudy, windy, and cool with rain or snow; be prepared for all types of mountain weather.
As you travel westward from Denver into the mountains, successively older rocks are crossed. By studying the descriptions at the various mileage points and by taking time at each described STOP, you will get an excellent overview of the geologic events that shaped the Denver Basin and the mountains to the west. After traveling some 18 miles into the mountains, you will reach the old mining town of Idaho Springs. Here, you can learn about the two longest tunnels in the area-the Argo and Big Five Tunnels-and how the mine drainage affects the water of Clear Creek.
The Argo Tunnel near the east end of Idaho Springs drains part of the large Central City and Idaho Springs hardrock mining districts and is a source of acid water (which contains arsenic and other heavy metals) that drains into Clear Creek. At the west end ofldaho Springs is the Big Five Tunnel. Near the tunnel entrance an experimental constructed wetland demonstrates technology for the remediation of acid-mine drainage and removal of arsenic and heavy metals. Take an opportunity to view this experimental method for treatment of mine drainage. For access to the wetlands, prior arrangements must be made with the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Ecology or Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. Otherwise, the wetlands may be viewed from the road. Permission to enter the Argo Tunnel property may be obtained from Jim Maxwell of Idaho Springs, who owns the hot springs resort. The tunnel may also be viewed from public roads.
After you leave Idaho Springs, the road log guides you down Clear Creek canyon, providing an opportunity to get a closer look at the various Precambrian rocks while traveling through one of Colorado's picturesque canyons.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/cir1097","usgsCitation":"Severson, R.C., 1994, Guidebook on the geology, history, and surface-water contamination and remediation in the area from Denver to Idaho Springs, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1097, iv, 55 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1097.","productDescription":"iv, 55 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":31423,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1097/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":126246,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1994/1097/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","city":"Denver, Idaho Springs","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a82e4b07f02db64af08","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Stewart, K. C.","contributorId":46519,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stewart","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749622,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Severson, Ronald C.","contributorId":104885,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Severson","given":"Ronald","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":749872,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":70186561,"text":"70186561 - 1994 - Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-04-05T12:38:42","indexId":"70186561","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"chapter":"11","title":"Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey","docAbstract":"Following the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), Prudhoe Bay crude oil from the vessel spread on the sea surface and covered coastal shores from western Prince William Sound (PWS) to the Alaska Peninsula. In PWS alone. acute mortality of sca otters at the time of the spill was estimated to be greater than 2000 (Doroff et al. 1993; Garrott et al. 1993).
Shoreline oiling was observed on approximately 24% of the 1891 km of coastline surveyed within PWS (Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Damage Assessment Geoprocessing Group 1991). The effect of oil on the abundance of nearshore marine invertebrate populations is unclear, and the concentration and persistence of hydrocarbons present in tissues of most of these invertebrate species still remains unknown. What is known is that marine bivalves can accumulate petroleum hydrocarbons from both chronic and acute sources (Blumer et al. 1970; Ehrhardt 1972; Boehun and Quinn 1977). Potential long-term chronic effects of oiled intertidal and subtidal prey on the sea otter population are of concern.
Sea otters prey on a wide variety of benthic marine invertebrates (Riedman and Estes 1990) and forage in shallow coastal waters (Wild and Arnes 1974), which vary widely in exposure to the open ocean, substrate type, and community composition. Sea otters have high metabolic demands relative to other marine mammals and can consume 20-25% of their body weight per day in invertebrate prey (Kenyon 1969: Costa and Kooyman 1984). Sca otters have occupied southwestern PWS since at least the early 1950s (Lensink 1962; Garshelis et al. 1986). The sea otter population in the PWS spill region was likely near equilibrium density and limited by prey availability before the oil spill (xcurrel (Estes et al. 1981; Garshelis et al. 1986; Johnson 1987). Sea otters in this region spent 59% of the daylight hours foraging, while otters in recently reoccupied habitats of eastern PWS spent only 27%. (Garshelis et al. 1986). Therefore, small differences in abundance of prey or net caloric availability due to heavy oiling in portions of southwestern PWS may have led to reduced carrying capacity and delayed recovery for the sea otter population in this region.
Recovery of the PWS sea otter population may be influenced by several factors. Decreased food availability caused by oil-related prey mortality or consumption of contaminated prey may be detrimental. Prey availability in western PWS may have declined due to increased mortality of invertebrates at the time of shoreline oiling. of by oil-removal activities. In addition. relative prey availability may have been decreased by sea otters avoiding invertebrate prey contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. However, we lack the baseline data on abundance and distribution of near shore invertebrates necessary to estimate a reduction in prey availability. In addition. the effects of ingesting prey contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons on sea otters are unknown.
Our objectives were to determine if sea otter foraging success and prey composition differed between oiled and nonoiled areas and to assess hydrocarbon levels in sea otter prey between oiled and nonoiled areas.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Academic Press","publisherLocation":"San Diego, CA","isbn":"9781483288819","usgsCitation":"Doroff, A.M., and Bodkin, J.L., 1994, Sea otter foraging behavior and hydrocarbon levels in prey, chap. 11 of Marine mammals and the Exxon Valdez, p. 193-207.","productDescription":"15 p.","startPage":"193","endPage":"207","costCenters":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":339227,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":339225,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://www.elsevier.com/books/marine-mammals-and-the-exxon-valdez/loughlin/978-0-12-456160-1"}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","otherGeospatial":"Prince William Sound","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"58e60278e4b09da6799ac6b1","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Loughlin, Thomas R.","contributorId":18885,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Loughlin","given":"Thomas","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":689584,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1}],"authors":[{"text":"Doroff, Angela M.","contributorId":140660,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Doroff","given":"Angela","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":7058,"text":"Alaska Department of Fish and Game","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":689582,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bodkin, James L. 0000-0003-1641-4438 jbodkin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1641-4438","contributorId":748,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bodkin","given":"James","email":"jbodkin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":114,"text":"Alaska Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":116,"text":"Alaska Science Center Biology MFEB","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":689583,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":70197323,"text":"70197323 - 1994 - Continent-ocean transition in Alaska: The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-11-16T15:45:13.360747","indexId":"70197323","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Continent-ocean transition in Alaska: The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia","docAbstract":"Alaska is the eastern, subaerial part of a large subcontinent of distinctive tectonic character that serves as an isthmus between nuclear North America, with its fringing belt of allochthonous terranes, and the accreted terranes and volcanic belts that constitute northeastern Russia. Physiographically, this subcontinent, which we name Denalia, is a bulge in the continental platform in the vicinity of Alaska, the Chukotsk Peninsula, and the broad continental shelf of the Bering Sea. The bulge is convex to the south and is bounded on the east and west by constrictions in the width of the continental platform and on the north and south by the edge of the continental shelf (Fig. 1). Tectonically, Denalia is characterized by geologic youthfulness and complexity, an abundance of convergent and transcurrent faults, and absence of autochthonous cratonic rocks. It contains a profusion of lithotectonic terranes of diverse origin and age that were emplaced in late Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. In addition, it includes the superimposed Cenozoic Aleutian arc and subduction zone and the Queen Charlotte-Fairweather transform fault system. Parts of Denalia were created by pre-middle Mesozoic tectonic events, but these took place elsewhere, before the affected rocks were tectonically transported and incorporated into the landmass of Denalia. Except for a small area in the Porcupine Plateau region along the Alaska-Yukon boundary, the only Precambrian rocks that have been recognized in the subcontinent are in tectonically emplaced fragments, the largest of which is the Arctic Alaska terrane in the Brooks Range, Arctic Foothills, and Arctic Foothills.
","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":15,"text":"Monograph"},"language":"English","publisher":"Geological Society of America","publisherLocation":"Boulder, CO","doi":"10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399","usgsCitation":"Moore, T.E., Grantz, A., and Roeske, S.M., 1994, Continent-ocean transition in Alaska: The tectonic assembly of eastern Denalia, chap. of Phanerozoic evolution of North American continent ocean transitions, p. 399-441, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-COT-PEN.399.","productDescription":"43 p.","startPage":"399","endPage":"441","costCenters":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":354536,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"country":"Canada, United States, Russia","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -135,\n 75\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 75\n ],\n [\n -179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 50\n ],\n [\n -135,\n 75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n },\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n 179.9,\n 75\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 75\n ],\n [\n 160,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 50\n ],\n [\n 179.9,\n 75\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"5b15a001e4b092d9651e228c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Moore, Thomas E. 0000-0002-0878-0457 tmoore@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0878-0457","contributorId":1033,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moore","given":"Thomas","email":"tmoore@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":736649,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Grantz, Arthur agrantz@usgs.gov","contributorId":2585,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Grantz","given":"Arthur","email":"agrantz@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":312,"text":"Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":736650,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Roeske, S. M.","contributorId":96865,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Roeske","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":736651,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30359,"text":"wri934092 - 1994 - Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-01-21T22:27:43.937293","indexId":"wri934092","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4092","title":"Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation","docAbstract":"Equations developed by multiple-regression analysis of data from 49 drainage basins in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont, and southwestern Maine indicate that low flow of streams in this region is largely a function of the amount of water available to the basin and the extent of surficial sand and gravel relative to the extent of till and fine-grained stratified drift. Low flow per square mile from areas of surficial sand and gravel is consistently much greater than that from areas of till and bedrock, but flood plains and alluvial fans seem to contribute less low flow per square mile than do other types of surficial sand and gravel. The areal extent of lakes and swamps also correlates negatively with low flow in multiple-regression equations, presumably because intense evapotranspiration from these localities consumes water that would otherwise become streamflow.\r\n\r\nThe annual minimum 7-day mean low flows that occur during summer and fall at 2-year and 10-year recurrence intervals (7Q2 and 7QIO) were selected as indices of low flow and were adjusted to a common base period, 1942-71. Central New England was divided into a region of high relief that com- prises much of New Hampshire, Vermont, and western Massachusetts, and a region of low relief that generally lies to the east and south but also includes the Lake Champlain lowland of Vermont. In the high-relief region, mean basin elevation proved to be the most significant index of the amount of water available. In the low-relief region, mean annual runoff per square mile was more significant than elevation, particularly when multiplied by the areal extent of sand and gravel and that of till. Dividing the areal extent of sand and gravel by stream length improved the fit of regression equations for the low-relief region.\r\n\r\nRegression equations were developed that explained at least 95 percent of the variation in 7QIO within both the high-relief and the low-relief data sets. Equations proposed for practical application were reasonably consistent with the statistical assumptions of least-squares analysis and yielded 7Q2 and 7QIO values with standard errors of 1.9 and 1.4 cubic feet per second, respectively, for the high-relief region and 2.2 and 1.6 cubic feet per second for the low-relief region. When error was expressed as a percentage of each observed value, median errors were about 25 percent for 7Q2 in both regions, and about 25 and 55 percent for 7QIO in the high-and low-relief regions, respectively. The equations do not apply to basin segments that are substantially affected by urbanization, stream regulation, or ground-water withdrawals, and may not be appropriate where basin characteristics fall outside their range in the data set or where the geologic and topographic maps needed for measurement of basin characteristics are unavailable, or are of small scale or mutually inconsistent.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri934092","usgsCitation":"Wandle, S.W., and Randall, A.D., 1994, Effects of surficial geology, lakes and swamps, and annual water availability on low flows of streams in central New England, and their use in low-flow estimation (Revised May 2007): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4092, vi, 57 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934092.","productDescription":"vi, 57 p.","onlineOnly":"N","costCenters":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":123530,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_93_4092.jpg"},{"id":394734,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47810.htm"},{"id":9821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri93-4092/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"New England","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -73.5083,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 41.3\n ],\n [\n -70,\n 45.3181\n ],\n [\n -73.5083,\n 45.3181\n ],\n [\n -73.5083,\n 41.3\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","edition":"Revised May 2007","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db624e5b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wandle, S. William Jr.","contributorId":99562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wandle","given":"S.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","middleInitial":"William","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":203121,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Randall, Allan D. arandall@usgs.gov","contributorId":1168,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Randall","given":"Allan","email":"arandall@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":474,"text":"New York Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":203120,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":27731,"text":"wri944019 - 1994 - Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-28T21:49:14.650832","indexId":"wri944019","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4019","title":"Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area","docAbstract":"Important rainfall-runoff characteristics for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area were determined to be overland flow, interception storage, interception losses, evaporation, and infiltration. Using these characteristics, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) was configured for basins in the study area. The data network for the model calibration consisted of four continuous rainfall gages and three continuous streamflow gages. The model was calibrated, using observed data from three runoff events, by minimizing objective functions representing peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge from the beginning of simulation. The absolute mean percentage difference between the simulated and observed data for peak discharge, volume of runoff, and time to peak discharge are 9.47, 10.8, and 19.6 percent. A sensitivity analysis of SWMM parameters was performed on a simplified drainage basin. The output of runoff (volume, peak, and timing) in SWMM was determined to be most sensitive to subarea width, percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The volume of runoff was affected by percentage impervious area, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and initial moisture deficit. The peak flow rate was affected by subcatchment width and percentage impervious area, whereas the time to peak was affected by subcatchment width. The model also was determined to be sensitive to the time step in the streamflow routing part.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944019","usgsCitation":"Holmes, R., and East, J.W., 1994, Simulation of rainfall-runoff for basins in the Rolla, Missouri, area: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4019, vii, 24 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944019.","productDescription":"vii, 24 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":411149,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47930.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":56571,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":158794,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4019/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Rolla","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 38.03597634320698\n ],\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 37.80120519183451\n ],\n [\n -91.61055977166683,\n 37.80120519183451\n ],\n [\n -91.61055977166683,\n 38.03597634320698\n ],\n [\n -91.87591911661391,\n 38.03597634320698\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a19e4b07f02db605d5a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Holmes, Robert R. Jr. 0000-0002-5060-3999","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5060-3999","contributorId":70429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Holmes","given":"Robert R.","suffix":"Jr.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198607,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"East, J. W.","contributorId":99186,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"East","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":198608,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":44360,"text":"ofr9414A - 1994 - Principal facts for gravity data in the Bethel and Russian Mission 1 degree x 3 degrees quadrangles, Alaska","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2024-08-15T16:57:52.224709","indexId":"ofr9414A","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-14","chapter":"A","title":"Principal facts for gravity data in the Bethel and Russian Mission 1 degree x 3 degrees quadrangles, Alaska","docAbstract":"Bethel and Russian Mission 1° x 3° quadrangles are located in southwestern Alaska near the mouth of the Kuskokwim River. The Russian Mission quadrangle now has about 266 gravity stations and the Bethel quadrangle has about 485 gravity stations.
Riverboat traverses along the Yukon River in the northern part of the Russian Mission quadrangle in 1967 were used to collect the first U.S. Geological Survey (TJSGS) gravity stations in the area of these quadrangles. A float-plane flight through the southeast corner of the Russian Mission quadrangle during the same time period added four stations. In 1969 a float-plane flight added one station to the east central Bethel quadrangle. In 1973 sciff work along the Kuskokwim and some of its sloughs and tributaries was utilized to add many gravity stations to the central part of the Russian Mission quadrangle and some gravity stations near the northern edge of the Bethel quadrangle. Float-plane work that year added about 35 gravity stations throughout the eastern two thirds of the Russian Mission quadrangle. Boat work on the Tikchic Lakes was utilized to establish six gravity stations to the southeast corner of the Bethel quadrangle in 1973. The Alaska Mineral Resource Appraisal Program (AMRAP) of the TJSGS for the Goodnews quadrangle, south of the Bethel quadrangle included the southern 15 minutes of the Bethel quadrangle. About 14 gravity stations were collected in this area during 1975 and 1976 with the use of a helicopter. Several float-plane flights in 1976 added six stations to the Bethel quadrangle. Ski-plane flights added 14 stations in the southwestern corner of the Bethel quadrangle and 12 stations in the southern corner of the Russian Mission quadrangle and the northwestern corner of the Bethel quadrangle in 1977. A total of 16 gravity stations were collected in the eastern Bethel and Russian Mission quadrangles in 1982. About 400 gravity stations were collected as part of the Bethel AMRAP program in the Bethel and Russian Mission quadrangles during 1987, 1988, and 1989. Most of these data were collected with a helicopter, but some were collected by using watercraft
","language":"English","doi":"10.3133/ofr9414A","collaboration":"The USGS does not support this software or technical questions for the software associated with the publication.","usgsCitation":"Morin, R.L., 1994, Principal facts for gravity data in the Bethel and Russian Mission 1 degree x 3 degrees quadrangles, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-14, Report: ii, 6 p.; 1 CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9414A.","productDescription":"Report: ii, 6 p.; 1 CD-ROM","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":81660,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014a/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":168048,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014a/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":277702,"rank":2,"type":{"id":4,"text":"Application Site"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014a/application.zip"},{"id":432788,"rank":4,"type":{"id":7,"text":"Companion Files"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0014-a/ofr9414A,B.zip","text":"CD-ROM ofr91414A,B","linkFileType":{"id":6,"text":"zip"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alaska","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -129.7635812346696,\n 72.81739131372794\n ],\n [\n -181.46886449635872,\n 72.81739131372794\n ],\n [\n -181.46886449635872,\n 51.45431066869793\n ],\n [\n -129.7635812346696,\n 51.45431066869793\n ],\n [\n -129.7635812346696,\n 72.81739131372794\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aaae4b07f02db668cf0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morin, Robert L.","contributorId":82671,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morin","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":229638,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":29082,"text":"wri934232 - 1994 - Sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding substances in the Minnesota River basin, 1989-92","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2018-03-19T10:47:07","indexId":"wri934232","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-4232","title":"Sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding substances in the Minnesota River basin, 1989-92","docAbstract":"The Minnesota River, 10 major tributaries, and 21 springs were sampled to determine the sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen- demanding substances. The study was part of a four-year assessment of non-point source pollution in the Minnesota River Basin. Runoff from tributary watersheds was identified as the primary source of suspended sediment and nutrients in the Minnesota River mainstem. Suspended-sediment, phosphorus, and nitrate concentrations were elevated in all major tributaries during runoff, but tributaries in the south-central and eastern part of the basin produce the highest annual loading to the mainstem because of higher annual precipitation and runoff in that part of the basin. Particle-size analyses showed that most of the suspended sediment in transport consisted of silt- and clay-size material. Phosphorus enrichment was indicated throughout the mainstem by total phosphorus concentrations that ranged from 0.04 to 0.48 mg/L with a median value of 0.22 mg/L, and an interquartile range of 0.15 to 0.29 mg/L. Nitrate concentrations periodically exceeded drinking water standards in tributaries draining the south-central and eastern part of the basin. Oxygen demand was most elevated during periods of summer low flow. Correlations between levels of biochemical oxygen demand and levels of algal productivity suggest that algal biomass comprises much of the oxygen-demanding material in the mainstem. Transport of sediment, nutrients, and organic carbon within the mainstem was found to be conservative, with nearly all tributary inputs being transported downstream. Uptake and utilization of nitrate and orthophosphorus was indicated during low flow, but at normal and high flow, inputs of these constituents greatly exceeded biological utilization.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri934232","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and the Legislative Commission on Minnesota Resources","usgsCitation":"Payne, G.A., 1994, Sources and transport of sediment, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding substances in the Minnesota River basin, 1989-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4232, vii, 71 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri934232.","productDescription":"vii, 71 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science 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The data were collected and compiled as part of the studies by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy, to characterize surface-water hydrology in the Yucca Mountain area. Streamflow data include daily-mean discharges and peak discharges at 5 continuous-record gaging stations, and peak discharges at 10 crest-stage, partial-record stations and 2 miscellaneous sites. Precipitation data include cumulative totals at 20 stations maintained by the U.S. Geological Survey and daily totals at 15 stations maintained by the Weather Service Nuclear Support Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr94312","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office of the U.S. Department of Energy","usgsCitation":"Kane, T.G., Bauer, D.J., and Martinez, C.M., 1994, Streamflow and selected precipitation data for Yucca Mountain region, southern Nevada and eastern California, water years 1986-90: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-312, iv, 118 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr94312.","productDescription":"iv, 118 p.","temporalStart":"1985-10-01","temporalEnd":"1990-09-30","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":49065,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0312/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152675,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0312/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Yucca Mountain","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -117,36 ], [ -117,37.5 ], [ -115.5,37.5 ], [ -115.5,36 ], [ -117,36 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f48","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kane, Thomas G. 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The maximum flood-peak discharge of 10,200 cubic feet per second for the streamflow-gaging station on Clear Creek near Coralville, Iowa (station number 05454300), occurred on June 17, 1990. This discharge was approximately equal to the 80-year recurrence-interval discharge. A flood history describes rainfall conditions for floods that occurred during 1982, 1990, and 1993.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Iowa City, IA","doi":"10.3133/ofr9478","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Iowa Highway Research Board and the Highway Division of the Iowa Department of Transportation (Research Project HR-140)","usgsCitation":"Barnes, K., and Eash, D.A., 1994, Flood of June 17, 1990, in the Clear Creek Basin, east-central Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-78, iv, 16 p.: ill., map; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr9478.","productDescription":"iv, 16 p.: ill., map; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":47415,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0078/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":149984,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0078/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Iowa","otherGeospatial":"Clear Creek basin","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -91.78665161132812,\n 41.665730935994\n ],\n [\n -91.78665161132812,\n 41.73366078435096\n ],\n [\n -91.56211853027344,\n 41.73366078435096\n ],\n [\n -91.56211853027344,\n 41.665730935994\n ],\n [\n -91.78665161132812,\n 41.665730935994\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f2e4b07f02db5eed97","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barnes, K.K.","contributorId":99164,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barnes","given":"K.K.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178468,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eash, D. A.","contributorId":60237,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eash","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":178467,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":43689,"text":"ofr93368 - 1994 - Hydrologic features of the Truckee and Carson River Basins and adjacent areas, western Nevada and eastern California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2023-08-30T18:17:55.921283","indexId":"ofr93368","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-368","title":"Hydrologic features of the Truckee and Carson River Basins and adjacent areas, western Nevada and eastern California","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93368","usgsCitation":"Trionfante, J.V., and Peltz, L.A., 1994, Hydrologic features of the Truckee and Carson River Basins and adjacent areas, western Nevada and eastern California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-368, 1 Plate: 14.79 x 22.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93368.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 14.79 x 22.67 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":420311,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_40305.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":81273,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0368/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":161802,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0368/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"California, Nevada","otherGeospatial":"Truckee and Carson River Basins","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -120.5,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -120.5,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 38.25\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 40.5\n ],\n [\n -120.5,\n 40.5\n ]\n ]\n ],\n \"type\": \"Polygon\"\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a1ae4b07f02db606ad9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Trionfante, Jeffrey V.","contributorId":46577,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trionfante","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":228562,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Peltz, Lorri A.","contributorId":29401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peltz","given":"Lorri","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[{"id":12701,"text":"US Geological Survey","active":true,"usgs":false}],"preferred":false,"id":228561,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":19584,"text":"ofr93627 - 1994 - Selected data on characteristics of glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers, Midwestern Basin and Arches region","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-18T19:03:36.403317","indexId":"ofr93627","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-627","title":"Selected data on characteristics of glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers, Midwestern Basin and Arches region","docAbstract":"In 1988, the Geological Survey (USGS) began study to examine the hydrogeologic framework, ground-water-flow systems, water chemistry, and withdrawal response of aquifers in glacial deposits and carbonate rock in the Midwestern Basins and Arches Region in western Ohio and eastern Indiana. As part of this study, data from pumped-well tests and instantaneous-rechange tests (slug tests) of wells completed in the glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers were compiled from reports and information on file with State agencies, environmental consulting firms, drilling firms, municipalities, universities, and the USGS. The data, from 73 counties in Ohio and Indiana, were entered into a computerized data base in a spreadsheet format and subsequently into a geographic information system (GIS).\r\n\r\nAquifer-characteristics data from this compilation include the results of 105 pumped-well tests and 39 slug tests in wells completed in glacial deposits, 174 pumped-well tests in wells completed in the carbonate-rock aquifer, and 4 slug tests in wells completed in limestones and shales of Ordovician age. Transmissivities from the pumped-well tests in wells completed in glacial till and glacial-deposit aquifers (sands and gravels) range from 1.54 to 69,700 feet squared per day. Storage coefficients or specific yields range from 0.00002 to 0.38 at these wells. Horizontal-hydraulic conductivities from the slug tests in wells completed in glacial-deposit aquifers range from 0.33 to 1,000 feet per day. Transmissivities from the pumped-well tests in wells completed in the carbonate-rock aquifer range from 70 to 52,000 feet squared per day. Storage coefficient or specific yields at these wells range from 0.00001 to 0.05. Horizontal hydraulic conductivities from the slug tests in wells completed in limestones and shales of Ordovician age range from 0.0016 to 12 feet per day. These data are summarized in tables and figures within this report.\r\n\r\nThe collection and compilation of selected aquifer-characteristic data for the glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers within the Midwestern Basin and Arches Region of Shaver (1985) are an essential part of the Midwestern Basins and Arches Regional Aquifer-Systems Analysis (Midwestern Basins and Arches RASA) project of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Specifically, the data are needed to help describe ground-water flow in the regional aquifer system, which isone of the objectives of the Midwestern Basins and Arches RASA project (Bugliosi, 1990). To meet this objective, the Midwestern Basins and Arches RASA began subprojects in the Ohio and Indiana offices of the USGS to collect and compile available aquifer-characteristics data from aquifer tests of the glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers. The data were not reanalyzed to verify accuracy because of time constraints and insufficient data in many cases.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93627","usgsCitation":"Joseph, R.L., and Eberts, S.M., 1994, Selected data on characteristics of glacial-deposit and carbonate-rock aquifers, Midwestern Basin and Arches region: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-627, vi, 43 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93627.","productDescription":"vi, 43 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":403940,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_12784.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":49054,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0627/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152037,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0627/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia","otherGeospatial":"Midwestern Basin and Arches Region","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -88.092,\n 37.771\n ],\n [\n -80.517,\n 37.771\n ],\n [\n -80.517,\n 41.983\n ],\n [\n -88.092,\n 41.983\n ],\n [\n -88.092,\n 37.771\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a08e4b07f02db5fa539","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Joseph, R. L.","contributorId":63265,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Joseph","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181164,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Eberts, S. M.","contributorId":28276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Eberts","given":"S.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181163,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":2051,"text":"wsp2413 - 1994 - Herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental United States, 1991","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-04-30T18:41:47.334948","indexId":"wsp2413","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":341,"text":"Water Supply Paper","code":"WSP","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2413","title":"Herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental United States, 1991","docAbstract":"The occurrence and distribution of selected herbicides, atrazine metabolites, and nitrate were determined for near-surface aquifers (within 50 feet of land surface) in the corn- and soybean-producing region of the midcontinental United States. The study region included all or parts of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Water samples were collected during the spring and summer of 1991 from 303 wells completed in near-surface unconsolidated and near-surface bedrock aquifers. At least one herbicide or atrazine metabolite was detected in 24 percent of 579 water samples analyzed for herbicides, based on a reporting limit of 0.05 microgram per liter. However, no herbicide concentration exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels for drinking water. The most frequently detected herbicide compound was desethylatrazine, an atrazine metabolite (18.1 percent), followed by atrazine (17.4 percent); deisopropylatrazine, an atrazine metabolite (5.7 percent); prometon (5.0 percent); metolachlor (2.7 percent); alachlor (1.7 percent); simazine (1.0 percent); metribuzin (1.0 percent); and cyanazine (0.7 percent). The herbicides ametryn, prometryn, propazine, and terbutryn were not detected during this study. Nitrate concentrations equal to or greater than 3.0 milligrams per liter (excess nitrate) were detected in 29 percent of the 599 nitrate analyses, and ammonium concentrations equal to or greater than 0.01 milligram per liter were detected in 78 percent of the 584 ammonium analyses. Nitrate concentrations equal to or greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 10 milligrams per liter were found in 6 percent of the samples.
\nThe frequency of herbicide detection was, in part, affected by the analytical method's reporting limit. Results from this study show that the frequency of atrazine detection increases as the reporting limit decreases. Herbicide metabolite concentrations are critical to understanding the detection of herbicide residues. The frequency of detection of atrazine residue (atrazine + desethylatrazine + deisopropylatrazine) was 22.1 percent, which was more than the frequency of detection of atrazine alone (17.4 percent).
\nPrometon was detected more frequently than every other herbicide except atrazine. The prometon appears to be derived from areas of nonagricultural land use, such as golf courses and residential areas. Herbicides and excess nitrate were both rarely detected in the eastern part of the study region, even though this is an area of intense herbicide and nitrogen-fertilizer use.
\nHydrogeologic factors, land use, agricultural practices, local features, and water chemistry were analyzed for possible relation to herbicide and excess-nitrate detections. Herbicides and excess nitrate were detected more frequently in near-surface unconsolidated aquifers than in nearsurface bedrock aquifers. The depth to the top of the aquifer was inversely related to the frequency of detection of herbicides and excess nitrate. The proximity of streams to sampled wells also affected the frequency of herbicide detection. Significant seasonal differences were determined for the frequency of herbicide detection, but not for the frequency of excess nitrate.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Government Printing Office","publisherLocation":"Washington, D.C.","doi":"10.3133/wsp2413","usgsCitation":"Kolpin, D.W., Burkart, M.R., and Thurman, E.M., 1994, Herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers in the midcontinental United States, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 2413, v, 34 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp2413.","productDescription":"v, 34 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":27578,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2413/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":138442,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/2413/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, 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]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635c7e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kolpin, Dana W. 0000-0002-3529-6505 dwkolpin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-6505","contributorId":1239,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kolpin","given":"Dana","email":"dwkolpin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":144596,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Burkart, Michael R.","contributorId":75512,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Burkart","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144598,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Thurman, E. Michael","contributorId":9636,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Thurman","given":"E.","email":"","middleInitial":"Michael","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":144597,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":29848,"text":"wri944028 - 1994 - Potential effects of the Hawaii Geothermal Project on ground-water resources on the island of Hawaii","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-05-08T09:09:02","indexId":"wri944028","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4028","title":"Potential effects of the Hawaii Geothermal Project on ground-water resources on the island of Hawaii","docAbstract":"In 1990, the State of Hawaii proposed the Hawaii Geothermal Project for the development of as much as 500 MW of electric power from the geothermal system in the East Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano. This report uses data from 31 wells and 8 springs to describe the properties of the ground-water system in and adjacent to the East Rift Zone. Potential effects of this project on ground-water resources are also discussed. Data show differences in ground-water chemistry and heads within the study area that appear to be related to mixing of waters of different origins and ground-water impoundment by volcanic dikes. East of Pahoa, the ground-water system within the rift is highly transmissive and receives abundant recharge from precipitation; therefore, the pumping of freshwater to support geothermal development in that part of the rift zone would have a minimal effect on ground-water levels. To the southwest of Pahoa, dike impoundment reduces the transmissivity of the ground-water system to such an extent that wells might not be capable of supplying sufficient fresh water to support geothermal operations. Contamination of ground-water resources by accidental release of geothermal fluids into shallow aquifers is possible because of corrosive conditions in the geothermal wells, potential well blowouts, and high ground-water velocities in parts of the region. Hydrologic monitoring of water level, temperature, and chemistry in observation wells should continue throughout development of geothermal resources for the Hawaii Geothermal Project for early detection of leakage and migration of geothermal fluids within the groundwater system.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944028","usgsCitation":"Sorey, M., and Colvard, E., 1994, Potential effects of the Hawaii Geothermal Project on ground-water resources on the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4028, vi, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944028.","productDescription":"vi, 35 p.","costCenters":[{"id":615,"text":"Volcano Hazards Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":58657,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4028/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123942,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4028/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac8e4b07f02db67c242","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sorey, M.L.","contributorId":73185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sorey","given":"M.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202235,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Colvard, E.M.","contributorId":83553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Colvard","given":"E.M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202236,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}} ,{"id":20010,"text":"ofr93463 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":20010,"text":"ofr93463 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","indexId":"ofr93463","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":2230,"text":"wsp2436 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","indexId":"wsp2436","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":2230,"text":"wsp2436 - 1996 - Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","indexId":"wsp2436","publicationYear":"1996","noYear":false,"title":"Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada"},"lastModifiedDate":"2022-10-17T15:24:15.4334","indexId":"ofr93463","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"93-463","title":"Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Operating Criteria and Procedures established in 1988 for delivery of water for irrigation in the Newlands Project area include regulations and methods to increase Project efficiency. Public Law 101-618 of 1990 includes a target of 75-percent Project efficiency and a program of water-rights acquisition for wetlands maintenance. The directives could result in large reductions in water used for irrigation in the Carson Desert, potentially affecting ground-water supplies. Previous studies of the area have been evaluated to determine the current understanding of how aquifers are recharged, what controls the flow and quality of ground water, potential effects of changes in water use, and what additional information would be needed to quantify further changes in water use.
Inflow of surface water to the basin from Lahontan Reservoir averaged about 370,000 acre-ft/yr (acre-feet per year) from 1975 to 1992, supplying water for irrigation of more than 50,000 acres. More than half of the water released from the reservoir is lost to seepage, operational spills, and evaporation before delivery of about 170,000 acre-ft/yr to farm headgates. The volume of water delivered to farms that does not contribute to crop consumptive use (on-farm loss) is poorly known but could be as much as 60,000 acre-ft/yr. Consumptive use on irrigated land may be about 180,000 acre-ft/yr, of which 50,000 acre-ft/yr may be derived from the shallow aquifer. Outflow from irrigated land is a mixture of operational spill, runoff from irrigated fields, and ground-water seepage to drains. Total outflow averages about 170,000 to 190,000 acre-ft/yr. This water flows to wetlands at Carson Lake, Stillwater Wildlife Management Area, and Carson Sink.
Three sedimentary aquifers were previously defined in the basin: a shallow aquifer having highly variable lithology and water quality, an intermediate aquifer containing principally fresh water, and a deep aquifer having water of poor quality. The deep aquifer could possibly be divided into sedimentary and volcanic zones. In addition, a near-surface zone may exist near the top of the shallow aquifer where vertical flow is inhibited by underlying clay beds. A basalt aquifer near the center of the basin is the source of public supply and is recharged by the shallow, intermediate, and deep aquifers. Water levels in the basalt aquifer have declined about 10 feet from pre-pumping levels, and chloride and arsenic concentrations in the water have increased. The average depth to ground water has decreased beneath large areas of the Carson Desert since 1904 as a result of recharge of surface water used for irrigation. Ground water generally flows from west to east, and dissolvedsolids concentrations increase greatly near areas of ground-water discharge, where State of Nevada drinking-water standards commonly are exceeded.
Uncertainties in the rates of recharge to and discharge from the basin cause an imbalance in the calculated water budget. Estimates for total recharge range from 400,000 to 420,000 acreft/yr, whereas estimates for discharge range from 630,000 to 680,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates of inflow to and outflow from aquifers of the study area are as follows: shallow aquifer, more than 120,000 acre-ft/yr; intermediate aquifer, possibly more than 25,000 acre-ft/yr; deep aquifer, unknown; and basalt aquifer, about 4,000 acre-ft/yr. Estimates for flow volumes to and from the shallow and intermediate aquifers are based on assumed aquifer properties and could be in error by an order of magnitude or more.
Conceptual models of the basin show that ground-water flow is downward from the shallow aquifer to the intermediate aquifer in the western part and near the center of the basin, and is upward in the eastern part of the basin. Little is known about flow in the deep aquifer. Nearsurface clay beds inhibit vertical flow near the center and eastern part of the basin except where breached by relict sand-filled channels of the Carson River.
Conceptual models of the basin show that changes in water use in the western part of the basin probably would affect recharge to the sedimentary and basalt aquifers. Near the center of the basin, water-use changes could affect the shallow and basalt aquifers but might have less effect on the intermediate aquifer. In the eastern part of the basin, changes could affect the shallow aquifer, but would probably not affect the intermediate or basalt aquifers.
If seepage is decreased by lining canals, and land is removed from production, water-level declines in the shallow aquifer could be greater than 10 feet as far as 2 miles from the lined canals. Depending upon the distribution of specific yield, decreasing recharge by 25,000 to 50,000 acre-ft/yr beneath 30,000 acres could cause water levels to decline from 4 to 17 feet. Where ground water supplements crop consumptive use, water levels could temporarily rise when land is removed from production. Where water is pumped from a near-surface zone of the shallow aquifer, water-level declines might not greatly affect pumped wells where the nearsurface zone is thickest, but could cause wells to go dry where the zone is thin.
The understanding of surface-water and ground-water relations, recharge and discharge of ground water, ground-water movement, and the potential effects of changes in water use in the Carson Desert can be refined by studying (1) the extent of potable water in the intermediate and basalt aquifers, (2) lithology and specific yield of aquifer materials, (3) data on ground-water levels and quality, and (4) data on surface-water flow and quality, as well as monitoring the effects of changes in water use as they take place.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr93463","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., Johnson, A.K., and Welch, A., 1994, Hydrogeology and potential effects of changes in water use, Carson Desert agricultural area, Churchill County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-463, Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr93463.","productDescription":"Report: ix, 101 p.; 3 Plates: 28.70 x 31.65 inches or smaller","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":351002,"rank":5,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-3.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351001,"rank":4,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-2.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":351000,"rank":3,"type":{"id":17,"text":"Plate"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/plate-1.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":350999,"rank":2,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":152523,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0463/report-thumb.jpg"}],"scale":"150000","country":"United States","state":"Nevada","county":"Churchill County","otherGeospatial":"Carson Desert","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 39\n ],\n [\n -118,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 40\n ],\n [\n -119,\n 39\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db625535","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":181895,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, Ann K.","contributorId":12457,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Ann","email":"","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181896,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Welch, Alan H.","contributorId":45286,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Welch","given":"Alan H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":181894,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":26883,"text":"wri944027 - 1994 - Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer -- Predevelopment to 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2021-12-15T22:19:35.107902","indexId":"wri944027","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4027","title":"Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer -- Predevelopment to 1992","docAbstract":"Changes in water levels in the High Plains aquifet underlying parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming result from the variability of precipitation, land use, and ground-water withdrawals. From the beginning of development of the High Plains aquifer to 1980, water levels declined throughout much of the area; the declines exceeded 100 feet in parts of the central and southern High Plains. From 1980 to 1992, water levels continued to decline in these same areas, but at a slightly slower overall annual rate. This slower rate of decline was associated, in part, with a decrease in ground-water application for irrigated agriculture and above normal precipitation throughout the High Plains during 1980-91. Declines exceeding 20 feet were common from 1980 to 1992 in areas of intense irrigation development in Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. In the northern High Plains, declines of 10 to 20 feet from 1980 to 1992 were widespread in northeastern Colorado, southwestern Nebraska, and the Nebraska Panhandle. Water levels were generally stable from 1980 to 1992 in most other areas of the High Plains. In a large area in the southern High Plains of Texas, however, water-level rises exceeded 20 feet. Also, scattered rises of 5 to 10 feet occurred in eastern Nebraska. The estimated average area-weighted water-level change, from 1991 to 1992 was -0.55, even though precipitation was well-above normal in 1991 in the High Plains. Water- level declines of 3 to 5 feet were widespread in the intensively irrigated areas of southwestern Kansas and the northern part of the Southern High Plains of Texas. These large declines were not closely related to 1991 precipitation patterns in those areas. Declines of 1 to 3 feet were common throughout the intensively irrigated areas of the Northern High Plains and the less intensively irrigated areas of the Central and Southern High Plains. Water levels continued to rise, generally 1 to 3 feet in the extreme Southern High Plains of Texas. Rises of 1 to 3 feet also occurred in parts of northeastern and central Nebraska.
","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944027","usgsCitation":"Dugan, J.T., McGrath, T.J., and Zelt, R.B., 1994, Water-level changes in the High Plains aquifer -- Predevelopment to 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4027, vi, 56 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944027.","productDescription":"vi, 56 p.","costCenters":[{"id":5050,"text":"WY-MT Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":392979,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_47936.htm"},{"id":118748,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4027/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":55774,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4027/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Wyoming","otherGeospatial":"High Plains aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 31.353636941500987\n ],\n [\n -95.361328125,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 43.5\n ],\n [\n -105.8203125,\n 31.353636941500987\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a05e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Dugan, J. T.","contributorId":67890,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dugan","given":"J.","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"McGrath, T. J.","contributorId":92294,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McGrath","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Zelt, R. B.","contributorId":34913,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Zelt","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":197178,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":30284,"text":"wri944096 - 1994 - Hydrogeology and water resources of Block Island, Rhode Island","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-03-27T11:45:56","indexId":"wri944096","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"94-4096","title":"Hydrogeology and water resources of Block Island, Rhode Island","docAbstract":"Ground water is present on Block Island as a lens of freshwater that overlies saltwater. Yields of 2 to 5 gallons per minute are obtainable throughout the island, and yields of 25 gallons per minute are possible at many wells. Annual water use during 1990 is estimated to have been 53 million gallons, of which approximately 17 million gallons was delivered from a water company at Sands Pond. Demand by water company customers from May through October averages 74,000 gallons per day. The sustainable yield of Sands Pond during the drought years estimated to be only 45,000 gallons per day. Withdrawal of the remaining 29,000 gallons per day from Fresh Pond, proposed as an alternative source, would produce an estimated water-level decline of less than 1 foot. Block Island consists of a Pleistocene moraine deposit that includes meltwater deposits, till, sediment-flow deposits, and glacially transported blocks of Cretaceous strata and pre-Late Wisconsinan glacial deposits. The water table is a subdued reflection of the land-surface topography and flow is generally from the central, topographic highs toward the coast. Layers of low hydraulic- conductivity material impede vertical flow, creating steep vertical gradients. No evidence of widespread ground-water contamination was found during this study. Nitrate concentrations were below Federal Maximum Contaminant Levels at each of the 83 sites sampled. No evidence of dissolved organic constituents was found in groundwater at the 10 sites sampled, and ground-water samples collected near the landfill showed no evidence of contamination from landfill leachate. Dissolved-iron concentrations exceeded the Federal Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level in groundwater at 26 of 76 wells sampled. High iron concentrations were found predominantly in the eastern and northern parts of the island and are attributed to the presence of iron-bearing minerals and organic matter in the aquifer.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri944096","usgsCitation":"Veeger, A., Johnston, H., Stone, B.D., and Sirkin, L.A., 1994, Hydrogeology and water resources of Block Island, Rhode Island: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4096, vii, 76 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri944096.","productDescription":"vii, 76 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":59075,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4096/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":123673,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/1994/4096/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Rhode Island","otherGeospatial":"Block Island","geographicExtents":"{\n \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n \"features\": [\n {\n \"type\": \"Feature\",\n \"properties\": {},\n \"geometry\": {\n \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n \"coordinates\": [\n [\n [\n -71.6147232055664,\n 41.13858889084487\n ],\n [\n -71.5426254272461,\n 41.13858889084487\n ],\n [\n -71.5426254272461,\n 41.23341300384136\n ],\n [\n -71.6147232055664,\n 41.23341300384136\n ],\n [\n -71.6147232055664,\n 41.13858889084487\n ]\n ]\n ]\n }\n }\n ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4ae4b07f02db625232","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Veeger, A.I.","contributorId":100031,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Veeger","given":"A.I.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202986,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnston, H.E.","contributorId":27070,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnston","given":"H.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":202985,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stone, Byron D. 0000-0001-6092-0798 bdstone@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6092-0798","contributorId":1702,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stone","given":"Byron","email":"bdstone@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[{"id":40020,"text":"Florence Bascom Geoscience Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":243,"text":"Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":785911,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Sirkin, Leslie A.","contributorId":19207,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sirkin","given":"Leslie","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":785912,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":33299,"text":"b2091 - 1994 - Major 10.2-Ma rhyolitic volcanism in the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho: Isotopic age and stratigraphic setting of the Arbon Valley Tuff Member of the Starlight Formation","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-12-21T21:20:45.564553","indexId":"b2091","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"1994","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":306,"text":"Bulletin","code":"B","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2091","title":"Major 10.2-Ma rhyolitic volcanism in the eastern Snake River plain, Idaho: Isotopic age and stratigraphic setting of the Arbon Valley Tuff Member of the Starlight Formation","docAbstract":"No abstract available.
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