{"pageNumber":"3040","pageRowStart":"75975","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184769,"records":[{"id":44954,"text":"wri024145 - 2002 - Ground-water flow and numerical simulation of recharge from streamflow infiltration near Pine Nut Creek, Douglas County, Nevada","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri024145","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4145","title":"Ground-water flow and numerical simulation of recharge from streamflow infiltration near Pine Nut Creek, Douglas County, Nevada","docAbstract":"Ground-water flow and recharge from infiltration near Pine Nut Creek, east of Gardnerville, Nevada, were simulated using a single-layer numerical finite-difference model as part of a study made by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Carson Water Subconservancy District. The model was calibrated to 190 water-level measurements made in 27 wells in December 2000, and in 9 wells from August 1999 through April 2001. The purpose of this study was to estimate reasonable limits for the approximate volume of water that may be stored by recharge through infiltration basins, and the rate at which recharged water would dissipate or move towards the valley floor. Measured water levels in the study area show that infiltration from the Allerman Canal and reservoir has created a water-table mound beneath them that decreases the hydraulic gradient east of the canal and increases the gradient west of the canal. North of Pine Nut Creek, the mound causes ground water to flow toward the northern end of the reservoir. South of Pine Nut Creek, relatively high water levels probably are maintained by the mound beneath the Allerman Canal and possibly by greater rates of recharge from the southeast. Water-level declines near Pine Nut Creek from August 1999 through April 2001 probably are caused by dissipation of recharge from infiltration of Pine Nut Creek streamflow in the springs of 1998 and 1999. Using the calibrated model, a simulation of recharge through a hypothetical infiltration basin covering 12.4 acres near Pine Nut Creek applied 700 acre-feet per year of recharge over a six-month period, for a total of 3,500 acre-feet after 5 consecutive years. This recharge requires a diversion rate of about 2 cubic feet per second and an infiltration rate of 0.3 foot per day. The simulations showed that recharge of 3,500 acre-feet caused water levels near the basin to rise over 70 feet, approaching land surface, indicating 3,500 acre-feet is the maximum that may be stored in a 5-year period, given the basin location and surface area used in the simulations. Greater amounts probably could be stored if separate infiltration basins were installed at different locations along the Pine Nut Creek alluvial fan, applying the recharge over a larger area. The water-table mound resulting from recharge extended 7,000 feet north, west, and south of the infiltration basin. After recharge ceased, water levels near the center of the mound declined rapidly to within 20 feet of initial levels after 2 years, and within 10 feet of initial levels after 7 years. The recharge mound dissipates laterally across the modeled area at decreasing rates over time. A water-level rise of 1 foot moved westward towards the valley floor 660 feet from peak conditions after 1 year, and averaged 550 feet, 440 feet, and 330 feet per year for the periods 1-4, 4-7, and 7-10 years, respectively, after recharge ceased. Simulations of subsequent pumping from hypothetical wells near the infiltration basin were made by applying pumping near the basin beginning 1 year after recharge of 3,500 acre-feet ceased. Pumping was applied over a 6-month period for 4 years from one well at 400 acre-feet per year, withdrawing 1,600 acre-feet or 45 percent of that recharged, and from two wells totaling 800 acre-feet per year, withdrawing 3,200 acre-feet or 90 percent of that recharged. Pumping of 1,600 acre-feet caused water-levels near the infiltration basin to decline only slightly below initial levels. Pumping of 3,200 acre-feet caused water-levels near the infiltration basin to decline a maximum of 30 feet below initial levels, with smaller declines extending laterally in all directions for 4,000 feet from the pumping wells. Water-level declines are a result of pumping at a rate sufficient to withdraw the majority of the water recharged through the infiltration basin. Although the declines may affect water levels in nearby domestic wells, the simulations show that water levels recover quickly after","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024145","usgsCitation":"Maurer, D.K., 2002, Ground-water flow and numerical simulation of recharge from streamflow infiltration near Pine Nut Creek, Douglas County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4145, v, 37 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024145.","productDescription":"v, 37 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3828,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024145/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162171,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66ce51","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Maurer, Douglas K. dkmaurer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2308,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Maurer","given":"Douglas","email":"dkmaurer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230763,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45001,"text":"wri024004 - 2002 - Simulation of ground-water flow and delineation of areas contributing recharge to municipal water-supply wells, Muscatine, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-02-08T08:42:22","indexId":"wri024004","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4004","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow and delineation of areas contributing recharge to municipal water-supply wells, Muscatine, Iowa","docAbstract":"<p>Mississippi River alluvium in the Muscatine, Iowa, area provides large quantities of good quality ground water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural supplies. Three municipal well fields for the City of Muscatine produce a total of about 27 million gallons per day from the alluvium. A previously published steady-state ground-water flow model was modified, and results from the model were used with particle-tracking software to delineate approximate areas contributing recharge to Muscatine Power and Water municipal supply wells and to determine zones of transport within the areas contributing recharge. </p>\n<p>Under steady-state conditions and 1998 pumpage, primary sources of inflow to the ground-water flow system are recharge through infiltration of precipitation and upland runoff (53 percent) and Mississippi River leakage (41 percent). The primary components of outflow from the ground-water flow system are pumpage (39.6 percent), flow to drainage ditches in Illinois (32.9 percent), and Muscatine Slough leakage (24.7 percent). </p>\n<p>Several sources of water are present within estimated areas contributing recharge to Muscatine Power and Water municipal well fields including ground water from the alluvial aquifer, Mississippi River water, and recharge originating as runoff from two unnamed creeks in the northern part of the study area. Recharge originating from the Mississippi River accounts for about 46 percent of the total water discharged from the municipal well fields. The average simulated traveltime of particles tracked from recharge to discharge at the municipal well fields was 13.6 years. Particle-tracking results illustrate the influence of nearby industrial supply wells on the shape and size of the area contributing recharge to Muscatine Power and Water wells. Two large embayments into the area contributing recharge to municipal wells are present along the Mississippi River. These areas represent ground water that is unavailable to municipal wells due to withdrawals by industrial supply wells. Recharge originating from the Mississippi River accounts for about 98 percent of the total water discharged from the Muscatine Power and Water Main well field. However, recharge originating from the Mississippi River accounts for less of the total discharge from the Progress Park and Grandview municipal well fields (12 and 34 percent, respectively). </p>\n<p>The effects of changing climatic conditions on the size and shape of the 10-year zone of transport to Muscatine Power and Water municipal well fields were simulated by decreasing and increasing recharge from precipitation to the ground-water model to demonstrate the variability inherent in delineating these areas. Locations of potential sources of contamination within the zones of transport also are identified.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024004","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with Muscatine Power and Water, Muscatine, Iowa","usgsCitation":"Savoca, M.E., Lucey, K.J., and Lanning, B.D., 2002, Simulation of ground-water flow and delineation of areas contributing recharge to municipal water-supply wells, Muscatine, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4004, iv, 26 p.; ill., col. maps; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024004.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p.; ill., col. maps; 28 cm.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":351,"text":"Iowa Water Science 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kjlucey@usgs.gov","contributorId":185,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lucey","given":"Keith","email":"kjlucey@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230888,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Lanning, Brian D.","contributorId":102744,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lanning","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230890,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44949,"text":"wri024151 - 2002 - Characterization of selenium in the lower Gunnison River basin, Colorado, 1988-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri024151","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4151","title":"Characterization of selenium in the lower Gunnison River basin, Colorado, 1988-2000","docAbstract":"Selenium concentrations in certain water bodies in the lower Gunnison River Basin, including the lower Gunnison River and lower Uncompahgre River, have exceeded the Colorado water-quality standard of 5 micrograms per liter for selenium. A task force was formed in 1998 that consists of various government agencies, private irrigation companies, and local residents to address the selenium concerns in the lower Gunnison River Basin. The task force, working with the National Irrigation Water Quality Program, needed more detailed information on selenium loading in the basin to develop viable alternatives for remediating selenium in the lower Gunnison River Basin. \r\n\r\nIn 1999-2000, the U.S. Geological Survey collected selenium data for tributaries of the Gunnison River downstream from the North Fork of the Gunnison and in the North Fork Basin. The largest selenium load in a tributary stream was in the Uncompahgre River, which accounted for about 38 percent of the selenium load in the Gunnison River at Whitewater. The North Fork of the Gunnison River accounted for about 7 percent of the selenium load in the Gunnison River. Two tributaries east of Delta, Sunflower Drain and Bonafide Ditch, consist primarily of irrigation return flows and were other major selenium sources to the Gunnison River. \r\n\r\nSome tributaries in the lower North Fork Basin had selenium concentrations exceeding 5 micrograms per liter. Except for several streams draining the Uncompahgre Plateau, many tributaries to the Gunnison River downstream from the North Fork had selenium concentrations exceeding 5 micrograms per liter. Except during occasional rain and snowmelt events, selenium loading from nonirrigated desert areas was minimal. \r\n\r\nDetailed characterization studies were done in 1999-2000 on Cedar Creek and Loutzenhizer Arroyo, which contribute the largest tributary selenium loads to the Uncompahgre River. Selenium concentrations in Cedar Creek downstream from Miguel Road ranged from 12 to 28 micrograms per liter in November 1999. Montrose Arroyo was the largest selenium source to Cedar Creek. On an annual basis, about 20 percent of the selenium load in Cedar Creek originates in the basin upstream from Miguel Road. \r\n\r\nSelenium concentrations in Loutzenhizer Arroyo ranged from 157 to 347 micrograms per liter in February 2000. A significant increase in selenium concentrations occurred in the stream reach between the Selig Canal and Falcon Road (LZU7). Although selenium concentrations in the west tributary of Loutzenhizer Arroyo were lower than in the main stem, the west tributary contributed about 41 percent of the selenium load. Downstream from the confluence with the west tributary to the mouth, selenium concentrations in the arroyo gradually decreased, and the increase in selenium load in the lower reach was small.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024151","usgsCitation":"Butler, D.L., and Leib, K.J., 2002, Characterization of selenium in the lower Gunnison River basin, Colorado, 1988-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4151, iv, 26 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024151.","productDescription":"iv, 26 p. : ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162004,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3823,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024151","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aa9e4b07f02db66810c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Butler, David L.","contributorId":12843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Butler","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230754,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Leib, Kenneth J. 0000-0002-0373-0768 kjleib@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0373-0768","contributorId":701,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leib","given":"Kenneth","email":"kjleib@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230753,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":45005,"text":"wri20024016 - 2002 - Simulated effects of ground-water pumpage on stream-aquifer flow in the vicinity of federally protected species of freshwater mussels in the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin (Subarea 4), southeastern Alabama, northwestern Florida, and southwestern Georgia","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-08-29T21:21:30.531969","indexId":"wri20024016","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4016","title":"Simulated effects of ground-water pumpage on stream-aquifer flow in the vicinity of federally protected species of freshwater mussels in the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin (Subarea 4), southeastern Alabama, northwestern Florida, and southwestern Georgia","docAbstract":"Simulation results indicate that ground-water withdrawal in the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin during times of drought could reduce stream-aquifer flow and cause specific stream reaches to go dry. Of the 37 reaches that were studied, 8 reaches ranked highly sensitive to pumpage, 13 reaches ranked medium, and 16 reaches ranked low. Of the eight reaches that ranked high, seven contain at least one federally protected mussel species. \r\n\r\nSmall tributary streams such as Gum, Jones, Muckalee, Spring, and Cooleewahee Creeks would go dry at lower pumping rates than needed to dry up larger streams. Other streams that were ranked high may go dry depending on the amount of upstream flow entering the reach; this condition is indicated for some reaches on Spring Creek. A dry stream condition is of particular concern to water and wildlife managers because adequate streamflow is essential for mussel survival.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20024016","usgsCitation":"Albertson, P.N., and Torak, L.J., 2002, Simulated effects of ground-water pumpage on stream-aquifer flow in the vicinity of federally protected species of freshwater mussels in the lower Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin (Subarea 4), southeastern Alabama, northwestern Florida, and southwestern Georgia: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4016, v, 48 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024016.","productDescription":"v, 48 p.","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":168079,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":8711,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4016/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":405847,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51450.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Alabama, Florida, Georgia","otherGeospatial":"Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin","geographicExtents":"{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"properties\":{},\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Polygon\",\"coordinates\":[[[-84.869384765625,29.878755346037977],[-84.9847412109375,29.673735421779128],[-85.2044677734375,29.73099249532227],[-85.4241943359375,30.012030680358613],[-85.49011230468749,30.552800413453546],[-85.49560546875,32.16166284018013],[-85.27587890625,33.5963189611327],[-84.72656249999999,34.17090836352573],[-83.924560546875,34.6241677899049],[-83.64990234375,34.89494244739732],[-83.34228515625,34.56990638085636],[-83.583984375,33.8521697014074],[-84.375,33.22030778968541],[-83.73779296875,31.96148355726853],[-84.05639648437499,30.911651004518244],[-84.5068359375,30.64736425824319],[-84.869384765625,29.878755346037977]]]}}]}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f9e4b07f02db5f3701","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Albertson, Phillip N.","contributorId":96331,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Albertson","given":"Phillip","email":"","middleInitial":"N.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230899,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Torak, Lynn J. ljtorak@usgs.gov","contributorId":401,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Torak","given":"Lynn","email":"ljtorak@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230898,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":50680,"text":"ofr02325 - 2002 - Lake belt study area: High-resolution seismic-reflection survey, Miami-Dade County Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2025-04-10T15:40:37.924649","indexId":"ofr02325","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-325","title":"Lake belt study area: High-resolution seismic-reflection survey, Miami-Dade County Florida","docAbstract":"<h1>Executive Summary &nbsp;</h1><p>The Northwest Dade County Freshwater Lake Plan Area (commonly referred to as the Lake Belt Area) is vital to the future planning and development of southeastern Florida. This area is located within one of the most environmentally sensitive parts of the state – the eastern borders of the Everglades National Park (ENP). The Lake Belt Area and Water Conservation Area BB (WCA BB) provide half of the limestone mining resources used in the state every year. Starting in the mid-1800s canals and levees were built in the area to drain and help develop economic and water resources including protection from floods and droughts. These construction projects have changed the natural water flow (hydropattern and hydroperiod) through the hydrologic system. Changes to the hydropattern and hydroperiod of the area have also had an adverse impact by disrupting the normal breeding patterns of species within the Everglades ecosystem</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02325","productDescription":"viii, 24 p.","costCenters":[{"id":27821,"text":"Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":170041,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0325/coverthb.jpg"},{"id":390974,"rank":2,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_54122.htm"},{"id":4155,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0325/ofr02-325.pdf","text":"Report","size":"499 KB MB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"OFR 02-325"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","county":"Miami-Dad County","otherGeospatial":"Lake belt study area","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -80.52154541015625,\n              25.64895443060557\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.25787353515625,\n              25.64895443060557\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.25787353515625,\n              25.94322678532246\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.52154541015625,\n              25.94322678532246\n            ],\n            [\n              -80.52154541015625,\n              25.64895443060557\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","contact":"<p><a href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\" data-mce-href=\"https://www.usgs.gov/centers/car-fl-water\">Caribbean-Florida Water Science Center</a><br>U.S. Geological Survey<br>3321 College Avenue<br>Davie, FL 33314</p><p><a href=\"../contact\" data-mce-href=\"../contact\">Contact Pubs Warehouse</a></p>","publishedDate":"2003-10-01","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationDate":"2003-10-01","publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b441f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kindinger, Jack L. jkindinger@usgs.gov","contributorId":815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kindinger","given":"Jack","email":"jkindinger@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":574,"text":"St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":242065,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44946,"text":"wri024128 - 2002 - Sources of metal loads to the Alamosa River and estimation of seasonal and annual metal loads for the Alamosa River basin, Colorado, 1995-97","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-13T20:28:23.401585","indexId":"wri024128","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4128","title":"Sources of metal loads to the Alamosa River and estimation of seasonal and annual metal loads for the Alamosa River basin, Colorado, 1995-97","docAbstract":"Metal contamination in the upper Alamosa River Basin has occurred for decades from the Summitville Mine site, from other smaller mines, and from natural, metal-enriched acidic drainage in the basin. In 1995, the need to quantify contamination from various source areas in the basin and to quantify the spatial, seasonal, and annual metal loads in the basin was identified. Data collection occurred from 1995 through 1997 at numerous sites to address data gaps. Metal loads were calculated and the percentages of metal load contributions from tributaries to three risk exposure areas were determined. Additionally, a modified time-interval method was used to estimate seasonal and annual metal loads in the Alamosa River and Wightman Fork. \r\n\r\nSources of dissolved and total-recoverable aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc loads were determined for Exposure Areas 3a, 3b, and 3c. Alum Creek is the predominant contributor of aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc loads to Exposure Area 3a. In general, Wightman Fork was the predominant source of metals to Exposure Area 3b, particularly during the snowmelt and summer-flow periods. During the base-flow period, however, aluminum and iron loads from Exposure Area 3a were the dominant source of these metals to Exposure Area 3b. Jasper and Burnt Creeks generally contributed less than 10 percent of the metal loads to Exposure Area 3b. On a few occasions, however, Jasper and Burnt Creeks contributed a substantial percentage of the loads to the Alamosa River. The metal loads calculated for Exposure Area 3c result from upstream sources; the primary upstream sources are Wightman Fork, Alum Creek, and Iron Creek. Tributaries in Exposure Area 3c did not contribute substantially to the metal load in the Alamosa River. \r\n\r\nIn many instances, the percentage of dissolved and/or total-recoverable metal load contribution from a tributary or the combined percentage of metal load contribution was greater than 100 percent of the metal load at the nearest downstream site on the Alamosa River. These data indicate that metal partitioning and metal deposition from the water column to the streambed may be occurring in Exposure Areas 3a, 3b, and 3c. Metals that are deposited to the streambed probably are resuspended and transported downstream during high streamflow periods such as during snowmelt runoff and rainfall runoff. \r\n\r\nSeasonal and annual dissolved and totalrecoverable aluminum, copper, iron, and zinc loads> for 1995?97 were estimated for Exposure Areas 1, 2, 3a, 3b, and 3c. During 1995?97, many tons of metals were transported annually through each exposure area. Generally, the largest estimated annual totalrecoverable metal mass for most metals was in 1995. The smallest estimated annual total-recoverable metal mass was in 1996, which also had the smallest annual streamflow. In 1995 and 1997, more than 60 percent of the annual total-recoverable metal loads generally was transported through each exposure area during the snowmelt period. A comparison of the estimated storm load at each site to the corresponding annual load indicated that storms contribute less than 2 percent of the annual load at any site and about 5 to 20 percent of the load during the summer-flow period.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024128","usgsCitation":"Ortiz, R.F., Edelmann, P., Ferguson, S., and Stogner, R., 2002, Sources of metal loads to the Alamosa River and estimation of seasonal and annual metal loads for the Alamosa River basin, Colorado, 1995-97: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4128, v, 50 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024128.","productDescription":"v, 50 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162707,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":406642,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52200.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3821,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024128","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"Alamosa River basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -106.6764,\n              37.3542\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.2644,\n              37.3542\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.2644,\n              37.4761\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.6764,\n              37.4761\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.6764,\n              37.3542\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0ce4b07f02db5fcdd0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ortiz, Roderick F. rfortiz@usgs.gov","contributorId":1126,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ortiz","given":"Roderick","email":"rfortiz@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230747,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230749,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Ferguson, Sheryl","contributorId":86812,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sheryl","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230750,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Stogner, Robert Sr.","contributorId":31801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","given":"Robert","suffix":"Sr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230748,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":47801,"text":"fs12402 - 2002 - SAGEMAP: A web-based spatial dataset for sage grouse and sagebrush steppe management in the Intermountain West","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T17:47:23","indexId":"fs12402","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"124-02","title":"SAGEMAP: A web-based spatial dataset for sage grouse and sagebrush steppe management in the Intermountain West","docAbstract":"The Snake River Field Station of the Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center has developed and now maintains a database of the spatial information\r\nneeded to address management of sage grouse and sagebrush steppe habitats in the western United States. The SAGEMAP project identifies and collects infor-mation for the region encompassing the historical extent of sage grouse distribution. State and federal agencies, the primary entities responsible for managing sage grouse and their habitats, need the information to develop an objective assessment of the current status of sage grouse populations and their habitats, or to provide responses and recommendations for recovery if sage grouse are listed as a Threatened or Endangered Species.\r\n\r\nThe spatial data on the SAGEMAP website (http://SAGEMAP.wr.usgs.gov) are an important component in documenting current habitat and other environmental conditions. In addition, the data can be used to identify areas that have undergone significant changes in land cover and to determine underlying causes. As such, the database permits an analysis for large-scale and range-wide factors that may be causing declines of sage grouse populations. The spatial data contained on this site also will be a critical component guiding the decision processes for restoration of habitats in the Great Basin. Therefore, development of this database and the capability to disseminate the information carries multiple benefits for land and wildlife management.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs12402","usgsCitation":"Knick, S.T., and Schueck, L., 2002, SAGEMAP: A web-based spatial dataset for sage grouse and sagebrush steppe management in the Intermountain West: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 124-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12402.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4013,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0124/fs12402.pdf","text":"Report","size":"570 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 124-02"},{"id":125724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0124/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cac4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schueck, Linda lschueck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schueck","given":"Linda","email":"lschueck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":236269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":47800,"text":"fs12302 - 2002 - Effects of shrubland changes on birds in the Intermountain West","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T11:41:54","indexId":"fs12302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"123-02","title":"Effects of shrubland changes on birds in the Intermountain West","docAbstract":"We are integrating field surveys with information obtained from satellite imagery to determine how birds respond to the habitat changes in shrubland regions in the Intermountain West. Our objectives are to determine the primary causes that change shrubland habitats, the spatial and temporal scales at which shrubland landscapes change, and the mechanisms by which distribution and abundance of bird populations are influenced by habitat change.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs12302","usgsCitation":"Knick, S.T., and Loveland, T., 2002, Effects of shrubland changes on birds in the Intermountain West: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 123-02, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12302.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4012,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0123/fs12302.pdf","text":"Report","size":"420 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 123-02"},{"id":120205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0123/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61098c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":45022,"text":"wri014168 - 2002 - Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2020-02-17T06:42:52","indexId":"wri014168","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4168","title":"Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma","docAbstract":"The City of Norman operated a solid-waste municipal landfill at two sites on the Canadian River alluvium in Cleveland County, Oklahoma from 1970 to 1985. The sites, referred to as the west and east cells of the landfill, were originally excavations in the unconsolidated alluvial deposits and were not lined. Analysis of ground-water samples indicate that leachate from the west cell is discharging into an adjacent abandoned river channel, referred to as the slough, and is migrating downgradient in ground water toward the Canadian River. The report describes the hydrogeologic features at the landfill, including the topography of the bedrock, water-level changes in the alluvial aquifer, and delineates the leachate plume using specific conductance data.\r\nThe leading edge of the leachate plume along the 35-80 transect extended over 250 meters downgradient of the west cell. The leading edge of the leachate plume along the 40-SOUTH transect had moved about 60 meters from the west cell in a south-southwesterly direction and had not moved past the slough as of 1997. Specific conductance measurements exceeding 7,000 microsiemens per centimeter at site 40 indicate the most concentrated part of the plume remained in the upper half of the alluvial aquifer adjacent to the west cell.\r\n\r\nThe direction of ground-water flow in the alluvial aquifer surrounding the landfill was generally north-northeast to south-southwest toward the river. However, between the west cell and the slough along the 40-SOUTH transect, head measurements indicate a directional change to the east and southeast toward a channel referred to as the sewage outfall. Near the 35-80 transect, at 0.5 meter below the water table and at the base of the aquifer, the direction of ground-water flow was south-southeast with a gradient of about 30 centimeters per 100 meters.\r\n\r\nGenerally, ground-water levels in the alluvial aquifer were higher during the winter months and lower during summer months, due to a normal decrease in precipitation and increased evapotranspiration in the summer. Hydrographs show temporal water-level changes in ground water and the slough, indicating a hydrologic connection between the alluvial aquifer and the slough.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014168","usgsCitation":"Becker, C., 2002, Hydrogeology and leachate plume delineation at a closed municipal landfill, Norman, Oklahoma: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4168, iv, 36 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014168.","productDescription":"iv, 36 p. ","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":135769,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3887,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014168/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Oklahoma ","city":"Norman","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -97.5478,35.1453 ], [ -97.5478,35.3483 ], [ -97.1769,35.3483 ], [ -97.1769,35.1453 ], [ -97.5478,35.1453 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db62558e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Becker, Carol 0000-0001-6652-4542 cjbecker@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6652-4542","contributorId":2489,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Becker","given":"Carol","email":"cjbecker@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230934,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45017,"text":"wri014150 - 2002 - Assessment of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at sites FT03, LF13, and WP14/LF15, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:56","indexId":"wri014150","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4150","title":"Assessment of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at sites FT03, LF13, and WP14/LF15, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware","docAbstract":"Water-quality, aquifer-sediment, and hydro-logic data were used to assess the effectiveness of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at Fire Training Area Three, the Rubble Area Landfill, the Liquid Waste Disposal Landfill, and the Receiver Station Landfill in the East Management Unit of Dover Air Force Base, Delaware. These sites, which are contaminated with chlorinated solvents and fuel hydrocarbons, are under-going long-term monitoring to determine if natural attenuation continues to sufficiently reduce contaminant concentrations to meet regulatory requirements. This report is the first assessment of the effectiveness of natural attenuation at these sites since long-term monitoring began in 1999, and follows a preliminary investigation done in 1995?96. This assessment was done by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force.Since 1995?96, additional information has been collected and used in the current assessment. The conclusions in this report are based primarily on ground-water samples collected from January through March 2000. Previous analytical results from selected wells, available geologic and geo-physical well logs, and newly acquired information such as sediment organic-carbon measurements, hydraulic-conductivity measurements determined from slug tests on wells in the natural attenuation study area, and water-level measurements from surficial-aquifer wells also were used in this assessment. This information was used to: (1) calculate retardation factors and estimate contaminant migration velocities, (2) improve estimates of ground-water flow directions and inferred contaminant migration pathways, (3) better define the areal extent of contamination and the proximity of contaminants to discharge areas and the Base boundary, (4) develop a better under-standing of the vertical variability of contaminant concentrations and redox conditions, (5) evaluate the effects of temporal changes on concentrations in the plumes and source areas, and (6) determine whether intrinsic biodegradation is occurring at these sites.The water-quality data indicate that intrinsic biodegradation is occurring at all three sites. The strongest indication of intrinsic biodegradation is the detection of tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene breakdown products within and down-gradient of the source areas. The patterns of electron acceptors and metabolic by-products indicate that contaminant biodegradation has changed the prevailing geochemistry of the surficial aquifer, creating the strongly reducing conditions necessary for chlorinated solvent bio-degradation. Geochemical changes include depleted dissolved oxygen and elevated ferrous iron and methane levels relative to concentrations in uncontaminated zones of the surficial aquifer. At Fire Training Area Three and the Rubble Area Landfill sites, natural attenuation appears to be adequate for controlling the migration of the contaminant plumes. At the third site, the Liquid Waste Disposal and Receiver Station Landfills, the plume is larger and the uncertainty about the effectiveness of natural attenuation in reducing contaminant concentrations and controlling plume migration is greater. Ground-water data indicate, however, that U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels were not exceeded in any point-of-compliance wells located along the Base boundary.The information presented in this report led to the development of improved conceptual models for these sites, and to the recognition of four issues that are currently unclear and may need further study. These issues include delineating the areal and vertical extent of the contaminant plumes in greater detail, determining the extent of intrinsic biodegradation downgradient of the Liquid Waste Disposal and Receiver Station Landfills, deter-mining the fate of contaminants in the ground-water discharge areas, and determining the effect of temporal variability in source concentrations and ground-water","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014150","usgsCitation":"Barbaro, J.R., 2002, Assessment of natural attenuation of ground-water contamination at sites FT03, LF13, and WP14/LF15, Dover Air Force Base, Delaware: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4150, vi, 45 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014150.","productDescription":"vi, 45 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167993,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3882,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri01-4150/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abae4b07f02db671efa","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Barbaro, Jeffrey R. 0000-0002-6107-2142 jrbarbar@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-2142","contributorId":1626,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Barbaro","given":"Jeffrey","email":"jrbarbar@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":376,"text":"Massachusetts Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":466,"text":"New England Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230925,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":54283,"text":"wdrMDDEDC011 - 2002 - Water resources data, Maryland and Delaware, water year 2001, volume 1. surface-water data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:59","indexId":"wdrMDDEDC011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MD-DE-DC-01-1","title":"Water resources data, Maryland and Delaware, water year 2001, volume 1. surface-water data","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2001 water year for Maryland and Delaware consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs. This volume (Volume 1. Surface-Water Data) contains records for water discharge at 128 gaging stations; stage and contents of 1 reservoir; and water quality at 20 gaging stations. Also included are stage and discharge for 3 creststage partial-record stations and stage only for 10 tidal crest-stage partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Maryland and Delaware.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMDDEDC011","usgsCitation":"James, R., Saffer, R.W., Pentz, R.H., and Tallman, A.J., 2002, Water resources data, Maryland and Delaware, water year 2001, volume 1. surface-water data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MD-DE-DC-01-1, 474 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMDDEDC011.","productDescription":"474 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5397,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdr-md-de-dc-01-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1257","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, Robert W.","contributorId":51365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Robert W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saffer, Richard W.","contributorId":79951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pentz, Robert H.","contributorId":15276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pentz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tallman, Anthony J.","contributorId":56275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tallman","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":47805,"text":"fs13302 - 2002 - The Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T11:47:38","indexId":"fs13302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"133-02","title":"The Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research Program","docAbstract":"<p>Changes in priorities for forest management on federal and state lands in the Pacific Northwest have raised many questions about the best ways to manage young-forest stands, riparian areas, and forest landscapes. The Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research (CFER) Program draws together scientists and managers from the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon Department of Forestry, and Oregon State University to find science-based answers to these questions. Managers, researchers, and decisionmakers, working within the CFER program, are helping develop and disseminate the knowledge needed to carry out ecosystem-based management successfully in the Pacific Northwest.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs13302","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, The Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research Program: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 133-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13302.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4017,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0133/fs13302.pdf","text":"Report","size":"993 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 133-02"},{"id":120207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0133/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ebe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":65154,"text":"i1109 - 2002 - Spatial digital database for the tectonic map of southeast Arizona","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":42628,"text":"ofr79775 - 1979 - Tectonic map of southeast Arizona","indexId":"ofr79775","publicationYear":"1979","noYear":false,"title":"Tectonic map of southeast Arizona"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":65154,"text":"i1109 - 2002 - Spatial digital database for the tectonic map of southeast Arizona","indexId":"i1109","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Spatial digital database for the tectonic map of southeast Arizona"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-07-06T19:37:05.161934","indexId":"i1109","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"1109","title":"Spatial digital database for the tectonic map of southeast Arizona","docAbstract":"A spatial database was created for Drewes' (1980) tectonic map of southeast Arizona: this database supercedes Drewes and others (2001, ver. 1.0). Staff and a contractor at the U.S. Geological Survey in Tucson, Arizona completed an interim digital geologic map database for the east part of the map in 2001, made revisions to the previously released digital data for the west part of the map (Drewes and others, 2001, ver. 1.0), merged data files for the east and west parts, and added additional data not previously captured. Digital base map data files (such as topography, roads, towns, rivers and lakes) are not included: they may be obtained from a variety of commercial and government sources. \r\nThis digital geospatial database is one of many being created by the U.S. Geological Survey as an ongoing effort to provide geologic information in a geographic information system (GIS) for use in spatial analysis. The resulting digital geologic map database can be queried in many ways to produce a variety of geologic maps and derivative products. Because Drewes' (1980) map sheets include additional text and graphics that were not included in this report, scanned images of his maps (i1109_e.jpg, i1109_w.jpg) are included as a courtesy to the reader. This database should not be used or displayed at any scale larger than 1:125,000 (for example, 1:100,000 or 1:24,000). The digital geologic map plot files (i1109_e.pdf and i1109_w.pdf) that are provided herein are representations of the database (see Appendix A).\r\n\r\nThe map area is located in southeastern Arizona (fig. 1). This report describes the map units (from Drewes, 1980), the methods used to convert the geologic map data into a digital format, the ArcInfo GIS file structures and relationships, and explains how to download the digital files from the U.S. Geological Survey public access World Wide Web site on the Internet. The manuscript and digital data review by Helen Kayser (Information Systems Support, Inc.) is greatly appreciated.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/i1109","usgsCitation":"Drewes, H., digital database by Fields, R.A., Hirschberg, D.M., and Bolm, K., 2002, Spatial digital database for the tectonic map of southeast Arizona (Digital database, version 2.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 1109, HTML Document, https://doi.org/10.3133/i1109.","productDescription":"HTML Document","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":189015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":106605,"rank":700,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_8971.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"},"description":"8971"},{"id":6087,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i1109/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"25000","country":"United States","state":"Arizona","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -111.25,\n              31.339\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.052,\n              31.339\n            ],\n            [\n              -109.052,\n              32.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.25,\n              32.25\n            ],\n            [\n              -111.25,\n              31.339\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","edition":"Digital database, version 2.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e478fe4b07f02db48a488","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Drewes, Harald","contributorId":14059,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Drewes","given":"Harald","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272742,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"digital database by Fields, Robert A.","contributorId":49465,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"digital database by Fields","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272743,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Hirschberg, Douglas M. dmhirsch@usgs.gov","contributorId":4000,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hirschberg","given":"Douglas","email":"dmhirsch@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":272740,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Bolm, Karen S.","contributorId":13226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bolm","given":"Karen S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":272741,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":69758,"text":"i2698D - 2002 - Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 2 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-10T00:11:33","indexId":"i2698D","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2698","subseriesTitle":"GIS","chapter":"D","title":"Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 2 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank","docAbstract":"The Great South Channel separates the western part of Georges Bank from Nantucket Shoals and is a major conduit for the exchange of water between the Gulf of Maine to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Water depths range mostly between 65 and 80 m in the region. A minimum depth of 45 m occurs in the east-central part of the mapped area, and a maximum depth of 100 m occurs in the northwest corner. The channel region is characterized by strong tidal and storm currents that flow dominantly north and south. Major topographic features of the seabed were formed by glacial and postglacial processes. Ice containing rock debris moved from north to south, sculpting the region into a broad shallow depression and depositing sediment to form the irregular depressions and low gravelly mounds and ridges that are visible in parts of the mapped area. Many other smaller glacial featuresprobably have been eroded by waves and currents at worksince the time when the region, formerly exposed bylowered sea level or occupied by ice, was invaded by the sea. The low, irregular and somewhat lumpy fabric formed by the glacial deposits is obscured in places by drifting sand and by the linear, sharp fabric formed by modern sand features. Today, sand transported by the strong north-south-flowing tidal and storm currents has formed large, east-west-trending dunes. These bedforms (ranging between 5 and 20 m in height) contrast strongly with, and partly mask, the subdued topography of the older glacial features.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maps Showing Sea Floor Topography, Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography, and Backscatter Intensity of Quadrangles 1 and 2 in the Great South Channel Region, Western Georges Bank","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/i2698D","isbn":"0607998253","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Valentine, P.C., Malczyk, J.T., and Middleton, T.J., 2002, Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 2 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2698, 1 Sheet: 38 x 39 inches; Also available on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2698D.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 38 x 39 inches; Also available on CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191097,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9791,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2698/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -69.05,41.016666666666666 ], [ -69.05,41.13333333333333 ], [ -68.78333333333333,41.13333333333333 ], [ -68.78333333333333,41.016666666666666 ], [ -69.05,41.016666666666666 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697b5d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Malczyk, Jeremy T.","contributorId":10106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malczyk","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Middleton, Tammie J.","contributorId":27532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Tammie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":50693,"text":"ofr02371 - 2002 - Geochemical Sediment Analysis Procedures","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:23","indexId":"ofr02371","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-371","title":"Geochemical Sediment Analysis Procedures","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02371","usgsCitation":"Jablonski, S., Mecray, E., Munson, J., and Blackwood, D., 2002, Geochemical Sediment Analysis Procedures: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-371, text, images, and files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02371.","productDescription":"text, images, and files","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4167,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-371/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":178434,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b24e4b07f02db6ae9b4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jablonski, Sarah","contributorId":39047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jablonski","given":"Sarah","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242090,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mecray, E.L.","contributorId":14840,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mecray","given":"E.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242089,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Munson, J.M.","contributorId":70474,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Munson","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242091,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Blackwood, D.S.","contributorId":98747,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Blackwood","given":"D.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":242092,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":39938,"text":"wri20024156 - 2002 - Hydrology and Water Quality of the Grand Portage Reservation, Northeastern Minnesota, 1991-2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-04-11T11:05:37","indexId":"wri20024156","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4156","title":"Hydrology and Water Quality of the Grand Portage Reservation, Northeastern Minnesota, 1991-2000","docAbstract":"<p>The Grand Portage Reservation is located in northeastern Cook County, Minnesota at the boundary between Minnesota, USA, and Ontario, Canada. Between 1991 and 2000 the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a series of studies, with the cooperation with Grand Portage Band of Chippewa, to describe the water resources of the Grand Portage Reservation.</p>\n<p>Ground water moves primarily through fractures in the bedrock, probably in three ground-water systems: local, regional, and deep. Lake Superior is thought to be the discharge point for brines in the deep ground-water flow system.</p>\n<p>The watersheds in the Grand Portage Reservation are small and steep; consequently streams in the Grand Portage Reservation tend to be flashy. Lake stages rise and fall with rainfall.</p>\n<p>The pH of water in the Reservation is generally alkaline (pH greater than 7.0). The alkalinity of water in the Reservation is low. Concentrations of major ions are much greater in ground water than in spring water and surface water.</p>\n<p>The ionic composition of water in the Reservation differs depending upon the source of the water. Water from 11 of the 20 wells sampled are a calcium-sodium-chloride type. Water from wells GW-2, GW-7, and GW-11 had much greater specific conductance concentrations of major ions compared to the other wells. Some spring water (SP-1, SP-3, SP-4, SP-6, and SP-8) is calcium-bicarbonate type like surface water, whereas other spring water (SP-5 and SP-7) is similar to the calcium-sodium-chloride type occurring in samples from about one-half the wells. The major chemical constituents in surface water are bicarbonate, calcium, and magnesium.</p>\n<p>Measured tritium and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) concentrations in water samples from springs and wells were used to determine the recharge age of the sampled water. The recharge ages of two of the wells sampled for tritium are before 1953. The recharge ages of the remaining 10 samples for tritium are probably after 1970. The recharge ages of seven SF6 samples were between 1973 and 1998.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Mounds View, MN","doi":"10.3133/wri20024156","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the Grand Portage Band of Chippewa","usgsCitation":"Winterstein, T.A., 2002, Hydrology and Water Quality of the Grand Portage Reservation, Northeastern Minnesota, 1991-2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4156, iv, 35 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024156.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","costCenters":[{"id":392,"text":"Minnesota Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":319953,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri20024156.JPG"},{"id":9849,"rank":1,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024156/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United 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,{"id":39821,"text":"wri024165 - 2002 - Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 2000-01 balance years","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:58","indexId":"wri024165","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4165","title":"Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 2000-01 balance years","docAbstract":"Winter snow accumulation and summer snow, firn, and ice melt were measured at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, to determine the winter and net balances for the 2000 and 2001 balance years. In 2000, the winter balance, averaged over the glacier, was 3.32 meters, and the net balance was 0.38 meters. The winter balance was the ninth highest since the record began in 1959. The net balance was greater than 33 of the 41 years since 1959. In 2001, the winter balance was 1.90 meters, and net balance was -1.57 meters. The winter balance was lower than all but 4 years since 1959, and the net balance was more negative than all but 5 other years. Runoff was measured from the glacier basin and an adjacent non-glacierized basin. Air temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation were measured nearby. Ice displacements were measured for the 1998-2001 period.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024165","usgsCitation":"Krimmel, R.M., 2002, Water, ice, and meteorological measurements at South Cascade Glacier, Washington, 2000-01 balance years: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4165, 63 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024165.","productDescription":"63 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3560,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024165","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":164829,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a0de4b07f02db5fd0d8","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Krimmel, Robert M.","contributorId":34902,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krimmel","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222259,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44598,"text":"wri024070 - 2002 - Relation between geomorphic stability and the density of large shrubs on the flood plain of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"wri024070","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4070","title":"Relation between geomorphic stability and the density of large shrubs on the flood plain of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024070","usgsCitation":"Smith, J.D., and Griffin, E.R., 2002, Relation between geomorphic stability and the density of large shrubs on the flood plain of the Clark Fork of the Columbia River in the Deer Lodge Valley, Montana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4070, iv, 25 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024070.","productDescription":"iv, 25 p. : ill. (some col.), map ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99309,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4070/report.pdf","size":"5662","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173440,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4070/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c328","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, James Dungan","contributorId":47008,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"James","email":"","middleInitial":"Dungan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Griffin, Eleanor R. 0000-0001-6724-9853 egriffin@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-9853","contributorId":1775,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Griffin","given":"Eleanor","email":"egriffin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":5044,"text":"National Research Program - Central Branch","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":438,"text":"National Research Program - Western Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44600,"text":"wri024081 - 2002 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer, Cedar Falls, Iowa","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:27","indexId":"wri024081","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4081","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer, Cedar Falls, Iowa","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024081","usgsCitation":"Turco, M.J., 2002, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Silurian-Devonian aquifer, Cedar Falls, Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4081, iv, 33 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024081.","productDescription":"iv, 33 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":99310,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4081/report.pdf","size":"6718","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":173546,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4081/report-thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f8e4b07f02db5f2628","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Turco, Michael J. mjturco@usgs.gov","contributorId":1011,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turco","given":"Michael","email":"mjturco@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230072,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":69760,"text":"i2698B - 2002 - Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 1 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2014-08-29T15:09:16","indexId":"i2698B","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":320,"text":"IMAP","code":"I","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2698","subseriesTitle":"GIS","chapter":"B","title":"Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 1 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank","docAbstract":"The Great South Channel separates the western part of Georges Bank from Nantucket Shoals and is a major conduit for the exchange of water between the Gulf of Maine to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Water depths range mostly between 65 and 80 m in the region. A minimum depth of 45 m occurs in the east-central part of the mapped area, and a maximum depth of 100 m occurs in the northwest corner. The channel region is characterized by strong tidal and storm currents that flow dominantly north and south. Major topographic features of the seabed were formed by glacial and postglacial processes. Ice containing rock debris moved from north to south, sculpting the region into a broad shallow depression and depositing sediment to form the irregular depressions and low gravelly mounds and ridges that are visible in parts of the mapped area. Many other smaller glacial featuresprobably have been eroded by waves and currents at worksince the time when the region, formerly exposed bylowered sea level or occupied by ice, was invaded by the sea. The low, irregular and somewhat lumpy fabric formed by the glacial deposits is obscured in places by drifting sand and by the linear, sharp fabric formed by modern sand features. Today, sand transported by the strong north-south-flowing tidal and storm currents has formed large, east-west-trending dunes. These bedforms (ranging between 5 and 20 m in height) contrast strongly with, and partly mask, the subdued topography of the older glacial features.","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Maps Showing Sea Floor Topography, Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography, and Backscatter Intensity of Quadrangles 1 and 2 in the Great South Channel Region, Western Georges Bank","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/i2698B","isbn":"0607998253","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","usgsCitation":"Valentine, P.C., Middleton, T.J., and Malczyk, J.T., 2002, Sun-Illuminated Sea Floor Topography of Quadrangle 1 in the Great South Channel, Western Georges Bank (Version 1.0): U.S. Geological Survey IMAP 2698, 1 Sheet: 39 x 39 inches; Also available on CD-ROM, https://doi.org/10.3133/i2698B.","productDescription":"1 Sheet: 39 x 39 inches; Also available on CD-ROM","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":191099,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":9789,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2698/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"scale":"25000","projection":"Universal Transverse Mercator","geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -69.05,40.09 ], [ -69.05,41.016667 ], [ -68.783333,41.016667 ], [ -68.783333,40.09 ], [ -69.05,40.09 ] ] ] } } ] }","edition":"Version 1.0","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4affe4b07f02db697bee","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Valentine, Page C. 0000-0002-0485-6266 pvalentine@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0485-6266","contributorId":1947,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Valentine","given":"Page","email":"pvalentine@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[{"id":678,"text":"Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":281215,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Middleton, Tammie J.","contributorId":27532,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Middleton","given":"Tammie","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281217,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Malczyk, Jeremy T.","contributorId":10106,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Malczyk","given":"Jeremy","email":"","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":281216,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":45000,"text":"wri024001 - 2002 - Water-quality data analysis of the upper Gunnison River watershed, Colorado, 1989-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T18:53:53.360572","indexId":"wri024001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4001","title":"Water-quality data analysis of the upper Gunnison River watershed, Colorado, 1989-99","docAbstract":"<p>Water-quality data from October 1969 to December 1999 for both surface water and ground water in the upper Gunnison River watershed were retrieved and compiled from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Storage and Retrieval databases. Analyses focused primarily on a subset of these data from October 1989 to December 1999. The upper Gunnison River watershed is located west of the Continental Divide in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province.</p><p>Surface-water-quality data were compiled for 482 sites in the upper Gunnison River watershed. Most values of surface-water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were within Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) in-stream standards. Calcium bicarbonate type water was the most spatially dominant water type in the basin.</p><p>Nutrients were most commonly sampled along the Slate River and East River near Crested Butte and along the Gunnison River from the confluence of the East and Taylor Rivers to the western edge of the watershed. Median ammonia concentrations were low, with many concentrations less than laboratory reporting levels. All nitrate concentrations met the CDPHE in-stream standard of 10 milligrams per liter. More than 30 percent of stream sites with total phosphorus data (23 of 61 sites) had concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommendation for controlling eutrophication.</p><p>Ammonia concentrations at a site on the Slate River near Crested Butte had a statistically significant upward trend for the 1995–99 period. The Slate River near Crested Butte site is located immediately downstream from the towns of Crested Butte and Mount Crested Butte and may reflect recent population growth or other land-use changes. However, the rate of change of the trend is small (0.017 milligram per liter per year).<br></p><p>Although a multiple comparison test showed nitrate concentrations were statistically different between agriculture and forest sites and between agriculture and urban land-use classified sites, median concentrations were low among all land-use settings. Median concentrations of total phosphorus were greatest in rangeland areas and least in urban areas. No significant differences were identified for median concentrations of total phosphorus in agriculture and forest land-use areas.<br></p><p>Median concentrations of arsenic, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver were low or below reporting levels throughout the watershed. Aluminum, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, and zinc concentrations were elevated near the town of Crested Butte and on Henson Creek upstream from Lake City, which may be explained by upstream areas of historical mining. Samples for six trace elements exceeded standards: cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, silver, and zinc. A downward trend (3 micrograms per liter per year) was identified for the dissolved iron concentration at a site on the Gunnison River at County Road 32 downstream from the city of Gunnison. Streambed-sediment samples from areas affected by historical mining also had elevated concentrations of some trace elements.<br></p><p>Chlorophyll-<i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations in samples from Blue Mesa Reservoir and streams in the Crested Butte and Gunnison areas were typical of unenriched to moderately enriched conditions. Median concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand concentrations for sites between Crested Butte and Blue Mesa Reservoir were less than 2 milligrams per liter. Occasional high (greater than 200 counts per 100 milliliters) concentrations for fecal coliform were determined at selected sites within the study area. However, median concentrations were less than 100 counts per 100 milliliters except for the Squaw Creek and Cimarron River areas in the western part of the watershed.<br></p><p>Ground-water-quality data have been collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 99 wells. Many wells were completed in aquifers composed of Holocene-age valley fill and alluvium. Most field properties were within the USEPA Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (SDWR) range for treated drinking water, except for 2 (of 40) pH samples. Calcium bicarbonate was the predominant water type in nearly all aquifers except for the aquifers composed of volcanic rock, which had more sodium and sulfate mixed water types. Wells with sulfate concentrations exceeding the SDWR of 250 milligrams per liter were completed in aquifers composed of volcanic rock near Lake City. Dissolution and oxidation of sulfide minerals in these aquifers may explain the elevated sulfate concentrations in ground water at these locations.</p><p>Nutrient concentrations in ground water were generally low, and median concentrations for ammonia, nitrite, and dissolved phosphorus were below reporting levels. All nitrate concentrations in the samples were below the USEPA drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L. No statistical difference was found in nitrate concentrations among the four land-use classifications (agriculture, forest, rangeland, and urban).<br></p><p>Trace elements in ground water were generally below the USEPA SDWR. Three iron samples exceeded the USEPA SDWR of 300 micrograms per liter at two wells located near the city of Gunnison and at a well south of the town of Powderhorn near the Cebolla River. Nine of 39 manganese samples exceeded the USEPA SDWR of 50 micrograms per liter and were collected from aquifers composed of Holocene-age valley fill and alluvium near Gunnison and Crested Butte and in one well near the Cebolla River. Radon gas is a natural radioactive decay product of uranium. All 39 radon samples collected from ground water in the watershed exceeded the proposed USEPA drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 300 picocuries per liter and ranged from 426 to 3,830 picocuries per liter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024001","usgsCitation":"Gurdak, J., Greve, A.I., and Spahr, N.E., 2002, Water-quality data analysis of the upper Gunnison River watershed, Colorado, 1989-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4001, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024001.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407464,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51446.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3869,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"upper Gunnison River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.6667,\n              37.8472\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.25,\n              37.8472\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.25,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.6667,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.6667,\n              37.8472\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gurdak, Jason J.","contributorId":65125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurdak","given":"Jason J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greve, Adrienne I.","contributorId":40959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greve","given":"Adrienne","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":45026,"text":"wri014190 - 2002 - Evaluation of possible alternatives to lower the high water table of St. Charles Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"wri014190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4190","title":"Evaluation of possible alternatives to lower the high water table of St. Charles Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado","docAbstract":"St. Charles Mesa, an upland terrace southeast of Pueblo, Colorado, has become increasingly urbanized as cultivated fields have been subdivided and converted to residential areas. In some areas, the water table in the terrace alluvial aquifer underlying St. Charles Mesa is very shallow. Bessemer Ditch, which delivers irrigation water to farms on the mesa and other areas of the lower Arkansas River Valley, traverses St. Charles Mesa along its southern side and is the principal source of recharge to the terrace alluvial aquifer. The ground-water flow system was assumed to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium (steady-state condition) for this study. A steady-state ground-water flow model of the terrace alluvial aquifer was constructed and calibrated. The model was run in transient state to evaluate possible alternatives of lowering the water table. The possible alternatives evaluated were (1) reducing areal recharge by reducing recharge to irrigated areas by 25 percent, (2) lining Bessemer Ditch from (a) Aspen Street to 21st Lane; (b) Aspen Street to 23rd Lane; (c) Aspen Street to 25th Lane; and (d) Aspen Street to Nicholson Road, (3) installing two drains at a depth of 10 feet below land surface upgradient from the high water table areas, and (4) installing 22 dewatering wells within the high water table areas, each pumping at 80 gallons per minute. All alternatives evaluated were at least partly effective in lowering the water table. As the simulated extent of Bessemer Ditch lining was increased, the extent and magnitude of simulated water-table declines also increased. The maximum simulated declines in the water table were 3 feet when simulated areal recharge to irrigated areas was reduced by 25 percent, 29 feet when lining of Bessemer Ditch was simulated from Aspen Street to Nicholson Road, 6.8 feet when two drains were simulated at 10-foot depth, and 14.4 feet when 22 dewatering wells, each pumping at 80 gallons per minute, were simulated. Lining Bessemer Ditch from Aspen Street to 25th Lane and from Aspen Street to Nicholson Road both resulted in water-table declines of at least 5 feet throughout most of the area. Except for reducing recharge to irrigated areas and installation of the two drains, all the alternatives evaluated probably would lower the water table enough to diminish the ground-water supply available for at least some existing wells.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014190","usgsCitation":"Brendle, D.L., 2002, Evaluation of possible alternatives to lower the high water table of St. Charles Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4190, iv, 35 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014190.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3891,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014190","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brendle, Daniel L.","contributorId":76283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44945,"text":"wri024124 - 2002 - Water quality, selected chemical characteristics, and toxicity of base flow and urban stormwater in the Pearson Creek and Wilsons Creek Basins, Greene County, Missouri, August 1999 to August 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-12-05T11:40:23","indexId":"wri024124","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4124","title":"Water quality, selected chemical characteristics, and toxicity of base flow and urban stormwater in the Pearson Creek and Wilsons Creek Basins, Greene County, Missouri, August 1999 to August 2000","docAbstract":"The chemistry and toxicity of base flow and urban stormwater were characterized to determine if urban stormwater was degrading the water quality\r\nof the Pearson Creek and Wilsons Creek Basins in and near the city of Springfield, Greene County, Missouri. Potentially toxic components of stormwater\r\n(nutrients, trace metals, and organic compounds)\r\nwere identified to help resource managers identify and minimize the sources of toxicants. Nutrient loading to the James River from these two basins (especially the Wilsons Creek Basin) is of some concern because of the potential to degrade downstream water quality. Toxicity related to dissolved trace metal constituents in stormwater does not appear to be a great concern in these two basins. Increased heterotrophic activity,\r\nthe result of large densities of fecal indicator bacteria introduced into the streams after storm events, could lead to associated dissolved oxygen stress of native biota. Analysis of stormwater samples\r\ndetected a greater number of polycyclic aromatic\r\nhydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) than were present in base-flow samples. The number and concentrations of pesticides detected in both the base-flow and stormwater samples were similar.Genotoxicity tests were performed to determine\r\nthe bioavilability of chemical contaminants and determine the potential harmful effects on aquatic biota of Pearson Creek and Wilsons Creek. Genotoxicity was determined from dialysates from both long-term (approximately 30 days) and storm-event (3 to 5 days) semipermeable membrane\r\ndevice (SPMD) samples that were collected in each basin. Toxicity tests of SPMD samples indicated evidence of genotoxins in all SPMD samples. Hepatic activity assessment of one long-term SPMD sample indicated evidence of contaminant\r\nuptake in fish. Chemical analyses of the SPMD samples found that relatively few pesticides\r\nand pesticide metabolites had been sequestered\r\nin the lipid material of the SPMD; however, numerous PAHs and VOCs were detected in both the long-term and the storm-event exposures. It is suspected, based on the compounds detected in the SPMDs and the water samples, that the observed genotoxicity is largely the result of PAHs and VOCs that were probably derived from petroleum inputs or combustion sources. Therefore the water quality and thus the aquatic environments in the Pearson Creek and Wilsons Creek Basins are being degraded by urban derived contaminants.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wri024124","usgsCitation":"Richards, J.M., and Johnson, B.T., 2002, Water quality, selected chemical characteristics, and toxicity of base flow and urban stormwater in the Pearson Creek and Wilsons Creek Basins, Greene County, Missouri, August 1999 to August 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4124, v, 80 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024124.","productDescription":"v, 80 p.","costCenters":[{"id":192,"text":"Columbia Environmental Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162706,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3820,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://mo.water.usgs.gov/Reports/WRIR02-4124-Richards/index.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Missouri","city":"Springfield","otherGeospatial":"Pearson Creek Basin, Wilson Creek Basin","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -93.55957031249999,\n              36.98171209590483\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.55957031249999,\n              37.318297928999876\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.99995422363281,\n              37.318297928999876\n            ],\n            [\n              -92.99995422363281,\n              36.98171209590483\n            ],\n            [\n              -93.55957031249999,\n              36.98171209590483\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a07e4b07f02db5f984d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Richards, Joseph M. 0000-0002-9822-2706 richards@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9822-2706","contributorId":2370,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richards","given":"Joseph","email":"richards@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[{"id":36532,"text":"Central Midwest Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230745,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Johnson, B. Thomas","contributorId":43402,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"B.","email":"","middleInitial":"Thomas","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230746,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":45006,"text":"wri024018 - 2002 - Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-08T20:29:57.388541","indexId":"wri024018","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4018","title":"Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Hydrologic and water-quality data have been collected within the 177-square-mile Reedy Creek, Florida, watershed, beginning as early as 1939, but the data have not been used to evaluate relations among land use, hydrology, and water quality. A model of the Reedy Creek watershed was developed and applied to the period January 1990 to December 1995 to provide a computational foundation for evaluating the effects of future land-use changes on hydrology and water quality in the watershed.</span></p><p>The Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) model was used to simulate hydrology and water quality of runoff for pervious land areas, impervious land areas, and stream reaches. Six land-use types were used to characterize the hydrology and water quality of pervious and impervious land areas in the Reedy Creek watershed: agriculture, rangeland, forest, wetlands, rapid infiltration basins, and urban areas. Hydrologic routing and water-quality reactions were simulated to characterize hydrologic and water-quality processes and the movement of runoff and its constituents through the main stream channels and their tributaries.</p><p>Because of the complexity of the stream system within the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) (hydraulic structures, retention ponds) and the anticipated difficulty of modeling the system, an approach of calibrating the model parameters for a subset of the gaged watersheds and confirming the usefulness of the parameters by simulating the remainder of the gaged sites was selected for this study. Two sub-watersheds (Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek) were selected for calibration because both have similar land use to watersheds within the RCID (with the exception of urban areas). Given the lack of available rainfall data, the hydrologic calibration of the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sub-watersheds was considered acceptable (for monthly data, correlation coefficients, 0.86 and 0.88, and coefficients of model-fit efficiency, 0.72 and 0.74, respectively). The hydrologic model was tested by applying the parameter sets developed for Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek to other land areas within the Reedy Creek watershed, and by comparing the simulated results to observed data sets for Reedy Creek near Vineland, Bonnet Creek near Vineland, and Reedy Creek near Loughman. The hydrologic model confirmation for Reedy Creek near Vineland (correlation coefficient, 0.91, and coefficient of model fit efficiency, 0.78, for monthly flows) was acceptable. Flows for Bonnet Creek near Vineland were substantially under simulated. Consideration of the ground-water contribution to Bonnet Creek could improve the water balance simulation for Bonnet Creek near Vineland. On longer time scales (monthly or over the 72-month simulation period), simulated discharges for Reedy Creek near Loughman agreed well with observed data (correlation coefficient, 0.88). For monthly flows the coefficient of model-fit efficiency was 0.77. On a shorter time scale (less than a month), however, storm volumes were greatly over simulated and low flows (less than 8 cubic feet per second) were greatly under simulated. A primary reason for the poor results at low flows is the diversion of an unknown amount of water from the RCID at the Bonnet Creek near Kissimmee site.</p><p>Selection of water-quality constituents for simulation was based primarily on the availability of water-quality data. Dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus species were simulated. Representation of nutrient cycling in HSPF also required simulation of biochemical oxygen demand and phytoplankton populations. The correlation coefficient for simulated and observed daily mean dissolved oxygen concentration values at Reedy Creek near Vineland was 0.633. Simulated time series of total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen generally agreed well with periodically observed values for the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sites. Simulated water-quality constituents at the Bonnet Creek and Reedy Creek near Vineland sites varied as to how well the values agreed with periodically observed constituent concentrations. Simulated water-quality constituent concentrations for the Reedy Creek near Loughman site generally agreed well with observed constituent concentrations.</p><p>Simulation of a future land-use scenario for the Reedy Creek watershed was based on the hydrologic and water-quality simulations, projected 2008 land use within the RCID, and assuming no change in existing land use for other areas within the Reedy Creek watershed but external to the RCID. The percentages of forest and urban-impervious land use showed the most change between existing and future land use; forest areas decreased by 50 percent and urban-impervious areas increased by 300 percent. Simulated values of mean total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen concentrations for existing and future land-use simulations were within 0.01 milligrams per liter of each other. The simulated maximum daily load increased an average of 10 percent for all constituents. Maximum daily nitrate nitrogen load increased about 17 percent, the greatest increase of all daily constituent loads. Duration curves of daily total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen load indicated an increase in the likelihood of exceeding a given load throughout the range of daily constituent loads at Reedy Creek near Loughman.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024018","usgsCitation":"Wicklein, S., and Schiffer, D.M., 2002, Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4018, vi, 221 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024018.","productDescription":"vi, 221 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3874,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024018","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52030.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Reedy Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.73,\n              28.245\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5,\n              28.245\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5,\n              28.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73,\n              28.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73,\n              28.245\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wicklein, Shaun 0000-0003-4551-1237 smwickle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-1237","contributorId":3389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicklein","given":"Shaun","email":"smwickle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffer, Donna M. schiffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"Donna","email":"schiffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":45002,"text":"wri20024005 - 2002 - Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before, During, and After H-3 Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, South Fork Kapunahala, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20024005","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4005","title":"Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before, During, and After H-3 Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, South Fork Kapunahala, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-99","docAbstract":"A long-term study (1983?99) was conducted to determine the effects of the H-3 Highway construction on streamflow and suspended-sediment transport on Oahu, Hawaii. Data were collected at five streamflow-gaging stations before, during, and after construction and at two stream-gaging stations during and after construction. Drainage areas at the seven streamflow-gaging stations ranged from 0.40 to 4.01 mi2 and highway construction affected from 4 to 15 percent of these areas. Analysis of covariance and regression techniques were used to assess changes in streamflow and suspended-sediment loads during and after construction, relative to before-construction conditions.\r\n\r\nStreamflow at the seven streamflow-gaging stations was compared to streamflow at an index station unaffected by highway construction. Streamflow data were divided into low- and high-flow classes, and the two flow classes were analyzed separately. Additionally, instantaneous peak flows were analyzed at three streamflow-gaging stations. During construction, observed low flows significantly increased by 108 percent at Luluku Stream, a tributary to Kamooalii Stream, and decreased by 31 percent at Kamooalii Stream. After construction, low flows increased by 47 percent at North Halawa Stream near Honolulu compared to low flows during construction. Low flows at Luluku Stream increased by 99 percent after construction compared to before construction. Increased low flows were attributed to removal of vegetation for construction and the increase of impervious areas that reduced infiltration. Decreased low flows were attributed to increased ground-water withdrawals and construction activities.\r\n\r\nHigh flows observed during highway construction compared to before construction increased significantly only at Haiku Stream (by 25 percent). Observed high flows after construction compared to during construction increased significantly only at Kamooalii Stream (by 34 percent). Observed high flows after construction compared to before construction increased by 58 percent only at Luluku Stream. All increases in observed high flows are attributed to increased runoff from land-use changes caused by the highway construction. Instantaneous peak flows increased significantly at Luluku Stream. Luluku Stream had significant increases in low and high flows both during and after construction.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment loads changed significantly at six out of seven sediment-gaging stations during highway construction. Construction activities increased observed suspended-sediment yields by 222, 426, 60, and 148 percent at North Halawa Stream near Kaneohe, North Halawa Stream near Honolulu, Right Branch Kamooalii Stream, and Haiku Stream, respectively. At Luluku Stream, observed suspended-sediment yields were lower during construction than before construction by 62 percent. After construction, suspended-sediment loads also changed significantly at six out of seven stream-gaging stations. Observed after-construction yields increased at North Halawa Stream near Kaneohe, North Halawa Stream near Honolulu, and Right Branch Kamooalii Stream by 49, 205, and 36 percent, respectively, and decreased at Kamooalii Stream and South Fork Kapunahala Stream by 62 and 71 percent. The observed increases in yields are smaller after construction than during construction indicating that suspended-sediment loads are likely returning to before-construction levels.\r\n\r\nThe effects of H-3 Highway construction on suspended-sediment loads were generally similar to studies of the effects of highway construction in other areas of the United States where 50 to 85 percent of the sediment loads were attributed to construction activities. The percentages of the observed yields attributable to H-3 Highway construction are similar to the above percentages, ranging from 37 to 81 percent. Decreases in suspended-sediment loads due to highway construction are unique and have not been widely reported in the literature. Where decrease in s","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20024005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wong, M.F., and Yeatts, D.S., 2002, Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before, During, and After H-3 Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, South Fork Kapunahala, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4005, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024005.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2002_4005.jpg"},{"id":13774,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4005/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.73333333333332,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.73333333333332,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, Michael F.","contributorId":43815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeatts, Daniel S.","contributorId":22015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeatts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
]}