{"pageNumber":"3043","pageRowStart":"76050","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184769,"records":[{"id":45006,"text":"wri024018 - 2002 - Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-02-08T20:29:57.388541","indexId":"wri024018","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4018","title":"Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida","docAbstract":"<p><span>Hydrologic and water-quality data have been collected within the 177-square-mile Reedy Creek, Florida, watershed, beginning as early as 1939, but the data have not been used to evaluate relations among land use, hydrology, and water quality. A model of the Reedy Creek watershed was developed and applied to the period January 1990 to December 1995 to provide a computational foundation for evaluating the effects of future land-use changes on hydrology and water quality in the watershed.</span></p><p>The Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) model was used to simulate hydrology and water quality of runoff for pervious land areas, impervious land areas, and stream reaches. Six land-use types were used to characterize the hydrology and water quality of pervious and impervious land areas in the Reedy Creek watershed: agriculture, rangeland, forest, wetlands, rapid infiltration basins, and urban areas. Hydrologic routing and water-quality reactions were simulated to characterize hydrologic and water-quality processes and the movement of runoff and its constituents through the main stream channels and their tributaries.</p><p>Because of the complexity of the stream system within the Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) (hydraulic structures, retention ponds) and the anticipated difficulty of modeling the system, an approach of calibrating the model parameters for a subset of the gaged watersheds and confirming the usefulness of the parameters by simulating the remainder of the gaged sites was selected for this study. Two sub-watersheds (Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek) were selected for calibration because both have similar land use to watersheds within the RCID (with the exception of urban areas). Given the lack of available rainfall data, the hydrologic calibration of the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sub-watersheds was considered acceptable (for monthly data, correlation coefficients, 0.86 and 0.88, and coefficients of model-fit efficiency, 0.72 and 0.74, respectively). The hydrologic model was tested by applying the parameter sets developed for Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek to other land areas within the Reedy Creek watershed, and by comparing the simulated results to observed data sets for Reedy Creek near Vineland, Bonnet Creek near Vineland, and Reedy Creek near Loughman. The hydrologic model confirmation for Reedy Creek near Vineland (correlation coefficient, 0.91, and coefficient of model fit efficiency, 0.78, for monthly flows) was acceptable. Flows for Bonnet Creek near Vineland were substantially under simulated. Consideration of the ground-water contribution to Bonnet Creek could improve the water balance simulation for Bonnet Creek near Vineland. On longer time scales (monthly or over the 72-month simulation period), simulated discharges for Reedy Creek near Loughman agreed well with observed data (correlation coefficient, 0.88). For monthly flows the coefficient of model-fit efficiency was 0.77. On a shorter time scale (less than a month), however, storm volumes were greatly over simulated and low flows (less than 8 cubic feet per second) were greatly under simulated. A primary reason for the poor results at low flows is the diversion of an unknown amount of water from the RCID at the Bonnet Creek near Kissimmee site.</p><p>Selection of water-quality constituents for simulation was based primarily on the availability of water-quality data. Dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus species were simulated. Representation of nutrient cycling in HSPF also required simulation of biochemical oxygen demand and phytoplankton populations. The correlation coefficient for simulated and observed daily mean dissolved oxygen concentration values at Reedy Creek near Vineland was 0.633. Simulated time series of total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen generally agreed well with periodically observed values for the Whittenhorse Creek and Davenport Creek sites. Simulated water-quality constituents at the Bonnet Creek and Reedy Creek near Vineland sites varied as to how well the values agreed with periodically observed constituent concentrations. Simulated water-quality constituent concentrations for the Reedy Creek near Loughman site generally agreed well with observed constituent concentrations.</p><p>Simulation of a future land-use scenario for the Reedy Creek watershed was based on the hydrologic and water-quality simulations, projected 2008 land use within the RCID, and assuming no change in existing land use for other areas within the Reedy Creek watershed but external to the RCID. The percentages of forest and urban-impervious land use showed the most change between existing and future land use; forest areas decreased by 50 percent and urban-impervious areas increased by 300 percent. Simulated values of mean total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen concentrations for existing and future land-use simulations were within 0.01 milligrams per liter of each other. The simulated maximum daily load increased an average of 10 percent for all constituents. Maximum daily nitrate nitrogen load increased about 17 percent, the greatest increase of all daily constituent loads. Duration curves of daily total phosphorus, phosphate, ammonia nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen load indicated an increase in the likelihood of exceeding a given load throughout the range of daily constituent loads at Reedy Creek near Loughman.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024018","usgsCitation":"Wicklein, S., and Schiffer, D.M., 2002, Simulation of runoff and water quality for 1990 and 2008 land-use conditions in the Reedy Creek watershed, east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4018, vi, 221 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024018.","productDescription":"vi, 221 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":168080,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3874,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024018","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":395649,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52030.htm"}],"country":"United States","state":"Florida","otherGeospatial":"Reedy Creek watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -81.73,\n              28.245\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5,\n              28.245\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.5,\n              28.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73,\n              28.5167\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.73,\n              28.245\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f7e4b07f02db5f2230","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wicklein, Shaun 0000-0003-4551-1237 smwickle@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4551-1237","contributorId":3389,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wicklein","given":"Shaun","email":"smwickle@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":37280,"text":"Virginia and West Virginia Water Science Center ","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230901,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schiffer, Donna M. schiffer@usgs.gov","contributorId":2138,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schiffer","given":"Donna","email":"schiffer@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230900,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":45003,"text":"wri024009 - 2002 - Simulation of ground-water flow in the Intermediate and Floridan aquifer systems in Peninsular Florida","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:55","indexId":"wri024009","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4009","title":"Simulation of ground-water flow in the Intermediate and Floridan aquifer systems in Peninsular Florida","docAbstract":"A numerical model of the intermediate and Floridan aquifer systems in peninsular Florida was used to (1) test and refine the conceptual understanding of the regional ground-water flow system; (2) develop a data base to support subregional ground-water flow modeling; and (3) evaluate effects of projected 2020 ground-water withdrawals on ground-water levels. The four-layer model was based on the computer code MODFLOW-96, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The top layer consists of specified-head cells simulating the surficial aquifer system as a source-sink layer. The second layer simulates the intermediate aquifer system in southwest Florida and the intermediate confining unit where it is present. The third and fourth layers simulate the Upper and Lower Floridan aquifers, respectively. Steady-state ground-water flow conditions were approximated for time-averaged hydrologic conditions from August 1993 through July 1994 (1993-94). This period was selected based on data from Upper Floridan a quifer wells equipped with continuous water-level recorders. The grid used for the ground-water flow model was uniform and composed of square 5,000-foot cells, with 210 columns and 300 rows.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024009","usgsCitation":"Sepulveda, N., 2002, Simulation of ground-water flow in the Intermediate and Floridan aquifer systems in Peninsular Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4009, viii, 130 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024009.","productDescription":"viii, 130 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":167992,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3872,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024009 ","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e2e4b07f02db5e4b9d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sepulveda, Nicasio 0000-0002-6333-1865 nsepul@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6333-1865","contributorId":1454,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sepulveda","given":"Nicasio","email":"nsepul@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":5051,"text":"FLWSC-Orlando","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230893,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":55164,"text":"wdrNE011 - 2002 - Water resources data, Nebraska, water year 2001","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2019-10-02T12:51:30","indexId":"wdrNE011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"NE-01-1","title":"Water resources data, Nebraska, water year 2001","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/wdrNE011","usgsCitation":"Hitch, D., Hull, S., Steele, G.V., and Turner, M., 2002, Water resources data, Nebraska, water year 2001: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report NE-01-1, 440 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrNE011.","productDescription":"440 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V.","contributorId":62543,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Steele","given":"G.","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252838,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Turner, M.J.","contributorId":91562,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Turner","given":"M.J.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":252840,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":58009,"text":"ofr02175 - 2002 - Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":31350,"text":"ofr01376 - 2001 - Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment conditions in part of the Republican River basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado","indexId":"ofr01376","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment conditions in part of the Republican River basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":58009,"text":"ofr02175 - 2002 - Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002","indexId":"ofr02175","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:12:31","indexId":"ofr02175","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-175","title":"Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02175","usgsCitation":"Landon, M.K., 2002, Preliminary description of a model of ground-water flow and ground-water/surface-water interaction for predevelopment , 1941-50, and 1950-97 development conditions in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado as of April 26, 2002 (Supersedes OFR 01-376): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-175, 32 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02175.","productDescription":"32 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":182254,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Supersedes OFR 01-376","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c63b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":258138,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":45002,"text":"wri20024005 - 2002 - Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before, During, and After H-3 Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, South Fork Kapunahala, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-08T17:16:16","indexId":"wri20024005","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4005","title":"Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before, During, and After H-3 Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, South Fork Kapunahala, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-99","docAbstract":"A long-term study (1983?99) was conducted to determine the effects of the H-3 Highway construction on streamflow and suspended-sediment transport on Oahu, Hawaii. Data were collected at five streamflow-gaging stations before, during, and after construction and at two stream-gaging stations during and after construction. Drainage areas at the seven streamflow-gaging stations ranged from 0.40 to 4.01 mi2 and highway construction affected from 4 to 15 percent of these areas. Analysis of covariance and regression techniques were used to assess changes in streamflow and suspended-sediment loads during and after construction, relative to before-construction conditions.\r\n\r\nStreamflow at the seven streamflow-gaging stations was compared to streamflow at an index station unaffected by highway construction. Streamflow data were divided into low- and high-flow classes, and the two flow classes were analyzed separately. Additionally, instantaneous peak flows were analyzed at three streamflow-gaging stations. During construction, observed low flows significantly increased by 108 percent at Luluku Stream, a tributary to Kamooalii Stream, and decreased by 31 percent at Kamooalii Stream. After construction, low flows increased by 47 percent at North Halawa Stream near Honolulu compared to low flows during construction. Low flows at Luluku Stream increased by 99 percent after construction compared to before construction. Increased low flows were attributed to removal of vegetation for construction and the increase of impervious areas that reduced infiltration. Decreased low flows were attributed to increased ground-water withdrawals and construction activities.\r\n\r\nHigh flows observed during highway construction compared to before construction increased significantly only at Haiku Stream (by 25 percent). Observed high flows after construction compared to during construction increased significantly only at Kamooalii Stream (by 34 percent). Observed high flows after construction compared to before construction increased by 58 percent only at Luluku Stream. All increases in observed high flows are attributed to increased runoff from land-use changes caused by the highway construction. Instantaneous peak flows increased significantly at Luluku Stream. Luluku Stream had significant increases in low and high flows both during and after construction.\r\n\r\nSuspended-sediment loads changed significantly at six out of seven sediment-gaging stations during highway construction. Construction activities increased observed suspended-sediment yields by 222, 426, 60, and 148 percent at North Halawa Stream near Kaneohe, North Halawa Stream near Honolulu, Right Branch Kamooalii Stream, and Haiku Stream, respectively. At Luluku Stream, observed suspended-sediment yields were lower during construction than before construction by 62 percent. After construction, suspended-sediment loads also changed significantly at six out of seven stream-gaging stations. Observed after-construction yields increased at North Halawa Stream near Kaneohe, North Halawa Stream near Honolulu, and Right Branch Kamooalii Stream by 49, 205, and 36 percent, respectively, and decreased at Kamooalii Stream and South Fork Kapunahala Stream by 62 and 71 percent. The observed increases in yields are smaller after construction than during construction indicating that suspended-sediment loads are likely returning to before-construction levels.\r\n\r\nThe effects of H-3 Highway construction on suspended-sediment loads were generally similar to studies of the effects of highway construction in other areas of the United States where 50 to 85 percent of the sediment loads were attributed to construction activities. The percentages of the observed yields attributable to H-3 Highway construction are similar to the above percentages, ranging from 37 to 81 percent. Decreases in suspended-sediment loads due to highway construction are unique and have not been widely reported in the literature. Where decrease in s","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"Geological Survey (U.S.)","doi":"10.3133/wri20024005","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the State of Hawaii Department of Transportation and the Federal Highway Administration","usgsCitation":"Wong, M.F., and Yeatts, D.S., 2002, Streamflow and Suspended-Sediment Loads Before, During, and After H-3 Highway Construction, North Halawa, Haiku, South Fork Kapunahala, and Kamooalii Drainage Basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4005, v, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20024005.","productDescription":"v, 49 p.","onlineOnly":"N","additionalOnlineFiles":"N","temporalStart":"1983-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":525,"text":"Pacific Islands Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":122050,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/wri_2002_4005.jpg"},{"id":13774,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri02-4005/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"geographicExtents":"{ \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\", \"features\": [ { \"type\": \"Feature\", \"properties\": {}, \"geometry\": { \"type\": \"Polygon\", \"coordinates\": [ [ [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.73333333333332,21.466666666666665 ], [ -157.73333333333332,21.333333333333332 ], [ -157.96666666666667,21.333333333333332 ] ] ] } } ] }","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b15e4b07f02db6a4f3f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Wong, Michael F.","contributorId":43815,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wong","given":"Michael","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230892,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Yeatts, Daniel S.","contributorId":22015,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Yeatts","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230891,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":45000,"text":"wri024001 - 2002 - Water-quality data analysis of the upper Gunnison River watershed, Colorado, 1989-99","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-27T18:53:53.360572","indexId":"wri024001","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4001","title":"Water-quality data analysis of the upper Gunnison River watershed, Colorado, 1989-99","docAbstract":"<p>Water-quality data from October 1969 to December 1999 for both surface water and ground water in the upper Gunnison River watershed were retrieved and compiled from the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Information System and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Storage and Retrieval databases. Analyses focused primarily on a subset of these data from October 1989 to December 1999. The upper Gunnison River watershed is located west of the Continental Divide in the Southern Rocky Mountains physiographic province.</p><p>Surface-water-quality data were compiled for 482 sites in the upper Gunnison River watershed. Most values of surface-water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH were within Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE) in-stream standards. Calcium bicarbonate type water was the most spatially dominant water type in the basin.</p><p>Nutrients were most commonly sampled along the Slate River and East River near Crested Butte and along the Gunnison River from the confluence of the East and Taylor Rivers to the western edge of the watershed. Median ammonia concentrations were low, with many concentrations less than laboratory reporting levels. All nitrate concentrations met the CDPHE in-stream standard of 10 milligrams per liter. More than 30 percent of stream sites with total phosphorus data (23 of 61 sites) had concentrations greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommendation for controlling eutrophication.</p><p>Ammonia concentrations at a site on the Slate River near Crested Butte had a statistically significant upward trend for the 1995–99 period. The Slate River near Crested Butte site is located immediately downstream from the towns of Crested Butte and Mount Crested Butte and may reflect recent population growth or other land-use changes. However, the rate of change of the trend is small (0.017 milligram per liter per year).<br></p><p>Although a multiple comparison test showed nitrate concentrations were statistically different between agriculture and forest sites and between agriculture and urban land-use classified sites, median concentrations were low among all land-use settings. Median concentrations of total phosphorus were greatest in rangeland areas and least in urban areas. No significant differences were identified for median concentrations of total phosphorus in agriculture and forest land-use areas.<br></p><p>Median concentrations of arsenic, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver were low or below reporting levels throughout the watershed. Aluminum, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, and zinc concentrations were elevated near the town of Crested Butte and on Henson Creek upstream from Lake City, which may be explained by upstream areas of historical mining. Samples for six trace elements exceeded standards: cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, silver, and zinc. A downward trend (3 micrograms per liter per year) was identified for the dissolved iron concentration at a site on the Gunnison River at County Road 32 downstream from the city of Gunnison. Streambed-sediment samples from areas affected by historical mining also had elevated concentrations of some trace elements.<br></p><p>Chlorophyll-<i>a</i><span>&nbsp;</span>concentrations in samples from Blue Mesa Reservoir and streams in the Crested Butte and Gunnison areas were typical of unenriched to moderately enriched conditions. Median concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen demand concentrations for sites between Crested Butte and Blue Mesa Reservoir were less than 2 milligrams per liter. Occasional high (greater than 200 counts per 100 milliliters) concentrations for fecal coliform were determined at selected sites within the study area. However, median concentrations were less than 100 counts per 100 milliliters except for the Squaw Creek and Cimarron River areas in the western part of the watershed.<br></p><p>Ground-water-quality data have been collected by the U.S. Geological Survey from 99 wells. Many wells were completed in aquifers composed of Holocene-age valley fill and alluvium. Most field properties were within the USEPA Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (SDWR) range for treated drinking water, except for 2 (of 40) pH samples. Calcium bicarbonate was the predominant water type in nearly all aquifers except for the aquifers composed of volcanic rock, which had more sodium and sulfate mixed water types. Wells with sulfate concentrations exceeding the SDWR of 250 milligrams per liter were completed in aquifers composed of volcanic rock near Lake City. Dissolution and oxidation of sulfide minerals in these aquifers may explain the elevated sulfate concentrations in ground water at these locations.</p><p>Nutrient concentrations in ground water were generally low, and median concentrations for ammonia, nitrite, and dissolved phosphorus were below reporting levels. All nitrate concentrations in the samples were below the USEPA drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 10 mg/L. No statistical difference was found in nitrate concentrations among the four land-use classifications (agriculture, forest, rangeland, and urban).<br></p><p>Trace elements in ground water were generally below the USEPA SDWR. Three iron samples exceeded the USEPA SDWR of 300 micrograms per liter at two wells located near the city of Gunnison and at a well south of the town of Powderhorn near the Cebolla River. Nine of 39 manganese samples exceeded the USEPA SDWR of 50 micrograms per liter and were collected from aquifers composed of Holocene-age valley fill and alluvium near Gunnison and Crested Butte and in one well near the Cebolla River. Radon gas is a natural radioactive decay product of uranium. All 39 radon samples collected from ground water in the watershed exceeded the proposed USEPA drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 300 picocuries per liter and ranged from 426 to 3,830 picocuries per liter.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri024001","usgsCitation":"Gurdak, J., Greve, A.I., and Spahr, N.E., 2002, Water-quality data analysis of the upper Gunnison River watershed, Colorado, 1989-99: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4001, vii, 61 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024001.","productDescription":"vii, 61 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":161628,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":407464,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_51446.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":3869,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri02-4001","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Colorado","otherGeospatial":"upper Gunnison River watershed","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -107.6667,\n              37.8472\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.25,\n              37.8472\n            ],\n            [\n              -106.25,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.6667,\n              39\n            ],\n            [\n              -107.6667,\n              37.8472\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a09e4b07f02db5fad9b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Gurdak, Jason J.","contributorId":65125,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gurdak","given":"Jason J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230887,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Greve, Adrienne I.","contributorId":40959,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Greve","given":"Adrienne","email":"","middleInitial":"I.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230886,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230885,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":45026,"text":"wri014190 - 2002 - Evaluation of possible alternatives to lower the high water table of St. Charles Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:05:00","indexId":"wri014190","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4190","title":"Evaluation of possible alternatives to lower the high water table of St. Charles Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado","docAbstract":"St. Charles Mesa, an upland terrace southeast of Pueblo, Colorado, has become increasingly urbanized as cultivated fields have been subdivided and converted to residential areas. In some areas, the water table in the terrace alluvial aquifer underlying St. Charles Mesa is very shallow. Bessemer Ditch, which delivers irrigation water to farms on the mesa and other areas of the lower Arkansas River Valley, traverses St. Charles Mesa along its southern side and is the principal source of recharge to the terrace alluvial aquifer. The ground-water flow system was assumed to be in a state of dynamic equilibrium (steady-state condition) for this study. A steady-state ground-water flow model of the terrace alluvial aquifer was constructed and calibrated. The model was run in transient state to evaluate possible alternatives of lowering the water table. The possible alternatives evaluated were (1) reducing areal recharge by reducing recharge to irrigated areas by 25 percent, (2) lining Bessemer Ditch from (a) Aspen Street to 21st Lane; (b) Aspen Street to 23rd Lane; (c) Aspen Street to 25th Lane; and (d) Aspen Street to Nicholson Road, (3) installing two drains at a depth of 10 feet below land surface upgradient from the high water table areas, and (4) installing 22 dewatering wells within the high water table areas, each pumping at 80 gallons per minute. All alternatives evaluated were at least partly effective in lowering the water table. As the simulated extent of Bessemer Ditch lining was increased, the extent and magnitude of simulated water-table declines also increased. The maximum simulated declines in the water table were 3 feet when simulated areal recharge to irrigated areas was reduced by 25 percent, 29 feet when lining of Bessemer Ditch was simulated from Aspen Street to Nicholson Road, 6.8 feet when two drains were simulated at 10-foot depth, and 14.4 feet when 22 dewatering wells, each pumping at 80 gallons per minute, were simulated. Lining Bessemer Ditch from Aspen Street to 25th Lane and from Aspen Street to Nicholson Road both resulted in water-table declines of at least 5 feet throughout most of the area. Except for reducing recharge to irrigated areas and installation of the two drains, all the alternatives evaluated probably would lower the water table enough to diminish the ground-water supply available for at least some existing wells.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014190","usgsCitation":"Brendle, D.L., 2002, Evaluation of possible alternatives to lower the high water table of St. Charles Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4190, iv, 35 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014190.","productDescription":"iv, 35 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3891,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014190","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135839,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f4e4b07f02db5f08c9","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brendle, Daniel L.","contributorId":76283,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brendle","given":"Daniel","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230942,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":50654,"text":"ofr02241 - 2002 - Preliminary data used in estimating ground-water recharge, pumpage, and evapotranspiration in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:25","indexId":"ofr02241","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-241","title":"Preliminary data used in estimating ground-water recharge, pumpage, and evapotranspiration in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/ofr02241","usgsCitation":"Johnson, M., and Landon, M.K., 2002, Preliminary data used in estimating ground-water recharge, pumpage, and evapotranspiration in part of the Republican River Basin, Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-241, 42 p. plus electronic files, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02241.","productDescription":"42 p. plus electronic files","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":169894,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c686","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, Michaela R. 0000-0001-6133-0247 mrjohns@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6133-0247","contributorId":1013,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"Michaela R.","email":"mrjohns@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":211,"text":"Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":583,"text":"Texas Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":171,"text":"Central Mineral and Environmental Resources Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242013,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Landon, Matthew K. 0000-0002-5766-0494 landon@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5766-0494","contributorId":392,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Landon","given":"Matthew","email":"landon@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"K.","affiliations":[{"id":154,"text":"California Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":242012,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":40865,"text":"ofr02246 - 2002 - Potentiometric surface of the upper Patapsco aquifer in southern Maryland, September 2000","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2022-09-06T21:29:55.122476","indexId":"ofr02246","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":330,"text":"Open-File Report","code":"OFR","onlineIssn":"2331-1258","printIssn":"0196-1497","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-246","title":"Potentiometric surface of the upper Patapsco aquifer in southern Maryland, September 2000","docAbstract":"<p>No abstract available.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/ofr02246","usgsCitation":"Curtin, S.E., Andreasen, D., and Wheeler, J.C., 2002, Potentiometric surface of the upper Patapsco aquifer in southern Maryland, September 2000: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2002-246, 1 Plate: 11.38 × 14.67 inches, https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr02246.","productDescription":"1 Plate: 11.38 × 14.67 inches","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":406277,"rank":3,"type":{"id":36,"text":"NGMDB Index Page"},"url":"https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52800.htm","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":78742,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0246/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":171531,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/0246/report-thumb.jpg"}],"country":"United States","state":"Maryland","otherGeospatial":"Upper Patapsco aquifer","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -76.90155029296875,\n              38.807610542357594\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.387939453125,\n              38.807610542357594\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.387939453125,\n              39.53370327008705\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90155029296875,\n              39.53370327008705\n            ],\n            [\n              -76.90155029296875,\n              38.807610542357594\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ad3e4b07f02db6827bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Curtin, Stephen E. securtin@usgs.gov","contributorId":3703,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Curtin","given":"Stephen","email":"securtin@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[{"id":374,"text":"Maryland Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":224069,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Andreasen, David C.","contributorId":59003,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Andreasen","given":"David C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224071,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Wheeler, Judith C.","contributorId":13620,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Wheeler","given":"Judith","email":"","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":224070,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":39947,"text":"wri024191 - 2002 - Environmental Characteristics and Geographic Information System Applications for the Development of Nutrient Thresholds in Oklahoma Streams","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:09:59","indexId":"wri024191","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4191","title":"Environmental Characteristics and Geographic Information System Applications for the Development of Nutrient Thresholds in Oklahoma Streams","docAbstract":"The U.S.Environmental Protection Agency has developed nutrient criteria using ecoregions to manage and protect rivers and streams in the United States. Individual states and tribes are encouraged by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to modify or improve upon the ecoregion approach. The Oklahoma Water Resources Board uses a dichotomous process that stratifies streams using environmental characteristics such as stream order and stream slope. This process is called the Use Support Assessment Protocols, subchapter15. The Use Support Assessment Protocols can be used to identify streams threatened by excessive amounts of nutrients, dependant upon a beneficial use designation for each stream. The Use Support Assessment Protocols, subchapter 15 uses nutrient and environmental characteristic thresholds developed from a study conducted in the Netherlands, but the Oklahoma Water Resources Board wants to modify the thresholds to reflect hydrologic and ecological conditions relevant to Oklahoma streams and rivers.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nEnvironmental characteristics thought to affect impairment from nutrient concentrations in Oklahoma streams and rivers were determined for 798 water-quality sites in Oklahoma. Nutrient, chlorophyll, water-properties, and location data were retrieved from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency STORET database including data from the U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma Conservation Commission, and Oklahoma Water Resources Board. Drainage-basin area, stream order, stream slope, and land-use proportions were determined for each site using a Geographic Information System. The methods, procedures, and data sets used to determine the environmental characteristics are described.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024191","usgsCitation":"Masoner, J.R., Haggard, B.E., and Rea, A., 2002, Environmental Characteristics and Geographic Information System Applications for the Development of Nutrient Thresholds in Oklahoma Streams: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4191, iv, 43 p. (1 folded) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024191.","productDescription":"iv, 43 p. (1 folded) : ill., maps ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":165316,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3645,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri024191/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a14e4b07f02db602580","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Masoner, Jason R. 0000-0002-4829-6379 jmasoner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4829-6379","contributorId":3193,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Masoner","given":"Jason","email":"jmasoner@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[{"id":516,"text":"Oklahoma Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":436,"text":"National Research Program - Eastern Branch","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":222666,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Haggard, Brian E.","contributorId":20299,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Haggard","given":"Brian","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222667,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rea, Alan","contributorId":41018,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rea","given":"Alan","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":222668,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44578,"text":"wri024291 - 2002 - Effects of hardened low-water crossings on stream habitat, water quality, and periphyton in four streams at the Fort Polk Military Reservation, Vernon Parish, Louisiana, October 1998 through November 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:01","indexId":"wri024291","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4291","title":"Effects of hardened low-water crossings on stream habitat, water quality, and periphyton in four streams at the Fort Polk Military Reservation, Vernon Parish, Louisiana, October 1998 through November 1999","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024291","usgsCitation":"Tollett, R.W., Bryan, B.W., and Bryan, C.F., 2002, Effects of hardened low-water crossings on stream habitat, water quality, and periphyton in four streams at the Fort Polk Military Reservation, Vernon Parish, Louisiana, October 1998 through November 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4291, vi, 70 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024291.","productDescription":"vi, 70 p. : ill. (some col.), maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":122803,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4291/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81930,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2002/4291/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a2ae4b07f02db6128da","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Tollett, Roland W. 0000-0002-4726-5845 rtollett@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4726-5845","contributorId":1896,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tollett","given":"Roland","email":"rtollett@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[{"id":24708,"text":"Lower Mississippi-Gulf Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230030,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Bryan, Barbara W.","contributorId":102938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"Barbara","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230031,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Bryan, C. Fredrick","contributorId":104553,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bryan","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"Fredrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230032,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44620,"text":"wri024069 - 2002 - Relation of Environmental characteristics to the composition of aquatic assemblages along a gradient of urban land use in New Jersey, 1996-98","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:00","indexId":"wri024069","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4069","title":"Relation of Environmental characteristics to the composition of aquatic assemblages along a gradient of urban land use in New Jersey, 1996-98","docAbstract":"Community data from 36 watersheds were used to evaluate the response of fish, invertebrate, and algal assemblages in New Jersey streams to environmental characteristics along a gradient of urban land use that ranged from 3 to 96 percent. Aquatic assemblages were sampled at 36 sites during 1996-98, and more than 400 environmental attributes at multiple spatial scales were summarized. Data matrices were reduced to 43, 170, and 103 species of fish, invertebrates, and algae, respectively, by means of a predetermined joint frequency and relative abundance approach. White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and Tessellated darter (Etheostoma olmstedi) were the most abundant fishes, accounting for more than 20 and 17 percent, respectively, of the mean abundance. Net-spinning caddisflies (Hydropsychidae) were the most commonly occurring benthic invertebrates and were found at all but one of the 36 sampling sites. Blue-green (for example, Calothrix sp. and Oscillatoria sp.) and green (for example, Protoderma viride) algae were the most widely distrib-uted algae; however, more than 81 percent of the algal taxa collected were diatoms. Principal-component and correlation analyses were used to reduce the dimensionality of the environmental data. Multiple linear regression analysis of extracted ordination axes then was used to develop models that expressed effects of increasing urban land use on the structure of aquatic assemblages. Significant environmental variables identified by using multiple linear regression analysis then were included in a direct gradient analysis. Partial canonical correspondence analysis of relativized abundance data was used to restrict further the effects of residual natural variability, and to identify relations among the environmental variables and the structure of fish, invertebrate, and algal assemblages along an urban land-use gradient. Results of this approach, combined with the results of the multiple linear regression analyses, were used to identify human population density (311-37,594 persons/km2), amount and type of impervious surface cover (0.12-1,350 km2), nutrient concentrations (for example, 0.01-0.29 mg/L of phosphorus), hydrologic instability (for example, 100-8,955 ft3/s for 2-year peak flow), the amount of forest and wetlands in a basin (0.01-6.25 km2), and substrate quality (0-87 percent cobble substrate) as variables that are highly correlated with aquatic-assemblage structure. Species distributions in ordination space clearly indicate that tolerant species are more abundant in the streams impaired by urbanization and sensitive taxa are more closely associated with the least impaired basins. The distinct differences in aquatic assemblages along the urban land-use gradient demonstrate the deleterious effects of urbanization on assemblage structure and indicate that conserving landscape attributes that mitigate anthropogenic influences (for example, stormwater-management practices emphasizing infiltration and preservation of existing forests, wetlands, and riparian corridors) will help to maintain the relative abundance of sensitive taxa. Complementary multiple linear regression models indicate that aquatic community indices were correlated with many of the anthropogenic factors that were found to be significant along the urban land-use gradient. These indices appear to be effective in differentiating the moderately and severely impaired streams from the minimally impaired streams. Evaluation of disturbance thresholds for aquatic assemblages indicates that moderate to severe impairment is detectable in New Jersey streams when impervious surface cover in the drainage basin reaches approximately 18 percent.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024069","usgsCitation":"Kennen, J., and Ayers, M.A., 2002, Relation of Environmental characteristics to the composition of aquatic assemblages along a gradient of urban land use in New Jersey, 1996-98: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4069, ix, 77 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024069.","productDescription":"ix, 77 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3721,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024069","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":168644,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4ac9e4b07f02db67c34d","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Kennen, Jonathan G. 0000-0002-5426-4445 jgkennen@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5426-4445","contributorId":574,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kennen","given":"Jonathan G.","email":"jgkennen@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230126,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ayers, Mark A.","contributorId":84730,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ayers","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230127,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":47801,"text":"fs12402 - 2002 - SAGEMAP: A web-based spatial dataset for sage grouse and sagebrush steppe management in the Intermountain West","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-29T17:47:23","indexId":"fs12402","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"124-02","title":"SAGEMAP: A web-based spatial dataset for sage grouse and sagebrush steppe management in the Intermountain West","docAbstract":"The Snake River Field Station of the Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center has developed and now maintains a database of the spatial information\r\nneeded to address management of sage grouse and sagebrush steppe habitats in the western United States. The SAGEMAP project identifies and collects infor-mation for the region encompassing the historical extent of sage grouse distribution. State and federal agencies, the primary entities responsible for managing sage grouse and their habitats, need the information to develop an objective assessment of the current status of sage grouse populations and their habitats, or to provide responses and recommendations for recovery if sage grouse are listed as a Threatened or Endangered Species.\r\n\r\nThe spatial data on the SAGEMAP website (http://SAGEMAP.wr.usgs.gov) are an important component in documenting current habitat and other environmental conditions. In addition, the data can be used to identify areas that have undergone significant changes in land cover and to determine underlying causes. As such, the database permits an analysis for large-scale and range-wide factors that may be causing declines of sage grouse populations. The spatial data contained on this site also will be a critical component guiding the decision processes for restoration of habitats in the Great Basin. Therefore, development of this database and the capability to disseminate the information carries multiple benefits for land and wildlife management.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/fs12402","usgsCitation":"Knick, S.T., and Schueck, L., 2002, SAGEMAP: A web-based spatial dataset for sage grouse and sagebrush steppe management in the Intermountain West: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 124-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12402.","productDescription":"2 p.","startPage":"1","endPage":"2","numberOfPages":"2","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4013,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0124/fs12402.pdf","text":"Report","size":"570 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 124-02"},{"id":125724,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0124/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aafe4b07f02db66cac4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Schueck, Linda lschueck@usgs.gov","contributorId":4292,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Schueck","given":"Linda","email":"lschueck@usgs.gov","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":236269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44997,"text":"wri20014266 - 2002 - Hurricane Mitch: Peak Discharge for Selected River Reachesin Honduras","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-02T17:16:06","indexId":"wri20014266","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4266","title":"Hurricane Mitch: Peak Discharge for Selected River Reachesin Honduras","docAbstract":"Hurricane Mitch began as a tropical depression in the Caribbean Sea on 22 October 1998. By 26 October, Mitch had strengthened to a Category 5 storm as defined by the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale (National Climate Data Center, 1999a), and on 27 October was threatening the northern coast of Honduras (fig. 1). After making landfall 2 days later (29 October), the storm drifted south and west across Honduras, wreaking destruction throughout the country before reaching the Guatemalan border on 31 October.\r\n\r\nAccording to the National Climate Data Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (National Climate Data Center, 1999b), Hurricane Mitch ranks among the five strongest storms on record in the Atlantic Basin in terms of its sustained winds, barometric pressure, and duration. Hurricane Mitch also was one of the worst Atlantic storms in terms of loss of life and property. The regionwide death toll was estimated to be more than 9,000; thousands of people were reported missing. Economic losses in the region were more than $7.5 billion (U.S. Agency for International Development, 1999).\r\n\r\nHonduras suffered the most widespread devastation during the storm. More than 5,000 deaths, and economic losses of more than $4 billion, were reported by the Government of Honduras. Honduran officials estimated that Hurricane Mitch destroyed 50 years of economic development. In addition to the human and economic losses, intense flooding and landslides scarred the Honduran landscape - hydrologic and geomorphologic processes throughout the country likely will be affected for many years.\r\n\r\nAs part of the U.S. Government's response to the disaster, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted post-flood measurements of peak discharge at 16 river sites throughout Honduras (fig. 2). Such measurements, termed 'indirect' measurements, are used to determine peak flows when direct measurements (using current meters or dye studies, for example) cannot be made. Indirect measurements of peak discharge are based on post-flood surveys of the river channel (observed high-water marks, cross sections, and hydraulic properties) and model computation of peak discharge. Determination of the flood peaks associated with Hurricane Mitch will help scientists understand the magnitude of this devastating hurricane. Peak-discharge information also is critical for the proper design of hydraulic structures (such as bridges and levees), delineation of theoretical flood boundaries, and development of stage-discharge relations at streamflow-monitoring sites.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri20014266","usgsCitation":"Smith, M.E., Phillips, J.V., and Spahr, N.E., 2002, Hurricane Mitch: Peak Discharge for Selected River Reachesin Honduras: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4266, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014266.","productDescription":"8 p.","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":124762,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4266/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":82256,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4266/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a52e4b07f02db62a463","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Smith, Mark E.","contributorId":75584,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Smith","given":"Mark","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230879,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Phillips, Jeffrey V.","contributorId":86327,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Phillips","given":"Jeffrey","email":"","middleInitial":"V.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230880,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Spahr, Norman E. nspahr@usgs.gov","contributorId":1977,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Spahr","given":"Norman","email":"nspahr@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230878,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44986,"text":"wri014222 - 2002 - Compilation of minimum and maximum isotope ratios of selected elements in naturally occurring terrestrial materials and reagents","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2026-03-25T14:56:39.461731","indexId":"wri014222","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4222","title":"Compilation of minimum and maximum isotope ratios of selected elements in naturally occurring terrestrial materials and reagents","docAbstract":"Documented variations in the isotopic compositions of some chemical elements are responsible for expanded uncertainties in the standard atomic weights published by the Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. This report summarizes reported variations in the isotopic compositions of 20 elements that are due to physical and chemical fractionation processes (not due to radioactive decay) and their effects on the standard atomic weight uncertainties. For 11 of those elements (hydrogen, lithium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, copper, and selenium), standard atomic weight uncertainties have been assigned values that are substantially larger than analytical uncertainties because of common isotope abundance variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin. For 2 elements (chromium and thallium), recently reported isotope abundance variations potentially are large enough to result in future expansion of their atomic weight uncertainties. For 7 elements (magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium), documented isotope-abundance variations in materials of natural terrestrial origin are too small to have a significant effect on their standard atomic weight uncertainties.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThis compilation indicates the extent to which the atomic weight of an element in a given material may differ from the standard atomic weight of the element. For most elements given above, data are graphically illustrated by a diagram in which the materials are specified in the ordinate and the compositional ranges are plotted along the abscissa in scales of (1) atomic weight, (2) mole fraction of a selected isotope, and (3) delta value of a selected isotope ratio.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThere are no internationally distributed isotopic reference materials for the elements zinc, selenium, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium. Preparation of such materials will help to make isotope ratio measurements among laboratories comparable.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe minimum and maximum concentrations of a selected isotope in naturally occurring terrestrial materials for selected chemical elements reviewed in this report are given below:\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nIsotope Minimum\r\nmole fraction  Maximum\r\nmole fraction  \r\n\r\n--------------------------------------------------------------------------------\r\n \r\n2H  0 .000 0255 0 .000 1838 \r\n7Li 0 .9227 0 .9278 \r\n11B 0 .7961 0 .8107 \r\n13C 0 .009 629 0 .011 466 \r\n15N 0 .003 462 0 .004 210 \r\n18O 0 .001 875 0 .002 218 \r\n26Mg 0 .1099 0 .1103 \r\n30Si 0 .030 816 0 .031 023 \r\n34S 0 .0398 0 .0473 \r\n37Cl 0 .240 77 0 .243 56 \r\n44Ca 0 .020 82 0 .020 92 \r\n53Cr 0 .095 01 0 .095 53  \r\n56Fe 0 .917 42 0 .917 60 \r\n65Cu 0 .3066 0 .3102 \r\n205Tl 0 .704 72 0 .705 06 \r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThe numerical values above have uncertainties that depend upon the uncertainties of the determinations of the absolute isotope-abundance variations of reference materials of the elements. Because reference materials used for absolute isotope-abundance measurements have not been included in relative isotope abundance investigations of zinc, selenium, molybdenum, palladium, and tellurium, ranges in isotopic composition are not listed for these elements, although such ranges may be measurable with state-of-the-art mass spectrometry.\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nThis report is available at the url: http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014222.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/wri014222","usgsCitation":"Coplen, T., Hopple, J., Böhlke, J., Peiser, H., Rieder, S., Krouse, H., Rosman, K., Ding, T., Vocke, R., Revesz, K., Lamberty, A., Taylor, P., and De Bievre, P., 2002, Compilation of minimum and maximum isotope ratios of selected elements in naturally occurring terrestrial materials and reagents: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4222, ix, 98 p. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014222.","productDescription":"ix, 98 p.","costCenters":[{"id":589,"text":"Toxic Substances Hydrology Program","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":162628,"rank":1,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4222/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":3861,"rank":2,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri014222/index.html","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":99357,"rank":3,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/2001/4222/report.pdf","size":"10133","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b1ee4b07f02db6a9fe0","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Coplen, T.B.","contributorId":34147,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Coplen","given":"T.B.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230845,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopple, J.A. 0000-0003-3180-2252","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-2252","contributorId":85235,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopple","given":"J.A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230853,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Böhlke, J.K. 0000-0001-5693-6455","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5693-6455","contributorId":96696,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Böhlke","given":"J.K.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230854,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Peiser, H.S.","contributorId":64303,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Peiser","given":"H.S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230848,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Rieder, S.E.","contributorId":66751,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rieder","given":"S.E.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230849,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Krouse, H.R.","contributorId":63067,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Krouse","given":"H.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230847,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Rosman, K.J.R.","contributorId":27903,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rosman","given":"K.J.R.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230844,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ding, T.","contributorId":70450,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ding","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Vocke, R.D. Jr.","contributorId":9310,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Vocke","given":"R.D.","suffix":"Jr.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230842,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9},{"text":"Revesz, K.M.","contributorId":78787,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Revesz","given":"K.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230852,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":10},{"text":"Lamberty, A.","contributorId":49414,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lamberty","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230846,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":11},{"text":"Taylor, P.","contributorId":74047,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Taylor","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230851,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":12},{"text":"De Bievre, P.","contributorId":22399,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"De Bievre","given":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230843,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":13}]}}
,{"id":44924,"text":"wri024236 - 2002 - Classification of irrigated land using satellite imagery, the High Plains aquifer, nominal date 1992","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:11","indexId":"wri024236","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4236","title":"Classification of irrigated land using satellite imagery, the High Plains aquifer, nominal date 1992","docAbstract":"Satellite imagery from the Landsat Thematic Mapper (nominal date 1992) was used to classify and map the location of irrigated land across the High Plains aquifer. The High Plains aquifer underlies 174,000 square miles in parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming. The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a waterquality study of the High Plains aquifer as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. To help interpret data and select sites for the study, it is helpful to know the location of irrigated land within the study area. To date, the only information available for the entire area is 20 years old. To update the data on irrigated land, 40 summer and 40 spring images (nominal date 1992) were acquired from the National Land Cover Data set and processed using a band-ratio method (Landsat Thematic Mapper band 4 divided by band 3) to enhance the vegetation signatures. The study area was divided into nine subregions with similar environmental characteristics, and a band-ratio threshold was selected from imagery in each subregion that differentiated the cutoff between irrigated and nonirrigated land. The classified images for each subregion were mosaicked to produce an irrigated land map for the study area. The total amount of irrigated land classified from the 1992 imagery was 13.1 million acres, or about 12 percent of the total land in the High Plains. This estimate is approximately 1.5 percent greater than the amount of irrigated land reported in the 1992 Census of Agriculture (12.8 millions acres). This information was also compared to a similar data set based on 1980 imagery. The 1980 data classified 13.7 million acres as irrigated. Although the change in the amount of irrigated land between the two times was not substantial, the location of the irrigated land did shift from areas where there were large ground-water-level declines to other areas where ground-water levels were static or rising.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024236","usgsCitation":"Qi, S.L., Konduris, A., Litke, D.W., and Dupree, J., 2002, Classification of irrigated land using satellite imagery, the High Plains aquifer, nominal date 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4236, vi, 31 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024236.","productDescription":"vi, 31 p. : col. ill., col. maps ; 28 cm.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3801,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024236/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":162169,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49d6e4b07f02db5de4cd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Qi, Sharon L. 0000-0001-7278-4498 slqi@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-4498","contributorId":1130,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Qi","given":"Sharon","email":"slqi@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[{"id":622,"text":"Washington Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":518,"text":"Oregon Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true},{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":230692,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Konduris, Alexandria","contributorId":53459,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Konduris","given":"Alexandria","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230695,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Litke, David W.","contributorId":19145,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Litke","given":"David","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230693,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dupree, Jean","contributorId":43428,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dupree","given":"Jean","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230694,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":54283,"text":"wdrMDDEDC011 - 2002 - Water resources data, Maryland and Delaware, water year 2001, volume 1. surface-water data","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:11:59","indexId":"wdrMDDEDC011","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":340,"text":"Water Data Report","code":"WDR","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"MD-DE-DC-01-1","title":"Water resources data, Maryland and Delaware, water year 2001, volume 1. surface-water data","docAbstract":"Water resources data for the 2001 water year for Maryland and Delaware consist of records of stage, discharge, and water quality of streams; stage and contents of lakes and reservoirs. This volume (Volume 1. Surface-Water Data) contains records for water discharge at 128 gaging stations; stage and contents of 1 reservoir; and water quality at 20 gaging stations. Also included are stage and discharge for 3 creststage partial-record stations and stage only for 10 tidal crest-stage partial-record stations. Additional water data were collected at various sites not involved in the systematic data-collection program and are published as miscellaneous measurements. These data represent that part of the National Water Data System operated by the U.S. Geological Survey and cooperating State, local, and Federal agencies in Maryland and Delaware.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wdrMDDEDC011","usgsCitation":"James, R., Saffer, R.W., Pentz, R.H., and Tallman, A.J., 2002, Water resources data, Maryland and Delaware, water year 2001, volume 1. surface-water data: U.S. Geological Survey Water Data Report MD-DE-DC-01-1, 474 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/wdrMDDEDC011.","productDescription":"474 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":5397,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wdr-md-de-dc-01-1/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":182214,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1257","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"James, Robert W.","contributorId":51365,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"James","given":"Robert W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249756,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Saffer, Richard W.","contributorId":79951,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Saffer","given":"Richard","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249758,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pentz, Robert H.","contributorId":15276,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pentz","given":"Robert","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249755,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Tallman, Anthony J.","contributorId":56275,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Tallman","given":"Anthony","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":249757,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}}
,{"id":47800,"text":"fs12302 - 2002 - Effects of shrubland changes on birds in the Intermountain West","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T11:41:54","indexId":"fs12302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"123-02","title":"Effects of shrubland changes on birds in the Intermountain West","docAbstract":"We are integrating field surveys with information obtained from satellite imagery to determine how birds respond to the habitat changes in shrubland regions in the Intermountain West. Our objectives are to determine the primary causes that change shrubland habitats, the spatial and temporal scales at which shrubland landscapes change, and the mechanisms by which distribution and abundance of bird populations are influenced by habitat change.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs12302","usgsCitation":"Knick, S.T., and Loveland, T., 2002, Effects of shrubland changes on birds in the Intermountain West: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 123-02, 1 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs12302.","productDescription":"1 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":4012,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0123/fs12302.pdf","text":"Report","size":"420 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 123-02"},{"id":120205,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0123/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a28e4b07f02db61098c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Knick, Steven T. 0000-0003-4025-1704 steve_knick@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-1704","contributorId":159,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Knick","given":"Steven","email":"steve_knick@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"T.","affiliations":[{"id":290,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center","active":false,"usgs":true},{"id":289,"text":"Forest and Rangeland Ecosys Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":236266,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Loveland, Thomas R. 0000-0003-3114-6646 loveland@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3114-6646","contributorId":3005,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Loveland","given":"Thomas R.","email":"loveland@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":223,"text":"Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center (Geography)","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":236267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2}]}}
,{"id":44941,"text":"wri024104_interim - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":44941,"text":"wri024104_interim - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001","indexId":"wri024104_interim","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":44942,"text":"wri024104 - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001","indexId":"wri024104","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001"},"id":1}],"supersededBy":{"id":44942,"text":"wri024104 - 2002 - Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001","indexId":"wri024104","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormflow on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981 through 2001"},"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:04:53","indexId":"wri024104_interim","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002-4104","title":"Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001","docAbstract":"This report documents water quality and suspended sediment with an emphasis on evaluating the effects of stormflow on Fountain Creek Basin in the vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colorado. Water-quality data collected at 11 sites between 1981 and 2001 were used to evaluate the effects of stormflow on water quality. Suspended-sediment data collected at seven sites from 1998 through 2001 were used to evaluate effects of stormflow on suspended-sediment concentrations, discharges, and yields. Data were separated into three flow regimes: base flow, normal flow, and stormflow. A comparison of stormwater-quality concentrations measured between 1981 and 2001 to Colorado acute instream standards indicated that, except for isolated occurrences, stormwater quality met acute instream standards. At several sites, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform, and selected nutrient concentrations tended to be highest during stormflow and lowest during base flow. Dissimilar to the other nutrients, dissolved nitrite plus nitrate concentrations generally were highest during base flow and lowest during stormflow. Most dissolved trace-element concentrations associated with stormflow decreased or showed little change compared to base flow. However, median concentrations of total copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese, and zinc for stormflow samples generally were much larger than nonstorm samples. The substantially larger concentrations of total copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese, and zinc measured at site 5800 during stormflow as compared to other sites indicates a relatively large source of these metals in the reach between sites 5530 and 5800. Semi-volatile organic compounds in samples collected during stormflow were detected relatively infrequently at the four sites monitored; however, analysis of pesticide data collected during stormflow showed a relatively frequent detection of pesticides at low levels. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and particulate trace-element loads substantially increased during stormflow. Suspended-sediment concentrations, discharges, and yields associated with stormflow were significantly greater than during normal flow. Depending on the site and year, suspended-sediment concentrations associated with storm-flow generally were 3 to10 times greater than concentrations measured during normal flow, and suspended-sediment discharges were usually more than 10 times greater during stormflow. The April through October cumulative suspended-sediment discharges and streamflows were largest in 1999 at all sites. Although large spatial variations in suspended-sediment yields occurred during normal flows, the suspended-sediment yields associated with stormflow generally were more than 10 times greater than the suspended-sediment yields that occurred during normal flow. The smallest suspended-sediment yields generally were less than 1 ton per day per square mile during stormflow. The largest suspended-sediment yields occurred at sites located in the Cottonwood Creek Basin and were greater than 10 tons per day per square mile.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri024104_interim","usgsCitation":"Edelmann, P., Ferguson, S.A., Stogner, August, M., Payne, W.F., and Bruce, J.F., 2002, Evaluation of water quality, suspended sediment, and stream morphology with an emphasis on effects of stormwater on Fountain and Monument Creek basins, Colorado Springs and vicinity, Colorado, 1981-2001 (Interim approved report): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2002-4104, 1 v. (various pagings) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. , https://doi.org/10.3133/wri024104_interim.","productDescription":"1 v. (various pagings) : col. ill., col. map ; 28 cm. ","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":3816,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri024104/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":135173,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"}],"edition":"Interim approved report","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49f6e4b07f02db5f1339","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Edelmann, Patrick","contributorId":86305,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Edelmann","given":"Patrick","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230735,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ferguson, Sheryl A.","contributorId":78698,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ferguson","given":"Sheryl","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230734,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Stogner 0000-0002-3185-1452 rstogner@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1452","contributorId":938,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Stogner","email":"rstogner@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230731,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"August, Marianne","contributorId":57429,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"August","given":"Marianne","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230732,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Payne, William F.","contributorId":62565,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Payne","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230733,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Bruce, James F. 0000-0003-3125-2932 jbruce@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3125-2932","contributorId":916,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Bruce","given":"James","email":"jbruce@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[{"id":191,"text":"Colorado Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230730,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}}
,{"id":44996,"text":"wri014254 - 2002 - Three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework model for use with a steady-state numerical ground-water flow model of the Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:10:12","indexId":"wri014254","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4254","title":"Three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework model for use with a steady-state numerical ground-water flow model of the Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California","docAbstract":"The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Department of Energy and other Federal, State, and local agencies, is evaluating the hydrogeologic characteristics of the Death Valley regional ground-water flow system. The ground-water flow system covers an area of about 100,000 square kilometers from latitude 35? to 38?15' North to longitude 115? to 118? West, with the flow system proper comprising about 45,000 square kilometers. The Death Valley regional ground-water flow system is one of the larger flow systems within the Southwestern United States and includes in its boundaries the Nevada Test Site, Yucca Mountain, and much of Death Valley. Part of this study includes the construction of a three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework model to serve as the foundation for the development of a steady-state regional ground-water flow model. The digital framework model provides a computer-based description of the geometry and composition of the hydrogeologic units that control regional flow. The framework model of the region was constructed by merging two previous framework models constructed for the Yucca Mountain Project and the Environmental Restoration Program Underground Test Area studies at the Nevada Test Site.\r\n\r\nThe hydrologic characteristics of the region result from a currently arid climate and complex geology. Interbasinal regional ground-water flow occurs through a thick carbonate-rock sequence of Paleozoic age, a locally thick volcanic-rock sequence of Tertiary age, and basin-fill alluvium of Tertiary and Quaternary age. Throughout the system, deep and shallow ground-water flow may be controlled by extensive and pervasive regional and local faults and fractures.\r\n\r\nThe framework model was constructed using data from several sources to define the geometry of the regional hydrogeologic units. These data sources include (1) a 1:250,000-scale hydrogeologic-map compilation of the region; (2) regional-scale geologic cross sections; (3) borehole information, and (4) gridded surfaces from a previous three-dimensional geologic model. In addition, digital elevation model data were used in conjunction with these data to define ground-surface altitudes. These data, properly oriented in three dimensions by using geographic information systems, were combined and gridded to produce the upper surfaces of the hydrogeologic units used in the flow model. The final geometry of the framework model is constructed as a volumetric model by incorporating the intersections of these gridded surfaces and by applying fault truncation rules to structural features from the geologic map and cross sections. The cells defining the geometry of the hydrogeologic framework model can be assigned several attributes such as lithology, hydrogeologic unit, thickness, and top and bottom altitudes.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri014254","usgsCitation":"Belcher, W., Faunt, C., and D’Agnese, F.A., 2002, Three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework model for use with a steady-state numerical ground-water flow model of the Death Valley regional flow system, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4254, -, https://doi.org/10.3133/wri014254.","productDescription":"-","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":162450,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3867,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.water.usgs.gov/wri014254","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b32e4b07f02db6b492f","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Belcher, Wayne R.","contributorId":79446,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Belcher","given":"Wayne R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230877,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Faunt, Claudia C. 0000-0001-5659-7529 ccfaunt@usgs.gov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-7529","contributorId":1491,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Faunt","given":"Claudia C.","email":"ccfaunt@usgs.gov","affiliations":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":230875,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"D’Agnese, Frank A.","contributorId":47810,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"D’Agnese","given":"Frank","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":230876,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":47805,"text":"fs13302 - 2002 - The Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research Program","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-03-31T11:47:38","indexId":"fs13302","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"133-02","title":"The Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research Program","docAbstract":"<p>Changes in priorities for forest management on federal and state lands in the Pacific Northwest have raised many questions about the best ways to manage young-forest stands, riparian areas, and forest landscapes. The Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research (CFER) Program draws together scientists and managers from the U.S. Geological Survey, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon Department of Forestry, and Oregon State University to find science-based answers to these questions. Managers, researchers, and decisionmakers, working within the CFER program, are helping develop and disseminate the knowledge needed to carry out ecosystem-based management successfully in the Pacific Northwest.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs13302","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, The Cooperative Forest Ecosystem Research Program: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 133-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs13302.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":4017,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0133/fs13302.pdf","text":"Report","size":"993 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 133-02"},{"id":120207,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0133/coverthb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67ebe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531762,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":44661,"text":"fs10202 - 2002 - Ordering Procedures for Photographic Enlargement Products - NAPP, NHAP, and Custom","interactions":[{"subject":{"id":5502,"text":"fs04100 - 2000 - Ordering procedures for photographic enlargement products--NAPP, NHAP, and custom","indexId":"fs04100","publicationYear":"2000","noYear":false,"title":"Ordering procedures for photographic enlargement products--NAPP, NHAP, and custom"},"predicate":"SUPERSEDED_BY","object":{"id":44661,"text":"fs10202 - 2002 - Ordering Procedures for Photographic Enlargement Products - NAPP, NHAP, and Custom","indexId":"fs10202","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"title":"Ordering Procedures for Photographic Enlargement Products - NAPP, NHAP, and Custom"},"id":1}],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-03-16T17:16:06","indexId":"fs10202","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"102-02","title":"Ordering Procedures for Photographic Enlargement Products - NAPP, NHAP, and Custom","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs10202","usgsCitation":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Ordering Procedures for Photographic Enlargement Products - NAPP, NHAP, and Custom (Supercedes FS-041-00): U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 102-02, 2 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs10202.","productDescription":"2 p.","costCenters":[],"links":[{"id":120198,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0102/report-thumb.jpg"},{"id":81963,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0102/report.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"edition":"Supercedes FS-041-00","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4aeee4b07f02db6912d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":531551,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":32734,"text":"fs01102 - 2002 - Real-time ground-water-level monitoring in New Jersey","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2016-11-07T09:09:30","indexId":"fs01102","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":313,"text":"Fact Sheet","code":"FS","onlineIssn":"2327-6932","printIssn":"2327-6916","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"011-02","title":"Real-time ground-water-level monitoring in New Jersey","docAbstract":"<p>A network of seven observation wells that transmit ground-water-level data on a real-time basis through satellite telemetry is operating (started May 2001) in New Jersey through a cooperative effort of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP). The water-level data from these observation wells are transmitted every 4 hours and then are immediately posted for viewing on the Internet. This fact sheet describes the rationale for real-time monitoring of ground-water levels, the design of the network, and the equipment used to measure water levels and transmit the data to the Internet. Instructions for viewing the data are included.</p>","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","publisherLocation":"Reston, VA","doi":"10.3133/fs01102","collaboration":"Prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection","usgsCitation":"Jones, W.D., Navoy, A.S., and Pope, D.A., 2002, Real-time ground-water-level monitoring in New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 011-02, 4 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/fs01102.","productDescription":"4 p.","onlineOnly":"Y","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":470,"text":"New Jersey Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":3313,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0011/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}},{"id":328514,"rank":101,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2002/0011/report.pdf","text":"Report","size":"1 KB","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"},"description":"FS 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Jersey\",\"nation\":\"USA  \"}}]}","contact":"<p><a href=\"mailto:dc_nj@usgs.gov\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:dc_nj@usgs.gov\">Director</a>, New Jersey Water Science Center<br> 3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110<br> Lawrenceville, NJ 08648<br> 609–771–3900<br> <a href=\"http://nj.usgs.gov/\" data-mce-href=\"http://nj.usgs.gov/\">http://nj.usgs.gov/</a></p>","tableOfContents":"<ul><li>Abstract</li><li>Background</li><li>Description of the Network</li><li>Description of Data Collection and Reporting System</li><li>Where to View Data</li><li>Future Sites</li><li>Related Internet Links</li></ul>","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a7fe4b07f02db648671","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Jones, Walter D.","contributorId":106460,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Jones","given":"Walter","email":"","middleInitial":"D.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":209059,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Navoy, Anthony S. anavoy@usgs.gov","contributorId":2464,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Navoy","given":"Anthony","email":"anavoy@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209057,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Pope, Daryll A. dpope@usgs.gov","contributorId":3796,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pope","given":"Daryll","email":"dpope@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":209058,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}}
,{"id":44591,"text":"wri20014272 - 2002 - Soil chemistry and ground-water quality of the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, 1998 and 1999","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2017-01-20T10:48:15","indexId":"wri20014272","displayToPublicDate":"1994-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":342,"text":"Water-Resources Investigations Report","code":"WRI","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2001-4272","title":"Soil chemistry and ground-water quality of the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, 1998 and 1999","docAbstract":"In 1998, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Navy, began an investigation to determine background ground-water quality of the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer and soil chemistry at Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, and to compare these data to two abandoned solid- waste disposal areas (referred to by the U.S. Navy as Sites 5 and 16). The quality of water in the water-table zone generally is within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) drinking-water regulation. The pH of ground water in the study area ranged from 4.0 to 7.6 standard units, with a median value of 5.4. Water from 29 wells is above the pH range and 3 wells are within the range of the USEPA secondary drinking-water regulation (formerly known as the Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level or SMCL) of 6.5 to 8.5 standard units. Also, water from one well at Site 5 had a chloride concentration of 570 milligrams per liter (mg/L,), which is above the USEPA secondary drinking-water regulation of 250 mg/L. Sulfate concentrations in water from two wells at Site 5 are above the USEPA secondary drinking-water regulation of 250 mg/L. \r\n\r\nOf 22 soil-sampling locations for this study, 4 locations had concentrations above the detection limit for either volatile organic compounds (VOCs), base-neutral acids (BNAs), or pesticides. VOCs detected in the study area include toluene in one background sample; and acetone in one background sample and one sample from Site 16--however, detection of these two compounds may be a laboratory artifact. Pesticides detected in soil at the Submarine Base include two degradates of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT): 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (4,4'-DDD) in one background sample, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethene (4,4'-DDE) in one background sample and one sample from Site 16; and dibenzofuran in one sample from Site 16. BNAs were detected in one background sample and in two samples from Site 16. \r\n\r\nHypothesis testing, using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (also known as the Mann-Whitney test), indicates no statistical difference between ground-water constituent concentrations from Sites 5 and 16, and background concentrations. Hypothesis testing, however, indicates the concentration of barium in background ground-water samples is greater than in ground-water samples collected at Site 16.","language":"ENGLISH","doi":"10.3133/wri20014272","usgsCitation":"Leeth, D.C., 2002, Soil chemistry and ground-water quality of the water-table zone of the surficial aquifer, Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay, Camden County, Georgia, 1998 and 1999: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 2001-4272, iv, 23 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm., https://doi.org/10.3133/wri20014272.","productDescription":"iv, 23 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.","temporalStart":"1998-01-01","temporalEnd":"1999-12-31","costCenters":[{"id":13634,"text":"South Atlantic Water Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":172927,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/usgs_thumb.jpg"},{"id":3700,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/wri/wri01-4272/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"country":"United States","state":"Georgia","county":"Camden County","otherGeospatial":"Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay","geographicExtents":"{\n  \"type\": \"FeatureCollection\",\n  \"features\": [\n    {\n      \"type\": \"Feature\",\n      \"properties\": {},\n      \"geometry\": {\n        \"type\": \"Polygon\",\n        \"coordinates\": [\n          [\n            [\n              -82.1282958984375,\n              30.159376896356193\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.1282958984375,\n              31.742182762117984\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.0791015625,\n              31.742182762117984\n            ],\n            [\n              -81.0791015625,\n              30.159376896356193\n            ],\n            [\n              -82.1282958984375,\n              30.159376896356193\n            ]\n          ]\n        ]\n      }\n    }\n  ]\n}","noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49efe4b07f02db5edc9a","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Leeth, David C. cleeth@usgs.gov","contributorId":1403,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leeth","given":"David","email":"cleeth@usgs.gov","middleInitial":"C.","affiliations":[],"preferred":true,"id":230052,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
,{"id":79767,"text":"mineral2002 - 2002 - Mineral Commodity Summaries 2002","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2013-02-04T10:59:02","indexId":"mineral2002","displayToPublicDate":"1990-01-01T00:00:00","publicationYear":"2002","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":5,"text":"USGS Numbered Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":323,"text":"Mineral Commodity Summaries","code":"MCS","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":5}},"seriesNumber":"2002","title":"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2002","docAbstract":"Published on an annual basis, this report is the earliest Government publication to furnish estimates covering nonfuel mineral industry data. Data sheets contain information on the domestic industry structure, Government programs, tariffs, and 5-year salient statistics for over 90 individual minerals and materials.","language":"ENGLISH","publisher":"U.S. Geological Survey","doi":"10.3133/mineral2002","usgsCitation":"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2002; 2002; MINERAL; 2002; U.S. Geological Survey","productDescription":"199 p.; 4 Appendixes (6 p.); Individual Commodity Data Sheets; Available Online, Printed, and on CD-ROM","additionalOnlineFiles":"Y","costCenters":[{"id":595,"text":"U.S. Geological Survey","active":false,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":193015,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/mineral_2002.jpg"},{"id":9447,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/2002/mcs2002.pdf","size":"2212","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}},{"id":9446,"rank":100,"type":{"id":15,"text":"Index Page"},"url":"https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/mcs/","linkFileType":{"id":5,"text":"html"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a61e4b07f02db635742","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","contributorId":128075,"corporation":true,"usgs":false,"organization":"Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey","id":534850,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}}
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