{"pageNumber":"3049","pageRowStart":"76200","pageSize":"25","recordCount":184769,"records":[{"id":5200254,"text":"5200254 - 2001 - Methods for Evaluating Wetland Condition #12: Using Amphibians in Bioassessments of Wetlands","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5200254","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T12:33:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesNumber":"EPA 822-R-02-0022","title":"Methods for Evaluating Wetland Condition #12: Using Amphibians in Bioassessments of Wetlands","docAbstract":"Because amphibians have both aquatic and terrestrial life stages they can serve in a unique way among vertebrates as sources of information for bioassessments of both wetlands and surrounding habitats. Although there are many data gaps in our knowledge about the habitat requirements and ecology of many amphibian species, it is apparent that community composition, presence and frequency of abnormalities, various mensural characteristics (e.g. snout vent length divided by body weight) and laboratory diagnostics (e.g. cholinesterase activity, blood chemistry) can be used in developing metrics for an index of biotic integrity. In addition, potential metrics can be derived from the various life stages that most amphibians experience such as egg clusters; embryonic development and hatching rates; tadpole growth, development, and survival; progress and success of metamorphosis; and breeding behavior and presence of adults. It is important, however, to focus on regional biodiversity and species assemblages of amphibians in the development of metrics rather than to strive for broadscale application of common metrics. This report discusses the procedures of developing an index of biotic integrity based on amphibians, explains potential pitfalls in using amphibians in bioassessments, and demonstrates where more research is needed to enhance the use of amphibians in evaluating wetland conditions. ","largerWorkType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"largerWorkTitle":"Methods for Evaluating Wetland Condition","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water","publisherLocation":"Washington, DC.","collaboration":"Number 12 in series PDF on file: 5801_Sparling.pdf","usgsCitation":"Sparling, D.W., Richter, K., Calhoun, A., and Micacchion, M., 2001, Methods for Evaluating Wetland Condition #12: Using Amphibians in Bioassessments of Wetlands, vi, 41.","productDescription":"vi, 41","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202679,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"},{"id":91973,"rank":300,"type":{"id":11,"text":"Document"},"url":"https://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/upload/2008_12_23_criteria_wetlands_12Amphibians.pdf","linkFileType":{"id":1,"text":"pdf"}}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a51e4b07f02db62a10b","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Sparling, D. W.","contributorId":78675,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sparling","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327340,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Richter, K.O.","contributorId":98019,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richter","given":"K.O.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327341,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Calhoun, A.","contributorId":106616,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Calhoun","given":"A.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327342,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Micacchion, M.","contributorId":48681,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Micacchion","given":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327339,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5200252,"text":"5200252 - 2001 - Investigation of eggshell thickness and biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure in Great Blue Herons(Ardea herodias) from Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5200252","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":9,"text":"Other Report"},"seriesNumber":"CBFO-C01-02","title":"Investigation of eggshell thickness and biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure in Great Blue Herons(Ardea herodias) from Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge","docAbstract":"Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge supports the largest great blue heron (Ardea herodias) rookery in the State of Virginia. The presence of bioaccumulative compounds such as polychlorinated biphenyls and DDT in fish collected from the Potomac River and tidal tributaries along the Refuge led to this study. The objective was to determine if there were any indications of pollutant-induced eggshell thinning or evidence of biochemical exposure to contaminants. We examined eggshell thickness and biomarkers of contaminant exposure in livers of embryos collected from the refuge and Coaches Island, a reference location in Chesapeake Bay. There was no evidence of eggshell thinning. Cytochrome P450 activity, measured as ethoxyresomfin-O-dealkylase (EROD) and benzyloxy-resorufin-O-dealkylase (BROD), was not significantly different in embryos from the two colonies. Biochemical indicators of oxidative stress can be reflected as changes in levels of reduced thiols, oxidized glutathione, and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). Although there were significant differences in the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and total thiol (TSH) activities in the embryo livers, there were no statistically significant differences in TBARS, protein-bound sulfhydryls (PBSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the ratio of GSSG to GSH. In fact, the concentrations of GSH and TSH were higher in the Mason Neck birds relative to Coaches Island. Under conditions of increased oxidative stress at least one or more of the following would be expected: decreased concentrations of reduced thiols (GSH and TSH), increased GSSG, and increased TBARS. In conclusion, we did not detect eggshell thinning or find evidence of a biochemical response to contaminant exposure in the Mason Neck great blue herons.","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office","publisherLocation":"Annapolis, MD.","usgsCitation":"Johnson, K., Pinkney, A., Melancon, M.J., and Hoffman, D.J., 2001, Investigation of eggshell thickness and biochemical indicators of contaminant exposure in Great Blue Herons(Ardea herodias) from Mason Neck National Wildlife Refuge, v,[9].","productDescription":"v,[9]","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202380,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e486fe4b07f02db50cbe6","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Johnson, K.N.","contributorId":66821,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Johnson","given":"K.N.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327336,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Pinkney, A.E.","contributorId":87501,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Pinkney","given":"A.E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327337,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Melancon, M. J.","contributorId":96206,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Melancon","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327338,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Hoffman, D. J.","contributorId":12801,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hoffman","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"J.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327335,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5200293,"text":"5200293 - 2001 - Aspects of the breeding biology and foraging ecology of Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla) in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge - J.F.K. International Airport Complex: a basis for future wildlife and airport management decisions","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:23","indexId":"5200293","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T10:33:00","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":1,"text":"Federal Government Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":91,"text":"Technical Report","active":true,"publicationSubtype":{"id":1}},"title":"Aspects of the breeding biology and foraging ecology of Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla) in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge - J.F.K. International Airport Complex: a basis for future wildlife and airport management decisions","language":"English","publisher":"National Park Service, Boston Support Office","publisherLocation":"Boston, Massachusetts","usgsCitation":"Brown, K.M., Erwin, R., and Richmond, M.E., 2001, Aspects of the breeding biology and foraging ecology of Laughing Gulls (Larus atricilla) in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge - J.F.K. International Airport Complex: a basis for future wildlife and airport management decisions: Technical Report, xvii, 141.","productDescription":"xvii, 141","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202847,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abbe4b07f02db672b6c","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Brown, K. M.","contributorId":16432,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Brown","given":"K.","email":"","middleInitial":"M.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327441,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Erwin, R.M.","contributorId":57396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Erwin","given":"R.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327443,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Richmond, M. E.","contributorId":22729,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Richmond","given":"M.","email":"","middleInitial":"E.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327442,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5200244,"text":"5200244 - 2001 - Wildlife Study Design","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5200244","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":220,"text":"Springer series on environmental management.","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"title":"Wildlife Study Design","language":"English","publisher":"Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.","publisherLocation":"New York","collaboration":"OCLC: 44769072","usgsCitation":"Morrison, M., Block, W., Strickland, M., and Kendall, W., 2001, Wildlife Study Design: Springer series on environmental management., ix, 210.","productDescription":"ix, 210","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":200475,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dee4b07f02db5e3179","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Morrison, M.L.","contributorId":83624,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Morrison","given":"M.L.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327312,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Block, W.M.","contributorId":12152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Block","given":"W.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327309,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Strickland, M.D.","contributorId":33427,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Strickland","given":"M.D.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327311,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Kendall, W. L. 0000-0003-0084-9891","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0084-9891","contributorId":32880,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kendall","given":"W. L.","affiliations":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":false,"id":327310,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4}]}} ,{"id":5200249,"text":"5200249 - 2001 - Wings across the desert: The incredible motorized crane migration","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:28","indexId":"5200249","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"seriesNumber":"Book 1.","title":"Wings across the desert: The incredible motorized crane migration","language":"English","publisher":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service","publisherLocation":"Blaine, Washington","collaboration":"book review, see Condor 106(2):445?446.","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., 2001, Wings across the desert: The incredible motorized crane migration, 181.","productDescription":"181","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202493,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49dbe4b07f02db5e0a26","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":327320,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5200243,"text":"5200243 - 2001 - Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:22","indexId":"5200243","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:33:22","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":18,"text":"Report"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":3,"text":"Organization Series"},"seriesTitle":{"id":173,"text":"Ecological & Environmental Toxicology Series.","active":false,"publicationSubtype":{"id":3}},"title":"Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals","docAbstract":"An international group of 32 scientists has critically reviewed the scientific literature on exposure and effects of environmental contaminants in wild mammals. The underlying theme of this text is encompassed by the following four questions: What exactly do we know about environmental contaminants in mammals? What are the commonalities and differences between mammal orders/species in the effects that contaminants have? How and to what degree of accuracy can we predict the adverse effects of environmental contaminants on mammalian wildlife? How significant are contaminant insults compared with other density-independent and -dependent factors such as habitat loss, climatic factors and disease? The book is organized three topical sections including introductory chapters that provide a background on environmental contaminants and the mammalian orders, eight taxonomic chapters discussing all aspects of the exposure to and effects of contaminants in mammalian orders, and four thematic chapters that review and discuss generic issues including biomarkers, prediction and extrapolation of exposure and effects, hazard and risk assessment, and the relative significance of contaminants on mammals compared with other commonly encountered stressors. A final a summary chapter identifies phylogenetic trends, critical data gaps, and overarching research needs. Although the absolute number of toxicological studies in domesticated and wild mammals eclipses that wildlife species, a detailed examination of our knowledge base reveals that information for 'wild' birds is actually greater than that for 'wild' mammals. Of the various mammalian taxa, ecotoxicological data is most noticeably lacking for marsupials and monotremes. In contrast, rodents (comprising 43% of all mammal species) have been studied extensively, despite evidence of their tolerance to some organochlorine compounds, rodenticides, and even radionuclides. Mammalian species at greatest risk of exposure include those that consume a high percentage of their body weight on a daily basis. Aquatic mammals tend to bioaccumulate tremendous burdens of lipophilic contaminants, although storage in their fat depots may actually limit toxicity. Carnivores appear to be more sensitive to adverse effects of environmental contaminants than herbivores. Remarkably few of the thousands of compounds manufactured worldwide have been toxicologically evaluated in wild mammals, and concentrations of even fewer have been monitored in tissues. ","language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Chichester, England","collaboration":"OCLC: 44634347 Book reviewed by Pierre Mineau in Wildlife Society Bulletin v, 34 #1, 2006, p. 250-251","usgsCitation":"John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Ecotoxicology of Wild Mammals: Ecological & Environmental Toxicology Series., xxi, 730.","productDescription":"xxi, 730","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201153,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a4be4b07f02db6258fe"} ,{"id":5211153,"text":"5211153 - 2001 - Forward","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:25","indexId":"5211153","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Forward","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Forecasting the Environmental Fate of Effects of Chemicals","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"John Wiley & Sons","publisherLocation":"Chichester, UK and New York, NY","usgsCitation":"Weeks, J., O’Hare, S., and Rattner, B., 2001, Forward, chap. of Forecasting the Environmental Fate of Effects of Chemicals.","productDescription":"ix, 221","startPage":"[xi]","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202345,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b20e4b07f02db6abbb3","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"Rainbow, Philip S.","contributorId":83025,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rainbow","given":"Philip","email":"","middleInitial":"S.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507649,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Hopkin, Steve P.","contributorId":112956,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Hopkin","given":"Steve","email":"","middleInitial":"P.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507650,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Crane, Mark","contributorId":113583,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Crane","given":"Mark","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507651,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":3}],"authors":[{"text":"Weeks, J.M.","contributorId":45423,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Weeks","given":"J.M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330267,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"O’Hare, S.","contributorId":54322,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"O’Hare","given":"S.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330268,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Rattner, Barnett A. 0000-0003-3676-2843","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3676-2843","contributorId":95843,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Rattner","given":"Barnett A.","affiliations":[{"id":50464,"text":"Eastern Ecological Science Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"preferred":true,"id":330269,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211149,"text":"5211149 - 2001 - Preface","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:24","indexId":"5211149","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Preface","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., 2001, Preface, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"iii","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":202343,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4acce4b07f02db67e7bd","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330255,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1}]}} ,{"id":5211192,"text":"5211192 - 2001 - The role of recreation ecology in sustainable tourism and ecotourism","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:30","indexId":"5211192","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"The role of recreation ecology in sustainable tourism and ecotourism","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Tourism, recreation, and sustainability: linking culture and the environment","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"CABI Publishing","publisherLocation":"New York, NY","collaboration":"OCLC: 44768768","usgsCitation":"Leung, Y., Marion, J., and Farrell, T.A., 2001, The role of recreation ecology in sustainable tourism and ecotourism, chap. of Tourism, recreation, and sustainability: linking culture and the environment, p. 21-39.","productDescription":"xii, 355","startPage":"21","endPage":"39","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201593,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a6fe4b07f02db640dd5","contributors":{"editors":[{"text":"McCool, Stephan F.","contributorId":113152,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"McCool","given":"Stephan","email":"","middleInitial":"F.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507721,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Moisey, R. Neil","contributorId":111558,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Moisey","given":"R.","email":"","middleInitial":"Neil","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":507720,"contributorType":{"id":2,"text":"Editors"},"rank":2}],"authors":[{"text":"Leung, Y.-F.","contributorId":34613,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Leung","given":"Y.-F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330363,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Marion, J. L. 0000-0003-2226-689X","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2226-689X","contributorId":10888,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Marion","given":"J. L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330362,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Farrell, T. A.","contributorId":100982,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Farrell","given":"T.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330364,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211135,"text":"5211135 - 2001 - Fate of the survivors of the 1995 and 1996 Arizona trucking migrations of costume-reared greater sandhill cranes","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211135","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Fate of the survivors of the 1995 and 1996 Arizona trucking migrations of costume-reared greater sandhill cranes","docAbstract":"In 1995 and 1996, we trained 2 groups of costume-reared greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) (10 in 1995, 14 in 1996) to follow a truck. Thereafter we led 10 in 1995 and 12 in 1996 from Garland Prairie, northern Arizona, to the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge, southern Arizona (ca. 620 km). These techniques were being developed to create additional, disjunct populations of the whooping crane (G. americana). The cranes taught the migration route in 1995 did not follow the desired migration route in 1996 but did travel north 140 km along the route in spring 1997. By the summer of 1997, we did not know the locations of any of these birds. Results were better for the 1996 tracking cranes. Between 1997 and 1999 there was a 92% (11 of 12) success rate for the 1996 trucking cranes with known locations flying unassisted from the summering to wintering grounds. Through 1999, 7 of the 12 cranes became lost on flights from the wintering to summering grounds. (Some of the trucking cranes apparently followed wild cranes to or toward breeding grounds.)","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Mummert, D., Ellis, D.H., and Chambers, C.L., 2001, Fate of the survivors of the 1995 and 1996 Arizona trucking migrations of costume-reared greater sandhill cranes, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 127-131.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"127","endPage":"131","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201404,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e49e5e4b07f02db5e70d3","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Mummert, D.P.","contributorId":84477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mummert","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330201,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330200,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Chambers, C. L.","contributorId":48525,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Chambers","given":"C.","email":"","middleInitial":"L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330199,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3}]}} ,{"id":5211137,"text":"5211137 - 2001 - Lessons from the motorized migrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211137","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Lessons from the motorized migrations","docAbstract":"Ten experiments have been conducted to determine if cranes can be led on migration and if those so trained will repeat migrations on their own. Results have been mixed as we have experienced the mishaps common to pilot studies. Nevertheless, we have learned many valuable lessons. Chief among these are that cranes can be led long distances behind motorized craft (air and ground), and those led over most or the entire route will return north come spring and south in fall to and from the general area of training. However, they will follow their own route. Groups transported south and flown at intervals along the route will migrate but often miss target termini. If certain protocol restrictions are followed, it is possible to make the trained cranes wild, however, the most practical way of so doing is to introduce them into a flock of wild cranes. We project that it is possible to create or restore wild migratory flocks of cranes by first leading small groups from chosen northern to southern termini.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Gee, G., Clegg, K.R., Duff, J.W., Lishman, W.A., and Sladen, W.J., 2001, Lessons from the motorized migrations, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 139-144.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"139","endPage":"144","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201406,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4b17e4b07f02db6a6264","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330211,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330209,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clegg, Kent R.","contributorId":45420,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clegg","given":"Kent","email":"","middleInitial":"R.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330207,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Duff, Joseph W.","contributorId":70513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330210,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Lishman, William A.","contributorId":48673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lishman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330208,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Sladen, William J.L.","contributorId":85676,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Sladen","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"J.L.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330212,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211136,"text":"5211136 - 2001 - Results of the Utah-Arizona stage-by-stage migrations","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:21","indexId":"5211136","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Results of the Utah-Arizona stage-by-stage migrations","docAbstract":"In an effort to find a safer means of teaching cranes new migration routes, each year (in 1998 and 1999) we transported a group of greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) stage-by-stage, in a horse trailer, with stops for brief flights at about 30-km intervals, along a 1300-1400-km fall migration route from Fish Springs National Wildlife Refuge (Fish Springs) in west-central Utah to the vicinity of Gila Bend, Arizona. Thereafter, we released them into a wild flock of sandhill cranes. All stage-by-stage birds were hand-reared with both a plastic crane decoy (to encourage them to roost in water) and a costume-draped humanoid form (called a scare-eagle and used for its namesake purpose). When these 2 teaching aids were placed in water, our cranes readily roosted nearby. All but 4 of our cranes proved cooperative (i.e., catchable at each of the ca 25-36 stops) during the migration. All were efficiently released into a wild flock and experienced good survival. The stage-by-stage method proved to be a safe means of transporting cranes south and giving them experience along the route. Some cranes apparently learned their route from the limited experience afforded by releasing them at intervals, and the 1999 cranes have made repealed migrations to or near our chosen northern terminus. However, after 1 winter in our chosen area, the birds have moved elsewhere to winter.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Mellon, C., Kinloch, M., Dolbeare, T., and Ossi, D., 2001, Results of the Utah-Arizona stage-by-stage migrations, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 132-138.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"132","endPage":"138","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":201405,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db60551e","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330204,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Mellon, C.","contributorId":86877,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mellon","given":"C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330205,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Kinloch, M.","contributorId":77270,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Kinloch","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330203,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Dolbeare, T.","contributorId":108226,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Dolbeare","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330206,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ossi, D.P.","contributorId":31500,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ossi","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330202,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5}]}} ,{"id":5211134,"text":"5211134 - 2001 - Results of the second (1996) experiment to lead cranes on migration behind a motorized ground vehicle","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:27","indexId":"5211134","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Results of the second (1996) experiment to lead cranes on migration behind a motorized ground vehicle","docAbstract":"Fourteen greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida) were trained to follow a specially-equipped truck and 12 were led along a ca 620-km route from Camp Navajo in northern Arizona to the Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge near the Arizona/Mexico border. Ten survived the trek, 380 km of which were flown, although only a few cranes flew every stage of the route. Major problems during the migration were powerline collisions (ca 15, 2 fatal) and overheating (when air temperatures exceeded ca 25 C). The tenacity of the cranes in following both in 1995 and 1996 under unfavorable conditions (e.g., poor light, extreme dust, or heat) demonstrated that cranes could be led over long distances by motorized vehicles on the ground.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Ellis, D.H., Clauss, B., Watanabe, T., Mykut, R., Shawkey, M., Mummert, D., Sprague, D., Ellis, C.H., and Trahan, F., 2001, Results of the second (1996) experiment to lead cranes on migration behind a motorized ground vehicle, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 122-126.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"122","endPage":"126","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203142,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a18e4b07f02db605540","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330193,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Clauss, B.","contributorId":92396,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Clauss","given":"B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330197,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Watanabe, T.","contributorId":10908,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Watanabe","given":"T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330190,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Mykut, R.C.","contributorId":100105,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mykut","given":"R.C.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330198,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Shawkey, M.","contributorId":87660,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Shawkey","given":"M.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330196,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Mummert, D.P.","contributorId":84477,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Mummert","given":"D.P.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330195,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6},{"text":"Sprague, D.T.","contributorId":78445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330192,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":7},{"text":"Ellis, Catherine H.","contributorId":83222,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"Catherine","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330194,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":8},{"text":"Trahan, F.B.","contributorId":33820,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Trahan","given":"F.B.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330191,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":9}]}} ,{"id":5211133,"text":"5211133 - 2001 - Promoting wildness in sandhill cranes conditioned to follow an ultralight aircraft","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211133","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Promoting wildness in sandhill cranes conditioned to follow an ultralight aircraft","docAbstract":"During the 1998 field season, we developed and tested a new protocol to teach sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) to follow ultralight aircraft yet avoid humans. Although successful in teaching the cranes a migration route, our previous migration (1997) resulted in birds that were overly tame and sought association with humans. For this study, 16 sandhill cranes were costume-reared at USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and transported to Ontario shortly before fledging. After the birds learned to follow the aircraft, 14 were transported to an isolated wintering site in South Carolina, 1300 km south of the training area. Twelve arrived safely. Eleven of 12 birds survived the winter. All of these 11 cranes moved north to Cape Hatteras in early May. Thereafter, 6 of the cranes were captured and translocated to northern New York state. The remaining 5 returned to South Carolina, autumn 1999. Prior to capture, although the cranes sometimes allowed humans to approach them, none of the cranes approached buildings or humans.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Duff, J.W., Lishman, W.A., Clark, D.A., Gee, G., Sprague, D., and Ellis, D.H., 2001, Promoting wildness in sandhill cranes conditioned to follow an ultralight aircraft, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 115-121.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"115","endPage":"121","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203187,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4a9ae4b07f02db65d6d4","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duff, Joseph W.","contributorId":70513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330187,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lishman, William A.","contributorId":48673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lishman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330184,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, D. A.","contributorId":57488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330185,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330186,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Sprague, D.T.","contributorId":78445,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Sprague","given":"D.T.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330188,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":5},{"text":"Ellis, D. H.","contributorId":79830,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Ellis","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"H.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330189,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":6}]}} ,{"id":5211132,"text":"5211132 - 2001 - Results of the first ultralight-led sandhill crane migration in eastern North America","interactions":[],"lastModifiedDate":"2012-02-02T00:15:26","indexId":"5211132","displayToPublicDate":"2009-06-09T09:23:19","publicationYear":"2001","noYear":false,"publicationType":{"id":5,"text":"Book chapter"},"publicationSubtype":{"id":24,"text":"Book Chapter"},"title":"Results of the first ultralight-led sandhill crane migration in eastern North America","docAbstract":"In 1997, we led 8 sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) south from Ontario, Canada by ultralight aircraft to a wintering area near Warrenton, Virginia, an area without a wild population. Six others were transported south in a trailer in hopes they would return north with those that flew. The migration was 863 km long, included 14 stops, and took 21 days to complete. All 13 surviving birds were wintered together. In March 1998, the surviving 7 'aircraft-led' birds departed the wintering site. The following day, 6 of the 7 were reported on the south shore of Lake Ontario. The flock then moved around the western tip of Lake Ontario. On 5 April 1998, we used 2 aircraft to lead the birds 104 km directly east to the rearing area. The flock soon moved off the fledging grounds, continued to associate with people, and was eventually removed from the flyway. Because no wild cranes are known to fly our chosen route, this study demonstrated not only the effectiveness of ultralight aircraft to lead cranes on migration, but it also proved that cranes so led can return from their wintering site to the general vicinity of their fledging area unassisted. The birds did not follow our indirect route south but rather flew north to the latitude of the fledging area, then wandered.","largerWorkType":{"id":4,"text":"Book"},"largerWorkTitle":"Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop","largerWorkSubtype":{"id":4,"text":"Other Government Series"},"language":"English","publisher":"North American Crane Working Group","publisherLocation":"Seattle, Washington","collaboration":" ","usgsCitation":"Duff, J.W., Lishman, W.A., Clark, D.A., Gee, G., and Ellis, D.H., 2001, Results of the first ultralight-led sandhill crane migration in eastern North America, chap. of Proceedings of the Eighth North American Crane Workshop, p. 109-114.","productDescription":"ix, 226","startPage":"109","endPage":"114","costCenters":[{"id":531,"text":"Patuxent Wildlife Research Center","active":true,"usgs":true}],"links":[{"id":203186,"rank":0,"type":{"id":24,"text":"Thumbnail"},"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/thumbnails/outside_thumb.jpg"}],"noUsgsAuthors":false,"publicationStatus":"PW","scienceBaseUri":"4f4e4abde4b07f02db673f22","contributors":{"authors":[{"text":"Duff, Joseph W.","contributorId":70513,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Duff","given":"Joseph","email":"","middleInitial":"W.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330182,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":1},{"text":"Lishman, William A.","contributorId":48673,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Lishman","given":"William","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330179,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":2},{"text":"Clark, D. A.","contributorId":57488,"corporation":false,"usgs":false,"family":"Clark","given":"D.","email":"","middleInitial":"A.","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330180,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":3},{"text":"Gee, G.F.","contributorId":70335,"corporation":false,"usgs":true,"family":"Gee","given":"G.F.","email":"","affiliations":[],"preferred":false,"id":330181,"contributorType":{"id":1,"text":"Authors"},"rank":4},{"text":"Ellis, D. 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Hand-reared (56) and parent-reared (76) juvenile Mississippi sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla) were produced at the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (Patuxent), Laurel, Maryland over a 4-year period (1989-92) and released at the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge), Gautier, Mississippi in a controlled experiment. Hand-reared survival rates proved higher than for parent-reared survival for each time category: 6 months, 86% versus 75%; 1 year, 77% versus 68%; 2 years 66% versus 53%; 3 years, 55% versus 43%: partial data for fourth and filth years were 57% versus 31% and 48% versus 37%.

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Two birds captured near Yorkton died or their transmitters were lost before migration. Two adults from the Overflowing River moved to staging areas in southern Saskatchewan in September. By 29 September, Crane A left Saskatchewan and moved to North Dakota where it remained until late October. By 21 December, it arrived a few km inland from the Gulf Coast near McFaddin, Texas, 3,378 km from its capture location. It remained there until at least 9 March 1995. On 15 March, it was relocated near Grand Island, Nebraska and by 20 April, it had returned to the Overflowing River area. Crane B spent most of September and October near the Quill Lakes, Saskatchewan, then migrated with brief stops in South Dakota and Kansas, arriving 29 November at its winter area near the northwestern comer of the Laguna Madre in Tamaulipas, Mexico, 3,998 km from its summering area. It remained there until at least 25 December, whereafter no further transmissions were received. 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More sophisticated comparative toxicity studies need to be undertaken that build on previous work in order to develop a database of information, to account for and model differences in exposure pathways, to document interactions among multiple stressors, to generate data establishing thresholds, critical concentrations, and diagnostic guidelines, and even to develop physiologically-based toxicokinetic models. 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Major contaminants reviewed were selected on the basis of their use patterns, availability and potential toxicity to wild mammals. These included pesticides used in agroecosystems (organochlorines, organophosphorus and carbamate compounds, anticoagulants, herbicides and fungicides), various organic pollutants (chlorobenzenes, chlorophenols, polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), heavy metals (lead, mercury, and cadmium), agricultural drainwater mixtures, leachates and radionuclides. Many of the above aspects of ecotoxicology and contaminants will be expanded upon in subsequent chapters of this book as they relate to distinct mammalian species and potential risk. 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We have organized the chapter based on four general classes of data for animals that are captured, marked, and released alive: (1) recovery data, in which animals are recovered dead at a subsequent time, (2) recapture/resighting data, in which animals are either recaptured or resighted alive on subsequent sampling occasions, (3) known-status data, in which marked animals are reobserved alive or dead at specified times with probability 1.0, and (4) combined data, in which data are of more than one type (e.g., live recapture and ring recovery). 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